Animal nutrition

1- The diagram shows part of the alimentary canal and associated organs.

Which structures secrete enzymes that digest proteins?

2- The graph shows pH changes in the mouth after eating.

Why is it a good idea to brush teeth after eating?

A Acidic conditions help bacteria to grow.
B Acids dissolve tooth enamel.
C Alkaline conditions help bacteria to grow.
D Alkalis dissolve tooth enamel.

3- The diagram shows a villus. The arrows show the direction of flow within vessels
associated with the villus.
Which vessel carries blood to the liver?

1
4- What is not a result of cholera infection?
A intestinal blockage
B loss of salts from blood
C severe dehydration of body tissues
D severe diarrhoea

5- What is the function of bile?

A to acidify food entering the duodenum
B to emulsify starch
C to increase the surface area of fats for digestion
D to provide enzymes for fat digestion

6- In which region of the alimentary canal is maltose digested?

A colon
B rectum
C small intestine
D stomach

7- Which description of the cholera pathogen is correct?

A The bacterium prevents the kidney from absorbing water, so water is secreted into
the small intestine, causing diarrhoea.
B The bacterium produces a toxin that causes the secretion of chloride ions into the
small intestine, drawing in water by osmosis.
C The virus prevents the kidney from absorbing water, so water is secreted into the
small intestine, causing diarrhoea.
D The virus produces a toxin that causes the secretion of chloride ions into the small
intestine, drawing in water by osmosis.

2
8- The diagram shows a fat globule (P) in one part of the alimentary canal and the same
globule (Q) as it appears in another part of the alimentary canal.

In which parts of the alimentary canal are P and Q found?

9- Which diseases are caused by a lack of iron and a lack of vitamin D?

10- The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.

Which labelled part absorbs the most water?

3
11- The cholera bacterium produces toxins that cause chloride ions to be secreted into the
small intestine.
How does this affect the water potential of blood in the intestinal capillaries and the
intestinal contents?

12- What functions are carried out by the small intestine?

13- The graph shows the effect of pH on the activity of a human digestive enzyme.

4
What is the enzyme?

14- What is the correct order of the processes that take place in the alimentary canal?
A absorption, digestion, ingestion, egestion
B digestion, ingestion, egestion, absorption
C egestion, digestion, absorption, ingestion
D ingestion, digestion, absorption, egestion

15- The diagram shows part of the human alimentary canal.

Which organ produces hydrochloric acid?

5
16- The diagram shows a tooth with signs of decay.

What has made the hole in the enamel of the tooth?

A acid
B saliva
C sugar
D toothpaste

6
17- The following symptoms can be caused by a dietary deficiency:
● bone pain
● dental problems
● fragile bones
● skeletal deformities
A lack of which nutrient is most likely to cause these symptoms?

18- Statements 1– 4 describe stages in the development of cholera.

19- The diagram shows a human tooth.

7
Which statement best describes the function of this tooth?
A It bites into food.
B It cuts food.
C It grinds food.
D It tears food.
20- The graph shows the effect of pH on the activity of three different enzymes.

The table shows the pH of different parts of the alimentary canal.

Which enzymes in the graph are likely to be protease enzymes?

21- Fig. 5.1 shows the different types of human teeth.

(a) Describe the functions of the canine and molar teeth.

8
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the skulls of a tiger and a rabbit.

(i) State two ways in which the teeth of a tiger differ from the teeth of a rabbit, using
evidence from Fig.
5.2. ........................................................................................................................................... .
.......................................................................................................................................... .........
.................................................................................................................................. .................
.......................................................................................................................... .........................
.............................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest one feature visible in Fig. 5.2 that indicates the tiger is a
carnivore. ...................................................................................................................................
........ ...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

9
(c) Omnivores are animals that eat both animals and plants. Scientists use the number and
types of teeth to classify animals as carnivores, herbivores or omnivores.
Table 5.1 shows examples of different types of mammals and their teeth.

(i) Calculate the number of molars as a percentage of the total number of teeth for mammal
1
Show your working.
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

.............................................................% [2]
(ii) The skull of an unidentified mammal, X, is likely to be a carnivore.
Discuss the evidence in Table 5.1 for and against classifying mammal X as a carnivore.

........................................................................................................................................... ........
................................................................................................................................... ................
........................................................................................................................... ........................
................................................................................................................... ................................
........................................................................................................... ........................................
................................................................................................... ................................................
........................................................................................... ........................................................
................................................................................... ................................................................
....................................................................... [4]

10
(d) Mechanically digested food travels from the mouth to the stomach. The gastric juice in
the stomach contains hydrochloric acid, giving a low pH environment.
Explain why it is important to have a low pH in the
stomach. .....................................................................................................................................
.............. .....................................................................................................................................
.............. .....................................................................................................................................
.............. .....................................................................................................................................
.............. .....................................................................................................................................
.............. .....................................................................................................................................
.............. .....................................................................................................................................
..........[3]

(e) Products of digestion are absorbed through the villi in the small intestine. Explain how
villi are adapted for absorption.

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(f) Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to a protein called gluten. The villi become
damaged causing a reduction in the absorption of nutrients.

Suggest possible effects on the body of a reduction in the absorption of

nutrients. ....................................................................................................................................
............... ....................................................................................................................................
............... ....................................................................................................................................
............... ....................................................................................................................................
............... ....................................................................................................................................

11
............... ....................................................................................................................................
............... ....................................................................................................................................
...........[3]

[Total: 20]

22- Fig. 6.1 shows the alimentary canals of two mammals, an insect-eating bat, which is a
carnivore, and a rabbit, which is a herbivore.

(a) Name the organs labelled V and W.

V ........................................................................................................................................
W ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Explain the role of mechanical

digestion. ....................................................................................................................................
....... ...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... ........
................................................................................................................................... ................
........................................................................................................................... ........................

12
................................................................................................................... ................................
........................................................................................................... [3]

Scientists investigated digestion in different species of mammal. The mammals that they
studied ranged in size from an elephant shrew, Elephantulus edwardii, with a mass of 50 g
to an ox, Bos taurus, with a mass of 220 kg.
The scientists added indigestible particles to the animals’ food and timed how long the
particles stayed in the digestive system.
The results for 24 different mammal species are shown in Fig. 6.2.

(c) The scientists concluded that food stays longer in the digestive systems of larger
mammals compared with smaller mammals.
Discuss the evidence from Fig. 6.2 for and against the statement that food stays longer in
the digestive systems of larger mammals.

13
........................................................................................................................................... ........
................................................................................................................................... ................
........................................................................................................................... ........................
................................................................................................................... ................................
........................................................................................................... ........................................
................................................................................................... ................................................
........................................................................................... ........................................................
................................................................................... ................................................................
........................................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

23- Pepsin is a protease enzyme found in the alimentary canal.

(a) (i) Name the product formed from the digestion of proteins by protease enzymes.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the organ in the alimentary canal where pepsin is secreted.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A biologist performed an experiment to find the optimum pH for the activity of pepsin.
The enzyme activity was measured in four test-tubes. Each test-tube contained a 1 cm 3 cube
of cooked egg white which contains protein. Fig. 3.1 shows the four test-tubes.
The biologist measured the time taken for the complete digestion of the cubes of cooked
egg white.

14
(i) The biologist ensured all the cubes of cooked egg white were exactly the same size.
Suggest why.

........................................................................................................................................... ........
................................................................................................................................... ................
........................................................................................................................... ........................
................................................................................................................... ................................
....................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Temperature must be controlled in this experiment. Describe how temperature could be
controlled.

........................................................................................................................................... ........

............................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The same experiment was performed with trypsin, another protease enzyme.
Predict the optimum pH for trypsin.
..............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Enzymes, such as proteases, are important in digestion.

Describe in detail how enzymes function, using other digestive enzymes as

examples. ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

15
................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

................ ...................................................................................................................................

............[6]

[Total: 13]

24- The length of the small intestine was measured in four types of mammal.
The results are shown in Table 3.1.

16
(a) Use the information in Table 3.1 to compare the length of the small intestine of the four
mammals.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Fig. 3.1 is a diagram showing a short length of the small intestine of a mammal.

17
A function of the small intestine is absorption.
Describe how a molecule of glucose passes from the lumen of the small intestine into the
blood.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................[3].

(c) Measurements were taken of the inner and outer surface area of two parts of the small
intestine for the four mammals in Table 3.1. The results are shown in Table 3.2.

18
(i) Suggest which mammal has the most villi per centimetre of small intestine.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The duodenum is more effective than the ileum at absorption. Use the information in
Table 3.2 to explain why.

........................................................................................................................................... ........
................................................................................................................................... ................
........................................................................................................................... ........................
................................................................................................................... ................................
....................................................................................................... [3]

(d) Bile is released into the small intestine from the gall bladder.
Outline the roles of
bile. .............................................................................................................................................
...... .............................................................................................................................................
...... .............................................................................................................................................
...... .............................................................................................................................................
...... .............................................................................................................................................
...... .............................................................................................................................................
...... .............................................................................................................................................
...... .............................................................................................................................................
...... .............................................................................................................................................
. [4]

[Total: 14]

19
25- (a) Table 6.1 shows some of the enzymes, their substrates, products and where they are
produced in the digestive system.
Complete Table 6.1.

(b) Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and passes into the small intestine.

Describe the role of bile in

digestion. ....................................................................................................................................

............... ....................................................................................................................................

............... ....................................................................................................................................

............... ....................................................................................................................................

............... ....................................................................................................................................

............... ....................................................................................................................................

............... ....................................................................................................................................

...........[3]

(c) After chemical digestion the products of digestion are absorbed. Define absorption.

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................

20
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(d) Lack of protein in the diet can result in protein-energy malnutrition.

State the name of one disease caused by protein-energy malnutrition.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) People that eat a diet that is high in fats are often advised to reduce their intake of fats.

Suggest the health benefits of this change in

diet. ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

. [3]

[Total: 15]

26-
Fat is a necessary component of the human diet.

(a) State three ways in which the human body uses fat.
1.................................................................................................................................................
2.................................................................................................................................................
3.............................................................................................................................................[3]

The arrows in Fig. 1.1 show the pathway of fat in part of the alimentary canal.

21
(b) State the name of
(i) the enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests fat
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the products of chemical digestion of fat
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) the liquid that is produced by the liver and stored by organ P in Fig. 1.1
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) organ P in Fig. 1.1.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain what happens to ingested fat at R in Fig. 1.1 before chemical digestion occurs.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

22
(d) Explain how the products of fat digestion are transported from Q to the rest of the body.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

One possible effect of too much fat in the diet is coronary heart disease.
(e) Describe how too much fat in the diet may cause coronary heart disease.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(f) Describe and explain how coronary heart disease can be

treated. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

23
............. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

........[6]

[Total: 21]
27-

A balanced diet is required to ensure healthy weight gain as children grow.

(a) Explain the term balanced

diet. ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

...[3]

(b) A doctor diagnosed a young child with marasmus.

Describe the symptoms of

24
marasmus. ..................................................................................................................................

................. ..................................................................................................................................

................. ..................................................................................................................................

................. ..................................................................................................................................

................. ..................................................................................................................................

................. ..................................................................................................................................

................. ..................................................................................................................................

.............[3]

(c) The child with marasmus was put on a special diet.

He was given fortified milk, which is milk that has extra nutrients added to it.
The child was encouraged to drink as much fortified milk as he wanted over a period of
seven months.
Table 4.1 shows the composition of the fortified milk given to the child and the composition
of cow’s milk for comparison.

The body mass of the child who had marasmus and the mean body mass of healthy children
of the same age were recorded. The data is shown in Fig. 4.1.

25
Using the information in Table 4.1 and Fig. 4.1, describe and explain the importance of diet

when treating children affected by

marasmus. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................
................. ..................................................................................................................................

26
................. ..................................................................................................................................
.............[6]

(d) It is important that children with marasmus produce enough bile.

Describe the role of bile in the digestion of

fats. ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

....... ............................................................................................................................................

...[3]

[Total: 15]

28- Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 show two images of villi.
Fig. 1.1 shows a surface view of many villi viewed through a scanning electron
microscope. Fig. 1.2 shows a section of one villus viewed through a light microscope.

27
Villi are found in the small intestine.

(a) State the function of

villi. .............................................................................................................................................

...... .............................................................................................................................................

..[1]

(b) Identify and describe two of the labelled components of a villus.

Use the letters in Fig. 1.2 in your

28
answer. .......................................................................................................................................

............ .......................................................................................................................................

............ .......................................................................................................................................

............ .......................................................................................................................................

............ .......................................................................................................................................

............ .......................................................................................................................................

............ .......................................................................................................................................

............ .......................................................................................................................................

............ .......................................................................................................................................

........[4]

(c) Some infections in the small intestine can cause diarrhoea.

(i) Describe the effects of diarrhoea on the

body. ..........................................................................................................................................

. ........................................................................................................................................... ......

..................................................................................................................................... ..............

............................................................................................................................. ......................

................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) State the treatment for the effects of severe

diarrhoea. ...................................................................................................................................

.... [1]

(d) (i) Blood transports nutrients.

State the component of the blood that transports nutrients.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

29
(ii) The nutrients in the blood can be used to become part of cells.
State the name of this process.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Amino acids are an example of a type of nutrient transported in the blood.
State two examples of larger molecules found in cells that are made from amino acids.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 12]

29- (a) Define the term chemical

digestion. ..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

.........[2]

(b) A student investigated the activity of the digestive enzyme pepsin. Fig. 6.1 shows the
apparatus used in the investigation.

The appearance of the four test-tubes was recorded at 0 and 5 minutes.

The protein in the egg white solution gives the solution a cloudy appearance.
The cloudy appearance clears when the protein in the egg white solution breaks down.
Table 6.1 shows the results.

30
(i) Explain the results shown for test-tubes 1, 2 and 3 in Table 6.1.

........................................................................................................................................... ........

................................................................................................................................... ................

........................................................................................................................... ........................

................................................................................................................... ................................

........................................................................................................... ........................................

................................................................................................... ................................................

........................................................................................... ........................................................

................................................................................... ................................................................

........................................................................... ........................................................................

................................................................... ................................................................................

....................................................... [5]

31
(ii) Explain the purpose of test-tube

4. ........................................................................................................................................... ....

....................................................................................................................................... ............

............................................................................................................................... ....................

....................................................................................................................... ............................

........................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State the name of the organ in the body that produces

pepsin. .......................................................................................................................................

[1]

(c) Maltase is another digestive enzyme.

Describe the action of maltase and state where it acts in the alimentary

canal. ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

32
......... ..........................................................................................................................................

.....[3]

[Total: 13]

30- (a) The reactions of chemical digestion are catalysed by enzymes. Fig. 1.1 shows the
stages of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

State the names of A to D in Fig. 1.1.

A ...............................................................................................................................................
B ...............................................................................................................................................
C ...............................................................................................................................................
D .......................................................................................................................................... [4]

33
(b) Explain the importance of chemical digestion.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Fig. 1.2 shows the human alimentary canal and associated organs. The functions of some
of these parts of the body are given in Table 1.1.

Complete Table 1.1. One row has been done for you.

34
31- (a) Red pandas, Ailurus fulgens, and humans have a similar arrangement of teeth.
Fig. 1.1 shows a section through one tooth of a red panda. Fig. 1.2 shows the side view
of the lower jaw of a red panda.

35
(i) State the names of the structures labelled A to F in Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2.
A ........................................................................................................................................
B ........................................................................................................................................
C ........................................................................................................................................
D ........................................................................................................................................
E ........................................................................................................................................
F ........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(ii) State the type of digestion that breaks down large pieces of
food. ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Food that sticks to the teeth can be used by bacteria for anaerobic respiration.
This type of respiration releases a substance that can cause tooth decay.

(i) State the type of substance released by the bacteria, during respiration, that causes tooth
decay.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the names of the two parts of a tooth that are dissolved by the substance released
by bacterial respiration.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c)The teeth of red pandas do not decay as much as human teeth.

Suggest the component of a human diet that causes teeth to decay as a result of bacterial
respiration.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]

36
32- Two functions of the alimentary canal are mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

(a) Outline where and how mechanical digestion occurs in the alimentary

canal. ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

......... ..........................................................................................................................................

.....[4]

(b) Enzymes catalyse the reactions of chemical digestion. Table 1.1 gives information about
chemical digestion in three parts of the alimentary canal.
Complete Table 1.1.

37
(c) Substances that are absorbed from the alimentary canal may enter cells and become
part of the cells.

(i) State the storage carbohydrate made from glucose in liver

cells. .......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State the type of protein used in the immune system that is produced from amino acids

by lymphocytes.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Fat is produced from fatty acids and glycerol by cells in the fatty tissue beneath the skin.

State one function of this layer of fat.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 10]

38
33- (a) Fig. 4.1 shows the four different types of human teeth.

Fig. 4.2 shows a diagram of the position of the different types of teeth in the mouth.

Complete Table 4.1 by writing the names, positions and functions of the different types of
teeth in the mouth shown in Fig. 4.2.

39
(b) Teeth can develop dental decay.

(i) Explain how dental decay is

caused. .......................................................................................................................................

.... ........................................................................................................................................... ...

........................................................................................................................................ ...........

................................................................................................................................ ...................

........................................................................................................................ ...........................

................................................................................................................ ...................................

........................................................................................................ ...........................................

............................................................................................[4]

(ii) Describe two ways to avoid dental decay.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

34- (a) Fig. 4.1 shows teeth in a human skull.

40
Add label lines and labels to Fig. 4.1 to identify an incisor tooth and a molar tooth. [2]

(b) Fig. 4.2 represents the teeth of two adults, D and E. It shows the numbers of the types of
teeth and the number of decayed teeth.

41
A healthy adult human has 32 teeth.
(i) State the number of teeth E has lost.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the number of decayed teeth present in D.
42
 .......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Suggest two reasons why D and E have different numbers of decayed teeth.

1 ........................................................................................................................................ ...
........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ ...
......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iv) Identify the type of tooth that decays most frequently in Fig. 4.2.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Describe how bacteria are involved in tooth

decay. .........................................................................................................................................

.......... .........................................................................................................................................

.......... .........................................................................................................................................

.......... .........................................................................................................................................

.......... .........................................................................................................................................

......[2]

[Total: 9]

35- Fig. 6.1 shows a section through a tooth.

43
(a) State the names of structures F, G and H.
Write your answers on Fig. 6.1. [3]
(b) (i) State two functions of teeth.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........

................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe the importance of teeth in the digestion of

food. ...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... ........

................................................................................................................................... ................

...................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

36- (a) Define the term chemical digestion.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

44
 ..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................. [3]

Fig. 8.1 shows a diagram of the alimentary canal.

(b) Identify the structures in Fig. 8.1 and use the letters to complete Table 8.1.
An example has been done for you.

45
(c) State one function of the liver and one function of the small intestine.

function of the

liver ................................................................................................................... .........................

..........................................................................................................................

function of the small intestine ...................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Describe how the protein in food is digested in the alimentary canal.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

46
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]

(e) The condition where watery faeces are lost from the body is called diarrhoea.

Outline one way in which diarrhoea can be

treated. ......................................................................................................................................

............. ......................................................................................................................................

.........[1]

[Total: 15]

37- This question is about chemical digestion.

(a) Before food can be absorbed into the body it needs to be digested.

Define the term chemical

digestion. ....................................................................................................................................

............... ....................................................................................................................................

............... ....................................................................................................................................

...........[2]

47
(b) Pasta contains starch, which is a carbohydrate.
(i) Name the enzyme that breaks down starch.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the substance formed when starch is digested.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Fig. 4.1 is a partially labelled diagram of the human alimentary canal.
Some parts of the alimentary canal have been labelled but have not been named.

(i) Identify the two letters on Fig. 4.1 that show the structures which produce enzymes that
break down starch.
1 ....................

2 .................... [2]

(ii) State the name of the part of the alimentary canal responsible for the absorption of
digested food.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) State two functions of the stomach.

1 ................................................................................................................................................
2.............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]

38- (a) Define the term

enzyme. ................................................................................................................................

48
 ..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

.... [2]

(b) (i) Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of part of the human alimentary canal and associated
organs. Name the structures labelled A, B, C and D.
Write your answers on Fig. 3.1.

(ii) Fig. 3.2 also shows a diagram of part of the human alimentary canal and associated
organs.
On Fig. 3.2, draw label lines with letters to show:
E where hydrochloric acid is made
F where bile is made
G where amylase is made
49
 H where egestion occurs.

(c) (i) State where digested food is

absorbed. ...................................................................................................................................

........ ...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Digestion of carbohydrate produces glucose. Describe the absorption of glucose.

........................................................................................................................................... ........

................................................................................................................................... ................

........................................................................................................................... ........................

................................................................................................................... ................................

...................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 13]

50
39- The small intestine is involved in the digestion and absorption of food.
Fig. 2.1 shows a photomicrograph of cross-sections of villi in the small intestine.

(a) Make a large drawing of the two labelled villi shown in Fig. 2.1.
Do not draw individual cells.

[4]
(b) Fig. 2.2 is a photomicrograph that shows a cross-section of part of the wall of the small
intestine.

51
(i) The actual length of PQ on Fig. 2.2 is 1.25 mm.
Measure the length of line PQ on Fig. 2.2. Include the unit.
length of PQ ................................................................
Calculate the magnification of Fig. 2.2 using the equation:

Show your working.

................................................................ [3]
(ii) Describe two ways in which the photomicrograph in Fig. 2.2 is different from the
photomicrograph in Fig. 2.1.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........

................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Digestion of starch occurs in the small intestine.

52
A student investigated the effect of temperature on the digestion of starch by amylase.
The student set up three tubes at different temperatures, each containing starch, amylase
and iodine solution. The student calculated the rate of reaction and recorded it in Table 2.1.

(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction for each tube. Write your answers in Table
2.1.
Space for working.

[1]

(ii) Identify the optimum temperature for the digestion of starch in this experiment and give
a reason for your choice.
optimum temperature ........................................................................................................

reason ................................................................................................................................ ........

................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) The student decided that the result collected for tube A during trial 2 was anomalous.

Suggest a reason for their

decision. .....................................................................................................................................

...... ........................................................................................................................................... .

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) The independent variable is the variable that is changed in an investigation. The
dependent variable is the variable that is measured in an investigation.
Identify the independent and dependent variables in this investigation.

53
independent

variable ......................................................................................................... .............................

..............................................................................................................

dependent

variable ............................................................................................................ ..........................

................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 15]

Mark scheme:
1- C
2- B
3- D
4- A
5- C
6- C
7- B
8- C
9- A
10- C
11- C
12- B
13- C
14- D
15- A
16- A
17- D
18- C
19- C
20- B

54
21-

22-

55
23-

56
24-

57
25-

58
26-

59
27-

60
28-

61
29-

30-

62
31-

32-

63
33-

64
34-

65
35-

36-

66
37-

67
38-

39-

68
69