Energy Efficiency In Boilers

And Heating Systems

 Table of Content

• Overview of heating systems

• Types and working of heat sources
• Calculations of efficiency for heaters
• How To Improve Efficiency
• Conclusion
• References
 Overview of heating systems
What is a Heating System?
A heating system generates heat from a fuel source and distributes it
throughout a building using various mediums like air, water, or steam.
The primary goal of a heating system is to maintain indoor temperatures
at desired levels, ensuring comfort and safety during cold conditions.

Fuels used in the heating systems.

• Fossil fuels sources:
• Natural gas.
• Oil.
• Propane.
• Electricity.
• Renewable Energy:
• Solar.
• Geothermal.
• Biomass
 Overview of heating systems
Main components of heating systems.
1. Heat source and generation unit.
2. Heat distribution unit
3. Thermostat and heat control unit.

Heat source Control system

Distribution systems A monitoring system is used to
Regardless of the various types
Works on moving the heat in its control the system turning on and
of heat generation units, they all
many forms to the designated off when heat is required
serve the same purpose which is
destination
to provide heat to the building
 Types and working of heat sources
Despite the multiple types of heat sources, after all, they all do the same main function which is the
production of heat but each does it differently such as differences in the fuel used or differences in the
medium used to transfer heat, with each one having its upsides and downsides.

Types of heat generation sources:

Active Solar Electrical

Furnace Boiler Heat Pump
Heater heater
 Furnace
How It Works:

A furnace works by heating air and distributing it throughout a home. When the thermostat
detects that the indoor temperature is too low, it signals the furnace to turn on. The furnace
then burns fuel, like natural gas or oil, or uses electricity to create heat. This heat is
transferred to air that blows over a hot metal part called the heat exchanger. A blower fan
pushes the warmed air through ducts and out into the rooms via vents. Meanwhile, any
exhaust gases from burning fuel are safely vented outside. Once the desired temperature
is reached, the thermostat tells the furnace to turn off. This cycle repeats whenever the
home needs more heat.

Efficiency Life Span Fuel used Upsides Downsides

59% to 98.5% 15 to 30 years Natural gas, - Inexpensive - Produces Noise
propane, heating - Wide fuel options - Airflow issues
oil, electricity.
 Boilers
How It Works:
A boiler works by heating water to provide warmth for a building. When the thermostat
detects the need for heat, it signals the boiler to turn on. The boiler uses fuel (like gas,
oil, or electricity) to heat a metal component called the heat exchanger, which
transfers the heat to the water. This hot water or steam is then circulated through
pipes to radiators or underfloor heating systems, where it releases heat into the
rooms. Once the water cools, it returns to the boiler to be reheated, and the process
repeats. Combustion gases are vented safely outside, and the boiler turns off when
the desired temperature is reached.
Types of boilers:
• Condensing Boilers.
• Non-Condensing Boilers.
• Electric Boilers.
• Gas and Oil Boilers.

Efficiency Life Span Fuel used Upsides Downsides

50% to 90% 15 to 30 years Natural gas, - Inexpensive - High installation cost
propane, heating - Better for zone - Requires minimum temperature
oil, electricity. heating to prevent pipe freezing
 Heat pump
How It Works:
A heat pump works by transferring heat from the outside air or ground into your home.
Even when it's cold outside, the heat pump can extract warmth from the air or ground
using a fluid called refrigerant. The refrigerant absorbs the heat, then gets
compressed to raise its temperature. This heat is then released inside your home to
warm the air. The system keeps circulating the refrigerant, repeating the process to
maintain the indoor temperature. Heat pumps can also work in reverse to cool your
home during summer by removing heat from the inside and releasing it outside.

Types of Heat pumps:

• Air-Source Heat Pumps.
• Ground-source (Geothermal) Heat Pumps.

Efficiency Life Span Fuel used Upsides Downsides

6.8 to 10 HSPF 15 years Electricity - High efficiency High installation
Geothermal - Can provide heating and cooling cost
 Active Solar Heater
How It Works:
An active solar heating system works by using solar panels (collectors) to capture
sunlight and heat a fluid inside them. This heated fluid is pumped to a heat
exchanger, where it transfers its heat to water or air used for heating the home. The
heated water or air is then circulated through the house via radiators, underfloor
pipes, or vents. After giving off its heat, the fluid is sent back to the collectors to be
reheated, and the process repeats. If there isn’t enough sunlight, a backup heater
provides additional warmth when needed.

Types of Heat pumps:

• Flat-Plate Collectors,
• Evacuated Tube Collectors.

Efficiency Life Span Fuel used Upsides Downsides

40% to 80% 20+ years Solar - Zero operation cost Can require a second
heat source as it depends
on weather
 Electrical heater

How It Works:
An electric heater heats metal elements inside the heater by using electricity. These
elements heat up and exude heat as electricity passes through them. After that, the
heater either directly distributes heat to persons and objects around or warms the air,
which circulates the space naturally or with the aid of a fan. To maintain the proper
level of warmth in the space, a thermostat regulates the temperature by turning the
heater on and off. Because they are simple to operate, electric heaters are frequently
used to heat particular areas or rooms.

Efficiency Life Span Fuel used Upsides Downsides

95% to 100% 20+ years electricity Inexpensive High operating costs
High efficiency
 Calculations of efficiency for heaters
Types of efficiencies:

Thermal Efficiency:
It is the ratio of useful heat output to total heat input, expressed as a percentage. It Indicates the
effectiveness in converting fuel energy into usable heat.
The Formula: Thermal Efficiency = (Useful Heat Output \ Total Heat Input) x 100

Combustion Efficiency:
It measures the effectiveness of fuel combustion within the boiler, accounting for unburned fuel and heat lost
in exhaust gases. It is usually influenced by fuel quality, air-fuel mixture, and burner design.
The Formula: Combustion Efficiency = Heat Released / Heat Inputed
 Calculations of efficiency for heaters
Standards of efficiency ratings:
AFUE
For combustion heating systems like boilers and furnaces, we use
an index called AFUE which means “ANNUAL FUEL UTILIZATION
EFFICIENCY”.
SEER
To measure a heat pump cooling efficiency we use SEER
“Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio”.
HSPF
To measure a heat pump Heating efficiency we use HSPF “Heating
Season Performance Factor”.
COP
Measuring the ratio of heat output to electrical energy input we use
COP “Coefficient of Performance”. A higher COP indicates greater
efficiency.
 How To Improve Efficiency
The use of high and efficient technology:
For example, condensing boilers work by capturing heat and moisture from exhaust gases that would be wasted
in non-condensing boilers.
These units can achieve efficiencies up to 90% or higher. That’s because they convert more fuel into usable heat.
Regular Maintenance:
Regular check-ups are key. They keep heating systems running smoothly. A well-maintained heater uses less energy.
This saves money and reduces emissions.
Maintenance includes checking for leaks or damage. Technicians also clean and replace parts as needed. These
actions prevent energy loss from inefficiencies.
Insulation Upgrades:
Insulation is crucial for heat retention in heaters, especially when dealing with moisture content in fuels like brown
coal or rank coals. Poor insulation leads to heat escape, which means more fuel is needed to maintain temperature.
Upgrading insulation materials can help retain more heat within the system. It ensures that the energy produced by
burning fuel isn’t wasted but used effectively to generate steam or hot water.

Modern Controls:
Modern combustion control systems are at the heart of improving the heating system’s energy efficiency. They
precisely regulate air and fuel supply to achieve optimal combustion conditions.
 Conclusion
Conclusion:
In summary, energy efficiency in heating systems and boilers is essential for cutting down on energy use,
operating expenses, and environmental damage. Individuals and businesses can greatly improve the
performance of their heating systems by applying the several elements that contribute to efficiency, using
cutting-edge technologies in practice, and following set standards. Prioritizing energy efficiency as we
transition to a more sustainable future helps the worldwide fight against climate change and boosts our
economy.

Any
Question?
Youssef Abdelkarim
21050741015
Wided Daghfous
21050741011
 References

• https://natural-resources.canada.ca/energy/publications/efficiency/industrial/cipec/6699
• https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2019/51/e3sconf_icenis2019_12002.pdf
• https://www.energy.gov/
• https://evolutionmechanical.net/
• https://www.pdhonline.com/courses/m166/m166content.pdf
• https://sidhiee.beeindia.gov.in/images/DigitalLibrary/637878618673199204.pdf
• https://www.thermodyneboilers.com/boiler-efficiency/
• https://www.discountpdh.com/wp-content/themes/discountpdh/pdf-course/improving-boilers-heater-energy-efficien
cy.pdf
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN
STEAM SYSTEMS
MEHMET EMRE GÖKŞEN 20050711032
ÖMER OSMAN KARAPINAR 20050711014
 Description of Steam Systems:

◻ Steam systems are systems that turn water into steam using an energy
source and use this steam as an energy source in various processes. Such
systems are often used in industrial facilities, power plants and many
different production processes.
Basic Components and Schematics of Systems
◻ Boiler
Where water vapor is produced
◻ Steam Pipelines
Lines that transport steam from the
boiler where it is produced to the
consumption points.
◻ Condensate System
System where water is recovered from
the condensation of steam.
◻ Consumption Equipment
Equipment that converts steam into
energy or uses steam for heating
(e.g., heat exchangers, turbines, etc.).
 The Role of Steam Systems in Industry:
◻ Steam is used as an energy carrier in many industrial processes because it is very
efficient in processes such as heating, drying, sterilization, and energy production. For
this reason, many facilities prefer steam systems for both economic and technical
reasons. One of the biggest advantages of steam is that it carries a large amount of
energy and that this energy can be easily transferred. On average, industrial boiler
and steam systems account for around 30% of manufacturing industry energy use
worldwide.
◻ Steam systems are widely used in the following areas:
- Energy production: Steam generates electricity by driving turbines in power plants.
- Chemical production: Steam is used to accelerate and control reactions.
- Food and beverage industry: Steam plays a critical role in sterilization, cooking and heat treatments.
- Paper and textile industry: Steam is used in drying and pressing processes.
Importance of Energy Efficiency:
◻ Energy efficiency means that a system obtains the energy it needs using the
minimum amount of resources. Energy efficiency in steam systems is a critical
issue for both reducing costs and minimizing environmental impacts.
◻ Energy efficiency is also important in terms of sustainability.

◻ Major Advantages of Energy Efficiency;

Cost Savings
Environmental Benefits
Equipment Life
Legal Compliance
Competitive Advantage
Figure 2. A Small Steam Systems (It can be understood that the system does not have a very simple structure.)
 Efficiency in Basic Components of Steam Systems

◻ As you know, to increase the energy efficiency of steam systems, it is very important to
understand their basic components. These components ensure that the system operates
smoothly and energy is used efficiently.
1- Boilers : Boilers are the basic components that turn water into steam. The combustion
efficiency and fuel consumption of the boiler directly affect the energy performance of
the steam system. The first thing to do to increase the efficiency of boilers is the
economizer. Heat from flue gases can be used to preheat the feed water. This increases
boiler efficiency, as less energy is required to turn the preheated water into steam.
Another possible system is Automatic Oxygen and CO Monitoring. It optimizes the
fuel/air mixture and increases combustion efficiency by monitoring oxygen and CO
levels.
 Efficiency in Basic Components of Steam Systems

2 - Steam Distribution Line: These are the pipelines that transport steam from where it is
produced to the points of use. One of the biggest challenges in steam distribution is that
steam loses heat when the pipes are not well insulated. Other challenges is size of the
steam distribution pipes is key to transporting steam at the right speed and pressure.
Steam lines should be correctly sloped to allow condensate to drain efficiently. Poor
slope can cause condensate buildup, hindering steam flow.
3 - Condensate Recovery Systems: Condensate from steam is valuable due to its high
temperature and purity. Reusing it as boiler feedwater reduces both water consumption
and energy needs. Maximizing condensate recovery improves energy efficiency.
Efficiency in Basic Components of Steam Systems
4 - Heat Exchangers and Consumption Equipment: Heat exchangers transfer steam's
heat to other fluids efficiently, while consumption equipment, like turbines and heaters,
use steam for mechanical work or heating. Their efficient operation is key to
optimizing the overall steam system performance.
5 - Insulation Techniques and Improvement Suggestions: Insulation is one of the most
important issues in terms of energy efficiency. Insulating steam pipes, valves and
other equipment significantly reduces heat losses. In addition, insulation materials must
be of high quality and the correct thickness. In order to increase energy efficiency,
existing insulation materials may need to be periodically checked and renewed.
- Finally, no matter what the system is, regular maintenance and cleaning of the system is the most
important factor in terms of efficiency.
Energy Efficiency Tools and Technologies
◻ Modern tools and technologies used to monitor, control and increase energy
efficiency are of great importance.
SCADA and Automation Systems:
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) systems allow monitoring and
automatic control of the performance of
steam systems. SCADA systems offer instant
data collection, analysis and control
capabilities that are critical for energy
efficiency. Automation minimizes human
errors and ensures that the system operates
at optimum performance.
Figure 3. Schematic of Steam Systems on the SCADA
Advantages of Steam Systems Disadvantages of Steam Systems

High Energy Carrying Capacity High Initial Investment Cost

Versatility Energy Loss and Efficiency Problems

Efficient Heat Transfer High Maintenance Requirement

Low Operating Cost Low System Flexibility

 Energy Efficiency Potentials in Industrial Steam Systems

◻ There is significant potential for improving energy efficiency in steam systems; however, much
of this potential remains unrealized. While the use of more efficient boilers can provide energy
savings, optimizing the entire steam system will result in much greater energy savings.
In developed countries, there is more focus on system optimization rather than just individual
equipment efficiency.

◻ Most steam system optimization measures involve improved operational and maintenance
practices that can be implemented as part of a continuous improvement approach in industries.
Therefore, the adoption of energy management systems, such as the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) 50001 - Energy Management Systems, can help facilitate the more
systematic implementation of such measures.

◻ One of the primary objectives of the ISO 50001 standard is to promote continuous and
sustainable energy performance improvement through a disciplined approach to operational
and maintenance practices.
The general rules for efficient steam generation,
distribution and use are:
- Effective boiler load management techniques, such as operating on high fire settings or
installing smaller boilers can save over 7% of a typical facility’s total energy use
with average simple payback of less than 2 years.
- A 3% decrease in flue gas O2 typically produces boiler fuel savings of 2%.
- For every 11°F that the entering feedwater temperature is increased, the boiler’s
fuel use is reduced by 1%.
- Load management measures, including optimal matching of boiler size and boiler
load, can save as much as 50% of a boiler’s fuel use.
-A comprehensive tune-up with precision testing equipment to detect and correct excess
air losses, smoking, unburned fuel losses, sooting, and high stack temperatures can
result in boiler fuel savings of 2% to 20%.
Conclusion and Recommendations

◻ To increase energy efficiency in steam systems, certain steps and strategies must be
implemented. Continuous improvement strategies are essential in industrial facilities,
and technologies like automation and digitalization play a key role in enhancing
energy efficiency. The widespread adoption of energy monitoring systems allows for
more effective tracking and management of efficiency improvements. Additionally,
small yet impactful actions, such as inspecting and repairing steam leaks, enhancing
insulation, and installing condensate recovery systems, can yield significant energy
savings and boost efficiency in the short term.
References
1. Steam System Basics and Energy Efficiency, A. Bhatia , US
https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/D06-004%20-%20Stea
m%20System%20Basics%20and%20Energy%20Efficiency%20-%2
0US.pdf
2. https://www.textilesustainability.com/blog/2020/energy-efficiency-
industrial-boiler-steam-system
3. https://www.lumian.energy/tr/resources/buhar-kazan-sistemlerinde-
enerji-verimliligi-nasil-saglanir
4. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/05/f15/saveenerg
yinsteam.pdf
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IN LIGHTINING
SYSTEMS
MERVE GÜLSÜM ŞENGEL
20050711034
ESMANUR YAVUZ
21050751002
16.10.202
4
1
 CONTENTS
What is Energy Efficient Lighting?

What is the Need for Energy

Efficient Lighting?
Re-lamping with Energy-Efficient
Lights

Improving Lighting Controls

Replacing of Existing Fixtures and

Ballasts
How Should the Right Bulb
Selection be Made?

Conclusion
2
What is Energy Efficient Lighting?
When the energy usage of a product is reduced without affecting its output or final
response or user comfort levels is referred as energy efficiency. An energy efficient
product consumes less energy to perform the same function when compared to the
same product with more energy consumption.
Energy efficient lighting involves the replacement of traditional lamps with that of
energy efficient such as fluorescent lamps, CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) lamps,
and LED (light-emitting diode) lamps. It also incorporates proper lighting controls
such as timer controls, PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) and ultrasonic sensors-based
controls, etc.

3
 What is the Need for
Energy Efficient Lighting?
Lighting is the basic requirement of any facility and impacts
people's day-to-day activities. This accounts a considerable
amount of total energy consumption in domestic, commercial and
industrial installations.
In industries, energy consumption for lighting constitutes only a
small component of the total energy consumed, which is nearly
2-5 percent of total energy consumption. It accounts for 50 to 90
per cent in the domestic sector and it may go up to 20-40 percent
in case of commercial /building sectors, information technology
complexes, and hotels.
So, it becomes an important area wherein energy to be conserved,
especially in the domestic sector. Lighting efficiency solutions
therefore play a key role in energy saving opportunities.
4
Tips, Tricks & Techniques to Implement
Energy-Efficient Lighting
Energy saving in lighting, low-efficiency, and high-efficiency light sources instead of
sources by using and taking some simple precautions can be provided. For example:
- When buying lamps, high-efficiency ones are preferred should be. Lamp selections
highest lumens/watt it should be done according to the ratio (efficiency factor)
- Unused areas should not be illuminated.
- Timers, photocells or approach controlling the lighting by means of sensors, it is
important in terms of energy saving.
- Halogen to prevent energy loss and instead of regular bulbs, fluorescent bulbs should be
used. Thus, 40% of the energy savings can be achieved.
- Compact fluorescent instead of incandescent fluorescent lamp the use of lamps saves up
to 80% energy provides…

5
1. Re-lamping with Energy-Efficient Lights
Energy efficient lamps can deliver the same amount of lighting with greater energy
saving at low cost, when compared with conventional lamps. Traditional
incandescent lamps consume a lot of energy to produce light in which 90 percent of
consumed energy is given off as heat and also they consume more energy, typically
3-5 times more than the actual amount to produce light.

Energy efficient lamps overcome these problems by offering many more advantages
than incandescent lamps. The two most popular choices of energy efficient light
bulbs include CFLs (compact fluorescent lamp) and LED (light emitting diode)
lamps.

6
 a. Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFLs)
CFLs use 75 percent less energy and produce 75 percent less heat for
producing the same amount of illumination as compared with
incandescent lamps. They last 10 to 15 times longer and cost 10 to 20
more as compared to incandescent lamps.
These lamps are made with a phosphorous glass tube consisting of
inert gas (argon) and mercury vapor. They use an electronic ballast to
create high voltage during the starting and it can be a separate unit or a
permanently built in lamp. Some special and older models of CFLs
come with separate ballast while some CFLs come with inbuilt ballast.
When an electric current is passed through the electrodes, the electrons
that are bound to mercury atoms are excited which in turn emits
ultraviolet light. As UV light strikes the fluorescent coating, it will be
converted into visible light.

7
 b.Light Emitting
Diodes (LEDs)
LEDs are solid-state semiconductor devices
and are more energy efficient than even CFLs.
They produce little heat and higher quality
lighting than any other lamp. At the time of
inception the usage of LEDs was limited as
single bulb indicators in electronic circuits.
Later a number of LEDs are clustered to
develop small lamps in battery-powered
devices such as charging lights, flashlights,
etc. Today, LED lamps are available in many
new bulb styles which are bright enough to
replace traditional incandescent lamps.
8
LED lamps use 75 percent less energy than traditional
incandescent and 50 percent less energy than that of a CFL.
They can last 8-25 times longer compared to incandescent
and up to four times longer than a CFL. Unlike incandescent
and CFLs, LED lamps produce no heat and hence they are
cool enough to touch. But, these are more expensive;
however, they are affordable over the long run.
LEDs are made up of semiconductor materials to form PN
junctions. Whenever current flows across these junctions, it
releases the energy in the form of a light. The wavelength and
hence the color of the light depends on the composition of
materials. LEDs can generate yellow, red, blue, green and
white light. For lighting purpose several white color LEDs
are stacked as clusters to produce required lighting for an
application. 9
 10
Comparison chart for incandescent, CFL and LED bulbs.
11
 2. Improving
Lighting Controls
Lighting can be controlled with the use of various
sensors to allow the operation of lamps whenever they
are needed. These sensors detect the presence of
humans, motion, timing or occupancy and based on
the sensor output, it switches the lamps ON and OFF.
Types of these controls include infrared sensors,
automatic timers, motion sensors (PIR and ultrasonic
sensors), and dimmers.

Photo sensors monitor the daylight conditions and

accordingly send the signals to main controller to turn
the lamps automatically off at dawn and on at dusk.
This type of lighting control is commonly used with
street lighting and outdoor lighting.

12
 3. Replacing of
Existing Fixtures and
Ballasts
Replacing energy inefficient accessories with new
energy efficient fixtures and ballast gives superior
energy savings, longevity, and reliability. The main
function of a luminaire or lighting fixture is to
distribute, direct and diffuse light.

Some fixtures can absorb more than half of the

illumination emitted the bulb that reduces the
efficiency of the lighting. The higher efficiency
fixtures can emit more light and hence one can
save energy and money. Such fixtures consist of
reflectors to direct the light in a desired direction.

13
14
 How Should the Right Bulb Selection be
Made?
1 2 3 4 5

Lighting need: First Brightness level: The Color temperature: The Service life: The
Bulb type: When color temperature of the
of all, determine choosing a bulb, it is brightness level of the service life of light
which area needs to bulbs is measured in bulbs determines how the bulbs varies
important to determine light will look visually.
be illuminated and which type of bulb to use. lumens. Bulbs with a The color temperature is depending on the
what kind of lighting Compact fluorescent high lumen value are expressed in Kelvin (K) material used and the
is needed. A softer lamps (CFL) and LED preferred to the units. Lower Kelvin quality. The long life
and warmer light is bulbs are energy-efficient moon.You should values provide a cooler of the bulb saves
preferred in some options and often replace choose the light. When providing a energy and cost.
traditional incandescent warm light to the areas
areas, while a brighter bulbs. But each type of appropriate brightness
and cooler light may level depending on you want to illuminate it
bulb has its own unique is important to choose the
be preferred in other characteristics, so you the size of the area appropriate color
areas. should choose the one that you want to temperature for a higher
best suits your needs. illuminate. color.

15
CONCLUSION
Energy saving, made by extinguishing one of two
light bulbs not a restriction, but within the
conditions of needs and comfort, extra it should
mean saving the consumed energy. Applications
that encourage saving in electricity consumption it
should be left. An awareness of saving energy
should be created, and this educational brochures
should be prepared on the subject. Saving and
necessary legal regulations on efficiency issues it
should be done. Efficient use of electrical energy
central projects should be developed in this area,
especially in the sectors where electrical energy is
used intensively technologies that consume less
electricity should be developed. Low energy in
electrical appliances and lighting consuming models
should be switched to.
16
REFERENCES
• https://www.borled.com.tr/teknik-bilgiler/aydi
nlatmada-kullanilan-lambalar/
(14.10.2024)
• https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1MSR
BIuYwPwOYHEqBjFXWlW9KU8gfdlQG
(14.10.2024)
• https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1MSR
BIuYwPwOYHEqBjFXWlW9KU8gfdlQG
(15.10.2024)

17
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
…

18
Energy Efficiency in Compressed
Air Systems
SUMMARY
• Energy Efficiency in Compressed Air Systems

• Importance of Compressed Air Efficiency

• Understanding Compressed Air System Components

• Assessing Current System Performance

• Installation Costs of Compressed Air Systems in Turkiye

• Main Factors Affecting The Energy Consumption of Compressed Air Systems

• Efficiency Comparison of Compressed Air Systems

• Methods that can be Applied to Minimize Energy Consumption in Compressed Air Systems

• Reducing Air Leaks and Optimizing Pressure

• Implementing Energy-Efficient Air Compressors

• Utilizing Heat Recovery Systems

• Efficiency of Compressed Air Systems in Turkiye

• Improving Compressed Air Distribution

• Monitoring and Maintaining the System

• Motor Challenge Programme (MCP) Contribute to Energy Savings

Compressed Air
Systems
• Compressed air is a crucial utility in many industries, providing
power and control for a wide range of applications. However,
compressed air systems can be energy-intensive, making energy
efficiency a crucial consideration for businesses seeking to reduce
their environmental impact and operational costs.
Importance of Compressed
Air Systems
Cost Savings Environmental
1 2
• Improving compressed Impact
air efficiency can lead to • More efficient systems
significant reductions in reduce the carbon
energy consumption footprint and
and operational costs. environmental impact
of compressed air use.
Productivity
3
• Optimized compressed air systems can improve process
reliability and productivity in industrial applications.
Understanding Compressed Air System
Components
Air Compressors Air Dryers Air Receivers
• The heart of the system, • Ensure the compressed air is free • Store the compressed air,
responsible for generating the of moisture, preventing damage providing a buffer and stabilizing
compressed air. to downstream equipment. the system pressure.

Aftercooler Filters Piping and Distribution Network

• Reduces the temperature of • Eliminate contaminants • Delivers compressed air to
compressed air, allowing like dust, oil, and various points of use with
moisture to condense for particulates, ensuring minimal pressure drop.
removal. clean compressed air.
Installation Costs of Compressed Air Systems in Turkiye
• This table shows the average cost ranges for general small and large scale systems:

Component Small Scale System Cost Large Scale System Cost Explanation

Varies depending on the capacity and type of

Compressor 10.000 - 50.000 TL 100,000 TL and above
compressor. Costs increase in larger systems.

Piping and storage tank costs increase with

Storage Tank and Piping 10.000 - 30.000 TL 50,000 TL and above
facility size.

Necessary to maintain air quality. Advanced

Dryer and Filter Systems 5.000 - 20.000 TL 50,000 TL and above
technology and high capacity increase costs.

Costs vary depending on installation

Assembly and Workmanship 10.000 - 20.000 TL 30,000 TL and above
difficulties and facility size.

Energy efficient systems are more expensive

Energy and Operating Costs 70-80% of annual cost 70-80% of annual cost
initially but reduce operating costs.

It is used to optimize energy savings,

Central Control Unit (Optional) 5.000 - 15.000 TL 20,000 TL and above
especially in large systems.

The waste heat produced by the compressor

Energy Recovery (Optional) 5.000 - 15.000 TL 20,000 TL and above
can be recovered and used.
Assessing Current System
Performance
Measure Key Metrics
1
• Collect data on compressor energy consumption, air
demand, system pressure, and leaks.

Identify Inefficiencies
2
• Analyze the data to pinpoint areas where the system
is operating inefficiently.

Develop Improvement
3
Plan
• Create a roadmap to address the identified issues
and optimize system performance.
Main Factors Affecting The Energy Consumption of Compressed Air Systems

• Compressor Type and Sizing:

The type of compressor (fixed speed vs. variable speed) and its proper sizing are critical. Oversized compressors
consume more energy to generate the same airflow compared to properly sized compressors, leading to higher
annual operating costs .
• Control System Efficiency:
An efficient control system maintains the discharge pressure within a specified range and adjusts the operation
of compressors based on variable air demand.
• System Dynamics:
Effective design that accommodates peak requirements while operating efficiently at part-load is essential
for high performance.

• Energy Losses:
Components such as air dryers, filters, and piping can introduce energy losses through flow or pressure drops.

• By addressing these factors, significant improvements in the energy efficiency of compressed air
systems can be achieved, potentially resulting in energy savings of 20-50% .
 Efficiency Comparison of Compressed Air Systems
• The table below provides information on the general efficiency characteristics of different compressor types.
However, this table is for general comparison only.
• This value indicates the amount of electrical energy consumed to produce 1 cubic meter of compressed air.

• The lower the value, the more efficient the

system.

Typical Energy
Compressor Type Productivity Features Advantages Disadvantages Compressor
Efficiency Consumptio
Type
Range (%) n (kWh/m³)
High energy
Lower efficiency, Simple structure, low consumption, requires
Piston Compressors Piston
higher noise level cost frequent maintenance, 60-75 0,15 - 0,25
vibration and noise Compressors

High efficiency, long

Higher efficiency, lower Screw
Screw Compressors
noise level
life, continuous Higher initial cost 75-90 0,10 - 0,15
operation Compressors

Oil-free Screw High efficiency, oil-free Clean air, long life, low Oil-free Screw
Compressors air production maintenance cost
Higher cost 80-95 0,08 - 0,12
Compressors
Methods that can be Applied to Minimize Energy Consumption in
Compressed Air Systems
Heat Recovery:
• Installing a heat economizer can recover up to 60% of the
heat generated by compressors, which can then be used for
process heating or space heating.

Automatic Control Systems:

• Implementing automatic controls for compressed air
production, such as variable speed compressors, can lead to
energy savings of approximately 15%, depending on the
system's needs.
Reducing Inlet Temperature:
• Lowering the air inlet temperature can yield energy savings,
with a 1% reduction in consumption for every 3 degrees Celsius
decrease in temperature.
Upgrading Equipment:
• Replacing older compressors with newer, more efficient
models that have lower specific energy consumption can
result in energy savings of around 7% .
Reducing Air Leaks and
Optimizing Pressure
Leak Detection Leak Repair
• Regularly inspect the • Promptly address
system for air leaks and identified leaks to
use specialized minimize air losses and
equipment to identify and maintain system
quantify them. efficiency.
Pressure
Optimization
• Ensure the system operates at the minimum required
pressure to reduce energy consumption.
Implementing Energy-Efficient Air
Compressors
Variable Speed Oil-Free Technology Advanced Controls
Drives
• Adjust compressor output to • Eliminate the need for oil, • Optimize compressor operation
match actual demand, reducing reducing maintenance costs and through intelligent monitoring
energy consumption during low- environmental impact. and control systems.
load periods.
Utilizing Heat Recovery
Systems
Waste Heat Capture Energy Savings
• Recover the heat • Reclaiming waste heat
generated by the can significantly reduce
compressors and use it to the energy required for
heat air, water, or other other heating needs.
processes.
Environmental
Benefits
• Heat recovery systems reduce the overall energy consumption
and carbon footprint of the compressed air system.
Efficiency of Compressed Air Systems in Turkiye
• The efficiency rates and energy saving potentials given in this table may vary depending on the correct
use and maintenance of the system.

Component Efficiency Rate Annual Energy Savings Potential Explanation

Compressor (Variable Speed) 15% - 35% more efficient 10.000 - 30.000 TL It significantly reduces energy costs.

Choosing the right dryer improves air

Air Dryers 10% - 25% more efficient 5.000 - 15.000 TL
quality and saves energy.

A good filtration system increases the

Filtering Systems 5% - 15% more efficient 2.000 - 5.000 TL
efficiency of the system.

Energy Recovery Systems up to 50% 15.000 - 40.000 TL The use of waste heat saves energy.

Increases energy savings and system

Intelligent Evacuation Systems 10% - 20% more efficient 2.000 - 5.000 TL
efficiency.

Optimizes management of multiple

Central Control Systems 15% - 25% more efficient 5.000 - 10.000 TL
compressors.
Improving Compressed Air
Distribution
Optimize Piping
1
• Ensure the compressed air distribution network is
designed to minimize pressure drops and air leaks.

Implement Point-of-
2
Use
• Install air treatment equipment (filters, regulators,
etc.) close to the point of use for better control.

Regularly Maintain
3
• Perform routine inspections and maintenance to
keep the distribution system operating efficiently.
Monitoring and Maintaining the
System

Continuous
Monitoring
• Use sensors and data logging to track system performance and
identify issues in real-time.

Preventive
Maintenance
• Establish a regular maintenance schedule to keep the system
operating at peak efficiency.

Data-Driven
Optimization
• Analyze performance data to continually identify and implement
improvements.
Motor Challenge Programme (MCP) Contribute to Energy Savings
• The Motor Challenge Programme (MCP) aims at drawing attention to
the energy savings potential that exists in the various motor driven
systems, including: compressed air systems, pumping systems,
ventilation systems, refrigeration and cooling systems, motor drive
systems .
Awareness and Commitment:
• The MCP aims to raise awareness about the energy savings potential
in various motor-driven systems, including compressed air systems.

Focus on Motor-Driven Systems:

• By targeting motor-driven systems, which account for a substantial portion of
electricity use in the industrial sector (30% in the EU), the MCP helps industries
identify opportunities for energy savings in their operations.
Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing:
• The MCP fosters collaboration among participating companies, allowing
them to share experiences and strategies for improving energy efficiency,
thus amplifying the impact of individual efforts.
Modeling Techniques to Analyze Energy Consumption
State-Based Modeling Technique:
• This approach is used to model the energy consumption patterns of compressors by
categorizing their operational states. The compressors can be in one of three specific
modes: 'Standby', 'Ready to Operate', and 'Load'. This technique allows for the
examination of how compressors respond to changes in demand and how they transition
between these states, providing insights into their energy usage .

Metering Data Analysis:

• By examining metering data, the researchers can identify patterns in compressor
operation and energy consumption.
• These modeling techniques provide valuable insights into the dynamics of energy
consumption in compressed air systems, enabling designers and energy analysts to
optimize system performance and improve energy efficiency.
Tools for Performing an Energy Audit in the Context of Compressed-
Air Energy Use
• These tools collectively aid in accurately assessing energy usage and identifying areas for
improvement in compressed-air systems.

Clamp-on Power Meter:

• This device measures power consumption, current drawn, load factor, and power factor. It
features a clamp-on capability to measure current and probes for voltage measurement,
allowing for data collection without disrupting normal operations.
Portable Tachometer:
• Useful for measuring the speed of motors, with optical type tachometers being preferred
for their ease of use in measurement.

Thermocouple Sensor:

• This sensor measures the temperature of energy-using machinery to check for overheating,
which can lead to increased energy consumption. Monitoring temperature helps assess
equipment efficiency and prevent potential failures 4, 4.
REFERENCES
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827114004491

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705812024125

https://www.mmo.org.tr/sites/default/files/02_makale_basincli_hava.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/renewable-and-sustainable-energy-reviews

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032118300455

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-018-9647-3

https://www.atlascopco.com/tr-tr/compressors/wiki/compressed-air-articles/cost-of-compressed-air

https://ihidalgakiran.com/tr/basincli-hava-sisteminde-yillik-8-milyon-tl-tasarruf/
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN
FANS AND PUMPS
AZRA SAYAN 21050711034
KAAN BERK ÇELİK 20050711015
Types of Fans

Centrifugal Fans: Used in HVAC

systems; effective for high-pressure
applications.
Axial Fans: Suitable for high flow
rates; commonly used in residential
and commercial ventilation.
 Residential Applications:

Applications of Central HVAC circulation fans

Ceiling fans for air circulation
Fans Exhaust fans in kitchens and
bathrooms
Window and through-the-wall air
conditioners
 Commercial Applications:
Applications of Air handling units (AHUs) for
ventilation
Fans Exhaust fans for kitchens and
industrial processes
Packaged terminal air conditioners
(PTACs)
Cooling tower fans for heat rejection
Energy Consumption

Residential Sector: Commercial Sector:

HVAC fans account for 79% of total fan-related Fans account for 56% of total motor energy
energy consumption. consumption.
Circulation fans for furnaces are the largest Clean air ventilation fans are major
single load, consuming significant energy contributors, consuming over 2 quads of
year-round. energy annually.
Energy Saving Opportunities

Fan Motors and Controls:

Advanced Motors: Upgrading to Brushless DC (BLDC) motors can improve
efficiency by 20-30%.
Variable Speed Drives (VSDs): Implementing VSDs allows fans to operate at
optimal speeds, reducing energy consumption by up to 40%.
Energy Saving Opportunities

Blade Design and Selection:

Aerodynamic Blade Design: Utilizing advanced blade designs can enhance
efficiency by 15-30%.
Backward-Inclined (BI) Blades: Switching from forward-curved to backward-
inclined blades can improve efficiency significantly.
Energy Saving Opportunities

Fan System Optimization:

Right-Sizing Fans: Ensuring fans are appropriately sized for their application can
yield energy savings of 5-20%.
Duct Sealing: Sealing duct leaks can reduce fan power consumption by 20-40%,
enhancing overall system efficiency.
Energy Saving Opportunities

Smart Controls:
Occupancy Sensors: Integrating occupancy sensors can optimize airflow based
on real-time demand, potentially saving 10-30% of energy used by fans.
Maintenance Practices:
Regular maintenance of fan systems, including cleaning and checking for wear, can
prevent energy losses due to inefficiencies.
Types of Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps: The most

common type used in residential and
commercial applications, they operate
by converting kinetic energy from a
spinning impeller into pressure.
Positive Displacement Pumps: Used
for specific applications, but less
common in building systems due to
higher costs and maintenance.
 Hydronic Heating: Circulators are used in hot water boilers
to distribute heat.
Residential Domestic Water Supply: Pumps are used for hot and cold
Applications water applications, including recirculation loops in larger
homes.
Pool Pumps: Essential for maintaining water circulation
and cleanliness.
 Commercial Applications:
HVAC Systems: Pumps circulate water for heating
and cooling systems, including boilers and chillers.
Commercial Potable Water Supply: Used in buildings without
municipal connections, often for high-rise
Applications applications.
Industrial Processes: Pumps are used in various
industrial applications, including cooling and heating
systems
 Energy
Consumption Residential Sector: Residential pumps Commercial Sector: Commercial pumps
consume approximately 0.4 quads of primary consume around 0.5 quads of primary energy,
energy annually, accounting for about 7% of representing a significant portion of energy use
total residential energy consumption. in HVAC and water supply systems.
Energy Saving Opportunities

Pump Motors and Controls:

Variable Speed Drives (VSDs): Implementing VSDs can reduce energy
consumption by allowing pumps to operate at optimal speeds based on demand.
Estimated savings potential is around 0.1 quads annually for commercial
applications.
Upgrading to High-Efficiency Motors: Switching to permanent magnet motors or
ECMs can improve efficiency by 10-20%, leading to significant energy savings.
Energy Saving Opportunities

Pump Design Improvements:

Hydraulic Redesign: Enhancing pump designs for better hydraulic performance
can yield energy savings of approximately 4%. This includes optimizing impeller
designs and reducing frictional losses.
Right-Sizing Pumps: Ensuring pumps are appropriately sized for their applications
can lead to energy savings of 20%. Oversized pumps often operate inefficiently,
leading to increased energy consumption.
Energy Saving Opportunities

System Design and Maintenance:

Optimized Piping Configurations: Using larger pipes and advanced fittings can
reduce frictional losses, potentially saving 15-20% in energy consumption.
Regular Maintenance: Implementing a proactive maintenance schedule can
prevent energy losses due to wear and tear, ensuring pumps operate at peak
efficiency.
Energy Saving Opportunities

Connected and Smart Pump Systems:

Integration with Building Management Systems: Connected pumps can be
monitored and controlled remotely, allowing for optimized operation based on real-
time data. This can lead to significant energy savings through demand response
strategies.
Behavioral Changes: Educating users on optimal pump operation and
maintenance can further enhance energy savings.
Common Places to Apply Efficiency in Pump or Fan Systems

Pressure switch control - if your

Level control - in some pump system has intermittent demand,
systems, you can set levels so they you can install a pressure switch
operate only when necessary. control to turn it off when not
needed.

Size - a pump or fan that’s the Remove unnecessary

wrong size for the system can circulation - isolating loops that
waste a lot of energy. Some unnecessarily circulate heating or
systems change over time, making cooling water or air, reduce power
well-specified systems inefficient. consumption and thermal load.
 When To Replace a Pump or a Fan?

Prepare early to replace. Time Noise, vibration, heat and Choosing right size is important. A
wasted means energy is wasted. performance are indications to big fan wastes energy.
decide the time for replacing.
 1. Switch off the system
Assess and analyse your operating
process. Switch off pumps and fans when
not needed to reduce operation costs.
2. Install timers and operational
controls
Ways to Reduce Timers and operational controls can
Maintenance Costs automatically turn on and off the motor
that drives pumps and fans.
3. Install variable speed drives
Variable speed drives adjust the speed of
the motor to match the load required for
the task. Reducing the motor speed by
20% can lower your motor operating cost
by up to 50%.
 4. Regular maintenance
Schedule regular maintenance on pumps
and fans to ensure consistent capacity
and energy efficiency. Regularly change or
Ways to Reduce trim the impeller on pumps and fans to
improve the efficiency.
Maintenance Costs Check for leaks, flow rate, pressure.
5. Improve motor efficiency
A motor is part of a pump or fan.
Motors

Pumps and fans require motors to work.

So its counted when considering their
efficiency.
Thanks for Listening
Referances

• Reduce pump and fan costs in your business, www.sustainability.vic.gov.au

• Fan and Pump Technology Overview and their Energy Saving Opportunities, Elie Tawil, P.E., LEED AP, www.cedengineering.com
• Saving energy with pumps and fans, motor.feld.cvut.cz
• Pumping and Fan Systems, genless.govt.nz
Energy Efficiency in Industrial
Furnaces
Omar Hardan 20150741012
Sadeq Al-Sudani 210507410
What are Industrial Furnaces?
They are heat-generating equipment used for various industrial processes, such as metal
smelting, ceramics production, glass manufacturing, and more. These furnaces operate
at extremely high temperatures and are used for many industrial applications.

For example, industrial furnaces in the iron and steel industry are primarily used for
thermal processes such as annealing, hardening, tempering, normalizing, soft annealing,
stress relief, etc...

Depending on their intended use, industrial furnaces can vary significantly in type, size,
and capacity. In determining the furnace type, parameters such as the heating time of
the materials to be heated, the geometric structure and chemical composition of the
materials, the quantity, the need for a protective atmosphere, and economic operating
conditions are taken into account.
History of Industrial Furnaces
The history of industrial furnaces dates back to ancient civilizations, where
rudimentary furnaces were first used for metal smelting and pottery firing. The
earliest known furnaces were built by the Egyptians around 3000 BCE, primarily for
producing glass and metals. As civilizations advanced, so did furnace technology.
The Romans improved furnace design by introducing the use of forced air to
enhance combustion, resulting in higher temperatures and more efficient
operations.

During the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, the demand for iron and steel
skyrocketed, leading to significant advancements in furnace technology. The
introduction of the blast furnace allowed for the mass production of iron by forcing
air into the furnace, which increased the temperature and efficiency of the
smelting process. This innovation was crucial for the development of the steel
industry and facilitated the growth of infrastructure, machinery, and
transportation.
History of Industrial Furnaces
In the 20th century, further advancements were made with the advent of
electric furnaces, which allowed for cleaner and more controlled heating
processes. Electric arc furnaces became popular for recycling steel, providing a
more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods. The late
20th century and early 21st century saw a growing focus on energy efficiency
and sustainability, leading to the development of high-efficiency furnaces and
heat recovery systems that minimize energy consumption and emissions.
 Types of Industrial furnaces
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Induction Furnace: Blast Furnace:
Efficiency: 60% to 90% Efficiency: 80% to 90% Efficiency: 70% to 85%
Modern blast furnaces
EAFs are highly efficient for melting Induction furnaces achieve high equipped with heat recovery
scrap steel, with energy savings from efficiency through rapid heating and systems can significantly
using electric arcs. low heat loss. improve energy efficiency.
 Types of Industrial furnaces
Vacuum Furnace: Reverberatory Furnace:
Efficiency: 70% to 90% Efficiency: 60% to 80%
When modernized, reverberatory
These furnaces minimize heat loss furnaces can improve heat
and oxidation, leading to efficient retention and reduce energy
heat treatment processes. consumption.
Energy Consumption in Industrial Furnaces
Key Sources of Energy Loss:
• Heat Loss through Structure: Heat escapes through the furnace walls, roof, and floor,
especially if insulation is poor.
• Flue Gas Losses: High-temperature exhaust gases carry away significant amounts of heat.
• Inefficient Burners: Burners that are not optimized for fuel use can lead to unnecessary
energy consumption.
• Poor Insulation: Inferior insulating materials increase heat loss, which requires more fuel to
maintain furnace temperatures.

On average, 20-40% of the energy input in a furnace is wasted, depending on the furnace type
and its condition, this loss significantly increases operating expenses and reduces overall
system efficiency.
How Furnace Efficiency is Measured
We use something called AFUE, it is an efficiency rating for combustion
heating appliances, which includes furnaces and boilers. It is the ratio
of the furnace’s annual heat output compared to the annual fuel
energy the furnace consumes. In other words, it measures how much
energy consumption actually goes into producing heat for the desired
application.

AFUE is calculated by dividing into the amount of fuel

supplied to the furnace by the amount of heat
produced, usually measured in BTUs.
Strategies for Energy Efficiency in Industrial
Furnaces
Industrial furnaces are among the largest energy
consumers in manufacturing, making energy efficiency
a crucial focus. A well-designed furnace should
minimize energy losses and operate efficiently to
reduce both operational costs and environmental
impact. Energy-efficient solutions not only improve
fuel consumption but also help industries comply with
stricter regulations on emissions. By focusing on key
areas like heat recovery, burner performance, and
automation, manufacturers can make significant
improvements in furnace efficiency without
compromising productivity.
Strategies for Energy Efficiency in Industrial
Furnaces
Some strategies to increase efficiency:
• Upgrade Insulation: Modern materials reduce
heat loss.
• Use Heat Recovery: Captures waste heat for
reuse.
• Optimize Burners: High-efficiency burners
ensure optimal fuel use.
• Automate Control: Systems help maintain
optimal temperature and fuel levels.
Benefits of Energy Efficiency
Implementing energy efficiency measures in industrial furnaces offers
numerous advantages. Reduced operational costs is a significant
benefit, as improved energy use leads to lower fuel bills and
maintenance expenses. Energy-efficient furnaces also enhance
productivity by providing more stable temperatures and faster heating
times, which can improve overall production rates. Additionally, these
measures contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing the carbon footprint of
operations.
Case Study: Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe AG
Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe AG implemented an energy efficiency project at their
Duisburg site to optimize the operation of their blast furnaces. The project aimed
to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions while maintaining production
levels, the company invested approximately €20 million in the modernization of its
blast furnace technology.

Technologies Implemented:
• Heat Recovery: The installation of heat recovery systems allowed the plant to
capture and reuse waste heat from the furnace processes.
• Regenerative Burners: These burners were introduced to improve combustion
efficiency and reduce fuel consumption.
Case Study: Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe AG
Results:
• Energy Savings: The upgrades resulted in a 15% reduction in energy consumption
across the plant.
• CO2 Emissions: The facility achieved a decrease of about 60,000 tons of CO2
emissions annually due to improved energy efficiency.
• Production Capacity: Despite the upgrades, production capacity remained stable,
with no adverse effects on product quality.
• Payback Period: The investment yielded a payback period of approximately 4
years due to cost savings on energy bills.
Challenges to Increase Efficiency
High Initial Costs:
• Upgrading furnace components or retrofitting with heat recovery systems requires
significant investment.
Long-term energy savings often justify the initial costs, but companies may face
budget constraints.
Downtime:
• Implementation of energy-efficient technologies may require furnace shutdowns,
affecting production schedules.
• Companies need to plan retrofitting projects during scheduled maintenance to
minimize disruptions.
Need for Skilled Operators:
• New technologies like smart sensors and automated control systems require skilled
operators and maintenance personnel, increasing the need for specialized training.
 References
AFUE Calculation: https://rheempropartners.com/blog/afue-how-furnace-
efficiency-is-measured/
International Energy Agency: https://www.iea.org/
Sistem Teknik: https://www.sistemteknik.com/ferrous/en/energy-efficiency-in-
industrial-furnaces/
Energy Efficiency: https://www.dormarhvac.com/80-efficiency-vs-95-
efficiency-furnaces/