MATHEMATICS

CLASS : TENTH
Basics
Arithmetic progression
1) General form of AP : a , a+d ,a+2d , ......... a+(n-1)d
2) General term of AP : an = a+(n-1)d
3) nth term from the end of AP : l - (n-1)d
4) Common difference d = an – an – 1
𝑛
5) General formula to find sum of AP : Sn= 2 [2a+(n-1)d]

6) Formula to find sum of an AP ,when first and last term are given :
𝑛
Sn =2 [a + an ]

𝑛
7) Sum of first ‘n’ natural number : Sn= 2 (n+1)

8) Sum of first ‘n’ even Natural number :. Sn = n(n+1)

9) Sum of first ‘n’ odd Natural number :. Sn = n2

10) The nth term of an AP is the Sum is the difference of sum of first
n terms and the sum of first (n-1) terms are given :
an= Sn – S n – 1

𝑎+𝑏
11) Arithmetic mean:. A= 2

12) Types of ways to select the terms of AP

No of Terms Common
terms difference
3 a –d, a, a + d d
4 a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d 2d
5 a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d d
6 a – 5d, a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d, a + 5d 2d
Similar Triangle

1) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if

(i) their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).

2) Two triangles are similar, if

(i) their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).

3) Thales Theorem / Basic proportionality theorem/ BPT

If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect
theother two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided
in the same ratio.
Thales Theorem : [Basic proportionality theorem]

“If a straight line is drawn parallel to a side of a triangle, then it

divides the other two sides proportionally''.

If DE || BC
AD 𝐴𝐸
BPT 𝐵𝐷
= 𝐶𝐸

AB 𝐴𝐶
Corollory 1 =
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸

AB 𝐴𝐶
Corollary 2 =
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸

AB 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
Corollary 3 = =
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐷𝐸

4) Converse of BPT

“If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio,
then the line is parallel to the third side”.

5) Criterion of similar triangle

AAA Criteria

“ If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then

their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion) and
hence the two triangles are similar”.
 SSS

“If in two triangles ,sides of one triangle are proportional to

the sides of the other triangle , then their corresponding angles are
equal and hence the two triangles are similar”

SAS Criteria

“ If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other

triangle and the sides including these angles are proportional, then
the two triangles are similar”

Pair of linear equations in two variables

1) Definition: Two linear equations in the same two variables x and y
are taken simultaneously

2) General form of Pair of linear equations in two variables

a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 where a1, a2,b1,b2,c1,c2 are constants

3) Graphical and Algebraic Interpretation

Circles
1) Secant : Line which interests circle at two distinct points is called as
secant
2) Tangent : Line which touch a point on circle at is called as tangent
3) Point of contact: The point where a tangent touches the circle is
called the point of contact. ( common point between circle and
tangent).
4) Number of tangents :
a) Number of tangents drawn on circle : Infinite
b) Number of tangents drawn on a point of circle : One
c) Number of tangents drawn from external point : two
5) Theorem
a) The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the
radius to the point of contact
b) The length of two tangents from external point to a circle are
equal
6) Relation between tangent , radius and distance

d²= r² + t²

Area related to Circles

1) Area of circle = π r²
2) Circumference of circle = 2π r
3) 1 min = 60
4) Area of shaded region = π (R² - r²)

𝜃
5) Length of arc = 2𝜋𝑟
360

𝜃
6) Area of Sector= 360
𝜋 𝑟2

𝜃 √3𝑟 2
7) If 𝜃= 600 Area of Segment = 360
𝜋 𝑟2 − 4

𝜃 𝑟2
8) If 𝜃= 900 Area of Segment =360 𝜋 𝑟 2 − 2
 𝜃 𝑟2
9) If 𝜃= 1200 Area of Segment = 360
𝜋 𝑟2 − 2
sin 𝜃

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
10) In general Area of Segment= 360
𝜋 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 2 sin 2 cos 2

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑

11)Number of Revolution=
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

Co- ordinate Geometry

1) If a point is on x-axis ,it’s co-ordinates are (x , 0 )

2) If a point is on y-axis ,it’s co-ordinates are (0 , y )
3)

4) Note
a) Three points are collinear if AC + BC = AB
b) A Quadrilateral is a parallelogram if opposite sides are equal
c) A Quadrilateral is a rectangle if opposite sides are equal and
diagonals are equal
d) A quadrilateral is a rhombus if all sides are equal
e) Quadrilateral is a square if all sides are equal and diagonals are
equal
f) A triangle is a right angle triangle if square of a long is side is
equal to sum of the squares of other two sides
5)
Real Number

1) Euclid’s Division Lemma

Given positive integers a and b,there exist unique integers q and

r satisfying a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.

2) If b = 3 then , r = 0,1,2

If b= 5 then , r = 0,1,2, 3, 4

3) Even : a = 2q ,. Odd : a = 2q + 1
4) Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic:

“Every composite numbercan be expressed ( factorised ) as a

product of primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the
order in which the prime factors occur”.

5) Composite Number: Numbers which have more than two factors

Ex : 4, 6, 10

6) Co – prime Numbers: pair of numbers which have only one factor ie 1

Ex : ( 3, 4 ) and ( 14, 15 )

7) Relation between two numbers A and B , and there HCF and LCM

A× B = H × L

8) Let p be a prime number. If p divides a², then p divides a, where a is a

positive integer.

Quadratic Equations

1) General form of Quadratic Equations

ax² + bx + c = 0 , here a = 0

2) Degree of Quadratic Equation is 2

3) Number of solutions of Quadratic Equations is 2
4) Discriminant : The nature of roots depends on the values of b² – 4ac,
which is called discriminant of the quadratic equation and
symbolically denoted by delta (D) or ( ∆) . ie ∆ = b² - 4ac
 5) Nature of roots

Value of Discriminant Nature aof roots

∆= 0 Roots are real and equal
∆>0 Roots are real and distinct
∆<0 No Real roots or Imaginary roots

Introduction to Trigonometry

1) Trigonometric Ratios

2) Reciprocal relation

3) Quotient Relation
4) Trigonometric ratios of some specific angles

5) Trigonometric Identities
Some Applications of trigonometry

1) Line of sight : line of sight is the Imaginary line drawn from the eye of
an observer to the pointin the object viewed by the observer
2) Horizontal line : Imaginary line from eye of observer which is always
parallel to base ie land
3) Angle of Elevation: Angle formed between line of sight and horizontal
line , such that the line of sight is above the horizontal line and the
observer raise head .

4) Angle of Depression : Angle formed between line of sight and

horizontal line , such that the line of sight is below the horizontal line
and the observer lower his head
Statistic

1) Formula

Surface area and Volumes

Probability

1) Some terms in Random Experiment

2) Probability of an event in an random experiment

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

P(E) = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆

𝒏(𝑬)
P(E) = 𝒏(𝑺)

3) Sum of probability of all elementary events is 1

4) Probability of sure event is 1
5) Probability of impossible event is 0
Polynomials
Definition: An expression of the form
P(x)=a0x0 +a1x¹ +a2x²+…………….+anxn , in which the
variable involved have only non negative integral
exponents is called a polynomial in x
Here : a0 ,a1 ,a2 ……………..an are constant/Real number
x0,x¹,x²……………… xⁿ are variables
OR
An expression in which variable will have power of whole number

Note:
Polynomial. Not Polynomial
2 1/X
x √x
2x x²+x1/3 +2
x²+2x+3 x-1+3x-2
Degree: highest power of variable in a polynomial is called as
degree of a polynomial

Ex: Polynomial Degree

x²+2x-3 3
x³-4x5+7 5

Types of polynomials based on its degree

1) Constant polynomial
All numbers are called as constant polynomial
Ex: 2,9,20 etc.
Degree is 0 and Zeroes are not present
Type standerd form Degree No of Zeros

2)linear ax+b 1 1

3)Quadratic ax²+bx+c 2 2

4)Cubic ax³+bx²+cx+d 3 3

5)Biquadratic ax⁴+bx³+cx²+dx+e 4 4

Note: in general a polynomial of degree n has at the

the most n zeroes
Value of a polynomial

If p(x) is a polynomial in x and k is a real number, then the real

number obtained by replacing x by k in p(x) is called the value of
p(x) at x=k and is denoted by p(k)
Ex: p(x)=x²+3x+1 if x=1
p(1)=1²+3(1)+1
p(1)=5
Here 5 is value of p(x) at x=1

Zero of polynomial

If p(x) is a polynomial and k is any real number such that p(k)=0,

then k is called a zero of a polynomial p(x)
Ex: p(x)= x²-2x+1 if x=1
p(1)=1²-2(1)+1
=1-2+1
=0
Here in p(x), 1 is a zero of a polynomial
If we get value of polynomial is zero for any constant then that
constant is called as zero of a polynomial
1) Relationship between zeroes and co-efficent of polynomial

2)