LEARNING OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lecture you will be able to

1. Identify the various states of matter

2. Classify matter according to its composition

3. Classify the properties and changes in matter as chemical

or physical
4. Identify energy changes accompanying physical changes

5. Convert between temperature units

6. Apply the density relationship to problems involving
mass and volume
 Chemistry
 Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand
the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of
atoms and molecules
▪ Organic chemistry ( C,H compounds)

▪ Inorganic chemistry ( not C,H compounds)

▪ Analytical chemistry ( identification of substances either

qualitative or quantitative)

▪ Physical chemistry (math theories+ methods of physics to study

properties of matter and energy changes)

▪ Biochemistry (chemistry of processes in living organisms)

Structure Determines Properties

carbon monoxide carbon dioxide

1. composed of one
carbon atom and one 1. composed of one
oxygen atom carbon atom and two
2. colorless, odorless oxygen atoms
gas 2. colorless, odorless
3. burns with a blue gas
flame 3. incombustible
4. binds to hemoglobin 4. does not bind to
hemoglobin
Atoms and Molecules
 atoms

 are the fundamental building blocks of all

matter

 molecules

 two or more atoms attached together

 attachments are called bonds

 attachments come in different strengths

 molecules come in different shapes and patterns

Matter

➢ Anything occupying space and having mass

• The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter

the object contains
• The volume of an object is a measure of the space
occupied by the object

• The mass (volume) of a basketball is

greater than the (mass) volume of a golf
ball
Classification of Matter

➢ Two familiar ways to classify matter

▪ Based on its “state” – solid vs liquid vs gas

▪ Based on its composition – mixtures vs pure substances

Solids

 the particles in a solid are packed close together and

are fixed in position

 though they may vibrate

 the close packing of the particles results in solids

being incompressible

 the inability of the particles to move around results in

solids retaining their shape and volume when placed in
a new container, and prevents the particles from
flowing
Liquids
 the particles in a liquid are closely packed, but they
have some ability to move around

 the close packing results in liquids being

incompressible

 but the ability of the particles to move allows

liquids to take the shape of their container and to
flow – however, they don’t have enough freedom to
escape and expand to fill the container
Gases

 in the gas state, the particles have complete

freedom from each other

 the particles are constantly flying around,

bumping into each other and the container

 in the gas state, there is a lot of empty space

between the particles
Gases
 particles can be squeezed
closer together – therefore
gases are compressible

 particles are not held in close

contact and are moving freely,
gases expand to fill and take
the shape of their container,
and will flow
Classifying Matter by Physical State

State Shape Volume Compress Flow

Solid Fixed Fixed No No
Liquid Indef. Fixed No Yes
Gas Indef. Indef. Yes Yes

• Fixed = keeps shape when placed in a container

• Indefinite = takes the shape of the container
Classification of Matter by Composition

made of one type of made of multiple types

particle (atoms or of particles (atoms or
molecules ) molecules )
Classification of Pure Substances

Element Compound

➢ made of ➢ molecules contain two

one type of (or more) different
atom kinds of atoms
Examples Examples
▪ Hydrogen (H2)
▪ Pure water (H2O)
▪ Helium (He)
▪ Carbon dioxide (CO2)
▪ Gold (Au)
▪ Sodium chloride
(NaCl)
Element

 Pure substance that cannot be broken down into other

14
substances by chemical methods.

• Monoatomic: Metals (Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Aluminum (Al)

Noble gases ( Helium (He), Neon (Ne),

Diatomic: Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen (N2),
Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (Cl2), Bromine (Br2), Iodine (I2)

• Polyatomic: Ozone (O3), Phosphorus (P4), Sulphur (S8)

Compound

15
 Pure substance that can be broken down
into those elements by chemical methods.

 Two (or more) different types of atoms

Examples:

Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), table

sugar (C12H22O11)
2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Concept Check

16
Categorize the following as elements vs
compounds?

H2O2, O3, NO2, Mg, NaOH, N2, Cs

Concept Check

17
Categorize the following as elements vs
compounds?

Elements O3, Mg, N2, Cs

Compounds H2O2, NO2, NaOH,

 Classification of Mixtures
Heterogenous Homogenous
1)made of multiple 1)made of multiple
substances, whose substances, but
presence can be appears to be one
seen substance
2)portions of a sample 2)all portions of a
have different sample have the same
composition and composition and
properties properties
Examples
Examples ▪ Air
▪ Oil and vinegar ▪ Brass (solid solution
dressing of copper and zinc)
▪ Sand stirred into ▪ Salt stirred into
water water
Classification of Matter
Concept Check

20
For each substance indicate if it is a pure
substance or a mixture. For each pure
substance indicate whether element or
compound. For each mixture indicate
homogeneous or heterogeneous.
▪ Distilled Water
▪ Filtered Sea water
▪ Oxygen gas
 Concept Check

For each substance indicate if it is a pure

substance or a mixture. For each pure
substance indicate whether element or
compound. For each mixture indicate
homogeneous or heterogeneous.

▪ Distilled Water PS compound

▪ Filtered Sea water M homogeneous

▪ Oxygen gas PS element

Changes in Matter

 changes that alter the state or appearance of

the matter without altering the composition are
called physical changes

 changes that alter the composition of the

matter are called chemical changes
Physical Changes in Matter

The boiling of
water is a physical
change. The water
molecules are
separated from
each other, but
their structure and
composition do not
change.
Common Physical Changes

 processes that cause

changes in the matter CO2(g)
that do not change its
composition
Dry Ice
 state changes

 boiling / condensing

 melting / freezing CO2(s)

 subliming
Subliming of Dry Ice
Common Physical Changes

Liquid

gas
Solid

Sublimation
C12H22O11(aq)
Deposition

Dissolving of Sugar C12H22O11(s)

Chemical Changes in Matter

➢ The rusting of iron is a

chemical change. The iron
atoms in the nail combine
with oxygen atoms from O2 in
the air to make a new
substance, rust, with a
different composition.
Common Chemical Changes

 processes that cause

changes in the matter
that change its
composition

 Burning

▪ processes that release C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)

lots of energy

➢ rusting
 Concept Check

28
The box on the left represents liquid water.
Which diagram a, b or c represents water
molecules after they have been vaporized by
boiling?
 Solution

29
The box on the left represents liquid water.
Which diagram a, b or c represents water
molecules after they have been vaporized by
boiling?
Concept Check

30
What do the remaining boxes represent?
 Solution
What do the remaining boxes represent?

31
b. Is molecules of hydrogen and oxygen (as after
electrolysis).

2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)

c. Is individual atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.

H2O(l) → 2H (g) + O (g)

Concept Check

32
Classify each of the following as a
physical or chemical change.

▪ Dissolving sugar in water

▪ Digesting sugar
▪ Chopping wood
▪ Burning wood
Solution

33
▪ Dissolving sugar in water Physical
▪ Digesting sugar Chemical
▪ Chopping wood Physical
▪ Burning wood Chemical
Physical and Chemical Properties

 Physical and Chemical Changes are reflections

34
of physical and chemical properties

 Physical Property

 Property a substance displays without

changing its composition

 Chemical Property

 Property a substance displays only by

changing its composition via a chemical
change
Physical vs Chemical Properties

35
 Physical Properties

 Odor, taste, color, appearance, melting

point, boiling point, density

 Chemical Properties

 Corrosiveness, flammability, acidity,

toxicity, reactivity
Energy Changes in Matter

 changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result in

the matter either gaining or releasing energy

 energy is the capacity to do work

 work is the action of a force applied across a distance

a force is a push or a pull on an object

Energy Changes

37
 Changes in energy are a part of physical and
chemical changes.

 Water boiling (physical change)

 Requires the input of energy (as heat)

 Iron rusting (chemical change)

 Releases energy (as heat)

Energy of Matter

 all matter possesses energy

 energy is classified as either kinetic or potential

 energy can be converted from one form to another

 when matter undergoes a chemical or physical

change, the amount of energy in the matter changes
as well
Energy of Matter - Kinetic

 kinetic energy is energy of motion

 motion of the atoms, molecules, and subatomic

particles

 thermal (heat) energy is a form of kinetic energy

because it is caused by molecular motion
Energy of Matter - Potential

 potential energy is energy that is stored in the

matter

 due to the composition of the matter and its

position in the universe

 chemical potential energy arises from

electrostatic forces between atoms, molecules,
and subatomic particles
Conversion of Energy

 you can interconvert kinetic energy and

potential energy

 whatever process you do that converts energy

from one type or form to another, the total
amount of energy remains the same

 Law of Conservation of Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

43
 Energy is neither Created Nor Destroyed

 Converted from one form to another

 Energy can change from Ep to Ek

 Total amount of energy remains constant

Potential to Kinetic Energy
Energy in Chemistry

 Chemical potential energy

45
Molecules in gasoline
 Reactions tend to proceed High Ep
Unstable
in a direction that decreases

Ep and increases stability.

Molecules in exhaust
Low Ep
Stable
The Measurement of Matter
The Fundamental SI Units
 Scientists have agreed on a set of international
standard units for comparing all our
measurements called the SI units

• Système International = International System

Length

 Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object

covers
 SI unit = meter
 Commonly use centimeters (cm)
• 1 m = 100 cm
• 1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm
• 1 inch = 2.54 cm (exactly)

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Mass
 Measure of the amount of matter
present in an object
 weight measures the gravitational pull on
an object, which depends on its mass

 SI unit = kilogram (kg)

 Commonly measure mass in grams (g)

or milligrams (mg)
• 1 kg = 1000 g = 103 g
• 1 g = 1000 mg = 103 mg

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Time

 Measure of the duration of an event

 SI units = second (s)

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Temperature

 measure of the average amount of

kinetic energy

 higher temperature = larger average

kinetic energy

 heat flows from the matter that has high

thermal energy into matter that has low
thermal energy

 until they reach the same temperature

Temperature Scales
 Fahrenheit Scale, °F

• used in the U.S.

 Celsius Scale, °C

• used in all other countries

 Kelvin Scale, K

• absolute scale

• no negative numbers

• 0 K = absolute zero
Kelvin vs. Celsius

 the size of a “degree” on the Kelvin scale

is the same as on the Celsius scale

K = C + 273.15
C = K - 273.15
Fahrenheit vs. Celsius

 a Celsius degree is 1.8 times larger than a

Fahrenheit degree

 F = 95 (C ) + 32 or 1.8(C ) + 32

C = (  F − 32 ) or
5
( F − 32 )
9
1.8
 Concept Check

Convert 40.00 °C into K and °F

Solution

K = °C + 273.15
K = 40.00 + 273.15
K = 313.15 K

O F = 1.8 (oC) + 32
oF = 1.8 (40) + 32 = 104
Prefixes Used with SI Units

Prefix Prefix Number Word Exponential

Symbol Notation

tera T 1,000,000,000,000 trillion 1012

giga G 1,000,000,000 billion 109
mega M 1,000,000 million 106
kilo k 1,000 thousand 103
hecto h 100 hundred 102
deka da 10 ten 101
----- ---- 1 one 100
deci d 0.1 tenth 10-1
centi c 0.01 hundredth 10-2
milli m 0.001 thousandth 10-3
micro  0.000001 millionth 10-6
nano n 0.000000001 billionth 10-9
pico p 0.000000000001 trillionth 10-12
femto f 0.000000000000001 quadrillionth 10-15
Volume

 Derived unit

 Measure of the amount of space occupied

 SI unit = cubic meter (m3)

 Commonly measure solid volume in cubic
centimeters (cm3)
➢ 1 m3 = 1000 L = 106 mL
 Commonly measure liquid or gas volume in
milliliters (mL)

1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000 mL = 103 mL

▪ 1 mL = 1 cm3
Density

Mass
Density =
Volume
 Solids = g/cm3
▪ 1 cm3 = 1 mL

 Liquids = g/mL

 Gases = g/L

 Density : solids > liquids >>> gases

 except ice is less dense than liquid water!
Concept Check

Osmium is a very dense metal. What is

its density in g/cm3 if 50.0 g of osmium
has a volume of 2.22 cm3?

A) 2.25 g/cm3
B) 22.5 g/cm3
C) 111 g/cm3
Solution

D = mass = 50.0 g
volume 2.22 cm3

Osmium Density = 22.5 g/cm3