Name: Section:

ASTROKIT #1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLKIT

Objectives:
• Write numerical values with appropriate significant figures and scientific notations.
• Perform conversion of units and measurements using dimensional analysis.

Rules for Writing in Significant Figures Rules for Writing in Scientific Notation

1. All non-zero digits are __________. 1. If the decimal point comes after a non-
2. Captive zeroes are __________. zero integer:
• Move the decimal point to (left, right) and
3. Leading zeroes are __________. stop (before, after) the last non-zero
4. Trailing zeroes of a number are not integer.
significant (with, without) decimal • Count the times the decimal point is
points. moved to the ______.
5. Trailing zeroes before the decimal point 2. If the decimal point comes before a non-
are __________ if it follows a non-zero zero integer:
integer, otherwise, __________. • Move the decimal point to (left, right) and
6. Trailing zeroes after the decimal point are stop (before, after) the last non-zero
__________. integer.
• Count the times the decimal point is
moved to the ______.
Significant Figures in Arithmetic Operations

1. In addition and subtraction, the resulting Scientific Notation Arithmetic Operations

number should have the same number of
(decimal places, significant figures) as 1. If the numbers have the same (M, n)
the number in the operation with : simply add the (M, n) and keep the (M, n).
❑ the greatest number of __________.
❑ the least number of __________. 2. If not, make sure that the (M, n) of the
numbers involved are (same, different)
before performing:
2. In multiplying and dividing, the resulting
number must have the same number of ❑ Addition
(decimal places, significant figures) as ❑ Subtraction
the number in the operation with :
❑ Multiplication
❑ the greatest number of __________.
❑ Division
❑ the least number of __________.

Rules in Rounding Off of Measurement 3. For multiplication and division, quantities

are (required, not required) to have the
1. The result of any mathematical operation same (M, n).
with measurements can never be more • In multiplication, just multiply the M and
precise than the (least, greatest) then (add, subtract) the exponents.
measurement.
• In division, divide the M and then (add,
2. Remember to always apply the rules of subtract) the exponents.
rounding off.
• If the number has (≥, ≤) 5 next to it, then it
should be round (up, down).
• If the number has (≥, ≤) 4 next to it, then, it
should be round (up, down).
Name: Section:

ASTROKIT #1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLKIT

Objectives:
• Write numerical values with appropriate significant figures and scientific notations.
• Perform conversion of units and measurements using dimensional analysis.

Problem Exercises for Significant Figures Problem Exercises for Scientific Notation

1. Add the following (mass, volume) Perform the following operations for each
measurements: items below:
• Measurement #1 = 14.00 𝐿
1. 5 × 10−7 kg + 3 × 10−7 kg
• Measurement #2 = −12.5 𝐿
• Measurement # 3 = 102.75 𝐿 2. 4 × 10−3 kg + 3 × 10−3 kg
• Total =
3. 1.66 × 10−19 kg + 2.30 × 10−19 kg

2. Find the total of the following (mass, 4. 7.2 × 10−12 kg + 2.6 × 10−12 kg
length) measurements :
• Measurement #1 = 6.201 cm 5. 5.0 × 10−7 mg + 4.0 × 10−8 kg

• Measurement #2 = 7.4 cm 6. 3.001 × 10−2 mg − 2.0000 × 10−6 mg

• Measurement # 3 = 0.68 cm
7. 6 × 10−8 m2 − 3 × 10−8 m2
• Measurement # 3 = 12.0 cm
• Total = 8. 3.8 × 10−12 m2 − 1.90 × 10−11 m2

9. 5.8 × 10−9 m2 − 2.8 × 10−9 m2

3. Subtract 8.264 g from 10.8 g.
10. 2.26 × 10−18 m2 − 3 × 10−18 m2
4. Add 13115 cm to 2.30 cm.
11. (2 × 104 m)(4 × 108 m)

5. Subtract 0.4168 m from 475 m. 12. (3 × 104 m)(2 × 106 m)

13. (6 × 10−4 m)(5 × 10−8 m)

6. Find the product 3.2145 km and 4.23 km.
14. (2.5 × 10−7 m)(2.5 × 1016 m)
7. Divide 20.2 m with 7.41 s.
6×108 kg
8. Find the quotient of 3.1416 cm ÷ 12.4 s. 15. 2×104 m3

𝟑.𝟐𝟎 × 𝟐𝟒.𝟗 6×10−8 m

9. Compute for the answer in . 16.
𝟐.𝟏 2×104 s

6×108 kg
17.
10. The label of a 120-g candy bar says that it 2×10−4 m3

provides 435 calories. How many calories

6×10−8 m
per gram does the candy provide? 18. 2×10−4 s
Solution:
(3×104 kg)(4×104 m)
19. 6×104 s

(2.5×106 kg)(6×104 m)
20. 5×10−2 s2
Name: Section:

ASTROKIT #1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLKIT

Objectives:
• Write numerical values with appropriate significant figures and scientific notations.
• Perform conversion of units and measurements using dimensional analysis.

Unit Measurements and Conversion Length Mass

Measurement is the process of getting the 1 km = 1 000 m 1 ton = 1 000 kg

actual measure of an object’s dimension or 1m = 100 cm 1 kg = 1 000 g
property in comparison with the standard unit. 1 cm = 10 mm 1g = 1 000 mg
1 ft = 12 in 1 lb = 16 oz
1 in = 2.54 cm 1 lb = 0.45 kg
The Metric System is an accepted standard of 1 yd = 3 ft
units as m-k-s system (meter-kilogram- 1 mi = 1 760 yd Pressure
second) which is later known as System 1 mi = 1.61 km
Internationale or SI units.
1 bar = 1×10^5 Pa
Volume 1 atm = 1.01325 bar
Quantity Unit Symbol 1 atm = 760 torr
1L = 1000 mL 1 atm = 760 mmHg
Length Meter m 1L = 1 dm3
1 atm = 76 cmHg
1 mL = 1 cm3
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
1 m3 = 1000 L
Mass Kilogram kg
1 fl. oz = 29.574 mL
Time Second s Temperature

Electric Current Ampere A Celsius =

(°F–32)
=
5
(°F– 32)
1.8 9

Temperature Kelvin K 9
Fahrenheit = 1.8 × °C + 32 = ℃ + 32
5
Amount of
Mole mol
substance Kelvin = °C + 273.1

Luminous Intensity Candela cd Rankine = °F + 459.67

Common Conversion Factors in Astronomy

1 light second = 300 000 km

1 light minute = 18 000 000 km = 8.3 light minutes (EARTH)
1 light hour = 1.08 B km = 1.08 × 109 km
1 light day = 25.9 B km = 2.59 × 1010 km
100 light year = 946 Trillion km = 9.46 × 1014 km
100 000 light year = 946 Trillion km = 9.46 × 1017 km

Light Year Astronomical Unit

• the distance the light travel in one year. • unit based on the average or mean
distance between Sun and Earth
1 𝑙𝑦 = 9.46 × 1012 𝑘𝑚
1 AU = 149,597,870.7 km
Parsecs
• unit used when the number of light years I AU = 92,955,807.3 miles
between objects climbs into the high 1 ly = 63240 AU
thousands or millions.
1 parsec = 3.26 ly
1 megaparsec = 1 million parsec
Name: Section:

ASTROKIT #1 MATHEMATICAL TOOLKIT

Objectives:
• Write numerical values with appropriate significant figures and scientific notations.
• Perform conversion of units and measurements using dimensional analysis.

Problem Exercises for Conversion of Units via Dimensional Analysis

1. How many feet is a 100.00 m dash?

2. How many yards would a car have traveled in a 100 m dash?

3. How many centimeters in a mile?

4. What is the speed of an automobile in meters per second which travels 12 kilometers in
three hours?

5. A cyclist traveled 3.6 km during practice, how much is it in meters?

6. How many milligrams are there in 23.1 g?

7. How many kilometers are there in 456 cm?

8. 45 cm is how many in meters?

9. Convert 1.231 L to cubic centimeters.

10. How many grams are there in 4.6 × 102 kg?

11. Express the density (d) in g/𝐜𝐦𝟑 of a 1.5 kg object whose volume (V) is 0.027 m3 .

12. The earth has an average distance of 9.3 × 107 mi from the sun.
a. How far is this in kilometers?

b. How far is this in meters?

13. What will be the value in K if the temperature measurement is 102 ℃?

14. What will be the value in K if the temperature measurement is 152 ℃?

15. What will be the value in ℃ if the temperature measurement is 453 K?