AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 163

KweZv web¨vm
wk¶v_©xMY! m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ gyL¯’wbf©i bq, cvV¨eBwbf©i
†gŠwjK we`¨v| ZvB Abykxjb Ask ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© MíwUi wkLb dj, cvV
cwiwPwZ, †jLK cwiwPwZ, Drm cwiwPwZ, e¯‘ms‡¶c, bvgKiY, kãv_© I
UxKv I evbvb mZK©Zv m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ Rvbv GKvš— Avek¨K|

cvV mnvqK Ask (Supplement)

 wkLb dj 4
 cvV cwiwPwZ 4
 †jLK cwiwPwZ 4
 Drm cwiwPwZ 5
 e¯‘ms‡¶c 5
 bvgKiY 5
 kãv_© I UxKv 6
 evbvb mZK©Zv 6

Abykxjb Ask (Practice)

 Abykxjbxi cÖ‡kœvËi 7
 gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi 8
 †U·U eyK GbvjvBwmm 20
K. Ávbg~jK 20
L. Abyavebg~jK 22
 eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
 Abykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
 gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K hvPvBK…Z eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi 24
L. eûc`x mgvwßm~PK cÖ‡kœvËi 27
M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK cÖ‡kœvËi 31

wiwfkb Ask (Revision)

 evwoi KvR 32
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv 32

cix¶v-cÖ¯‘wZ hvPvB Ask (Assesment)

 m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK 33
cvV mnvqK Ask (Supplement)
164 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
m„Rbkxj c×wZ gyL¯’wbf©i we`¨v bq, cvV¨eB wbf©i †gŠwjK we`¨v| ZvB
Abykxjb Ask ïi“ Kivi Av‡M Mí/KweZvi wkLb dj, cvV cwiwPwZ, †jLK cwiwPwZ,
Drm cwiwPwZ, e¯‘ms‡¶c, bvgKiY, kãv_© I UxKv I evbvb mZK©Zv
m¤úwK©Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨vewj Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme welq¸‡jv †R‡b
wb‡j G Aa¨v‡qi †h‡Kv‡bv m„Rbkxj I eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv m¤¢e
n‡e|
 wkLb dj
 AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
 ÔG eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨ÕÑK_vwUi Aš—wb©wnZ evYx Dcjwä Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
 Ô`y‡h©v‡M nvj wVKg‡Zv ivLv fviÕÑ K_vwUi KviY Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 G eq‡mi †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡e|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`vÕÑ K_vwUi Zvrch© Abyaveb Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
 ÔG‡`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡gÕÑ K_vwUi Zvrch© wb‡Ri fvlvq
we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 KweZvwUi ˆkjx m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eq‡miÕ ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡e|
 cvV-cwiwPwZ
myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvwU 1948 wLªóv‡ã
cÖKvwkZ Zuvi ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G KweZvq Kwe
wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K eqtmwÜKv‡ji ˆewkó¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K
†hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi G eqmwU D‡ËRbvi, cÖej Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡m Rxe‡bi SzuwK
†bevi Dc‡hvMx| G eqm A`g¨ `ytmvn‡m mKj evav-wecwˇK †cwi‡q hvIqvi
Ges Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvovevi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z| G eq‡mi ag©B n‡jv
AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv, AvNvZ-msNv‡Zi g‡a¨ i³kc_ wb‡q
Suvwc‡q cov| cvkvcvwk mgvR Rxe‡bi bvbv weKvi, Amy¯’Zv I me©bv‡ki
AwfNv‡Z G eqm n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i fqsKi|
wKš‘ G eq‡mi Av‡Q mg¯— `y‡h©vM Avi `ywe©cvK †gvKvwejv Kivi A`g¨
cÖvYkw³| d‡j Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³ `ye©vi †e‡M GwM‡q hvq cÖMwZi c‡_|
†hŠe‡bi DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, `ye©vi MwZ, bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ Ges
Kj¨vYeªZ Gme ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Kwe cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb bvbv mgm¨vcxwoZ
†`‡k Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³ †hb RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡q `uvovq|
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ|
 Kwe cwiwPZ
bvg myKvš— fÆvPvh©|
Rb¥cwiPq Rb¥ ZvwiL : 1926 wLªóvã (30 kªveY, 1333 e½vã)|
Rb¥¯’vb : KvjxNvU, KjKvZv| ˆcZ…K wbevm-
†KvUvjxcvov, †MvcvjMÄ|
wcZ… I wcZvi bvg : wbeviYP›`ª fÆvPvh©|
gvZ… gvZvi bvg : mybxwZ †`ex|
cwiPq
wk¶vRxeb gva¨wgK : g¨vwUªK (1352), AK…ZKvh©, †e‡jNvUv
†`keÜy ¯‹zj|
Kg©Rxeb fviZxq KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i mwµq m`m¨| ˆ`wbK cwÎKv
Ô¯^vaxbZvÕi wK‡kvi mfv As‡ki cÖwZôvZv I AvRxeb
m¤úv`K|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 165
mvwnZ¨Kg QvocÎ, Nyg †bB, c~e©vfvm, Awfhvb, niZvj, MxwZ¸”Q
© cÖf„wZ|
d¨vwmev`we‡ivax †jLK I wkíx ms‡Ni c‡¶ ÔAvKvjÕ
(1351) bvgK Kve¨MÖš’ m¤úv`bv|
we‡kl K… Zuvi KweZvq AbvPvi I ˆel‡g¨i wei“‡× cÖej cÖwZev`
wZZ¡ cvVK‡`i‡K mPwKZ K‡i †Zv‡j| MYgvby‡li cÖwZ Mfxi
ggZvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zuvi KweZvq|
Rxebvemvb g„Zz¨ ZvwiL : 1947 wLª÷vã (29 ˆekvL, 1354 e½vã)|
 Drm cwiwPwZ
myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU 1948 wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwkZ
Zuvi ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
 e¯‘ ms‡¶c
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU‡Z Kwei e¨w³Rxe‡bi QvqvcvZ j¶¨ Kiv
hvq| m¤¢eZ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mB Kwe G KweZvwU iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Kwei
wb‡Ri Rxe‡bI ZLb Zvi“‡Y¨i †XD †Ljv KiwQj| Kwei g‡Z, AvVv‡iv eQi
eqmUv AZ¨š— `ytmvn‡mi mgq| G mgq †KD Kv‡iv wbKU ev
†Kv‡bvwKQy‡ZB gv_v bZ K‡i bv; eis `ytmvn‡mi mv‡_ Rxe‡bi SuywK
wb‡q c_ AwZµg K‡i _v‡K| AvVv‡iv eQi n‡jv wbf©xK eqm| G eq‡m †KD
Zv‡K i“L‡Z cv‡i bv| wbf©‡q ZLb Rxe‡bi mKj evav-wecwË AwZµg K‡i|
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m _v‡K SÅvi MwZ‡eM| kc‡_i gva¨‡g †m eqm Ab¨v‡qi
wei“‡× Suvwc‡q co‡Z Rv‡b| GgbwK ZLb Zviv Rxeb‡KI Zz”QÁvb K‡i
_v‡K| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm ü`qa‡g© msMÖv‡gi g‡š¿ AbycÖvwYZ n‡q P‡j|
ZvRv cÖv‡Yi Amn¨ hš¿Yvq G eqm gvivZ¥K AvKvi aviY K‡i|
e¨w³ I mgvR Rxe‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv `y‡h©vM gyn~‡Z© AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
cÖvY ¶Zwe¶Z n‡q _v‡K| d‡j Zviv `ye©vi MwZ‡Z `y‡h©vM †gvKvwejvq
AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| G eq‡m AvNvZ Av‡m Aweivg| A‡bK AvNvZ Avi
†e`bvq RR©wiZ n‡qI `xN©k¦vm †d‡j| Zey G eqm `y‡h©vM I Ab¨vb¨
wec‡`i gy‡L AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| bZz‡bi cÖZ¨vkx e‡j G eq‡miB
Rq nq| AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m †Kv‡bv fxi“Zv ev Kvcyi“lZv ¯’vb cvq bv| ZvB
G eqm KL‡bvB †_‡g _v‡K bv; eis we‡kl wPË wb‡q GwM‡q hvq Rxe‡bi
me©‡¶‡Î| GRb¨ Kwe myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i Kvgbv G‡`‡ki gvbyl AvVv‡iv
eQ‡ii Zvi“‡Y¨ D™¢vwmZ †nvK|
 bvgKiY
mvwn‡Z¨i bvgKiY AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU welq| m½Z Kvi‡YB †h‡Kv‡bv
iPbvi bvgKiY AZ¨vek¨K| bvgKiY Qvov †Kv‡bv iPbvB c~Y©Zv cvq bv|
mvwn‡Z¨i bvgKiY GKwU AvU© ev Kjv we‡kl| cvðvZ¨ gbxlx K¨v‡fwÛm
e‡jb, "A beautiful name is more valuable than a lot of wealth." A_©vr GKwU
my›`i bvg GKMv`v m¤ú‡`i †P‡qI DËg| myZivs bvgKiY hw` mv_©K I
hyw³hy³ bv nq, Z‡e †jLvwU covi ci cvV‡Ki weåvš— nIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K|
ZvB †h‡Kv‡bv mvwnwZ¨K Zuvi iPbvi bvgKiY K‡ib h‡_ó mZK©Zvi mv‡_|
bvgKi‡Yi †¶‡Î †jLK‡K KZ¸‡jv w`‡Ki cÖwZ Aek¨B j¶¨ ivL‡Z nq| welqe¯‘i Aš
—wb©wnZ Zvrch© e³‡e¨i i~cK A_© wKsev ¯’vb-Kvj ev cvÎcvÎxi bv‡gi Ici
wbf©i K‡iI bvgKiY Kiv nq|
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU‡Z Kwei e¨w³Rxe‡bi QvqvcvZ j¶¨ Kiv
hvq| m¤¢eZ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mB Kwe G KweZvwU iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Kwei
wb‡Ri Rxe‡bI ZLb AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii Zvi“‡Y¨i †XD †Ljv KiwQj| ZvB Kwe
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi wKQy ˆewkó¨ G KweZvq cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
166 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
1. Av‡eM I D”Q¡vm, 2. `ytmvnm, 3. wbf©xK mgq, 4. Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡×
cÖwZev` 5. Z¨vM ¯^xKvi, 6. †meveªZ Rxeb, 7. †`k I RvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi eqm,
8. wecex †PZbv BZ¨vw`|
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K eqtmwÜKv‡ji
wPÎv¼b K‡i‡Qb| KweZvi ïi“ †_‡K †kl ch©š— ïay AvVv‡iv eQi eqm
m¤ú‡K©B eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi ˆewkó¨ Ges G¸‡jvi
ewntcÖKvk cÖf„wZ wb‡qB KweZvwU Rxeš— I Zvrch©gq n‡q D‡V‡Q|
KweZvwUi Q‡Î Q‡Î AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi D‡jL i‡q‡Q| G eq‡mi ag©B n‡jv
AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv, AvNvZ-msNv‡Zi g‡a¨ i³kc_ wb‡q
Suvwc‡q cov| cvkvcvwk mgvRRxe‡bi bvbv wa°vi I me©bv‡ki AwfNv‡Z
G eqm Avevi n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i fq¼i I gvivZ¥K|
myZivs GK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K wb‡qB Kwe
myKvš— fÆvPvh© KweZvwU iPbvi cÖqvm †c‡qwQ‡jb, hv Zuvi KweZvq
wea„Z n‡q‡Q AZ¨š— cwi®‹vifv‡e| Kv‡RB KweZvi bvgKiY ÔAvVv‡iv eQi
eqmÕ AZ¨š— hyw³hy³ I mv_©K n‡q‡Q|
 kãv_© I UxKv
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ytmnÑ G eqm gvbeRxe‡bi GK DËiYKvjxb
ch©vq| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i gvbyl G
eq‡m| Ab¨‡`i Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i wb‡Ri
cv‡q `uvov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z nq Zv‡K| Gw`b †_‡K
Zv‡K GK KwVb mg‡qi `ytmn Ae¯’vq co‡Z nq|
¯úa©vq †bq gv_v †Zvjevi SzuwK Ñ A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i
gv_v DuPz K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjvi SuywK G eq‡mB
gvbyl wb‡q _v‡K|
weivU `ytmvn‡miv †`q †h DuwK Ñ bvbv `ytmvnmx ¯^cœ, Kíbv I
D‡`¨vM G eq‡mi Zi“Y‡`i gb‡K wN‡i a‡i|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`v Ñ †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i G eq‡m
gvbyl AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nq| Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL `uvovq
¯^vaxbfv‡e| ˆkke-ˆK‡kv‡ii ciwbf©iZvi w`b¸‡jv‡Z
†h Kvbœv wQj G eq‡mi ¯^fve-ˆewkó¨ Zv‡K
m‡PZbfv‡e gy‡Q †dj‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq|
G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨ Ñ †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M G
eq‡mi gvbylB GwM‡q †M‡Q me‡P‡q †ewk| Rxe‡bi
SzuwK wb‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q mg¯— wec` †gvKv‡ejvq|
cÖvY w`‡q‡Q ARvbv‡K Rvbevi Rb¨, †`k I RbM‡Yi
gyw³ I Kj¨v‡Yi msMÖv‡g| ZvB G eqm my›`i, ïf I
Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ i³g~j¨ w`‡Z Rv‡b|
mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j Ñ Zvi“Y¨ ¯^cœ †`‡L bZzb Rxe‡bi,
be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi| ZvB †mme ¯^cœ ev¯—
evq‡b, wbZ¨-bZzb KiYxq m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ be be
kc‡_ ejxqvb n‡q Zi“Y-cÖvY GwM‡q hvq `„p c`‡¶c
MÖnY|
ZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y Amn¨ hš¿Yv Ñ Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY,
cxob, mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` BZ¨vw` †`‡L
cÖvYeš— Zi“‡Yiv ¶zä n‡q I‡V|
G eq‡mi cÖvY Zxeª Avi cÖLi Ñ Abyf~wZi ZxeªZv I myMfxi
ms‡e`bkxjZv G eq‡mB gvby‡li Rxe‡b we‡kl Zxeª
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 167
n‡q †`Lv †`q Ges g‡bvRM‡Z Zvi cÖwZwµqvI nq
Mfxi|
G eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ gš¿Yv Ñ fv‡jv-g›`, BwZevPK-†bwZevPK
bvbv ZË¡, gZev`, fveavivi m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡Z ïi“
K‡i G eq‡mi Zi“Yiv|
`y‡h©v‡M nvj wVKg‡Zv ivLv fvi Ñ Rxe‡bi G mwܶ‡Y kvixwiK,
gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK bvbv RwUjZv‡K
AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| G mgq m‡PZb I m‡Pófv‡e wb‡R‡K
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j c`öjb n‡Z cv‡i| Rxe‡b wech©q
†b‡g Avm‡Z cv‡i|
G eqm Kv‡jv j¶ `xN©k¦v‡m Ñ m‡PZb I m‡Pó n‡q mywbw`©ó j‡¶¨
Rxeb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvivi ARmª e¨_©Zvi
`xN©k¦vm G eqm †bwZevPK Kv‡jv Aa¨vq n‡q DV‡Z
cv‡i|
c_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡g Ñ G eqm †`n I g‡bi ¯’weiZv, wbðjZv,
RivRxY©Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i `ye©vi MwZ‡Z| cÖMwZ
I AMÖMwZi c‡_ wbiš—i avegvbZvB G eq‡mi
ˆewkó¨|
G †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv
AvmyK †b‡g Ñ AvVv‡iv eQi eqm eû BwZevPK ˆewk‡ó¨ wPwýZ|
Ro wbðj cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb
iPbvi ¯^cœ, Kj¨vY I †meveªZ, DÏxcbv,
mvnwmKZv, Pjvi `ye©vi MwZ GmeB AvVv‡iv
eQi eq‡mi ˆewkó¨| Kwe cÖv_©bv K‡ib, Gme
ˆewkó¨ †hb RvZxq Rxe‡b PvwjKvkw³ n‡q
`uvovq|
 evbvb mZK©Zv
Awekªvš—, AvZ¥v, GKvZ¥Zv, D”PviY, ¶Zwe¶Z, ¶zä, †MvcvjMÄ,
fÆvPvh©, we‡`ªvnx, Zi“Y, ZvÊejxjv, `xN©k¦vm, `ywf©¶, aŸsm, wbðj,
c`öjb, ˆcZ…K, cÖvš—i, cÖv_©bv, eÂbv, fq¼i, gš¿Yv, hš¿Yv, iex›`ª,
†kvlY, msMÖvg, mwܶY, myKvš—, w÷gvi, ¯úa©v|

Abykxjb Ask (Practice)

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
myRb I mvab mncvVx| `yR‡bB †jLvcovq †ek fv‡jv| ¯‹zj Rxeb cvi n‡Z bv
n‡ZB myRb wg‡k hvq wKQz Amr eÜzi mv‡_| †jLvcovi cvV Pz‡K hvq
ILv‡bB| Zvi bvg ïb‡j gvbyl AuvZ‡K D‡V| Aci w`‡K mvab wek¦we`¨vj‡q
co‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vjb ïi“ n‡j †m Zv‡Z Suvwc‡q c‡o, wgwQ‡j †m †bZ…
Z¡ †`q| msMwVZ K‡i mncvVx‡`i, Avi cÖwZÁv K‡i  Rxeb w`‡q n‡jI gvZ…
fvlvi gvb i¶v Ki‡eB|
K. †Kvb eq‡m `ytmvn‡miv DuwK †`q? 1
L. Ôev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡jvÕ GK_v w`‡q myKvš— 2
fÆvPvh© Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki myR‡bi gv‡S ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvi dz‡U IVv 4
w`KwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ôbvbv mgm¨vcxwoZ Avgv‡`i †`‡k Zvi“Y¨ Ô†hŠebkw³Õ †hb
RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡q `uvovqÕ G e³e¨ DÏxcK I
168 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÓ KweZvq †hfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv we‡klY
Ki|
1 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m `ytmvn‡miv DuwK †`q|

 Ôev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡jÕ G K_v w`‡q AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
`ye©vi MwZkxjZv‡KB Kwe †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
 †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M AvVvi eQi eq‡mi †hŠebcÖvß
Zi“YivB GwM‡q †M‡Q me‡P‡q †ewk| †Kbbv, Zv‡`i MwZ `ye©vi, Zviv
j‡¶¨ AwePj, cÖwZÁvq AUj| Rxe‡bi SuywK wb‡q GKUzI wØav K‡i bv wec`
†gvKv‡ejvq| †`k I RbM‡Yi gyw³ I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ ev‡®úi MwZ wb‡q w÷gv‡ii
g‡Zv G eqmxiv GwM‡q hvq| Rxeb DrmM© K‡i n‡jI Zviv j‡¶ †cuŠQv‡Z
m‡Pó nq| †`n I g‡bi ¯’weiZv, wbðjZv, RivRxY©Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i cÖMwZ I
AMÖMwZi c‡_ wbiš—i avegvbZvB G eq‡mB ˆewkó¨|

 DÏxc‡Ki myR‡bi gv‡S ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi ÔG eqm Kv‡jv j¶

`xN©k¦v‡m/ G eqm Kuv‡c †e`bvq _‡iv_‡ivÕi w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
 eqtmwÜKvj gvby‡li Rxe‡bi GK Pig cix¶vi Aa¨vq| G kvixwiK
cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ g‡bvRM‡ZI Zvi Zxeª cÖwZwµqv nq| G
cÖwZwµqv BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK `y‡UvB n‡Z cv‡i| fv‡jv-g›` bvbv
ai‡bi gvby‡li mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡q bvbv ZË¡, bvbv gZev`, bvbv civg‡k© G
mgq weåvwš— NU‡Z cv‡i hvi dj fqven|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK
cÖwZwµqvi K_v e‡j‡Qb Kwe| mgvR Rxe‡bi bvbv weKvi, Amy¯’Zv I
me©bv‡ki AwfNv‡Z fqsKi n‡q IVvi Bw½Z w`‡q‡Qb| kvixwiK, gvbwmK,
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK bvbv RwUjZvq G mgq m‡PZb I m‡Pófv‡e
wb‡R‡K cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j c`öjb n‡Z cv‡i| Rxe‡b †b‡g Avm‡Z cv‡i
fqven wech©q| DÏxc‡KI Avgiv †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK
cÖwZwµqvi mydj I Kzdj †`L‡Z cvB| myRb I mvab `yR‡bB †jLvcovq †ek
fv‡jv| wKš‘ ¯‹zjRxeb cvi bv n‡ZB myRb wg‡k hvq wKQy Amr eÜzi mv‡_|
†jLvcovi cvU PzwK‡q †m fqsKi mš¿vmx n‡q I‡V| Zvi bvg ïb‡j gvbyl
AuvZ‡K I‡V| Ab¨w`‡K mvab n‡q I‡V wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Zz‡Lvi †gavex QvÎ|
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`wL, ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi †bwZevPK A_©vr ¶wZKi
w`KwU DÏxc‡Ki myR‡bi gv‡S dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

 Ôbvbv mgm¨vcxwoZ Avgv‡`i †`‡k Zvi“Y¨ Ô†hŠebkw³Õ †hb RvZxq

Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡q `uvovqÕ G BwZevPK Avkvev` †`k I RvwZi Rb¨
Aek¨B Kj¨vYKi|
 †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M Zvi“Y¨`xß gvbylB GwM‡q †M‡Q
me‡P‡q †ewk| Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q mg¯— wec` †gvKv‡ejvq|
ciwbf©iZv cwinvi K‡i wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ †bq| bZzb Rxe‡bi,
wbZ¨ bZzb KiYxq m¤úv`‡bi, be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ `„ß kc‡_
ejxqvb n‡q my›`i, ïf I Kj¨v‡Yi ¯^cœ mdj Kivi `„p c`‡¶‡c GwM‡q hvq|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq †`k I RvwZi cÖMwZ I AMÖMwZ‡K
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Zvi“Y¨kw³i cÖZ¨vkv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`k bvbv
mgm¨vcxwoZ| †gŠwjK mgm¨v¸‡jv GLbI cÖejfv‡e i‡q †M‡Q| GQvov eb¨v,
b`xfvOb, So, R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi Kv‡Q G †`‡ki gvbyl GLbI wecbœ| A_P, Avgv‡`i
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 169
i‡q‡Q wecyj Zvi“Y¨kw³| `y‡h©vM I `ywe©cvK †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i
i‡q‡Q A`g¨ cÖvYkw³| Zviv Zv‡`i kw³, DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, `ye©vi MwZ I
Kj¨vYeªZ w`‡q bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡`i
mgm¨vcxwoZ †`‡k Zviv n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³|
 DÏxc‡Ki mvabI BwZevPK Zvi“Y¨kw³i cÖZxK n‡q D‡V‡Q| †m
wek¦we`¨vj‡q c‡o| fvlv Av‡›`vjb ïi“ n‡j †m Zv‡Z mwµqfv‡e †hvM †`q|
gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vj‡b mncvVx‡`i msMwVZ K‡i, †bZ…Z¡
†`q Ges cÖwZÁv K‡i  Rxeb w`‡q n‡jI gvZ…fvlvi gvb i¶v Ki‡e| mvab
wb‡Ri †`k I gvby‡li mgm¨vi ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q Ges wgwQ‡ji †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡i
RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ nIqvi AvKv•¶v cÖgvY K‡i‡Q| myZivs DØ„wZ‡Z
†h Avkvev` e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q, AvVv‡iv eQi eqmx Zi“‡Yiv Zv mdj Ki‡e|

AwZwi³ Abykxjb (m„Rbkxj) Ask

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|
Zgv‡ji eqm AvVv‡iv| wb‡R‡K AvRKvj GKUz Zvi eo eo g‡b n‡”Q| Av‡M †KD
wKQy ej‡j Pzc K‡i ïbZ; AvRKvj †hb K_v ej‡Z wk‡L‡Q, AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva
†R‡M‡Q| GB †Zv †mw`b †QvU PvPvi mvg‡b hv Kij, ixwZg‡Zv mviv evwo
†Zvjcvo n‡q †M‡Q| Zgvj GKvbœeZ©x cwiev‡ii †Q‡j| †QvUPvPv cÖwZw`b
mKv‡ji bv¯—v †m‡i Le‡ii KvMR wb‡q e‡mb AvRI Zvi e¨wZµg wQj bv| Zgvj
PvPvi Kv‡Q Avš—R©vwZK cvZvwU PvB‡Z †M‡j PvPv †Rv‡i GK agK emv‡jb,
ÒAv`vi e¨vcvix Rvnv‡Ri Lei wb‡Z Pvq, fvM GLvb †_‡KÓ e‡j †QvUPvPv
wmMv‡i‡U Av¸b aiv‡jb| Zgvj Avi _vK‡Z cvij bv, ÔÔPvPv, Avcwb‡Zv cÖ_g
cvZv co‡Qb, Zv n‡j wfZ‡ii GKwU cvZv w`‡Z AvcwË Ki‡Qb †Kb? Avi GLv‡b
†QvU ev”Pviv †Lj‡Q, Avcwb mevi mvg‡b wmMv‡iU Uvb‡Qb †Kb? Rv‡bb,
Avcbvi †P‡q G‡Z I‡`i ¶wZ †ewk n‡e?Ó
PvPv †Zv †i‡M Av¸b| hv‡”QZvB e‡j fr©mbv Kij Zgvj‡K| wKš‘ Avðh©! Zgv‡ji
†PvL w`‡q GK †dvUv RjI †ei n‡jv bv, eis g‡b n‡jv cÖwZev`UvB †kªq|
K. †Kvb mgq ev eqm wec‡`i gy‡L AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i? 1
L. ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ytmnÓ -†Kb? 2
M. GZ fr©mbvi ciI Zgvj Kuv`‡jv bv †Kb? ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ 3
KweZvi Av‡jv‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
N. ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`vÓ- Dw³wUi g‡a¨ AvVv‡iv
eQi eq‡mi AkÖ“nxb cÖwZev`kw³i cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| - mZ¨Zv
wbi~cY Ki|
2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ wec‡`i gy‡L AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rxe‡bi Rb¨ GK hyMmwܶY| G mgq Av‡m wewfbœ

evav-wecwË I bvbv ai‡bi SzuwK| ZvB Kwe G eqm‡K `ytmn e‡j‡Qb|
 Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© Zuvi ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq
gvbeRxe‡bi AvVv‡iv eQi eqmwU‡K `ytmn e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| KviY GB
eq‡m gvbyl ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i| A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi
K‡i GB eq‡mB wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z nq Zi“Y‡K|
AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZvi Zvobv Zv‡K G mgq Aw¯’i K‡i †Zv‡j| ¯úwa©Z mvn‡m
GB eq‡mB ¯^vaxbfv‡e gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvovevi SuzwK †bq †m | Gw`K
170 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
†_‡K Zv‡K GK KwVb mg‡qi `ytmn Ae¯’vq co‡Z nq| Rxeb‡K Avi Av‡Mi
g‡Zv aivevav Q‡K †eu‡a ivLv hvq bv| eis Db¥vZvj Av‡e‡M mewKQy
Qvwo‡q †h‡Z B‡”Q K‡i| ZvB ejv n‡q‡Q ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ytmnÕ|

 Zgv‡ji †QvUPvPv Zv‡K A‡bK fr©mbv Kij, wKš‘ ZviciI †m Kuv`j bv,
†Kbbv Zvi g‡b n‡q‡Q †m †hUv K‡i‡Q †mUv mwVK|
 GLv‡b PvPv ïay fyj ey‡S Zv‡K fr©mbv K‡i‡Q, Mvjg›` K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b
Ab¨vqUv PvPvi, Zvi bq| myZivs G wel‡q Zvi Kó cvIqvi wKQy †bB| eis GB
KóUzKz mn¨ Kivi mvnm I cÖZ¨q wb‡qB †m cÖwZev` K‡iwQj|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi ag©B Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× cÖwZev` Kiv, b¨v‡qi c‡¶
msMÖvg Kiv| G eq‡m Ab¨vq †`L‡j Aek¨B cÖwZev` Ki‡e, Zv‡Z h‡ZvB
Aegvbbv RyUzK Kcv‡j| Zv Qvov Zvi g‡a¨ †h AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva †R‡M‡Q
Zv‡Z †QvU PvPvi ivM I KUz K_vq †m Kuv`‡Z cv‡i bv| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm
KweZvq KweI AvVv‡ivi Zi“Y‡`i GB ˆewk‡ó¨i K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡iv Kv‡Q
gv_v bZ bv K‡i wb‡Ri `yiš— cÖKvk AvVv‡ivi ˆewkó¨| Avi G cÖKv‡ki c‡_
mKj KóB nvwmgy‡L mn¨ K‡i AvVv‡ivi Zi“Y|

 ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`vÓ- Dw³wUi gva¨‡g Kwe eywS‡q‡Qb

†h, G eq‡m gvbyl `yg©i †hŠe‡bi Av‡jvK”QUvq AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q I‡V|
¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL `uvovq|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`vÓ
K_vwU GRb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q †h ˆkke-ˆK‡kv‡ii ciwbf©iZvi w`b¸‡jv‡Z †h
Kvbœv wQj, GB eq‡mi ¯^fve ˆewkó¨ Zv gy‡Q †d‡j m‡PZbfv‡e| G eq‡m
wb‡Ri gh©v`v I kw³ m¤^‡Ü m‡PZbZv GKRb Zi“Y‡K Rxe‡bi mKj Kó I
cÖwZeÜKZv‡K AMÖvn¨ Ki‡Z †kLvq|
 †hŠe‡bi wPi Db¥v`bvq GB eqm Kuv`‡Z Rv‡b bv| k¼vnxb DÏvg
MwZ‡Z bem„wói Avb‡›` mKj evav Zz”Q K‡i GwM‡q P‡j G eq‡mi Zi“Y|
Rxe‡bi bvbv K‡g© msMÖv‡g Zvi gš¿ nq- Do or die. Ggb
AwMœg‡š¿ `xw¶Z nevi ci Zvi Kuv`vi AeKvk †bB| ZvB Kwe
e‡j‡QbÑÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`vÓ|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ mKj evavwecwË AMÖvn¨ K‡i µgvMZ GwM‡q hvq
mvd‡j¨i w`‡K| †Kv‡bv e¨_©ZvB G eqm‡K `wg‡q ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| G eqm
gvbyl‡K `uvo Kwi‡q †`q Zvi“Y¨LwPZ †hŠe‡bi gy‡LvgywL, hv †Kvgj Ki“Y
Kvbœvi bq, wPi we‡`ªv‡ni| myZivs, ejv hvq, ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv
Kuv`vÓ- Dw³wUi g‡a¨ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi AkÖ“nxb cÖwZev`kw³i cÖKvk
N‡U‡Q|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

cÖwZw`‡bi g‡Zv AvRI K‡j‡R hvw”Qj ivqvb| iv¯—v cvi n‡Z n‡e, wmMbvj
jvMvB wQj| GKwU †QvU ev”Pv iv¯—v cvi nevi Rb¨ †`Šo w`j, Kuv‡a Zvi ¯‹zj
e¨vM| Ggb mgq meyR wmMbvj R¡‡j DVj| ivqvb G cv‡o e‡m †`LwQj| ivqvb
GKwU Mvwo Ifvi‡UK K‡i †`uŠ‡o †Q‡jwU‡K †Kv‡j Zz‡j wbj| wcQb †_‡K GKwU
Pjš— Mvwo `ª“Z †eªK Kl‡jI ivqvb‡K G‡m AvNvZ K‡i| ev”PvUv i¶v †cj e‡U
wKš‘ †m Mvwoi AvNv‡Z Ávb nvwi‡q †djj| Ávb wd‡i cvIqvi ci †m wb‡R‡K
nvmcvZv‡ji weQvbvq Avwe®‹vi Kij| Pviw`‡K mvsevw`‡Kiv wN‡i e‡m‡Q,
†KD d‡Uv Zzj‡Q Avi †mB †QvÆ †Q‡jwU Zvi w`‡K AcjK ZvwK‡q Av‡Q|
mvsevw`K‡`i †`‡L wei³ n‡jI †QvÆ wkïwU‡K †`‡L Zvi †Vuv‡U gy‡L nvwm
dz‡U DVj|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 171
K. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi iPwqZvi g„Zz¨mvj KZ? 1
L. Ôi³`v‡bi cyY¨Õ K_vwUi A_© wjL| 2
M. ÒcÖvY †`Iqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K bv k~b¨Ó- Dw³i Av‡jv‡K 3
ivqv‡bi AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi welqwU g~j¨vqb Ki| 4
N. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Zi“Yiv Kx‡mi kc‡_ AvZ¥v‡K mu‡c †`qÕÑ
KweZvi fve Aej¤^‡b Av‡jvPbv Ki|

3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi iPwqZv myKvš— fÆvPvh© 1947 mv‡j

gvÎ 21 eQi eq‡m cÖqvY jvf K‡ib|

 Ôi³`v‡bi cyY¨Õ K_vwUi A_© n‡jv gvbyl I mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Y Rxeb`vb|

i³`vb GKwU gnvcy‡Y¨i KvR| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm i³ w`‡q cyY¨ Avb‡Z Rv‡b|
 A‡b¨i Kj¨v‡Y †h wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K Zz”QÁvb Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mB cÖK…Z gvbyl|
Zi“Y eq‡m GUv m¤¢e nq| G eq‡m Zi“Yiv gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y Rxeb DrmM©
K‡i| Rxe‡bi mv_©KZv Luy‡R †bq A‡b¨i DcKvi mva‡bi gv‡S|

 DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq, ivqvb bv‡gi GK Zi“Y wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K SuzwKi gy‡L †d‡j
GKwU wkïi Rxeb euvwP‡q‡Q| Zvi GB AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi Aby‡cÖiYv Zvi gv‡S
Ac‡ii Kj¨v‡Y wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K wewj‡q †`evi D`vi AvKv•¶vi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q|
 GLv‡b ivqvb wb‡Ri KZ©e¨‡eva †_‡KB †m †Q‡jwU‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨
wM‡q‡Q| †KD Zv‡K DØy× K‡i wb| †mI wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi K_v wPš—v K‡iwb|
Avi Zvi GB gnr Kv‡Ri †cQ‡b †cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q Zvi eqm| GB †h wb‡Ri
Rxeb w`‡q Ab¨‡K bZzb Rxeb cvB‡q †`evi cÖeYZv, GUv †Kej AvVv‡iv eQi
eq‡mB †`Lv‡bv m¤¢e|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe G welqwU‡KB cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb
ÒcÖvY †`Iqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K bv k~b¨Ó- Dw³i gva¨‡g| AvVv‡iv eQi
eqm Zvi“‡Y¨i my`xß mgq| G mgq Zi“Y wb‡Ri Rxeb wb‡q wPš—v K‡i bv|
A‡b¨i Kj¨v‡Y wb‡Ri Rxeb AvZ¥vûwZ †`q|

 AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Zi“Yiv gvbeZvi Kj¨vY kc‡_ AvZ¥v‡K mu‡c †`q|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm wb‡R‡K c‡ii Z‡i wewj‡q †`qvi myeY© mgq| G eq‡m
gvby‡li g‡b Zvi“‡Y¨i Av¸b R¡jR¡j K‡i| Gmgq cÖv‡Yi g~j¨ AwZ Zz”Q g‡b
nq| KZ©e¨ Ges `vwqZ¡‡evaUvB mvg‡b eo n‡q `uvovq|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm ARq‡K Rq Ki‡Z gwiqv n‡q I‡V| G eq‡m †hgb cÖvY
w`‡Z wØavwš^Z nq bv, †Zgwb Kj¨vY wPš—v K‡i AbvPvi †iv‡a cÖvY
wb‡ZI wcQcv nq bv| G eqm c‡ii Z‡i wb‡R‡K DrmM© Ki‡Z `„p cÖwZÁ|
 cÖK…Zc‡¶ AvVv‡iv eQi eqm ej‡Z Kwe Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v‡K wb‡`©k
K‡i‡Qb †hUv ïay eq‡mi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq, Ggb GKwU g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ
nIqv †hLv‡b KZ©e¨‡eva cÖv‡Yi gvqv‡K AwZµg K‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Ri
¯^v_©wPš—v wcQy WvK‡jI Zv Zz”Q Kiv hvq| ZvB G eqm ci‡K Avcb Kiv,
wb‡R‡K c‡ii Kj¨v‡Y mu‡c †`qvi kc_ MÖn‡Y DÏxß nq|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

AwbK GmGmwm‡Z †Mv‡ìb dvBf †c‡q DËxY© nq| kn‡i †miv GKUv K‡j‡R †m
fwZ© nq| ¯‹z‡j †m †miv QvÎ wQj, K‡j‡RI †m Aek¨B †miv n‡e|
GK iKg AnsKvi‡eva †_‡K †m covïbvq wKQyUv Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡jv| wgïK
172 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
cÖe„wËi Kvi‡Y Aí w`‡bB Zvi †ekwKQy eÜz Ry‡U †Mj K‡j‡R| cÖ_g mvgwqK
cix¶vq †m Lye GKUv fv‡jv Ki‡Z cvij bv| fvej Zv‡Z wK, dvBbv‡j †m-B cÖ_g
n‡e| evmvi mevB †`‡L †Q‡j mvivw`b Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m AbjvB‡b
covïbv Ki‡Q| wKš‘ g~jZ AwbK mvivw`b †dmey‡K e‡m eÜz‡`i mv‡_ Mí K‡i|
K‡j‡Ri cÖ¨vKwUK¨vj K¬vm duvwK w`‡q †m B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kzdj¸‡jvB AvqË Ki‡Z
_v‡K| cÖ_g el© cix¶vi djvdj †m GZUvB Lvivc Kij †h, evmvq Rvbv‡Z mvnm
†cj bv| Gfv‡e w`bvwZcvZ Kivi ci AwbK GBPGmwm cix¶v w`j Ges hLb dj
cÖKvwkZ n‡jv, ZLb mK‡j Awb‡Ki Avmj i~c wPbj| †m †Kv‡bv D”P cÖwZôv‡b
fwZ© n‡Z cvij bv|
K. †Kvb eqm fxi“ Avi Kvcyi“l bq? 1
L. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKi †Kb? 2
M. AwbK cix¶vq Lvivc dj Kij †Kb? ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZv 3
Aej¤^‡b eY©bv Ki| 4
N. Ò`y‡h©v‡M nvj wVKg‡Zv ivLv fviÓ- Dw³‡Z AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi Kx
†bwZevPK w`‡Ki cÖKvk N‡U‡Q? Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fxi“ Avi Kvcyi“l bq|

 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKi, †Kbbv G eq‡m mwVK wb‡`©kbv bv †c‡j

wec‡` covi m¤¢vebv A‡bK †ewk _v‡K|
 AvVv‡ivi g~jkw³ n‡”Q Zvi MwZ, ¯úa©v Ges SuzwK †bevi gvbwmKZv|
wKš‘ G SuzwK hw` Awe‡ePbvcÖm~Z nq, Zvn‡j Zv Rxe‡bi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi I
m„wókxj bv n‡q eis AKj¨vYKi I aŸsmvZ¥K nq| G †hb Z‡jvqv‡ii avi a‡i
nuvUvi g‡Zv welq| G Kvi‡YB AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K fqsKi ejv n‡q‡Q|

 AwbK cix¶vq Avkvbyi~c dj Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡jv, KviY †m wbqwgZ covïbv

K‡iwb|
 DÏxc‡K DwjwLZ AwbK eÜz‡`i mv‡_ AvÇv Avi Mí¸Re K‡iB †m
w`bvwZcvZ K‡i‡Q| Zvi AwffveKMYI Zv‡K mwVK wb‡`©kbv †`qv †_‡K
weiZ wQj| AwbK ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡iwb †Kvb KvR Zvi Rb¨ †kªq| ZvB †m Kv‡ji
†mªv‡Z Mv fvwm‡q‡Q Ges cwiYwZ‡Z dj Lvivc K‡i‡Q|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe G eq‡mi †h †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨ Awb‡Ki cwiYwZi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q| G KweZvq AvVv‡iv
eQi eqm‡K ejv n‡q‡Q fqsKi| myZivs, hw` G eq‡m GKRb Zi“Y mwVK
wm×vš— wb‡Z e¨_© nq, Zvi Zvi“Y¨ kw³‡K mwVKfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z bv
cv‡i, Zvn‡j Zvi cwiYwZ n‡Z cv‡i AZ¨š— aŸsmvZ¥K| Awb‡Ki †¶‡ÎI ZvB
N‡U‡Q| AvVv‡ivi MVbg~jK kw³ bq, eis AvVv‡ivi fqsKi w`KwUB
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q Zvi Rxe‡b|

 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm gvby‡li †hŠe‡bi cÖvi‡¤¢i Kvj| G mgq RxebZixi nvj
k³ K‡i ai‡Z nq Ges mywPwš—Z Dcv‡q feb`x‡Z Zix evB‡Z nq|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Ggb GKwU mgq †h mgq Zi“Yiv mwVK wb‡`©kbv
†c‡j mwVK c‡_ Pj‡Z cv‡i| Avevi fyj wb‡`©kbv †c‡j wec_Mvgx nIqvi m¤
¢vebv Lye †ewk| G eq‡mi Dò i‡³i †Z‡R b¨vq-Ab¨vq wPš—v bv K‡i SuywK
MÖnY‡K †kªq g‡b nq| d‡j †h‡Kv‡bv mgq `y‡h©vM †b‡g Avm‡Z cv‡i
Rxe‡b|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mgq| G mgq †hfv‡e exR
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 173
ecb Kiv n‡e, fwel¨‡Z wVK †Zgb dj cvIqv hv‡e| A_©vr G mgq K‡Vvi
cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g mwVK c‡_ Rxeb cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Rxeb
gvwSwenxb Zix‡Z cwiYZ n‡e|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ Rxe‡bi `y‡h©vMgq gyn~Z©| †m `y‡h©v‡M
†h‡nZz mywPwš—Z we‡ePbv‡ev‡ai †P‡q Av‡eM Avi kw³B cÖvavb¨ cvq,
†m‡nZz Rxe‡bi KwVb ev¯—eZvq GKRb Zi“‡Yi c‡¶ mwVK w`‡K RxebZix
cwiPvjbv Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o| GUvB AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi Ab¨Zg †bwZevPK
w`K| Kwe G welqwUB dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb, ÒG eq‡m `y‡h©v‡M nvj
wVKg‡Zv ivLv fviÓ- cO&w³wUi gva¨‡g| A_©vr, G eq‡m mwVK c‡_ Rxeb
cwiPvwjZ Kiv LyeB KwVb|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

gvgyb wek¦we`¨vj‡q bZzb wk¶K wn‡me †hvM`vb K‡i‡Q| GKmgq †m GB
wefv‡Mi †kªô QvÎ wQj, AvR RbwcÖq wk¶K| QvÎ Ae¯’vq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †h †h
Lvivc w`K¸‡jv Zv‡K e¨w_Z KiZ, AvR wk¶K nevi ci †m Lvivc wRwbm¸‡jv `~i
Kivi Rb¨ gwiqv|
gvgyb bZzb bZzb Kv‡R nvZ †`q, Avi Av‡¯— Av‡¯— eyS‡Z cv‡i GLv‡b mdj
nIqv KZUv KwVb e¨vcvi| mewKQy wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›`i
nv‡Z| e¨_©Zvi Mvwb Zv‡K †c‡q e‡m| gvgyb g‡b g‡b fv‡e, ïf Kv‡Ri wPš—v
Kiv hZUv KwVb, †m wPš—v‡K ev¯—‡e i~c`vb Zvi Zzjbvq mnmª¸Y †ewk
KwVb| ZviciI †_‡g _v‡K bv gvgyb| Zvi mva¨ Abyhvqx KvR Pvwj‡q hvq| bZzb
K‡g©vÏxcbvq Suvwc‡q c‡o|
K. Kwe evsjv‡`‡ki Kj¨vY Kvgbvq †Kvb eq‡mi Avwef©ve cÖZ¨vkv 1
K‡i‡Qb? 2
L. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ ej‡Z Kx ïay eqm‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? 3
M. GKRb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q RvwZi cÖZ¨vkv Kx? 4
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †Kvb †PZbv Zv‡K Zuvi D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b
mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j g‡b Ki Zzwg? †Kvb fvebvwU Zuvi _vKv
Avek¨K e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki?
N. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZv Aej¤^‡b Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK I
†bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv ms‡¶‡c Zy‡j ai| †KvbwUi Ici Kwe
¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb †ewk?
5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 evsjv‡`‡ki Kj¨vY Kvgbvq Kwe evsjvi ey‡K AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi

Avwef©ve cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb|

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq AvVv‡iv eQi ej‡Z †Kej eqm‡KB eySv‡bv
nqwb| eis GB eq‡mi †PZbv cy‡iv eq‡m cÖwZdwjZ K‡i mdjZv jv‡fi
cÖqvm‡K †evSvq|
 bv, AvVv‡iv eQi eqm ej‡Z G KweZvq ïay eqm‡KB eySv‡bv nqwb| eis
GKwU †PZbv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| AvVv‡ivi †PZbv AvUvwk‡ZI gvbyl aviY
Ki‡Z cv‡i hw` †m gy³ †PZbvi gvbyl nq| ZvB KweZvq ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
ej‡Z Zvi“Y¨‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB Zvi“Y¨ eq‡mi †d«‡g mxgve× bq|

 wk¶‡Kiv n‡jb gvbyl Movi KvwiMi, RvwZi we‡eK| Avi GKRb

wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶‡Ki †¶‡Î G K_vwU Av‡iv mZ¨| ZvB Zuvi Kv‡Q RvwZi
cÖZ¨vkvI A‡bK| RvwZ Zuvi Kv‡Q †`k I mgvR cwiPvjbvi w`Kwb‡`©kbv
174 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
cÖZ¨vkv K‡i|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq wPi‡hŠe‡bi cÖgy³ †PZbvi †h i~cwU
dz‡U D‡V‡Q, Zv GKRb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶‡Ki g‡a¨ _vKv evÃbxq| GKRb
wk¶K mKj fq-fxwZ i³ P¶z D‡c¶v K‡i RvwZ‡K mvg‡b GwM‡q wb‡Z `„p
cÖwZÁ|
 wk¶Kiv me©`v mgv‡R b¨vq I kvwš— cÖwZôvq m‡Z¨i c‡_ msMÖv‡g
eªZx nb| wg_¨v‡K fq bv K‡i wZwb mZ¨‡K cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb
RvwZi Av`‡k©i aviK| ZvB Ggb †Kv‡bv Lvivc ¸Y Zuvi gv‡S _vKv DwPZ
bq, hvi Rb¨ RvwZ‡K Kjw¼Z n‡Z nq| wZwb mKj Aïf †PZbvi wei“‡× gv_v
DuPz K‡i `uvwo‡q gvbeZvi RqMvb Ki‡eb, GUvB Zuvi Kv‡Q mK‡ji
cÖZ¨vkv| ZvB Zuvi Kg©Rxe‡b Avmv mKj A‰bwZK evav AwZµg Ki‡Z
AvVv‡ivi †PZbvq DØy× n‡q mdjZvi ØvicÖv‡š— †cŠuQvb|

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© Zvi“‡Y¨i

BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Ges BwZevPK w`‡Ki cÖwZ
†ewk ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh©
Zviy‡Y¨i BwZevPK I †bwZevPK Dfq w`K m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb|
Zvui Kv‡Q BwZevPK w`KwUB †ewk ¸i“Z¡ †c‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, G w`KwU‡Z
i‡q‡Q Zvi“‡Y¨i ïf, my›`i I g½jgq cÖwZ”Qwe|
 BwZevPK w`K : AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi Zvi“Y¨ ciwbf©ikxjZv
cwinvi K‡i gv_v DuPz K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjvi SuzwK †bq| GB eq‡mB gvbyl
AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nq| †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ GB eq‡mB AKvZ‡i Rxeb
wewj‡q †`q D×Z Zi“Y| G eq‡mB my›`i, ïf Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ i³g~j¨ w`‡Z †k‡L
`yg©i Zvi“Y¨| Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY-wbcxob †`‡L cÖvYeš—
Zvi“Y¨ ¶zä n‡q I‡V AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m|
†bwZevPK w`K : AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii Zvi“Y¨‡K kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK,
ivR‰bwZK bvbv RwUjZv‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| GB mgq `¶Zvi mv‡_
wb‡R‡K cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Zvi c`öjb N‡U| Rxe‡b wech©q †b‡g
Av‡m| d‡j ARmª e¨_©Zv G‡m Zv‡K MÖvm K‡i|
 g~jZ ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh©
AvVv‡ivi RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z ÔAvVv‡ivÕ Rxe‡bi m‡e©vrK…ó
mgq|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

†n gnvRxeb, Avi G Kve¨ bq
Gevi KwVb, K‡Vvi M‡`¨ Av‡bv,
c`-jvwjZ¨ S¼vi gy‡Q hvK
M‡`¨i Kov nvZzwo‡K AvR nv‡bv!
cÖ‡qvRb †bB, KweZvi wmœ»ZvÑ
KweZv, †Zvgvq w`jvg AvR‡K QywU,
¶zavi iv‡R¨ c„w_ex-M`¨gq!
c~wY©gv-Puv` †hb Sj&mv‡bv i“wU\
K. myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i Rb¥ Ges g„Zz¨ mvj †jL| 1
L. Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K `ytmn e‡j‡Qb †Kb? 2
M. 3
Aby‡”Q‡`i ÔK‡Vvi M`¨Õ Ges ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi ÔAvVv‡iv eQi
eqmÕ GB `yB‡qi gv‡S mv`„k¨ †`LvI| 4
N. Aby‡”Q‡` ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi †Kvb fvewU
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 175
cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? Ñe¨vL¨v Ki|
6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 myKvš— fÆvPvh© 1926 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1947

wLª÷v‡ã gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m Zuvi AKvjg„Zz¨ nq|

 AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m gvbyl ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i| G mgq Zv‡K
bvbv evav I SzuwK AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| ZvB Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K `ytmn
e‡j‡Qb|
 Zvi“‡Y¨i Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© Zuvi AmvaviY KweZv ÔAvVv‡iv eQi
eqmÕ ÑG Zi“Y‡`i AvVv‡iv eQi eqmwU‡K `ytmn e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
†Kbbv, AvVv‡iv eQi eqm gvbeRxe‡bi GK DËiYKvjxb mgq| G mgqwU n‡jv
ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi wmuwo| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi G
eq‡mB Zv‡K A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡bvi
cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z nq| d‡j G eq‡mB D‡ËRbvi cÖej Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡m Rxe‡bi
SuywK wb‡Z nq| Gw`K †_‡K Zv‡K GK KwVb `ytmn Ae¯’vq co‡Z nq| ZvB
Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K `ytmn e‡j‡Qb|

 Aby‡”Q‡` ÔK‡Vvi M`¨Õ ej‡Z KwVb Zxeª msMÖvg‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q,
†hLv‡b KweZvi †KvgjZvi †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †bB| Kwe ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
KweZvq Ro wbðj cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K wcQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ,
Kj¨vY I †meveªZ, DÏxcbv I Pjvi `ye©vi MwZ‡K AvnŸvb K‡i‡Qb| Gw`K
†_‡K Aby‡”Q‡` DׄZ K‡Vvi M`¨ I AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvi mv`„k¨
i‡q‡Q|
 M‡`¨i Awfe¨w³i g‡a¨ Av‡Q KvwVb¨, Q›`nxb Rxe‡bi i~c, Av‡eMnxb fvlv|
Kwe †mB K‡Vvi M`¨‡K cÖv_©bv K‡i‡Qb wVK †hgb cÖv_©bv K‡i‡Qb Kwe
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq| G eqm gvbeRxe‡bi
GK DËiYKvjxb ch©vq| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i gvbyl G eq‡m| G
eq‡mB A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡bvi cÖ¯‘wZ
wb‡Z nq Zv‡K|
 G eq‡mi ag©B n‡jv AvZ¥vûwZi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv I AvNvZ-
msMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ i³kc_ wb‡q Suvwc‡q cov| †hŠe‡bi DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv,
`ye©vi MwZ bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ I Kj¨vYeªZ Gme ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Kwe
cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb bvbv mgm¨vcxwoZ Avgv‡`i †`‡k Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³ †hb
RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡q `uvovq| ZvB ejv hvq ÔK‡Vvi M`¨Õ Avi
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi ÔAvVv‡iv eQiÕ GKB A‡_© e¨eüZ|

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe Zvi“‡Y¨i RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb| wZwb

Zvi“‡Y¨i K‡Vvi, mvnmx, DÏxß, `ye©vi i~cwU dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb KweZvq|
Aby‡”Q‡`I GB fvewU e¨³ n‡q‡Q|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe Zvi“‡Y¨i A‡bK BwZevPK w`K Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb| G eq‡m bvbv `ytmvnmx ¯^cœ, Kíbv I D‡`¨vM gvby‡li gb‡K
wN‡i _v‡K| G eqm gvbyl‡K Amxg mvnmx I `ywe©bxZ K‡i †Zv‡j| mKj
Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPvi Avi Ryjyg wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× gvbyl‡K cÖwZev`x K‡i
†Zv‡j| `ywe©bxZ †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i e‡j G eq‡m gvbyl AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nq|
Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL `uvovq ¯^vaxbfv‡e, Avi Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi,
†kvlY-cxob, mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` BZ¨vw` †`‡L cÖvYeš— Zi“‡Yiv ¶zä
n‡q I‡V|
176 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
 Aby‡”Q‡` Kwe gnvRxe‡b KweZvi †KvgjZv, wmœ»Zv, Av‡eMgqZv‡K
cwinvi K‡i, M‡`¨i K‡Vvi i~c cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb | †hb M‡`¨i KvwV‡b¨i g‡ZvB
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm †`n I g‡bi ¯’weiZv, wbðjZv, RivRxY©Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i
`ye©vi MwZ‡Z c_ P‡j| G eqmB fvO‡Z cv‡i cÖPwjZ mgv‡Ri msKxY©Zvi
†`qvj, `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i ¶zavi †MvOvwb|
 Zvi“Y¨ wPi-bZz‡bi evZ©vevnK| G eq‡m Zi“Y‡`i g‡b D`q nq bvbv
`ytmvnmx ¯^cœ, Kíbv I D‡`¨v‡Mi| Zv‡`i ZvRv i³ Db¥y³ n‡q I‡V QyUš—
†Nvovi g‡Zv| G eq‡m †Kv‡bv evav‡KB †m evav g‡b K‡i bv| Rxe‡bi
SzuwK wb‡q `uvovq mg¯— evav †gvKv‡ejvq| c‡_i mKj RxY©Zv I
kxY©Zv‡K cwinvi K‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvIqvB Zvi ag©| civR‡qi
†e`bvq AkÖ“gq Kvbœv G eq‡mi ag© bq| ARvbv‡K Rvbevi Rb¨ †m cÖvY
w`‡ZI wØav‡eva K‡i bv| †`k I RbM‡Yi gyw³ I Kj¨v‡Yi msMÖv‡g †m n‡q
I‡V cÖwZev`x| Ggb wK, cÖwZev‡`i c`vNv‡Z G eqm cv_i-cwigvY evav
fvO‡Z D`¨Z nq|
ZvB‡Zv Kwei fvl¨Ñ
ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †bB fq
c`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i evav|Ó

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Avgiv `ye©j wbixn evOvwj| GB evOvwj k‡ã †Kgb mygayi Zij-†Kvgj fve
cÖKvwkZ nq| Avnv! GB Awgqvwm³ ev½vwj †Kvb weavZv MwoqvwQ‡jb?
Kzmy‡gi †mŠKzgvh©¨, P‡›`ªi Pw›`ªKv, gayi gvayix, h~w_Kvi †mŠif, mywßi
bxieZv, f~a‡ii APjZv, bebxi †KvgjZv, mwj‡ji ZijZv GK K_vq wek¦RM‡Zi
mgy`q †mŠ›`h© Ges wmœ»Zv jBqv evOvwj MwVZ nBqv‡Q! Avgv‡`i
bvgwU †hgb kÖ“wZgayi Z`ª~c Avgv‡`i mgy`q wµqvKjvcI mnR-mij|
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvq ÔAvVv‡ivÕ kãwU KZevi e¨eüZ 1
n‡q‡Q? 2
L. ÒG eqm †R‡bv fxi“, Kvcyi“l bqÓ ÑK_vwU Øviv Kwe Kx 3
eywS‡q‡Qb? 4
M. Aby‡”Q‡`i Ô`ye©j wbixn evOvwjÕi mv‡_ KweZvi ÔweivU
`ytmvn‡mivÕi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki|
N. Aby‡”Q‡`i fvee¯‘i mv‡_ KweZvi fvee¯‘i Zzjbv Ki|
7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq AvVv‡iv kãwU bq evi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe Zvi“‡Y¨i RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb| Zi“Yiv

KL‡bv fxi“ ev Kvcyi“l nq bv| D‡ËRbvi cÖej I `yiš— PÂjZvq G Rxeb _v‡K
D¾¡j| Zviv †Kv‡bv evav wecwˇKB fq cvq bv| Kwe †m K_v †evSv‡ZB
e‡j‡Qb AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fxi“, Kvcyi“l bq|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ fxi“ I Kvcyi“l bq| KviY AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m gvbyl
ˆK‡kvi AwZµg K‡i †hŠe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges G mgq AvZ¥e‡j ewjqvb n‡q I‡V|
ZLb †m †Kv‡bv evavB gvb‡Z Pvq bv| ARvbv‡K Rvbvi Rb¨ †m cÖvY
w`‡ZI cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K Ges me evav wecwˇK `yg‡o-gyP‡o QyUš— †Nvovi
g‡Zv P‡j m¤§yLcv‡b| mgv‡Ri †kvlY I wbh©vZb †`‡L †m Kvcyi“‡li g‡Zv
N‡i e‡m _v‡K bv| ZvB Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K Ôfxi“ I Kvcyi“l bqÕ
e‡j‡Qb|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 177
 Aby‡”Q‡` evOvwj RvwZ‡K `ye©j, fxi“ Avi Ajm ejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq ÔweivU `ytmvn‡mivÕ ej‡Z wbwf©K,
AKz‡Zvfq, mvnmx Zi“Y‡`i wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 wK‡kvi Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq wb‡Ri
AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K eqtmwÜKv‡ji ˆewkó¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K
†hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi G eqmwU D‡ËRbvi, cÖej Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡m Rxe‡b
SuzwK †bqvi| Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I gvbeKj¨v‡Y
cÖvY wemR©b †`qvi Dchy³ mgq e‡j g‡b K‡ib| G eq‡mB Zi“Y ¯^cœ †`‡L
be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi| c¶vš—‡i e„×, fxi“ I Kvcyi“‡liv `ynvZ ¸wU‡q N‡ii
†Kv‡Y e‡m _v‡K| GgbwK, Zviv me©¶Y cÖv‡Yi f‡q _v‡K kw¼Z|
 Aby‡”Q‡`i Ô`ye©j wbixn evOvwjÕ K_vwU †kl Avi e¨½vZ¥K A‡_©
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| evOvwjiv †h `ye©j, fxi“ Avi Ajm †m K_vB GLv‡b ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q| c¶vš—‡i ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi weivU `ytmvn‡miv ej‡Z
wbf©xK, AKz‡Zvfq, mvnmx Zi“Y‡`i wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q, hviv A‡b¨i Ici
wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i gv_v DuPz K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pj‡Z Rv‡b, hviv
`ytmvnmx ¯^cœ †`L‡Z Rv‡b| GivB †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M
GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q mg¯— wec`
†gvKv‡ejvq| cÖvY w`‡q‡Q ARvbv‡K Rvbevi Rb¨, cÖvY w`‡q‡Q †`k I
RbM‡Yi gyw³ I Kj¨v‡Yi msMÖv‡g| myZivs, Aby‡”Q‡`i `ye©j wbixn
evOvwj Ges KweZvi weivU `ytmvn‡miv m¤ú~Y© wecixZ A_© cÖKvk
K‡i|

 evOvwj RvwZ †hgb `ye©j I wbixn, †Zgwb Zv‡`i wµqvKjvcI

mnRmij| Aciw`‡K AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi Zi“‡Yiv mKj RivRxY©Zv‡K AwZµg
K‡i `ye©vi MwZ‡Z c_ P‡j| cÖMwZ I AMÖMwZi c‡_ wbiš—i avegvbZvB G
eq‡mi ˆewkó¨|
 Aby‡”Q‡` evOvwji big, †Kvgj, fxi“, `ye©j i~cwU‡K e¨½ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c¶vš—‡i ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Zi“Y mgv‡Ri KwVb, K‡Vvi,
mvnmx, kw³ai i~‡ci eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm eû BwZevPK
ˆewk‡ó¨ wPwýZ| Zuviv Ro wbðj cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K wcQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb
iPbvi ¯^cœ †`‡L| †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M G eq‡mi gvbylB
GwM‡q Av‡m| Zuviv SuzwK wb‡q Rxe‡bi mg¯— wec` †gvKv‡ejv K‡i|
cÖvY †`q ARvbv‡K Rvbvi Rb¨|
 Aby‡”Q‡` evOvwj RvwZ‡K Kzmy‡gi †mŠKzgvh©, h~w_Kvi †mŠif
BZ¨vw` Dcgvq e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Kwe ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
KweZvq Zvi“‡Y¨i RqMvb K‡i‡Qb| Kwei g‡Z, G eq‡mi ag©B n‡jv
AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv, AvNvZ-msNv‡Zi g‡a¨ i³kc_ wb‡q
Suvwc‡q cov| cvkvcvwk mgvRRxe‡bi bvbv AwePvi, Amy¯’Zv I
me©bv‡ki wei“‡× G eqm Avevi n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i fqsKi| weK…wZ I
wech©‡qi ARmª AvNv‡Z ¶Z-we¶Z I wbt‡kwlZ n‡Z cv‡i mnmª cÖvY|
 A`g¨ G eq‡mi Av‡Q mg¯— `y‡h©vM Avi `ywe©cvK †gvKv‡ejv Kivi
A`g¨ cÖvYkw³| d‡j Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³ `ye©vi †e‡M GwM‡q hvq cÖMwZi
c‡_, hv Aby‡”Q‡`i m¤ú~Y© wecixZ fve‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Kwei fvlvqÑ
ÒG eqm †h‡bv fxi“, Kvcyi“l bq
c_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡g|Ó

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

ej exiÑ
ej DbœZ gg wki!
178 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
wki †bnvwi Avgvwi bZwki IB wkLi wngvw`ªi|
..........................................................
Avwg wPi`y`©g, `ywe©bxZ, b„ksm,
gnvcÖj‡qi Avwg bUivR, Avwg mvB‡K¬vb, Avwg aŸsm|
Avwg gnvfq, Avwg Awfkvc c„w_¡i,
Avwg `ye©vi,
Avwg †f‡O Kwi me Pzigvi!
K. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwUi cÖKvkKvj KZ? 1
L. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm gv_v †bvqvevi bq †Kb? 2
M. Aby‡”Q‡`i Ô`ywe©bxZÕ Ges KweZvi Ô`ytmvnmÕ3kã `ywU
w`‡q Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| 4
N. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi fvee¯‘ Aby‡”Q‡` cÖwZdwjZ|
Ñe¨vL¨v Ki|
8 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU 1948 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq|

 AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Zi“‡Yiv SzuwK †bq ¯^vaxbfv‡e gv_v DuPz K‡i
euvPvi| ZvB AvVv‡iv eQi eqm gv_v †bvqvevi bq|
 AvVv‡ivi DÏvgZvq F× hyeKiv KL‡bv gv_v bZ K‡i bv| KviY, G eq‡m †m
n‡q I‡V AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx| †m c_ P‡j `ye©vi MwZ‡Z| Zuviv Ro-wbðj cÖ_ve×
Rxeb‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ †`‡L| Zuviv Rxe‡bi SuywK
wb‡q mg¯— evav-wecwË †gvKv‡ejv K‡i| msKU‡K Dc‡o †d‡j, mgm¨vi
cvnvo‡K Zz”Q †f‡e Zi“Yiv cv evovq mvg‡b| D×Z I `ywe©bxZ m‡Z¨
Zuviv gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvovq| ZvB AvVv‡iv eQi eqm gv_v †bvqvevi bq|

 Aby‡”Q‡` Ô`ywe©bxZÕ A_© †h webxZ bq A_©vr †h gv_v †bvqvevi

bq| Avi KweZvi Ô`ytmvnmÕ ej‡Z Zi“Y‡`i AZ¨waK mvnm ev Ab¨vq
mvnm‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
 Aby‡”Q‡` Ô`ywe©bxZÕ ej‡Z †Kv‡bv GK ex‡ii webxZ bv nIqv‡K
eywS‡q‡Qb| Avi ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe Ô`ytmvnmÕ ej‡Z
Zi“Y‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡Q gv_v bZ bv K‡i mvn‡mi mv‡_ Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡q
mvg‡b GwM‡q hvIqv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| G eq‡m _v‡K SÅvi MwZ‡eM| kc‡_i
gva¨‡g G eqm Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× Suvwc‡q c‡o `ytmvnm wb‡q|
 Aby‡”Q‡` Kwe we‡`ªvnx †Kv‡bv ex‡ii eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvqI Zi“‡Yi we‡`ªvnx `ytmvnmx i~c Awfe¨w³
†c‡q‡Q| G eq‡m bvbv `ytmvnmx ¯^cœ, Kíbv I D‡`¨vM Zi“Y‡`i gb‡K
wN‡i a‡i| `ywe©bxZ †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i e‡j G eq‡m gvbyl AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx
nq| Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL `uvovq ¯^vaxbfv‡e| Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi,
†kvlY, cxob, mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` †`‡L cÖvYeš— Zi“‡Yiv ¶zä n‡q I‡V|
Avi ZvB †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M G eq‡mi gvbylB GwM‡q
Av‡m me‡P‡q †ewk| ZvB Kwe e‡j‡QbÑ
ÒG eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨
ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j,
cÖvY †`Iqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K bv k~b¨
mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j|Ó
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 179
 Aby‡”Q‡` Kwe †Kv‡bv GK ex‡ii exiZ¡c~Y© c_ Pjv wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb|
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe DÏvgZv F× Zi“Y‡`i `ytmvn‡mi mv‡_
c_ Pjv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU‡Z Kwe Zvi“‡Y¨i A‡bK¸‡jv BwZevPK
ˆewkó¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| G eq‡m gvbyl n‡q I‡V `ytmvnmx I `ywe©bxZ| G
eqm gvbyl‡K mKj Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, cxob I mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i
wei“‡× cÖwZev`x K‡i †Zvjv| G eq‡m Zi“‡Yiv AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q mg¯—
fq‡K Rq K‡i| Zviv Ro wbðj I cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K wcQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb iPbv
K‡i|
 Aby‡”Q‡` †Kv‡bv GK ex‡ii `ytmvnwmK `„wófw½i cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q|
†m cÖPÊ mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| †Kv‡bv evav‡KB
†m evav g‡b K‡i bv| cvnvomg Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii Kv‡QI †m gv_v bZ K‡i
bv, gnvcÖj‡qi mgqI †m bUivR mvB‡K¬v‡bi g‡Zv mg¯— Ab¨vq-
AZ¨vPvi‡K aŸsm K‡i †`q| ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvqI Kwe myKvš—
fÆvPvh© Zvi“‡Y¨i RqMvb †M‡q‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, wbtm‡¼vP AvZ¥cÖKvkB
Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖavb ˆewkó¨| ZvB kZ cÖwZK‚jZvi g‡a¨ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
Zi“‡Yiv gv_v bZ K‡i bv| Ges G mgq cv_i mgvb evav Zviv c`vNv‡Z †f‡O
Pzigvi K‡i †`q|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe eqtmwÜKv‡ji ˆewkó¨‡K Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb; RqMvb K‡i‡Qb Zvi“‡Y¨i| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi G eqmwU
D‡ËRbvi, cÖej Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡m Rxe‡bi SzuwK †bevi mgq| G eqm A`g¨
`ytmvn‡m mKj evav-Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× gv_v DuPz K‡i `uvovevi| G eq‡mi
ag©B n‡jv AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv, AvNvZ-msNv‡Zi g‡a¨
i³kc_ wb‡q Suvwc‡q cov| A`g¨ G eq‡m Av‡Q mg¯— `y‡h©vM Avi
`ywe©cvK †gvKv‡ejv Kivi A`g¨ cÖvYkw³| d‡j Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³ `ye©vi
†e‡M GwM‡q hvq cÖMwZi c‡_|
Aby‡”Q`wU‡ZI Zvi“‡Y¨i GB `xß-kw³i cÖKvk N‡U‡Q| ZvB‡Zv Kwe
e‡j‡QbÑ
ÒAvwg `ye©vi
Avwg †f‡O Kwi me Pzigvi|Ó

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

†hŠe‡b gvby‡li mg¯— Bw›`ªq mRvM I mej n‡q I‡V Ges m„wói g~‡j †h
†cÖiYv Av‡Q gvbyl †mB †cÖiYv Zvi mKj A‡½ mKj g‡b Abyfe K‡i| †`n I g‡bi
Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤^‡Üi Ici gvbeRxeb cÖwZwôZ n‡jI †`ng‡bi cv_©‡K¨i Ic‡iB
Avgv‡`i wPš—vivR¨ cÖwZwôZ| †`‡ni †hŠe‡bi m‡½ g‡bi †hŠe‡bi GKUv
†hvMv‡hvM _vK‡jI ˆ`wnK †hŠeb I gvbwmK †hŠeb ¯^Zš¿| GB gvbwmK
†hŠeb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡jB Avgiv Zv mgv‡R cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvie|
K. ÔSoÕ kãwUi ey¨rcwË wb‡`©k Ki| 1
L. Òc_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡gÓ ÑjvBbwU w`‡q ÔAvVv‡iv eQi 2
eqmÕ KweZvq Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? 3
M. Aby‡”Q‡` Ôm„wói g~‡j †cÖiYvÕ Avi KweZvi ÔG eqm Zey
4
bZzb wKQy †Zv K‡iÕ GB `yB‡qi gv‡S m¤úK© wb‡`©k Ki|
N. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq †`‡ni †hŠeb, bv g‡bi †hŠe‡bi
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? Aby‡”Q` I ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi
Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki |
9 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi
180 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv

 ÔSoÕ kãwU G‡m‡Q ÔSÅvÕ †_‡K| So < SÅv|

 Òc_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡gÓ ÑjvBbwU w`‡q Kwe g~jZ Amxg
`ytmvn‡mi mv‡_ Zi“‡Yi c_ Pjv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb| G eq‡m Zviv mKj
cÖwZK‚jZv AwZµg K‡i GwM‡q P‡j mvg‡bi w`‡K|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Pjvi c‡_ †_‡g hvq bv, †`n I g‡bi ¯’weiZv, wbðjZv I
RivRxY©Zv‡K AwZµg K‡i `ye©vi MwZ‡Z c_ P‡j| cÖMwZ I AMÖMwZi c‡_
wbiš—i avegvbZvB G eq‡mi ˆewkó¨| G eqm ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK w`K w`‡q
Adziš— cÖvY kw³i AwaKvix| ZvB kZ evav, wecwË Zv‡`i Pjvi c_‡K i“× Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv|

 †Kv‡bv wKQyi m„wói g~‡j i‡q‡Q †cÖiYv| Avi GB †cÖiYvi Drm n‡”Q
Zvi“Y¨| AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m gvbyl Zvi“Y¨ kw³i AwaKvix n‡q I‡V| d‡j G
mgqB Zviv bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹v‡i †g‡Z I‡V|
 m„wó me mgqB bZzb‡Z¡i cÖZxK, Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖZxK| whwb m„wókxj,
wZwb wPi-Zi“Y| fxi“, `ye©j, msKxY©gbviv KL‡bv m„wó bvgK D¾¡j
cvZvq bvg †jLv‡Z cv‡i bv| Aby‡”Q‡`I †m K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q| †hŠe‡b gvby‡li
m„wókxj mËvwU †R‡M I‡V|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZv‡ZI †hŠe‡bi m¤¢vebvi w`KwU e¨vL¨v Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Zi“Y eqm †Kv‡bv evav gv‡b bv, AKz‡Zvfq G eqmwU mg¯—
cÖwZK‚jZv, cÖwZeÜKZv AwZµg K‡i mvd‡j¨i c‡_ GwM‡q hvq| c„w_ex,
mgvR, ivóª‡K Kj¨vYKi bZzb m„wó Dcnvi †`q| Zvi“Y¨ ¯^cœ †`‡L bZzb
Rxe‡bi, be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi| ZvB †mBme ¯^cœ
ev¯—evq‡b, wbZ¨ bZzb KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ bZzb kc‡_ ejxqvb n‡q †m
GwM‡q hvq `„p c`‡¶‡c| Kwei fvlvqÑ
Òwec‡`i gy‡L G eqm AMÖYx
G eqm Zey bZzb wKQy †Zv K‡i|Ó

 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe g‡bi †hŠeb bq, †`‡ni †hŠe‡bi K_vB
e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K
eqtmwÜKv‡ji ˆewkó¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi G
eqmwU D‡ËRbvi cÖej Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡m Rxe‡bi SzuwK †bevi mgq| G
eq‡mi ag©B n‡jv AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv, AvNvZ-
msNv‡Zi g‡a¨ i³-kc_ wb‡q Suvwc‡q cov|
 Aby‡”Q‡` †jLK e‡j‡QbÑ Ò†`‡ni †hŠe‡bi mv‡_ g‡bi †hŠe‡bi GKUv
†hvMv‡hvM _vK‡jI ˆ`wnK †hŠeb I gvbwmK †hŠeb ¯^Zš¿|Ó Zvi g‡Z
gvbwmK †hŠe‡bi †Kv‡bv eqm bvB| GUv †h‡Kv‡bv eq‡m AR©b Kiv hvq
Ges GUv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡j ZLb ˆ`wnK †hŠe‡bi g‡ZvB bZzb bZzb
Avwe®‹v‡i †g‡Z I‡V gb| wKš‘ wK‡kvi Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© Zuvi
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq ˆ`wnK †hŠe‡bi K_v e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, G
eq‡mi Av‡Q mg¯— `y‡h©vM Avi `ywe©cvK †gvKv‡ejv Kivi A`g¨ kw³|
d‡j Zvi“Y¨ Avi †hŠeb-kw³ GwM‡q hvq cÖMwZi c‡_|
 †`‡ni †hŠe‡bi mv‡_ g‡bi †hŠe‡bi GKwU m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| ÔAvVv‡iv eQi
eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe †`‡ni †hŠeb A_©vr AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi ˆewkó¨‡K
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| G eq‡mi BwZevPK, †bwZevPK Dfq w`KB i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Kwei
cÖZ¨vkv BwZevPK| G eqm †`n I g‡bi ¯’weiZv, wbðjZv, Riv-RxY©Zv‡K
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 181
AwZµg K‡i `ye©vi MwZ‡Z c_ P‡j| cÖMwZ I AMÖMwZi c‡_ wbiš—i
avegvbZvB G eq‡mi ˆewkó¨, hv gvbwmK †hŠeb‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| Ro
wbðj cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ †`‡L| Kj¨vY,
†meveªZ, DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, Pjvi `ye©vi MwZ ÑGmeB ˆ`wnK †hŠe‡bi
ˆewkó¨| Kwei ZvB cÖv_©bvÑ
ÒG †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g|Ó

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

wn‡gj AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii GK `y`©všÍ hyeK, †m m‡egvÎ K‡j‡R fwZ© n‡q‡Q|
wb‡Ri g‡a¨ †m wKQy cwieZ©b j¶ Ki‡Q| B`vwbs Zvi gb AZ¨šÍ Aw¯’i _v‡K|
†m KviI K_v gvb‡Z Pvq bv| Zvi evevÑgv bv PvIqv m‡Ë¡I †m GLbB wb‡Ri
cv‡q `uvov‡Z Pvq| Zvi evev Pvq †m Avi wKQyw`b ci Zvi e¨emv †`LyK|
wKš‘ wn‡gj Zvi evevi K_v gvb‡Z bvivR| ZvB cÖvqB †m Zvi evevi mv‡_ G
welq wb‡q wØgZ †cvlY K‡i| †m evevi KvQ †_‡K UvKv bv wb‡q wb‡R Avq
Ki‡Z Pvq|
K. ˆ`wbK cwÎKv Ô¯^vaxbZvÕi wK‡kvi mfv As‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K 1
wQ‡jb? 2
L. G eqm Zey bZzb wKQy †Zv K‡i| †Kvb eqm Ges Kx K‡i? 3
M. DÏxc‡Ki wn‡gj wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡bvi Rb¨ `„p cÖZ¨qx
4 †Kb?
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K we‡klY Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K wn‡g‡ji AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi †h Bw½Z cwijw¶Z nq Zvi
¯^i~c ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K we‡klY Ki|
10 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

ˆ`wbK cwÎKv Ô¯^vaxbZvÕi wK‡kvi mfv As‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb Kwe

myKvš— fÆvPvh©|

Zviy‡Y¨i GKUv ¯^fveMZ ˆewkó¨ n‡jvÑ Zviv Avcbvi Zv‡j gy³ Rxebvb‡›`
Qy‡U †eovq| c„w_ex‡K bZzb Quv‡P †X‡j mvRv‡bvi Rb¨ RvwZÑag©-eY©
wbwe©‡k‡l mevB Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ c„w_exi wg_¨v‡K, AmZ¨‡K †cQ‡b †V‡j
be D`¨‡g DØy× nq m‡Z¨i mÜv‡b| KviY GKgvÎ ZviyY¨B cv‡i mgv‡Ri
MZvbyMwZKZvq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z| Zviv cv‡i wek¦m„wó‡K †mŠ›`h©gwÊZ
Ki‡Z| m‡e©vcwi, gy³ gvbwmKZvi ¯^v¶i ivL‡Z| Rxe‡bi MwZavivq
Zi½msKzj c_ cwiµgvq ZviyY¨B exi weµ‡g cÖ_g GwM‡q Av‡m| wec‡`i
gy‡L G eqmB cvjb K‡i AMÖYx f‚wgKv| Z¨vM I gwngvi Øviv G c„w_ex‡K
gaygq K‡i †Zvjv G eq‡mi c‡¶B m¤¢e|

`xN©w`‡bi ciwbf©ikxjZvi †eovRvj †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m AvZ¥wbf©kxjZvi

Av‡jvq wb‡R‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Z wn‡gj `„p cÖZ¨qx| †Kv‡bv Zi“YB wb‡R‡K
ciwbf©ikxjZvi e܇b Ave× ivL‡Z Pvq bv| GwU Zvi ¯^vaxb‡PZv g‡bvfv‡ei
ewntcÖKvk| myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© Zuvi ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Lye
my›`ifv‡e Zi“Y‡`i `ywe©bxZ G ˆewkó¨wU Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| G mgq
Zi“‡Yiv AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL `uvov‡Z Pvq|
ˆkke ˆK‡kv‡ii ciwbf©iZvi Amnvq µ›`b gy‡Q †dj‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq| hvi
wbwðZ cÖwZdjb Avgiv DÏxc‡Ki wn‡g‡ji g‡a¨ †`L‡Z cvB| Ab¨vb¨ Zi“Y‡`i
g‡ZvB †m AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi A`g¨ B”Qv †cvlY K‡i| †m wb‡R A_©
DcvR©b Ki‡Z Pvq| Zvi“‡Y¨i G mgq wn‡gj Zvi Rxeb‡K wb‡Ri K‡ói
DcvR©b w`‡q AwZevwnZ Kivi Rb¨ `„pcÖZ¨qx| Zvi g‡a¨ †hŠe‡bi
182 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
cÖvYkw³ I mvnwmKZvi cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq, †m gv_v DPz K‡i euvPvi
AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i| Avi G AvMÖn cÖKv‡ki g~jgš¿ †m cvq Zvi eqm †_‡K
†Kbbv AvVv‡iv eQi AZ¨šÍ `y`©všÍ mgq| ˆkke †_‡K ˆK‡kvi ch©šÍ Zi“Y‡`i
g‡a¨ Kg©¶g nIqvi †hvM¨Zv, ¯ú„nv, my‡hvM †Kv‡bvUvB _v‡K bv| wKš‘
hLb †m Rxe‡bi K‡qKwU avc †cwi‡q †hŠe‡bi wmuwo‡Z Av‡ivnY K‡i ZLb
†m we‡e‡Ki Zvov Abyfe K‡i| Zvi g‡a¨ Kg©¶g nIqvi B”Qv Rv‡M| Abyi~c
B”Qv wn‡g‡ji g‡a¨I RvM‡Z †`Lv hvq| Ab¨vb¨ Zi“Y‡`i g‡Zv †mI Zvi“‡Y¨i
¯^fvemyjf ˆewkó¨ ü`‡q aviY K‡i AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡q I‡V|
ZvB †m wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡Z Pvq|

DÏxc‡Ki wn‡g‡ji AvZ¥wbf©i nIqvi †h Bw½Z cwijw¶Z nq Zv Zvi Zvi“‡Y¨i

¯^fveRvZ ˆewkó¨ Z_v AvZ¥v-cÖZ¨qx n‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxe‡bi
gy‡LvgywL `vuov‡bvi AwfcÖv‡qiB cwiYwZ| KviY †m Av‡Vv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
K‡jR co–qv GK `yišÍ hyeK| †m mvnmx, AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx, `ywe©bxZ I
DÏgÑD”Q¡j GK Zi“Y| †m Zvi wb‡Ri Rxeb‡K K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g M‡o
Zzj‡Z Pvq| wn‡gj Kg©¶g n‡Z Pvq Zvi wb‡Ri Rb¨, Zvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨| ZvB
wn‡g‡ji g‡Zv Zzi“Yg‡bi G e¨vKzjZv‡K Kwe myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© Zvui
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Ô¯úa©vq †bq gv_v †Zvjevi SyuwKÕ PiYwU
Øviv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| G eq‡mB Zi“Yiv A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxjZv cwinvi K‡i
gv_v DuPz K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi SuywK MÖnY K‡i| Zi“‡Yiv ¯^cœ
†`‡L bZzb Rxe‡bi, be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi| ZvB †mme ¯^cœ ev¯Íevq‡b
wbZ¨ÑbZzb KZ©e¨ m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ be be kc‡_ ejxqvb n‡q Zviv GwM‡q
hvq mvg‡b| †Z‡Rv`xß `ytmvn‡m fiv AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m wn‡gjI
`ywe©bxZ †hŠe‡b c`©vcY K‡i AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q I‡V‡Q| †m KviI Dci
AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡Z ivwR bq| ˆkke †_‡K ˆK‡kvi ch©šÍ †m Kg©¶g nIqvi
†hvM¨Zv AR©b bv Ki‡jI GLb †m wb‡R‡K AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi g‡Zv
†hvM¨ g‡b K‡i| †m Avi Zvi evevi Avq Kiv A‡_© wb‡R‡K cwicyó Ki‡Z Pvq
bv| †m Rv‡b AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqv GZ mnR bq| GRb¨ Zv‡K bvbv
cÖwZK‚jKZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Zvi g‡a¨ GLb Zvi“‡Y¨i DÏxcbv, †`n I
g‡b `yišÍcbv Av‡Q| ZvB †m me evav-wecwË †cwi‡q mvg‡b AMÖmi n‡Z
`„pcÖZ¨qx| AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi †h myL Zv wn‡gj Av¯^v`b Ki‡Z Pvq|
Zvi we‡eK Zv‡K Zvov †`q mvg‡b GwM‡q †h‡Z| evav-wecwË _vK‡eB
wKš‘ Zvi Rb¨ nvZ cv ¸wU‡q e‡m _vK‡Z wn‡gj ivwR bq| †m kZ wech©q
wWwO‡q wb‡R‡K GKRb Kg©¶g e¨w³‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z Pvq| †m Pvq
AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡q gv_v DuPy K‡i euvP‡Z| Gfv‡e wn‡gj Kwe myKvšÍ
fÆvPvh© iwPZ ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq ewY©Z Zvi“‡Y¨i ˆewkó¨‡K
wb‡Ri g‡a¨ cÖwZdjb NUv‡Z Pvq|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

SuvKov Pz‡ji bRi“j m¨vi‡K mevB †hŠe‡bi Abycg AwfhvÎx e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|
wk¶K jvD‡Ä e‡m K_v nq Zvi mv‡_| `„ß K‡É ej‡jb- †hŠeb ev Zvi“‡Y¨i mgqUv
Rxe‡bi ¯^Y©mgq| fxi“Zv ev Kvcyi“lZv G mg‡q _v‡K bv gvby‡li| DÏvg Gi
MwZÑmZ¨ I my›`‡ii c‡¶| Pjvi c‡_ †_‡g hvq bv Gi weRqc_| Zi“‡Yiv Zv‡`i j¶¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© _v‡K wbtmskq| AZtci wbðzc bRi“j m¨vi| GKUv `xN©k¦vm
†Q‡o ej‡jbцhŠe‡bi GB ag©, Zvi“‡Y¨i GB MwZ hw` _vK‡Zv Avgv‡`i GB
†`‡ki me©Î Zvn‡j †ek n‡Zv|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 183
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm euv‡P †Kvb kw³i mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i? 1
L. wec‡`i gy‡L G eqm AMÖYxÑG K_vi A_© Kx? 2
M. DÏxcK Aej¤^‡b Zi“Y eq‡mi †iLvwPÎ A¼b Ki| 3
N. †`‡ki Rb¨ Zvi“Y¨ AvR eÇ †ewk cÖ‡qvRbÑGB gš—e¨wUi 4
h_v_©Zv wePvi Ki|

11 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm euv‡P `y‡h©v‡M Avi S‡oi mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i|

RxY©, cyivZb, AbMÖmi, Abv‡jvwKZ hv wKQzÑmewKQz‡K AcmviY K‡i

bZzb‡K ¯^gwngvq cÖwZwôZ Kiv Zi“‡Yi KvR| G KvR Ki‡Z †h‡q bvbvgyLx
mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K| bvbv g›`kw³ G‡m evav m„wó K‡i
Zv‡`i| Ackw³ Pvq Zv‡`i AccÖqvm Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z| †mLv‡b evav m„wó K‡i
ïf, Kj¨vY, mZ¨ I my›`‡ii c~Rvix Zi“Y| d‡j Amy›`‡ii c„ô‡cvl‡Ki mv‡_
my›`‡ii cÖwZcvj‡Ki msNvZ jv‡M| m„wó nq wec‡`i cwiw¯’wZ| cÖvY-
cÖvPz‡h© ficyi Zi“Y, Amg mvnmx, `„ß c`‡¶‡c Amy›`i Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨
AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GBRb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q- wec‡`i gy‡L G eqm AMÖYx|

cÖ`Ë DÏxc‡K bRi“j m¨v‡ii wgZfvl‡Y Zi“Y eq‡mi ˆewkó¨ D‡V G‡m‡Q|
ˆK‡kv‡ii mxgv cvi n‡jB †h eqmUv cvq gvbyl, †mUv Zvi“Y¨| ˆK‡kv‡i GKRb
gvbyl †h m¤ú` cvqц`n I g‡b, Zvi cweÎ Av‡gRUzKz Zi“Y eq‡mI we`¨gvb
_v‡K| ˆK‡kv‡ii wbqwš¿Z Av‡eM Zvi“‡Y¨ G‡m nq evav eÜbnxb|
cÖvYv‡e‡M Zvi“Y¨ GwM‡q hvq mvg‡bi w`‡K| cÖPÊ Zvi MwZ, Acwi‡gq
Zvi kw³| cÖLi Zvi `xwß, cÖPÊ Zvi Av‡eM| G mgqUv Rxe‡bi ¯^M©mgq|
G mg‡qi †mvbvi dm‡ji mydj mvivRxeb a‡i †fvM K‡i gvbyl| mvivRxe‡bi
evwK w`b¸‡jv †cŠi“l mnKv‡i Pj‡Z †M‡j †h cÖvYkw³ cÖ‡qvRb nq Zvi g~j
wbwnZ Zvi“‡Y¨| G eq‡m fxi“Zv ev Kvcyi“lZv fi K‡i bv gb I gb‡b, †PZbv I
ˆPZ‡b¨| mvnwmKZvi cyi¯‹vi¯^i~c cÖkswmZ nq e‡j fxi“Zv VuvB cvq bv
Zv‡`i g‡b| Zvi“Y¨ Kj¨vYKvgx e‡j Zv‡`i c¶cvZ mZ¨ I my›`‡ii cÖwZ| †Kvb
cÖwZeÜKZv ¯—ä K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i bv Zi“‡Yi Pjvi c_| j¶¨ †h‡nZz gnr, j¶¨
AR©‡bi DcvqI gnr; myZivs gwjbZv _v‡K bv Pjvi c‡_| gnr †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨i
dj KL‡bv Amy›`i n‡Z cv‡i bv| GZ AvZ¥wek¦vm Zv‡`i _v‡K GRb¨ j¶¨ I
D‡Ïk¨, cÖZ¨vkv I cÖvwß m¤ú‡K© wbtmskq Zi“‡Yiv| G iKg Zvi“Y¨
RvwZmËvi fimvi ¯’jÑ| †`‡ki Rb¨ G iKg Zvi“Y¨B `iKvi|

wK‡kvi Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© hLb ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU iPbv
K‡ib ZLb fviZel© civaxb| GZ eo GKUv Dcgnv‡`k| A_P Zv‡K kvmb, †kvlY
Ki‡Q we‡`wk †ewbqv K‡qKRb Z¯‹i| civaxbZvi GB †e`bv mn¨ Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb ivR‰bwZK Kwe myKvš—| GRb¨ cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡Zb Ggb wKQz
†mbvbxi hviv cvi‡e †`‡ki Rb¨ Av‡Z¥vrmM© Ki‡Z| i³ `v‡bi cyY¨ cÖZ¨vkx
†h Zi“Y, †m iKg Z¨vMx Zi“‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb Kwe| hviv Amg
mvnwmKZvq gv_v Zz‡j `uvov‡Z cv‡i, cÖvY cÖvPz‡h© hviv abx, hviv
†Kvb g›`kw³i Kv‡Q gv_v †bvqvq bv, c‡_i evav hviv Abvqv‡m cvi n‡q
hvqÑ`ytmg‡q hviv †Pv‡Li Rj †d‡j bvÑ ZvivB cÖZ¨vwkZ †`‡ki Rb¨| Zi“Y,
cÖv‡Yi ¯^vfvweK Av‡e‡M kc_ `xß nq, mZ¨ I my›`‡ii Rb¨ AvZ¥ewj †`q|
GiKg Zi“Y †`‡ki Rb¨ Lye †ewk `iKvi| hviv Ab¨Zg GK my›`iÑGK Abb¨ mZ¨|
†`‡ki Rb¨ Zi“YivB cv‡i Av‡Z¥vrm‡M©i gwngvq F× n‡q wKQz Ki‡Z| wKQz
184 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
†bwZevPK w`K Av‡Q Zvi“‡Y¨i| Zey GK_vUv †Zv wVKÑZvi“Y¨ Zey bZzb
wKQz K‡i| GB wKQz Aš—Z Kivi Rb¨ †`‡k Ggb Zi“Y‡K Pvq| myKv‡š—i
mgq cvi n‡q‡Q| A‡bK Zi“‡Yi AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q fviZel© Z_v evsjv‡`k
¯^vaxb| GLb Avevi Zi“Y‡`i cÖZ¨vkv K‡i evsjv‡`k| Pviw`‡K AÜKvi, Ab¨vq,
AmZ¨, `yb©xwZi Kv‡jv _vev| †`‡ki fveg~wZ© AvR wecbœ| †`‡ki
wPi‡Pbv HwZn¨ wejywßi c_ a‡i‡Q| bvbvwea m¼xY©Zv Av‡Rv
evsjv‡`‡ki Awj›` wbj‡q| GBme ¶Z `~i Kivi Rb¨ÑmZ¨ my›`‡ii cÖwZôvi
Rb¨ `iKvi Z¨vM, `iKvi kªg| `iKvi g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv| mevi Dc‡i `iKvi
†`k‡cÖg| Gm‡ei Rb¨ Zi“‡Yi `iKvi AvR me‡P‡q †ewk| wKQz Zi“Y
wec_Mvgx, c_åó| Zv‡`i‡KI ¯^vfvweK RM‡Z wdwi‡q G‡b †`‡ki Rb¨ Dchy³
K‡i †Zvjv `iKvi| GRb¨ `iKvi Zvi“‡Y¨i †Rvi|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Avgv‡`i cvovq GKUv K¬ve M‡o D‡V‡Q| bvg ÔAvgiv Kie RqÕ| Avgvi †g‡qwU
Ii m`m¨| fq nw”Qj †hw`b I H K¬v‡ei m`m¨ n‡Z wM‡qwQj| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki
†g‡qiv GL‡bv mvnwmbx n‡Z cv‡iwb| wK Rvwb, c`öjb N‡U hw`Ñ| KÕw`b c‡i
eySjvg †g‡q Avgvi wVK wm×vš— wb‡q‡Q| Ii mvg‡b Pjvi c‡_ †h evav
Avm‡e Zv I‡KB miv‡Z n‡e| Ii †fZ‡i m‡Z¨i †h †ZR †`‡LwQ, Zv‡Z
ey‡SwQÑwg_¨vi Kv‡Q †m gv_v †bvqv‡e bv| `yt‡L †m Kuv`‡e bv| Kvbœv‡K
Rq Kivi †MŠie`xß kc_ †`‡LwQ Ii Awfe¨w³‡Z| eªv‡fv!
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvi Drm wK? 1
L. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm `ytmn †Kb? 2
M. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Ges cÖ`Ë DÏxcK Aej¤^‡b Zvi“‡Y¨i Kv‡Q 3
cÖZ¨vkv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
N. Zvi“‡Y¨i Ae¯’vb †h †Kvb mxgve×Zvi E‡aŸ©-DÏxc‡Ki GB e³e¨wU
h_v_©Zv g‡b Ki Kx? †Zvgvi gZvgZ †ck Ki|
12 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

1948 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i KweZv ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqm|Õ

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm gvbe Rxe‡bi GK DËiKvjxb ch©vq| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b
c`vc©Y K‡i gvbyl| A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxjZv Kwg‡q wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡bvi
cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z nq Zv‡K| Gw`K †_‡K Zv‡K GK KwVb mg‡qi `ytmn Ae¯’vq
co‡Z nq| G eq‡mB DÏvgZvi GK `ytmvnmx ¯^cœ, Kíbv I D‡`¨vM Zi“Y‡`i
gb‡K wN‡i iv‡L| gv_v DuPz K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e Pjvi SuywK G eq‡mB wb‡q
_v‡K gvbyl| ZvB Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ‡K `ytmn
e‡j‡Qb|

Zvi“‡Y¨i Kv‡Q cÖZ¨vkv A‡bK| huviv e„×, Zviv ms¯‹vi Avi kZvãx cÖvPxb
a¨vb-aviYvi Kv‡Q `vqe×| bZz‡bi AvnŸv‡b Kj¨vYKi †Kv‡bv wKQzi Rb¨
A‡bK Z¨vM ¯^xKvi K‡i mvg‡b GwM‡q †h‡Z cv‡i bv e„× ev cÖex‡Yiv|
Zi“Y‡`iB cÖ‡qvRb c‡o `ytmva¨‡K mnRmva¨ Ki‡Z| ZvivB m„wói g~j
nvwZqvi- AMÖMwZi g~j wbqvgK| †`k RvwZi AMÖmiZvq Zv‡`i‡K GwM‡q
Avm‡Z nq wbf©xK wP‡Ë| †m‡¶‡Î Zv‡K DV‡Z nq e¨w³MZ mxgve×Zv ev
nxbgb¨Zvi E‡aŸ©| gvbeZvi GwM‡q hvIqvi c‡_ A‡bK evav Av‡m|
mgv‡Ri `ye©j A‡cvMÊ gvbyl hviv, Zviv Zv‡`i mvg‡b cÖwZeÜKZv
m„wóKvix kw³mg~‡ni †gvKv‡ejvq A¶g| †m‡¶‡Î Zvi“‡Y¨i Kv‡Q cÖZ¨vkv
gvbeZvi mvg‡b `Êvqgvb Ackw³¸‡jv‡K †hb Zviv cÖwZnZ K‡i| †h c‡_i cv_i
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 185
evav gvby‡li Pjvi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| †m evav Acmvi‡Y Zi“Y‡`i
mvnm eÇ †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| KL‡bv †Kv‡bv åvš— gZv`k©, †Kvb AÜKvi, fyj
`k©b Zv‡`i‡K c_åó Ki‡e| †Kvb Rvš—e Ackw³ Zv‡`i‡K c`vbZ K‡i ivL‡Z
PvB‡e| AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z ej‡e Am‡Z¨i Kv‡Q| Gfv‡e †m kw³ Kv‡qg Ki‡Z
PvB‡e AÜKv‡ii ivRZ¡| Gme †_‡K cwiÎvY †c‡Z `iKvi AwgZ kw³| †m kw³
Av‡Q Zi“‡Yi evû‡Z| GRb¨ Zv‡`i Kv‡Q gvbeZvi cÖZ¨vkv Zviv †hb †Kv‡bv
AÜKv‡ii Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y bv K‡i| Zviv Kuv`‡e bv| KviY Kvbœv gv‡b
civRq| Zv‡`i civRq Pvq bv gvbyl| Zviv öwjZ Av`‡k©i †nvK, †Kvb mxgvq
mxgve× †nvK, wg_¨vi mv‡_ g‡›`i mv‡_ Av‡cvm Ki“KÑGUv KL‡bv
cÖZ¨vwkZ bq| Zviv mZ¨ I my›`‡ii ¯^cœ †`Lv‡e, cÖMwZ I cÖv‡Yi Drme
Ki‡e, kw³ I mvn‡mi mبenvi Ki‡e- Av‡jvwKZ gvbyl n‡e- G cÖZ¨vkv
mK‡ji|

Zvi“Y¨ gv‡b Av‡jvq mœvZ nIqv, Zvi“Y¨ gv‡b AbMÖmiZvi †`qvj

wW‡Ov‡bv, Zvi“Y¨ gv‡b `„ß c`‡¶cÑZvi“Y¨ gv‡b mxgvbv bv gvbv| cÖ`Ë
DÏxc‡K Zvi“‡Y¨i GB ¸Yvewj Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q| c_ Pj‡Z Zi“‡Yi mvg‡b nvRvi
cÖ‡jvf‡bi nvZQvwb| A‡bK Av`wk©K cÖ‡jvfb Zi“Y‡`i‡K AvU‡K ivL‡Z Pvq
mxgve×Zvi kvgyK‡Lv‡jÑgvbv bv gvbvi †Niv †Uv‡ci g‡a¨| Zvi“‡Y¨i
Acwi‡gq kw³‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †KD nqZ e¨w³MZ ev mxgve× †Mvôx
¯^v_© i¶v Ki‡Z PvB‡e| Zi“Y †Kv‡bv GKK ms‡Ni n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zi“Yiv mKj
†`‡ki, mKj Kv‡ji, mKj gvby‡li| gvbyl †hLv‡b eo, m¤cÖ`vq †hLv‡b Zz”Q,
Zvi“‡Y¨i Ae¯’vb †mLv‡b| †m‡¶‡Î bibvixi †f` we‡ePbvI AbywPZ| Zvi“‡Y¨i
MwZ †hLv‡b `ye©vi †mLv‡b m¼xY© †Mvôx ev eY©wPš—vi mgq
†Kv_vq? eis Gme Ro †PZbvi cv_i‡KÑc‡_i Ici †_‡KÑmiv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ Zi“‡Yi|
†Kvb mxgve× gvbwmKZv Zi“‡Yi Kv‡Q cÖZ¨vwkZ bq| Zvi“Y¨ KL‡bv
mxwgZ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GKUv me©gvbweK Abyf~wZÑme mgq Pbg‡b K‡i
iv‡L Zi“‡Yi ü`q| gvbeZvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© bq Ggb `k©‡bi Kv‡Q
AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i bv Zvi“Y¨| †Kvb mxgve× Av`‡k©i mv‡_ Av‡cvm K‡i bv
e‡j Zvi“Y¨ fvev‡eM gy³| †Kvb e¨_©Zv †bB weavq n‡Zv`¨g nq bv Zvi“Y¨|
GRb¨ Zvi“‡Y¨i †Pv‡L †bB †bvbv Rj| ü`q †`Še©j¨‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i ü`q a‡b
`wi`ª bv n‡q gnr †Kv‡bv Av`‡k© mvg‡b GwM‡q P‡j Zvi“Y¨| mxgvq
mxwgZ _vKv Zvi“‡Y¨i c‡¶ Am¤¢e| ag© †nvK, bxwZ †nvK, eY© †nvK,
†Kv‡bv g›` cÖfve‡Ki Kv‡Q `vqe× bq Zvi“Y¨| mnR K_v Zvi“Y¨ †Kvb mxgv
gv‡b bv- mxwgZ nIqv Zvi“‡Y¨i c‡¶ Am¤¢e|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

K‡jR †_‡K †divi c‡_ i“ûj †`Lj †m cÖvqB †h †i÷z‡i‡›U e‡m Pv Lvq †mLvbKvi
gvwjK †QvU †Q‡jwU‡K cÖPÊ gvi‡Q| Avi †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z Ab¨vb¨ mK‡j †hb
cig Z…wßmnKv‡i †mB gvi Dc‡fvM Ki‡Q| i“ûj GwM‡q wM‡q Rvb‡Z cvij
AmveavbZvekZ: GKwU Kvc †f‡½ †djvq †Q‡jwU Gfv‡e gvi Lv‡”Q| i“ûj
gvwjK‡K _vgv‡bvi †Póv K‡i e¨_© nq| c‡i wkïkªg I wkï wbh©vZ‡bi `v‡q
cywj‡ki nv‡Z Zz‡j †`qvi fq †`Lv‡j gvwjK †Q‡jwU‡K †Q‡o †`q|
K. d¨vwmev`we‡ivax †jLK I wkíx ms‡Ni c‡¶ myKvš— fÆvPvh© 1
m¤úvw`Z Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx? 2
L. G eq‡m †KD gv_v †bvqvevi bq †Kvb eqm Ges †Kb? 3
M. mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` Kxfv‡e DÏxc‡Ki i“û‡ji g‡Zv
4 cÖvYešÍ
Zi“Y‡`i cÖwZwµqvkxj K‡i †Zv‡j? ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi
Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
186 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
N. DÏxc‡Ki i“û‡ji eq‡mi Zi“YivB mgvR m‡PZb n‡q GKwU my›`i
mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v Dcnvi w`‡Z cv‡iÑÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
KweZv Aej¤^‡b we‡klY Ki|
13 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

d¨vwmev`we‡ivax †jLK I wkí ms‡Ni c‡¶ myKvš— fÆvPvh© m¤úvw`Z

Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg ÔAvKvjÕ|

gvby‡li Rxe‡bi †kÖô mgq AvVv‡iv eQi eqm| G mg‡q gvbyl ˆK‡kvi †_‡K
†hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i e‡j AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q D‡V| D‡ËRbvi cÖej Av‡eM I
D”Q¡v‡m G mgq Rxeb _v‡K ficyi| Zviy‡Y¨i Aciv‡Rq kw³ †Kv‡bv evav
gvb‡Z Pvq bv, eis wb‡Ri `ytmvnwmK Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g †m w`wM¦Rq
Ki‡Z D`¨Z nq| ZviyY¨ ¯^cœ †`‡L bZzb Rxe‡bi, be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi|
ZvB †m k¼vnxb DÏvg MwZ‡Z be m„wói Avb‡›` mKj evav Zz”Q K‡i
GwM‡q P‡j| Zvi GB GwM‡q Pjvi c_ Kzmygv¯—xY© bq, eis AZ¨š— eÜzi,
KwVb| Pjvi c_ †iva K‡i `uvwo‡q _v‡K cvnvomg evav, fq¼i msKU| GB DÏvg
ZviyY¨ G mg¯— evav-msKU‡K c`vNv‡Z P‚Y©-weP‚Y© K‡i GwM‡q P‡j|
†Kvb evavi Kv‡QB †m gv_vbZ K‡i bv| gv_vbZ K‡i bv kZ Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi
Avi Kzms¯‹v‡ii Kv‡Q| Rxeb‡K RoZvhy³ Kiv Gme Zviy‡Y¨i gv‡S KL‡bvB
weivR K‡i bv| fqfxwZnxb e‡jB Zviy‡Y¨i mvnm me©`v _v‡K D”Pwki| wbR
K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ †m KL‡bvB gv_v †bvqv‡Z Rv‡b bv|

mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` Z_v Ab¨vq AwePv‡ii wei“‡× i“û‡ji g‡Zv cÖvYešÍ
Zi“Y‡`i ü`‡q dz‡U IVv †¶vfB Zv‡`i cÖwZwµqvkxj K‡i †Zv‡j| Ab¨v‡qi
wei“‡× cÖwZev` Kiv Zvi“‡Y¨i ag©| †h †Kv‡bv Ab¨vqÑAwePvi †`L‡j
Zi“Yiv ¶z&ä n‡q I‡V| mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ Avi †f`v‡f`I Zi“Y‡`i cÖwZwµqvkxj
K‡i †Zv‡j| Zvi“‡Y¨i G mKj ˆewkó¨ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q Kwe myKvšÍ
fÆPv‡h©i ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq| Avi Zvi“‡Y¨i Abyyi~c
ˆewk󨸇jv cÖwZdjb Avgiv i“û‡ji †¶‡ÎI †`L‡Z cvB| i“ûj GKw`b K‡jR †_‡K
†divi mgq †`L‡Z cvq †h, †i÷z‡i›UÑGi gvwjK †QvU Kv‡Ri †Q‡jwU‡K cÖPÊ
gvi‡Q| i“ûj GwM‡q wM‡q Rvb‡Z cvij GKwU mvgvb¨ Kvc AmveavbZvekZ:
†f‡½ †djvi Kvi‡Y †Q‡jwU‡K GB kvw¯Í †`qv n‡”Q| ZLb i“û‡ji g‡a¨ Zxeª
cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq, KviY †i÷z‡i›U gvwjK hv KiwQ‡jb †mwU AgvbweK
e¨vcvi| mvgvb¨ GKwU Kv‡ci Rb¨ wZwb †Q‡jwU‡K †hfv‡e gviwQ‡jb Zv
mvgvwRK †f`v‡f‡`i Avi ˆel‡g¨iB cÖgvY| ZLb i“ûj wkïkªg I wkï
wbh©vZ‡bi `v‡q cywj‡ki nv‡Z Zz‡j †`qvi fq †`Lv‡j gvwjK †Q‡jwU‡K †Q‡o
†`q| Ggwbfv‡e i“û‡ji g‡Zv cÖvYešÍ Zi“‡Yiv mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i Avi
†f`v‡f‡`i wei“‡× me mgq i“‡L `uvovq| Ab¨vq‡K †g‡b †bqvUv Zvi“‡Y¨i
ag© bq| eis Ab¨vq-AZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× A`g¨ mvn‡m cÖwZ‡iva MovUvB
Zi“Y‡`i mnRvZ ¯^fve| cyivZb‡K †f‡½ bZyb wKQy m„wó Kivi a„óZv
Zvi“‡Y¨i ˆewkó¨| ZvB GB Zvi“Y¨ mZ¨ I b¨vq cÖwZôvq Suvwc‡q c‡o
KZ©e¨ K‡g©| Gfv‡e mKj Ab¨vqÑAwePvi, mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ Avi †f`v‡f`
DÏxc‡Ki i“û‡ji g‡Zv cÖvYešÍ Zi“Y‡`i cÖwZwµqvkxj K‡i †Zv‡j| cwi‡k‡l ejv
hvq, DÏxc‡Ki i“ûj Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× cÖwZev` K‡i ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
KweZvi g~j Av‡e`b‡K dzwU‡q Zy‡j‡Q|

DÏxc‡K AdzišÍ cÖvYkw³i AwaKvix i“û‡ji eq‡mi hyeKivB wb‡R‡`i gy³

wPšÍvцPZbvi RMZ‡K D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i mgvR m‡PZb n‡q GKwU my›`i
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 187
mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v Dcnvi w`‡Z cv‡i| ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe
myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© Zi“Y‡`i Zvi“Y¨`xß G ˆewk󨸇jv dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|
AdzišÍ cÖvYkw³ Avi A`g¨ `ytmvn‡m GB Zi“‡Yiv i“‡L †`q mKj Ab¨vq Avi
AwePvi| Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vqÑAZ¨vPvi, †kvlYÑcxob, mvgvwRK †f`v‡f` Avi
ˆelg¨ Zv‡`i wPšÍvцPZbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Zviv cÖv‡Y hš¿Yv Dckg Kivi
Rb¨ Aw¯’i n‡q c‡o Ges bZzb D`¨‡g D×Z Awfgv‡b Ab¨vq, AmZ¨ Avi
Amv‡g¨i wei“‡× i“‡L `uvovq| Gfv‡e Zi“‡Yiv mvgvwRK †f`v‡f`, ˆelg¨ Avi
mKj †kvlY `~i K‡i wQwb‡q Avb‡Z Pvq b¨v‡qi weRq| Zvi“‡Y¨i Gme
ˆewk‡ó¨i cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q DÏxc‡Ki i“û‡ji Rxe‡bI| i“ûj‡KI Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB,
mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨i wei“‡× cÖwZwµqvkxj n‡q IV‡Z| mvgvb¨ Kvc fv½vi
Kvi‡Y †i÷z‡i›U gvwjK Zvi Kv‡Ri †Q‡jwU‡K hLb cÖPÊfv‡e gviwQj ZLb i“ûj
GwM‡q hvq Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Kivi Rb¨| KviY †m g‡b K‡i Gfv‡e GKwU
†QvU wkï‡K wbh©vZb Kiv †hgb AgvbweK †Zgwb AcivaI e‡U| Avi GwU
Zvi gy³ wPšÍvцPZbvi ewntcÖKvk| ¯^fveZB i“û‡ji g‡Zv Zi“‡Yi c‡¶ †Pv‡Li
mvg‡b G ai‡bi Ab¨vq †`‡L bxie _vKv m¤¢e bq| ZvB †m fqÑfxwZ‡K
D‡c¶v K‡i nvZÑevovq wkïwUi w`‡K| Ae‡k‡l †m wkïkªg I wkï wbh©vZ‡bi
fq †`wL‡q gvwj‡Ki nvZ †_‡K wkïwU‡K i¶v K‡i| †m mgvR m‡PZb bv n‡j G
NUbvi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z cviZ bv| KviY mgv‡R †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv _vK‡jB
G NUbvi cÖwZwµqv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e i“û‡ji eq‡mi Zi“‡YivB mgv‡Ri
BwZevPKцbwZevPK w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡q wb‡Ri wPšÍvi RMZ‡K
RvMÖZ K‡i GwM‡q hvq Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev‡`| GwUB Zvi“‡Y¨i g~jK_v| ZvB
Avgv‡`i mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vc‡U i“û‡ji GB f‚wgKv †hgb Zvi“‡Y¨i Rq †Zgb
AZ¨šÍ cÖksmbxqI e‡U|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

†`k, GLb GK m¼Ugq mgq cvi Ki‡Q| Pviw`‡K GZ AÜKvi| †K, Kviv GB msK‡U
GwM‡q Avm‡e? `iKvi Z¨vM, `iKvi MwZ, `iKvi `„ß kc_ц`k gvZ…Kvi Rb¨|
ej‡jb, Z¨vMx †bZv Kg‡iW dvwËûj Kvw`i| iwk` m¨vi cv‡kB wQ‡jb| wZwb
ej‡jbÑGK_v eûevi cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q Z¨vM, †mev, AvZ¥ewj`vb- hv wKQz Kivi
Zi“‡Yiv K‡i Avcbvi gZ †bZviv Zi“Y‡`i i³`v‡bi myweav‡fvMx|
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm wK Rv‡b bv? 1
L. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi fq †bB †Kb? 2
M. cÖ`Ë DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ G‡`‡ki †Kvb HwZnvwmK NUbvi mv`„k¨ 3
we`¨gvb| 4
N. cÖ`Ë DÏxcK Aej¤^‡b kc_ `xß, Z¨vMx Zi“‡Yi wPÎ A¼b Ki|

14 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`v|

fq Av‡m `ye©jZv †_‡K, Ac~Y©Zv †_‡K, AcÖvwß †_‡K, AmZZv †_‡K,

fxi“Zv †_‡K, AÜKvi †_‡K, A¯úóZv †_‡K| Zi“‡Yi †m eqm Zv‡Z Gme FYvZ¥K
AbyNUK¸‡jv cvËv cvq bv| †Kv‡bv AÜKvi, †Kv‡bv cvc, †Kv‡bv g›` B”Qv
cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i bv hye wP‡Ë| kixi fiv _v‡K †Z‡R Avi gb fiv _v‡K ˆbwZK
e‡j| ˆPZ‡b¨ _v‡K wek¦vm, †Pv‡L _v‡K ¯^cœ| Kv‡iv Kv‡Q ev †Kvb åvš—
Av`‡k©i Kv‡Q `vqe× _vK‡Z nq bv e‡j KvD‡K fq KiviI `iKvi nq bv|
188 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
cÖ`Ë DÏxc‡K G‡`‡ki Zi“Y mgv‡Ri AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi Rb¨ DØy× I kc_ `„ß nIqvi
BswMZ we`¨gvb| †`‡k hLb †Kvb weRq `iKvi n‡q‡Q ZLb Zi“YivB G‡m eyK
wPwZ‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| evqvbœ, EbmËi, GKvËi GgbwK Ewbk‡kv
beŸBÑGm‡ei w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡j G e³‡e¨i h_v_©Zv cvIqv hvq| fvlvi
gh©v`v mgybœZ ivL‡Z †h‡q evqvbœi GKz‡k †deª“qvwi‡Z ey‡j‡Ui
mvg‡b wb‡R‡K †g‡j a‡iwQj Zi“Y hyev gvbyl¸‡jv| Zuv‡`i †mB Z¨v‡Mi
mydj AvR‡Ki evsjvfvlvi Fw×| Ebmˇii MYAfy¨Ìv‡b cÖvY w`‡qwQ‡jb A‡bK
ZvRv Zi“Y| G †`‡ki MYgvby‡li AwaKvi Av`v‡qi msMÖv‡g, G †`‡ki
Rb‡bZv‡`i wei“‡× AvbxZ wg_¨v Awf‡hvM cÖZ¨vnvi I Zv‡`i gyw³i
`vwe‡Z, ¯^vwaKv‡ii Rb¨ RvZxq wbe©vP‡bi `vwe‡Z AvûZ Av‡›`vj‡b
cÖvY w`‡q‡Q Zi“Y hyevivB| Gici GKvˇi gnvb gyw³hy‡× AvZ¥ewj
w`‡qwQ‡jb A‡bK Zi“Y, A‡bK hyev| ¯^vaxbZvi jvj m~h©‡K Zviv wQwb‡q
G‡b‡Q i‡³i wewbg‡q| beŸB-Gi ˆ¯^ivPvi we‡ivax MYAfy¨Ìv‡b Zi“YivB
wewj‡q w`‡q‡Q cÖvY| †`k‡K K‡iwQj AMYZvwš¿K ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmbgy³|
Gfv‡e hLbB †`‡k m¼URbK Aa¨vq m„wó n‡q‡Q ZLbB Rxe‡bi wewbg‡q
†m m¼U‡K KvwU‡q DV‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q Zi“Y| DÏxc‡K †h `„k¨Kí ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q, Zvi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i RvZxq Rxe‡bi †MŠiegq †mvbvwj w`b¸‡jvi
mv`„k¨ we`¨gvb|

cÖ`Ë DÏxc‡K GKRb Z¨vMx †bZv I GKRb wk¶‡Ki wgZfvl‡Yi ga¨w`‡q

AvVv‡iv eQi eqmx Zi“‡Yi cÖ‡qvwMKZv I Zv‡`i Z¨v‡Mi wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q|
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Zvi“‡Y¨i †h weKvk N‡U Zv D‡jL‡hvM¨ bvbv ˆewk‡ó¨
D¾¡j, `xwßgvb| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b cv ivLvi GB eqmwU D‡ËRbvq cÖej,
Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡m DbœZ| G eq‡mi Zi“‡Yiv SuywK †bq g‡bi `vwe †gUv‡Z
wM‡q| AvVv‡iv eQi eqm, A`g¨ `ytmvn‡m mKj evav-wecwË †cwi‡q
hvIqvi I Ab¨vq Amy›`‡ii wei“‡× gv_v mgybœZ K‡i `uvovevi eqm| Zvi“Y¨
AKz‡Zvfq| †m cÖej `ytmvnwmKZvi cwiPq †`q| †`k, RvwZ, gvbeZvi Rb¨
wewfbœ mg‡q Zi“YivB GwM‡q †M‡Q Rxe‡bi SuywK wb‡q| gvbeZvi Rb¨
¶wZKi Ackw³‡K †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Q Zviv| cÖvY w`‡q‡Q †`k RbM‡Yi gyw³ I
Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨| G eqm Rv‡b i³ `v‡bi cyY¨| w`‡q‡Q AKvZ‡i| wQwb‡q G‡b‡Q
weRq| G eq‡mi MwZ, ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gvi †hgb `ª“Z P‡j, †Zgb| Zi“Y
¯^cœ †`‡L| †m ¯^cœ bZzb Rxe‡bi AMÖMwZ mva‡bi| ¯^cœ ev¯—evq‡bi
Rb¨ `iKvi msMÖv‡gi| msMÖv‡g AeZxY© nIqvi Rb¨ `iKvi kc_| Zvi“Y¨
webv wØavq Kj¨v‡Yi kc_ wb‡q GwM‡q P‡j Kg©‡¶‡Î| KiYxq wba©vi‡Yi ci
bZzb kc‡_ ejxqvb n‡q †m GwM‡q hvq `„p`xß c`‡¶‡c| kc‡_i g‡a¨ mZZv
_vKvq †m kc_ e¨_© nq bv eis _v‡K AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi `xwß| †`k, RvwZ,
gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ me wcQzUvb †cQ‡b †d‡j Av‡Z¥vrm‡M©i Rb¨ kc_ `xß
nq Zi“Y| Zvici AR©b K‡i Kvw•¶Z weRq| e„nËi gvbeZv †fvM K‡i Zi“‡Yi
Z¨v‡Mi dmj|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

fvB mv‡ne, †Q‡jUv‡K GKUz mvg‡j ivL‡eb| †Q‡jUv fv‡jv| Z‡e G eqmUv
SuywKc~Y©| Av‡eMPvwjZ nq e‡j fyj K‡i em‡ZI cv‡i| Ii cÖvYkw³ Lye †ewk, Ii
wPš—vkw³ Lye cÖLi| GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| Ii Av‡eM‡K m‡¤§vwnZ K‡i †KD
I‡K wec_Mvgx I wec`Mvgx K‡i| A‡bK Aïf kw³ Av‡Q hviv I‡K Kzcivgk© w`‡q
åvwš—i c‡_ wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvBZ ejwQjvg I‡K GKUz mvg‡j ivL‡eb|Õ
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 189
K. Zi“‡Yi MwZ m¤ú‡K© AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvi fvl¨ Kx? 1
L. mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡jÑG K_vi A_© Kx? 2
M. DÏxcKwU AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvi †Kvb As‡ki mv‡_ 3
mvhyR¨c~Y© Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
N. †Kvb †bwZevPK kw³ Zvi“Y¨‡K Kxfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z
cv‡iÑAv‡jvPbv Ki|
15 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

Zi“Y Ôev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j|Õ

†`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M Zi“YivB GwM‡q G‡m‡Q †ewk|
Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q †`k I RbM‡Yi gyw³ I Kj¨v‡Yi msMÖv‡g|
Zvi“Y¨ ZvB my›`i, ïf I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ i³g~j¨ w`‡Z Af¨¯—| Zvi“Y¨ ¯^cœ †`‡L
bZzb Rxe‡bi, be be AMÖMwZ mva‡bi| ZvB †mme ¯^cœ ev¯—evq‡b,
wbZ¨ bZzb KiYxq m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ be be kc‡_ ejxqvb n‡q †m GwM‡q hvq
`„p c`‡¶‡c| RvwZi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvY †`qv-†bqvq Zvi †Kv‡bv wØav _v‡K
bv| Zi“Y Zvi msMÖvgx Pwi‡Î mn‡RB cÖvY DrmM© Kivi `ytmvnm iv‡L|
†m kc_ wb‡q Zvi AvZ¥v‡K mgc©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi g‡š¿ D¾xweZ
Zvi“‡Y¨i Mvb †M‡q‡Qb Kwe GLv‡b|

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvq †hLv‡b Zvi“‡Y¨i †bwZevPK w`K D‡b¥vwPZ

n‡q‡Q Zvi mv‡_ DÏxcKwUi mvhyR¨ i‡q‡Q| KweZvq ejv n‡q‡Q-
ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKi
ZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y Amn¨ hš¿Yv;
G eq‡m cÖvY Zxeª Avi cÖLi
G eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ gš¿Yv|Ó
DÏxc‡K AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi GB AvcvZ g›` w`KwU D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqmUv SzuwKc~Y©| Kj¨v‡Yi c‡_ avweZ n‡j †Zv wec` †bB,
wKš‘ fyj wb‡`©kbvq AÜKv‡ii w`‡K avweZ nIqvi Avk¼v †_‡K hvq| wVK
c‡_I Av‡eMZvwoZ n‡q fyj K‡i em‡Z cv‡i| mn¨ kw³ Kg e‡j M„nxZ wm×vš
— I Zvi dj fq¼i n‡Z cv‡i| Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖvYkw³ †ewk, d‡j Zvi Kg©cwiwa †_‡K
A‡bK cvIqvi m¤¢vebv m„wó nq| wPš—vkw³ cÖLi e‡j we‡ePbvcÖm~Z
mydj †c‡Z cv‡i gvbyl| Av‡eMcÖeY gvbyl‡K w`‡q A‡bK Amva¨ mvab Kiv
hvq| Zvi“‡Y¨i Av‡eM‡K cyuwR K‡i †Kvb Ackw³ Zv‡K w`‡q
gvbeZvwe‡ivax aŸsmvZ¥K KvRI Ki‡Z cv‡i| myc‡_ cwiPvwjZ n‡j †Zv
Kj¨vY| Kzgš¿Yvi wkKvi n‡q fyj c‡_I P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| bvbvwea cÖ‡jvfb †_‡K
wb‡R‡K euvwP‡q mZ¨ my›`‡ii c‡_ PvwjZ Ki‡j cÖZ¨vwkZ dj Avkv Kiv hvq|
cÖ`Ë DÏxc‡K †Kvb GK Z…Zxq c‡¶i mvg‡b cÖ_g c¶, GKwU GKK hyeK ev
Zi“Y‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Qb| g~j KweZvq GB e³e¨wU we‡k¦i mg¯— Zi“‡Yi
ü`‡qi K_v ev cÖeYZv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki e¨w³K weeiY
(Personal description) g~j KweZvi ˆbe©¨w³K Dc¯’vcbv †_‡K DrmvwiZ
n‡q‡Q|

Avš—i ˆewk‡ó¨ Zi“Yiv Av‡eMcÖeY| Zviv Avevi cÖvYcÖvPy‡h© ficyi|

Av‡eM ewntcÖKv‡ki w`K w`‡q Zviv cÖLi †PZbv mg„×| MwZ Zv‡`i Zxeª|
mewKQz‡Z MwZ, cÖLiZv, cÖvPzh© BZ¨vw` _vK‡jI GLv‡b Zviv †Kvgj|
†mUv nj Zv‡`i ü`qe„wË| ü`qe„wË †Kvgj e‡j †Kvb GKwU Abyf‡e Lye
mn‡RB Avweó n‡q c‡o Zviv| Gi bvg Av‡eMcÖeYZv| Av‡eMcÖeY _v‡K e‡j
190 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
†Kvb m`_©K Aby‡cÖiYvq †hgb AbycÖvwYZ nq Zi“Y, †Kvb †bwZevPK
DÏxcKI AbycÖvwYZ K‡i Zv‡`i| d‡j Lye mn‡RB ¶wZKi mo‡K cv †d‡j Zviv|
g›` gZev`xiv Zi“‡Yi cÖvYkw³i GB `ye©j w`K‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zv‡`i‡K fyj
Ki‡Z AbycÖvwYZ K‡i _v‡K| †Kv‡bv evwn¨K ¯^v_©‡K ev e¨w³MZ ev
†MvôxMZ ¯^v_©‡K Zi“‡Yi ¯^v‡_©i mv‡_ GKxf~Z K‡i Zi“Y‡K Zvi D‡Ïk¨
mva‡b cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| ag©, bxwZ, Av`k©, g~j¨‡eva, cÖ‡jvfb,
fxwZÑGme AbyNU‡Ki exR Zi“‡Yi g‡bi g‡a¨ AbycÖ‡ek Kwi‡q ¯^xq
¯^v_© i¶v K‡i my‡hvM mÜvbx Ackw³| Av‡e‡Mi cÖve‡j¨, cÖv‡Yi Pvwn`vi
AvZ¨wš—KZvq fvimvg¨ nvwi‡qI fyj Ki‡Z cv‡i Zi“Y| Zi“‡Yi GwU mnRvZ
cÖvYag©| GB mnRvZ cÖvYag©‡K AbywPZ D‡Ï‡k¨ Kv‡R jvwM‡q mn‡RB
bT_©K D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡i Ab¨ †KD| Av‡eM hyw³ gv‡b bv| Av‡e‡Mi P~ov‡š
— †cuŠ‡Q gvbyl Avi hyw³i avi av‡i bv| g~j¨‡eva, JwPZ¨‡eva,
gvbeZv‡eva Gme welq ZLb wd‡K n‡q hvq Zvi Kv‡Q| Zi“Y‡`i †¶‡Î GB
KvRUv Kiv LyeB mnRÑZv‡`i g‡bi MV‡bi Rb¨| Gfv‡e †bwZevPK kw³
Zi“Y‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iÑZv‡`i g›` AwfcÖv‡qi ev¯—evqb NUvq|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Ab©c wek¦we`¨vj‡qi K¬vm †kl K‡i evwo †divi c‡_ †`Lj Zv‡`i cv‡ki ew¯Íi
iweDj wgqv‡K Kv‡jvevRvixi †Q‡j gviai Ki‡Q| Ggb GKwU Ab¨vq n‡Z †`‡LI
Ab©c cÖwZev` bv K‡i f‡q cvwj‡q Av‡m| gvi Kv‡Q GK_v ej‡j gv Zv‡K wa°vi
†`q Ges e‡jb, wbcxwoZ I †kvwlZ gvby‡li AwaKvi cÖwZôvq cÖwZev` Ki‡Z
bv cvi‡j †Zvgvi †hŠeb e„_v|
K. ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K? 1
L. ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`vÓ K_vwUi gva¨‡g Kwe Kx 2
†evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? 3
M. DÏxc‡KiÕ Ab©‡ci AvPiY Kxfv‡e Ô AvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
4 KweZvi
Zvi“‡Y¨i ˆewk‡ó¨i wecixZÑe¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÔG‡`‡ki g½‡ji Rb¨ DÏxc‡Ki Ab©‡ci g‡Zv Zi“Y‡`i †R‡M IVvUv
GKvšÍ Ri“wiÕÑÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZv Aej¤^‡b we‡klY
Ki|
16 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh©|

Kwe hv †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb : cÖ‡kœvrKwjZ Dw³i gva¨‡g Kwe eywS‡q‡Qb

†h, G eq‡m gvbyl `ywe©bxZ †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i e‡j AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q
D‡V| †m ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL `uvovq| ˆkke-ˆK‡kv‡ii
ciwbf©iZvi w`b¸‡jv wQj KvbœvwgwkÖZ| wKš‘ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi ¯^fve
‰ewkó¨ Zv gy‡Q †d‡j m‡PZbfv‡e| G eq‡mi ˆewkó¨ GgbB †h, G eq‡m
civRq eiY Kivi g‡Zv gvbwmKZv Avi _v‡K bv djkÖ“wZ‡Z AkÖ“cvZ Kivi
AeKvkI _v‡K bv| D‡ËRbvi cÖej Av‡eM I D”Q¡vm _v‡K e‡jB G eq‡m Kv‡iv
Kv‡Q gv_v bZ K‡i civRq eiY Kivi cÖkœ Av‡m bv| c`vNv‡Z mg¯—
cÖwZK‚jZv‡K AwZµg K‡i Rxeb‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvq mvg‡bi w`‡K|
k¼vnxb DÏvg MwZ‡Z bem„wói Avb‡›` mKj evav Zz”Q K‡i GwM‡q P‡j G
eq‡mi ZviyY¨| Robert Burns-Gi g‡Zv †m e‡j, ÒLet us do or die." A_©vr Zvi
Kuv`vi †Kvb AeKvk _v‡K bv| ZvB Kwe e‡j‡Qb
ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqm Rv‡b bv Kuv`v|Ó
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 191
DÏxc‡K Ab©‡ci AvPi‡Y Zvi“‡Y¨i †Kv‡bv ¯^fveRvZ ˆewkó¨ dz‡U I‡Vwb e‡j
Zvi AvPiY ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi Zvi“‡Y¨i ˆewk‡ó¨i wecixZ| Kwe
myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Zvi“‡Y¨i ˆewkó¨ AZ¨šÍ
my›`ifv‡e dzwU‡q †Zvjvi cÖqvm †c‡q‡Qb| ˆK‡kvi †cwi‡q †hŠe‡b DËxY©
nevi mgqB n‡”Q Zvi“Y¨| Gmgq gvby‡li g‡b Acwi‡gq kw³i D‡b¥l N‡U|
Rxe‡bi gy‡LvgywL `vuovq ¯^vaxbfv‡e| ˆkkeшK‡kv‡ii ciwbf©iZvi
w`b¸‡jv‡Z †h Kvbœv wQj G eq‡mi ¯^fve‰ewkó¨ Zv‡K m‡PZbfv‡e gy‡Q
†dj‡Z D‡`¨vMx nq| †`k, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M G eq‡mB
GwM‡q †M‡Q me‡P‡q †ewk| Rxe‡bi SuywK wb‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q mg¯Í wec`
†gvKv‡ejvq| G mgq gvby‡li Amn¨ hš¿Yv Abyf~Z nq ü`‡q| Pvicv‡ki
Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, cxob, mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` BZ¨vw` †`‡L
cÖvYešÍ Ziy‡Yiv ¶zä n‡q I‡V| Zv‡`i cÖwZev`x KÉ †eu‡R I‡V Ab¨v‡qi
wei“‡×| †`k I gvby‡li gyw³ I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Zviv i³ w`‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K| Kj¨vY I
†meveªZ, DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, Pjvi `ye©vi MwZ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
Zvi“‡Y¨i ˆewkó¨| Ab¨w`‡K Ab©c wek¦we`¨vj‡q co–qv QvÎ| Zv‡`i cv‡ki
ew¯Íi iweDj wgqv‡K Kv‡jvevRvixi †Q‡j Ab¨vqfv‡e gviai Ki‡Q| †m GUv
†`‡LI †Kv‡bv cÖwZev` bv K‡i f‡q evwo P‡j Av‡m| †m Ab¨vq kw³i wei“‡×
K_v ejvi mvnm cvq bv| Zvi G mg¯Í AvPi‡Y Zvi“‡Y¨i †Kv‡bv ¯^fveRvZ
ˆewkó¨ cÖKvwkZ nqwb eis Zvi AvPi‡Y eva©‡K¨i Qvc n‡q I‡V, hv
Zvi“‡Y¨i m¤ú~Y© wecixZ ˆewkó¨| wKš‘ ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq
ewY©Z Zi“‡Yiv mKj Ab¨vqÑAZ¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× mvnmx K‡É cÖwZev` K‡i|
mZ¨ I b¨vq cÖwZôvq Suvwc‡q c‡o Rxeb hy‡×| ZvB ejv hvq, Ab©‡ci
AvPiY Kwe ewY©Z AvVvi eQi eq‡mi Zvi“‡Y¨i ˆewk‡ó¨i wecixZ|

DÏxc‡Ki Ab©‡ci g‡Zv cÖwZev‡` A¶g Zi“Y‡`i †`‡ki Kj¨v‡Y †R‡M IVv GKvšÍ
Ri“wi| Zvi“‡Y¨i Kwe myKvšÍ fÆvPvh© ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq
eqtmwÜKv‡ji ˆewkó¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi G
eqmwU D‡ËRbvi cÖej Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡mi, Rxe‡bi SuywK †bevi| G eq‡m
gvbyl mKj evavÑwecwˇK Rq K‡i AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q I‡V| mgv‡Ri mKj
Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, cxob, mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f‡`i wei“‡×
cÖwZev` Rvbvq| Zviv †`k I RvwZi Kj¨v‡Y msMÖv‡g AeZxY© nq|
cÖ‡qvR‡b Zviv †`‡ki Rb¨ i³ w`‡ZI cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K| DÏxc‡K Ab©‡ci †Pv‡Li
mvg‡b Kv‡jvevRvixi †Q‡j iweDj wgqv‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e gviai Ki‡jI †m
cÖwZev` K‡i bv| bxie `„wó‡Z Ae‡jvKb K‡i evwo wd‡i Av‡m| wKš‘ G‡`‡ki
AMÖMwZ I g½‡ji Rb¨ Ab©‡ci g‡Zv Zi“Y‡`i †R‡M IVv `iKvi| KviY ZvivB
AvMvgx w`‡b RvwZi KY©avi| ZvivB cv‡i †`k †_‡K Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, cxob,
mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` `~i K‡i myLx I mg„× RvwZ Mo‡Z| †`‡ki wei“‡×
†hme Ackw³ i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i cÖwZnZ Kivi ¶gZv GKgvÎ Zv‡`iB Av‡Q| KviY
Zviv AdzišÍ cÖvYkw³‡Z ficyi| †`‡ki wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM I
`ywe©cv‡K Zviv ÎvY wb‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i ¶wZM͇֯`i cv‡k| †`‡k we`¨gvb
wewfbœ mgm¨v †hgb RbmsL¨v e„w×, `ybx©wZ, AvBb k„•Ljv
cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î Zi“‡YivB GwM‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| mgv‡R
†hme mgm¨v we`¨gvb Zviv †m¸‡jv Kwg‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Ab©c hw`
Kv‡jvevRvixi †Q‡ji wei“‡× cÖwZev` KiZ Zvn‡j †m Avi Ab¨vq Ki‡Z cviZ
bv| Gfv‡e †`‡ki g½‡ji Rb¨ Ab©‡ci g‡Zv Zi“Y‡`i †R‡M IVvUv Ri“wi|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

192 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
†`k AvR Pig `ytmgq cvi Ki‡Q| Pviw`‡K R¡jR¡j Ki‡Q Nb Kv‡jv AÜKvi| MwZnxb,
cÖvYnxb cÖwZUv cÖvZ¨wnK| G‡`‡ki hviv Zi“Y hyev, Zviv AvR ¯’weiZvq
Av”Qbœ| bvbv gZ c_ AvR Zv‡`i‡K weåvš— K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Zviv AvR eÇ †ewk
AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKÑZ¨vMx bq| †`‡ki Rb¨ `iKvi bZzb K‡g©v`¨g| `iKvi †`v‡l ¸‡Y
MwZkxj Zvi“Y¨| mZ¨ my›`‡ii c‡¶ †h Zvi“Y¨, `ywb©evi `y`©g †h Zvi“Y¨,
wbtmskq wbf©q †h †hŠebÑZv‡K AvR eo †ewk cÖ‡qvRb †`‡ki Rb¨| wK‡kvi
Kwei gZ ej‡Z nqÑG‡`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g|
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvq AvVv‡iv kãwU KZevi D”PvwiZ 1
n‡q‡Q? 2
L. Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K I †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j ai| 3
M. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvi mv‡_ †Zvgvi cwVZ Ab¨ †Kvb& iPbvi
e³e¨MZ mv`„k¨ we`¨gvb? Df‡qi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
N. G‡`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g G e³e¨wUi Aš—wb©wnZ
cÖZ¨vkv we‡klY Ki|
17 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvq AvVv‡iv kãwU 9 evi D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q|

Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K :

(1) Zvi“Y¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvovevi SzuwK †bq| mvnm,
`ytmvn‡mi µxov‡¶Î Zvi“Y¨|
(2) Zvi“Y¨ f‡q fxZ bq| evav wWwO‡q †cuŠ‡Q hvq j‡¶¨, Amy›`‡ii Kv‡Q
gv_v †bvqvq bv- Kuv‡` bv|
(3) Zvi“Y¨ Z¨v‡Mi gwngv †ev‡S, i³g~j¨ w`‡Z Rv‡b| Zvi“‡Y¨i MwZ
`ye©vi|
(4) G eqm Abyf~wZcÖeY Ges ms‡e`bkxj|
(5) Zvi“‡Y¨i MwZ Zxeª| c_ Pj‡Z †_‡g hvq bv G eqm|
(6) Zvi“‡Y¨i g‡a¨ fxi“Zv, Kvcyi“lZv ¯’vb cvq bv| Zvi“Y¨ wbtmskq|
Zvi“‡Y¨i †bwZevPK w`K :
(1) Zvi“Y¨ fqsKi n‡q _v‡K gv‡S gv‡S, hš¿YvKvZi `ytmn|
(2) bvbv hš¿Yvq ¶Zwe¶Z n‡q w`Måó nq Zvi“Y¨| ¶Zwe¶Z nqÑwec_Mvgx
nq|
(3)åvwš—i dj¯^i~c `xN©k¦v‡m f‡i hvq Zvi“Y¨ KL‡bv KL‡bv|

ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi mv‡_ we‡`ªvnx Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg
iwPZ Ô†hŠe‡bi MvbÕ-Gi mvhyR¨ we`¨gvb| Dfq iPbvi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨
we`¨gvb| wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î wfbœ cÖm½ G‡m‡Q| Ô†hŠe‡bi MvbÕ-G
Zvi“‡Y¨i cwiPvj‡Ki f~wgKvq cÖexY‡K cvIqv hvq| Zviv _v‡K kw³i †cQ‡b
i“wai avivi g‡Zv †Mvc‡b, Kzmy‡gi gv‡S gvwUi ggZv i‡mi g‡Zv Aj‡¶¨|
Ô†hŠe‡bi MvbÕ -G bRi“j Zvi“Y¨ I eva©‡K¨i †iLvwPÎ A¼b K‡i‡Qb| hviv
cyi‡bv‡K, g„Zz¨‡K, wg_¨v‡K AuvK‡o _v‡KÑZvivB e„×, Zv‡`i ag©B
eva©K¨| hviv A‡jvKwcqvmx, wbqZ m¤§y‡L AMÖmigvb-ZvivB Zi“Y|
Zv‡`i ag© Zvi“Y¨| ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq eva©K¨ ev e„×
m¤ú‡K© wKQzB e‡jbwb Kwe| GLv‡b ïay Zi“‡Yi Av‡jL¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| hviv
wbf©xK, wbtmskqÑkw³ hv‡`i AwgZ, mvnm hv‡`i AvKvk‡QuvqvÑMwZ
hv‡`i DÏvg ZvivB Zi“Y| bRi“j †hLv‡b eva©‡K¨i mv‡_ Zvi“‡Y¨i e¨eavb
†`wL‡q‡QbÑmyKvš— †mLv‡b ïay Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb| bRi“j ag©-
AÆvwjKvi K_v e‡j‡Qb hv co co| Ii Z‡j Pvcv c‡o †kl n‡Z cv‡i wb®úvc
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 193
cÖvY| myKvš— ag©xq AvbyM‡Z¨i w`KUv e‡jbwb; Z‡e cÖej D`¨‡g c‡_i
cv_i evav AwZµg‡Y Zvi“‡Y¨i kw³i cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| †hŠe‡bi Mvb G bRi“j
cÖex‡Yi cÖwZwbwa| e‡j‡Qb- Avwg Kg©x bB a¨vbx| Z‡e Zvi c¶cvZ
Zvi“‡Y¨i w`‡K| ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe Zi“Y| Zuvi c¶cvZI
Zi“‡Yi w`‡K| bRi“j †`‡ki Rb¨ Zvi“‡Y¨i weRq cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb| myKvš—
fÆvPvh©I cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡QbÑÔG‡`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g|Õ gbb
a‡g© Dfq KweB Zvi“‡Y¨i kw³‡Z Av¯’vkxj|

Zvi“Y¨ hv AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi `vb, Rxe‡bi †mvbvwj †mvcvb| eqmwU

D‡ËRbvi, Av‡e‡Mi, D”Q¡v‡mi| mg¯— Ab¨vq Awbqg‡K cÖwZnZ K‡i
Am‡Z¨i wei“‡× gv_v Zz‡j `uvovevi eqm GwU| G eq‡mi ag©B n‡jv
AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv| AvNvZ msNv‡Zi g‡a¨ i³ kc_ wb‡q
Suvwc‡q cov| †mB m‡½ †`k-Kvj mgv‡R we`¨gvb Amy¯’Zv †gvKv‡ejvq G
eqm n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i fqsKi| wech©‡qi ARmª AvNv‡Z ¶Z-we¶Z I wbt‡kl
n‡Z cv‡i A‡bK cÖvY| G eq‡mi _v‡K `y‡h©vM I `ytmgq Rq Kivi A`g¨
cÖvYkw³| d‡j Zvi“Y¨ `ye©vi †e‡M GwM‡q hvq AMÖhvÎvi c‡_| †hŠe‡bi
DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, `ye©vi MwZ, bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ, Kj¨vYeªZ
BZ¨vw` bvbv BwZevPK ˆewk‡ó¨ AvVv‡iv eQi eqmwU ïå, D¾¡j Ges A¤vb
†R¨vwZ‡Z †cÖv¾¡j| Kwe ZvB G eq‡mi AwaKvix‡`i, beRvMi‡Yi
Zzh©ev`K‡`i‡K AvnŸvb K‡i‡QbÑcwieZ©‡bi Rb¨| Zi“‡Yiv †`ke¨vcx
AmZ¨, Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi‡K `~i K‡i w`‡q mKj `ytL-Mvwb, wnsmv-†Øl,
we‡f`-ˆelg¨‡K gy‡Q w`‡q †`‡ki ey‡K kvwš—gq GK wgjb‡¶Î wbg©vY
Ki‡e| ¯^cœvZzi Kwei ¯^cœ I mvabvÑGme ˆewkó¨ †hb RvZxq Rxe‡bi
PvwjKvkw³ nq| gvby‡li me©v½xb g½j I gyw³ Kvgbvq Kwei mg¯—
Abyf~wZ‡Z GKwU myiB S¼…ZцmUv nj †hŠeb cÖZ¨vkv| mg¯—
cÖZ¨vkv GKwU we›`y‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z n‡q c‡o‡Q| Zvi bvg AvVv‡iv eQi
eqm| Kg©ZrciZvi e¨vcv‡i hv‡`i g‡a¨ Avjm¨ wejvm †bB, ˆkw_j¨
†bBÑD`¨‡gi Afve †bB, †mB Zi“Y‡K Kvgbv K‡i‡Qb Kwe| wbtmskq Amw›`»
hviv,ÑD‡Ïk¨ I j‡¶¨ wbôvevb hZœevb hviv Kg© m¤úv`‡b †`k AvR Zv‡`i
Pvq| Ges Zi“Yiv †h †`‡ki GB cÖZ¨vkv c~i‡Y m¶g †m e¨vcv‡i Kwe cig
Avkvev`x| cig Avk¦v‡m Kwe ZvB †M‡q I‡VbÑG eq‡m ZvB †bB †Kv‡bv
mskq, G‡`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡g|
Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K¸‡jvi Aš—‡j©vK Ae‡jvKb K‡i D”PvwiZ Kwei G
cÖZ¨vkv Kwei AvZ¥gyKzi e‡U|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

Kvš—eveyi †Q‡jUv K‡j‡R c‡o| UMe‡M Zi“Y| K‡jR, evmv, K¬ve, mgvR-
†Kv_vI †Kv‡bv Ab¨vq †`L‡j mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †mw`b K‡j‡R BfwUwRs e‡Ü
Av‡qvwRZ GKwU †mwgbv‡i cÖavb AwZw_ ÔK‡qKRb we‡eKevb mvnmx
Zi“Y PvBÕ e‡j AvnŸvb Rvbv‡j H †Q‡jUvB mevi Av‡M `„ß cv‡q GwM‡q
wM‡qwQj| Kvš—evey †Q‡ji GB mvnwmKZvq Lykx| ej‡jb ÔI‡K IiKg mvnmx
c`‡¶c wb‡Z A‡bKevi †`‡LwQ| Avgvi fq K‡i| wKš‘ G e¨vcv‡iI Lye wbf©xK| Ii
GKUv K_v fv‡jv jv‡M- Zvi“Y¨ Rxe‡bi †mvbvwj †mvcvb|Õ
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvwU g~jZ Kx‡mi RqMvb Mvq? 1
L. Zi“‡Yiv fxi“ Kvcyi“l bq †Kb? 2
M. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZv Ges cÖ`Ë DÏxcK Aej¤^‡b Zi“‡Yi 3
¸Yvewj †jL| 4
N. ÔZvi“Y¨ Rxe‡bi †mvbvwj †mvcvbÕÑDÏxc‡K ewY©Z G
194 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
mZ¨wUi h_v_©Zv wePvi Ki|
18 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

AvVv‡iv eQi eqm g~jZ Zvi“‡Y¨i RqMvb K‡i|

gvby‡li kix‡i GKUv kvixie„Ëxq NUbv N‡U GKUv we‡kl eqm ch©š—Ñhvi
bvg DcwPwZ| G mgqUv kixi MV‡bi mgq| Zi“Yiv †mB mgqUvi mydj †fvM
K‡i| kixi Ry‡o _v‡K kw³i `vcU| g‡bvej _v‡K AUzU| kix‡ii kw³ Avi g‡bve‡ji
mw¤§j‡b Drcbœ nq mvnm| mvn‡mi mg_©‡bi Kvi‡Y fxi“Zv ev Kvcyi“lZv
¯’vb cvq bv Zi“‡Yi g‡b| mvn‡mi f~wgKvq †h Kvh© m¤úvw`Z nq Zv
cÖvqkB cÖkswmZ nq| KviY Zv Kj¨vYKi n‡q _v‡K| GB cÖksmv Zv‡`i
AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx K‡i| Av‡iv mvnmx K‡i| d‡j fxi“Zv ev Kvcyi“lZv cÖfve we¯—
vi K‡i bv Zi“‡Yi g‡b|

Zvi“Y¨ ev †hŠeb gvbe Rxe‡bi GK ¯^Y©mgq| ev‡j¨i Amnvq ciwbf©ikxj

Ae¯’v KvwU‡q G mgq gvbyl AvZ¥gyKz‡i wb‡R‡K †`‡L| cwigvc K‡i wb‡Ri
kw³| kvixwiK DcwPwZi d‡j kix‡i mwÂZ nq kw³| Avi Av‡e‡Mi cÖve‡j¨i
Kvi‡Y A‡bK mvnm Rgv nq ey‡K| wVK wb‡`©kbv †c‡j wVK KvRwU Ki‡Z
cv‡i Zviv| Gmgq Zi“‡Yi gbUv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vKzj _v‡K| †h g~j¨‡eva
Zv‡`i‡K wk¶v †`qv n‡e, †mBfv‡e M‡o DV‡e Zv‡`i cieZ©x Rxeb| fv‡jv ev
g›` hv‡K cv‡e Zv‡KB Aej¤^b Ki‡e Zi“Y| fxi“Zv wk¶v †c‡j j¾vRbK
AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡i Zi“Y, wKš‘ exiZ¡ wk¶v †c‡j mvn‡m F× nq Zi“‡Yi ˆPZb¨|
mgv‡R, msmv‡i A‡bK mgq mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ mgvavb Ki‡Z nq A‡bK
mgm¨v| ejv hvqÑmsmv‡ii A‡bK KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ `iKvi nq mvnm|
Zi“Y †mB mvn‡mi Avavi| wbfx©K wP‡Ë Zviv GwM‡q hvq mvg‡b, j¶¨
¯’v‡b| wb‡R‡K e¨vc„Z iv‡L ïf I Kj¨vYKi Kv‡R| Avevi fyjfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡j
AKj¨vY Dcnvi †`‡e †m| Zi“Y eq‡m Zv‡`i we‡eK‡K RvMÖZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j
mgvR I msmvi‡K Zviv w`‡Z cvi‡e A‡bK wKQz| Ackw³‡K Ac‡bv`‡bi Rb¨
Zvi“‡Y¨i mvn‡mi weKí †bB| g›`‡K aŸsm ev cÖwZnZ K‡i, m‡Z¨i AvKv‡k
gv_v †Zvjvi mrmvnm Av‡Q, _v‡KÑ_vKv DwPZ Zi“‡Yi|

Zvi“Y¨ GKwU Avkxe©v` cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rxe‡b| ˆK‡kv‡ii wbg©j cwikÖ“Z ü`q

ZL‡bv Zv‡`i ey‡Ki Mnx‡b ¯ú›`bgvb| †Kvgj, kvš— ms‡e`bkxj wPËe„wË
wb‡q wK‡kvi hLb Zi“Y nq ZLb Zvi AvZ¥kw³‡Z hy³ nq bZzb GK
cÖKviÑgvbwmK Fw×| gbUv ZLb ¯^vaxbfv‡e †Kvb wKQz‡K MÖnY Kivi
Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K| G mgqUv cÖexY ev AwffveK‡`i f~wgKv _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K
wVK c‡_ cwiPvjbv Kivi| †h ¯úa©vi Mwe©Z gvwjK nq Zvi †mUvi h_vh_
e¨envi Kiv `iKvi| fyj c‡_ †hb e¨wqZ bv nq ¯úwa©Z g‡bve„wË †m
w`KUvq †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq| G eq‡m gvbyl gv_v Zz‡j `uvovq, †MŠie †NvlYv
K‡i e¨w³‡Z¡i| G mgqUv SzuwKc~Y©| cÖwZ c`‡¶‡c mveavbZv, mZK©Zv
Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| fzj c`‡¶‡c Q›`cZb NU‡Z cv‡i Rxe‡bi, wVK c`‡¶‡c N‡U
_v‡K DËiY| c_ Pjv AÜKvi c‡_ n‡jÑAv`wk©K g„Zz¨, cwiYv‡g Akª‡×q| c_Pjv
Av‡jv Sjgj c‡_ n‡j AvZ¥D‡ØvabÑcwiYv‡g kª×vN©¨ cÖvwß|
¯§Z©e¨ÑZi“Y‡`i g‡a¨ G mgq we‡ePbv kw³ cÖZ¨vwkZ bq| Zv‡`i g‡a¨
_v‡K AwgZ kw³ I mvnm, ˆbwZK g‡bvej| GB ej‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zv‡`i‡K
cwiPvwjZ Kiv hvq myc‡_| cwicv‡k¦©i RÄvj Gwo‡q, Ackw³‡Z `ycv‡q
gvwo‡q Zi“Yiv cv‡i my›`i AvMvwgi c‡_ GwM‡q †h‡Z| GUv GKUv eûgyLx
†gvo| G mg‡q my›`i AwffveK‡Z¡ Zi“Yiv †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡i A‡c¶vK…Z fv‡jv
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 195
c_wU| µ‡gvbœwZi wmuwo †e‡q D‡V †h‡Z cv‡i cieZ©x Rxe‡bi
Av‡jv‡Kv¾¡j c‡_i w`‡K| GRb¨ Zvi“Y¨ ev Zi“Y eqm‡K ejv nq Rxe‡bi
†mvbvwj †mvcvb|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

ÔZvi“Y¨ me ai‡bi g›` n‡Z `~‡i| †Kv‡bv `ytL Kó †hŠeb‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv|Õ mgªvU m¨v‡ii G K_vq wØgZ †cvlY Ki‡jb iwk` m¨vi| ej‡jb Ô†hŠeb
wec`gy³ bq, eis wec`hy³| KviY mKj Amy›`‡ii wei“‡× jovB Ki‡Z nq
e‡jÑZvi“‡Y¨i c‡` c‡` wec`| GRb¨ AvNvZ Av‡m, `xN©k¦vm Av‡m| †e`bvq
†e`bvZ© nq Zvi“Y¨| GUv ¯^vfvweK NUbv|
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m cÖv‡Yi cÖK…wZ †jL| 1
L. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKi †Kb? 2
M. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Ges DÏxc‡K †`Lv hvq Zvi“‡Y¨i c‡` c‡` wec` 3
-Gi KviY we‡klY Ki| 4
N. Zvi“‡Y¨i gv‡S †e`bv we¯—vix Ackw³i ¯^i~c m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Ki|
19 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m ZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y Amn¨ hš¿Yv|

AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Abyf~wZi MfxiZv, ZxeªZv I myMfxi ms‡e`bkxjZv

gvby‡li Rxe‡b cÖKU n‡q †`Lv †`q| cvwicv‡k¦©i Ab¨vq, Amvg¨, †kvlY-
eÂbv †`‡L Zi“‡Yi g‡bvRM‡Z cÖwZwµqv nq Mfxi| Gme †`‡L cÖvYeš—
Zi“‡Yiv ¶zä n‡q I‡V| g›`, fv‡jv †bwZevPK BwZevPK bvbv ZË¡, gZev`,
`k©b BZ¨vw`i mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z ïi“ K‡i Zi“‡Yiv| †mB mv‡_ mgvR Rxe‡b
bvbv AwePvi, Amy¯’Zv I me©bv‡ki AwfNv‡Z G eqm n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i
fq¼i| weK…wZ, wec_MvwgZv I wech©‡qi ARmª AvNv‡Z ¶Z-we¶Z I
wbt‡kl n‡Z cv‡i A‡bK Zi“Y ZvRv cÖvY| fyj wb‡`©kbv ev wm×vš—nxbZv
Zv‡`i †V‡j w`‡Z cv‡i me©bv‡ki w`‡K| Gi d‡j kw³gËvq ficyi `ywe©bxZ
Zvi“Y¨ Rxe‡bi j‡¶¨ †cuŠQ‡Z bvI cv‡i| e‡qvtmwÜKv‡ji GB RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y
Zviv n‡q I‡V fqsKi| GRb¨ Kwei h_v_© Dcjwä AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKi|

Zvi“Y¨, mKj Amy›`‡ii wei“‡×, Am‡Z¨i wei“‡×, Amv‡g¨i wei“‡×

msMÖv‡g wjß| G msMÖv‡g Zvi“‡Y¨i MwZ cÖPÊ| Pjvi c‡_ bvbvwea evav
G‡m Zi“‡Yi MwZ‡K k_ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| weNœ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i m„wókxjZvi
c‡¶| hviv g›` RM‡Zi evwm›`v, hviv Pvq bv Zi“Yiv bZzb wKQz Ki“K, Zviv
cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e Zi“‡Yi MwZ‡K gš’i ev Zvi Pjv‡K ¯—ä K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
Av‡jv Sjgj cÖ‡jvf‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i‡K †U‡b wb‡q hvq AÜKv‡ii c‡_| Zv‡`i
AwgZ kw³, Adziš— m¤¢vebv‡K Abyrcv`bkxj Lv‡Z e¨wqZ n‡jÑZv‡Z
Zi“‡Yi kw³‡K Akª×v Kiv nq| Zi“‡Yi D‡Ïk¨B gn‡Ë¦ F×| †mB D‡Ïk¨ hw`
wfbœc_Mvgx nq Zvn‡j Zv nq Zvi“Y¨‡K nZ¨v Kivi kvwgj| hviv gvbeZvi
Kj¨vY Pvq bv mgvR ev †`‡ki mg„w× Pvq bv, hviv nxb e¨w³¯^v_© ev
†Mvôx¯^v_© i¶vq Zrci Zviv Zi“‡Yi me©Rbxb f~wgKv‡K evavMÖ¯—,
weZwK©Z ev weKjv½ Ki‡Z Pvq| ZvivB bvbv mywgó eP‡b Zi“Y‡K
wbi“rmvwnZ Ki‡Z Pvq| Zv‡`i Av‡eMcÖeYZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Amr D‡Ïk¨
mdj K‡i| cÖwZ c`‡¶‡c Zi“Y‡`i‡K Gme RÄvj AcmviY K‡i c_ Pj‡Z nq| c‡_i
cv_i evav miv‡Z †h‡q gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq bvbv mgm¨vi| P~ovš— j‡¶¨ bv
†cuŠQv‡bv ch©š— Gfv‡e cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wkKvi n‡Z nq bvbv Ackw³i| cÖexY
196 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
I e„‡×i i¶YkxjZv, cÖwZwµqvkx‡ji Aš—N©vZ, jv‡fi †jvf, AÜKv‡ii
nvZQvwbÑGme cÖwZwbqZ weNœ m„wó K‡i, Zi“‡Yi Pjvi c‡_| GRb¨
DÏxc‡K ejv n‡q‡QÑZi“‡Yi c‡` c‡` evav|

Zi“Yiv D”Qj, D¾¡j cÖvYeš—| Zi“Y Avb‡›`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| DÏxß Zvi
MwZ, DÏvg Zvi Av‡eM| bZzb m„wói Avb‡›` cjweZ cÖdzj Zi“Y| mZ¨ I
my›`‡ii Rb¨ wb‡ew`Z cÖwZwU Zi“Y| Zviv D”Pvwfjvmx, Zviv D‡`¨vMx,
Zviv kc_ `„ß| M„nxZ kc_ ev¯—evq‡b `„p cÖwZÁ| Zviv mdj| Zvi“‡Y¨i GB
mvd‡j¨ †KD nq D¾xweZ, †KD nq Cl©vwš^Z, †KD cxwoZ| hviv D¾xweZ
nq Zviv Zi“Y‡K mg_©b, mn‡hvwMZv K‡i- mvg‡b GwM‡q †h‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i| fv‡jv Ki‡j cÖksmv K‡i, g›` Ki‡j mZK© K‡i, wbi“rmvn K‡i bv| hviv
Zvi“‡Y¨i Kg©Kv‡Ê D¾¦xweZ nq Zviv †cQb n‡Z wbqš¿Y ev cwiPvjbv K‡i
Zi“Y‡K| wb‡R‡`i Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zi“Y‡`i‡K mvg‡b wVK
c‡_ cwiPvjbv K‡i| wKš‘ hviv Cl©vwš^Z Zviv Zi“Y‡`i‡K fyj c‡_ cwiPvwjZ
K‡i| Zv‡`i cweÎ cÖvYkw³‡K AÜKvi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i| †h Zvi“Y¨ Kj¨v‡Yi
avivevnx, Zv‡K AKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ DrmM© K‡i| Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖvYcÖvPyh©‡K
Zviv wb›`vq bxj K‡i †`q| Zi“‡Yi gvbwmKZv‡K `~wlZ-KjywlZ K‡i †`q|
wewfbœ Av`wk©K Ave‡Z© †d‡j Zi“Y‡K weåvš, wec_Mvgx I wec`Mvgx
K‡i Cl©vwš^Z gnj| hviv cxwoZ nq, Zvi“‡Y¨i mvd‡j¨ ZvivI wewea Dcv‡q
Zi“Y‡K evavMÖ¯— K‡i| Zv‡`i Av‡eM‡K cyuwR K‡i e¨w³ ev †Mvôx¯^v_©
nvwmj K‡i| Zi“‡Yi cwikÖ“Z gbb‡K Aej¤^b K‡i wb‡R‡`i †bvsiv ¯^v_©
PwiZv_© K‡i|
Zi“Y‡K wN‡i †h g‡›`i wgwQjÑZviv wb‡RivB fv‡jv wKQz K‡i bv| GKvš—
wbw›`Z Zv‡`i `k©b| Zvi“‡Y¨i ïf kw³‡K ZvB Zv‡`i fq| †mB fq‡K Rq Ki‡Z
Zviv Zi“Y‡K Kv‡Q Uv‡b bvbv jv‡fi †jvf †`wL‡q| Zviv gvbeZvi kΓ| Zviv
Zvi“‡Y¨i Rb¨ ¶wZKviK|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI|

g„Zz¨Äq evey Ges ivg‡gvnb evey `yÕR‡bB cwÊZ e¨w³| wKš‘ g„Zz¨Äq evey
bZzb‡K, cÖMwZkxjZv‡K, Zvi“Y¨‡K Lye †ewk cÖksmv K‡ib bv| ivg‡gvnb
evey G w`K w`‡q cÖvMÖmi| wZwb e‡jb- ÔwKQz Lvivc w`K Zvi“‡Y¨i Av‡Q;
me kw³iB _v‡K| ZviciI Zvi“‡Y¨i weRq me©Î| †`‡k-we‡`‡k hZ `y‡h©vM
`ytmgq G‡m‡Q †mLv‡bB Zi“Yiv GwM‡q †M‡Q mvnm wb‡q| †hLv‡b mevB
cyi‡bv‡K AuvK‡o a‡i c‡o Av‡QbцmLv‡b Zvi“‡Y¨i An¼viÑZviv bZzb
wKQz‡Zv K‡i| Avcbviv †Zv MÖš’KxU| bex‡bi †kŠh© Avcbv‡`i Amn¨|Õ
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m AvNvZ Av‡m †Kgb fv‡e? 1
L. G eqm Kv‡jv j¶ `xN©k¦vmцKb Kv‡jv? 2
M. DÏxcK Aej¤^‡b Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖksmbxq w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3
N. DÏxcKwU/Aby‡”Q`wU g~jZ Kwei wbR¯^ gvbwmKZvi 4
cÖwZdjbÑG e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi AwfgZ †jL|
20 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi

AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m AvNvZ Av‡m Awekªvš—|

Zvi“‡Y¨i mvg‡b we¯—i evav wecwË G‡m `uvovq| Zv‡K wech©¯— K‡i
†Zv‡j †mme `ytmgq| Zv‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ges †m AvNvZ eyK †c‡Z MÖnY K‡i
†m| d‡j Zi“‡Yiv m‡PZb I m‡Pó n‡q mywbw`©ó j‡¶¨ Rxeb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z
bv cvivq †dj‡Z nq `xN©k¦vm| A‡bK RwUj cwiw¯’wZ m„wó nq e‡j KL‡bv
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 197
KL‡bv †e`bv Abyfe Ki‡Z nq| Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖej †Zv‡o gv‡S gv‡S fyj msNwUZ
nq e‡j `xN©k¦vm †dj‡Z nq|

Zvi“Y¨, Rxe‡bi †mvbvwj †mvcvb| Rxe‡b mdjZvi Rb¨ `iKvi Kg©| K‡g©i
†h dj Zv †_‡K Av‡m mg„w×| †h ev hviv K‡g©i mv‡_ GwM‡q hvq †m ev
Zviv mvd‡j¨i †Quvqv cvqB| K‡g©i GB ZvwM` ev Aby‡cÖiYv AR©b Ki‡Z
nq evj¨Kvj †_‡KB| Avi Zv MwZcÖvß nq Zvi“‡Y¨ ev †hŠe‡b| hviv Kv‡Ri
†ejvq Lye †ewk wn‡mex hviv †jvKmv‡bi f‡q KvR K‡i bvÑhviv d‡ji e¨vcv‡i
AwbwðZ n‡q Kg©wegyL nq, Zi“Yiv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ c‡o bv| dj wbwðZ †R‡b ev
d‡ji gvb m¤ú‡K© †R‡b †hgb Zviv KvR K‡i, dj m¤ú‡K© AwbwðZ n‡qI
Zviv KvR K‡i| G‡Kev‡i Kg©wegyLZv Zi“Y‡`i c‡¶ Am¤¢e| dj hvB †nvK
Zviv bZzb wKQz K‡iÑGUvB eoK_v| ïay AvZ¥¯^v_© gMœ KvR bq, ˆewk¦K
Kv‡RI Zi“‡Yi PiY K¬vwš—‡Z Aembœ bq| †`‡k ev we‡`‡k hLb `ytmgq
G‡m‡Q, `y‡h©vM G‡m‡Q Zi“‡Yiv wbt¯^v_© wP‡Ë GwM‡q †M‡Q|
gvbeZvi Rb¨ DrmM© K‡i‡Q wb‡R‡K| †hLv‡b e„× ev cÖex‡Yiv bxwZ-
wbqg g~j¨‡eva wb‡q mxgvi g‡a¨ Ave× †mLv‡b Zi“‡Yiv me
mxgve×Zv‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j me gvby‡li ¯^Rbi~‡c Avwef©~Z| Zi“‡Yiv †Kvb
nxbgb¨Zv‡K cÖkªq †`q bv| KvR K‡i, †mev w`‡q bZzb wKQz K‡i Zviv
A‡b¨i AbyKiYxq, AbymiYxqÑfv‡jv jvMvi cvÎ n‡q I‡V|

wK‡kvi Kwe wn‡m‡e m¤§vwbZ Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh©| gvÎ GKzk eQi
eq‡m g„Zz¨ n‡qwQj Zuvi| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, wZwb hLb AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
Zi“Y wQ‡jb, ZLbÑAvZ¥gyKz‡i †`Lv AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K KweZvq i~c`vb
K‡iwQ‡jb| AvVv‡iv eqm eqmUv A‡b‡Ki Rb¨ eqtmwÜKvj| wb‡Ri AwfÁZvi
Av‡jv‡K eqtmwÜKv‡ji †`vl¸Y‡K wZwb Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb G KweZvq| ˆK‡kv‡ii
bvRyK wPËe„wË †_‡K †hŠe‡b cv ivLvi G eqmwU Av‡e‡Mi, D‡ËRbvi,
D”Q¡v‡mi| Amg mvn‡m SzuwK †bqvi mgq GUvB| G eqm A`g¨
`ytmvn‡m mKj evav-wecwˇK †cwi‡q hvIqv Ges Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× gv_v
DuPz K‡i `uvovevi eqm| G eq‡mi ag©B n‡jv AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb Av`‡k©
D¾xweZ nIqv| AvNvZ-msNvZ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i mvg‡b GwM‡q hvIqv| kc_
`xß n‡q mvdj¨‡K aivi †Póv Kiv| Avevi cwicv‡k¦©i-mgvR msmv‡ii bvbv
AwePvi, ˆelg¨, Awbqg, AgvbweKZv BZ¨vw`i AwfNv‡Z Av‡eMvkªqx G
eqm n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i fq¼i| weK…wZ I wech©‡qi ARmª AvNv‡Z ¶Zwe¶Z I
wbt‡kl n‡Z cv‡i DÏvg Zvi“Y¨| Avevi GB eq‡mB _v‡K mg¯— `y‡h©vM Avi
`ytmgq †gvKv‡ejv Kivi A`g¨ kw³| G mgq Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³ mgwš^Z
Av‡eM wb‡q `ye©vi MwZ‡Z GwM‡q hvq AMÖhvÎvi c‡_| †hŠe‡bi DÏxcbv,
mvnwmKZv, MwZ, Rxeb cÖZ¨vkv I Kj¨vYKvgx wPËe„wËÑGme ˆewk‡ó¨i
Rb¨ Kwei HKvwš—K cÖZ¨vkv mgm¨v cxwoZ Avgv‡`i †`‡k Zvi“Y¨ I
†hŠebkw³ †hb RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ nq| Kwei GB cÖZ¨vkv AvVv‡iv
eQi eqm KweZvi †`n wN‡i| Zi“Y‡`i wN‡i Kwei †h cÖZ¨vkv Zv †hgb Av‡Q,
†Zgwb Av‡Q †`k‡cÖwgK Kwei †`kvZ¥‡ev‡ai cwiPq| †`‡ki Rb¨ `iKvi
cÖvYkw³, †ZR, mvnm, Z¨vM, Av‡eM| Gme wKQz Zi“‡Yi g‡a¨ Av‡Q| ZvB
Zvi“Y¨kw³i cÖwZ Kwei GB HKvwš—K c¶cvZ| †`k GB Zvi“‡Y¨ f‡i DVyK
GUvI Kwei cÖZ¨vkv| GRb¨ DÏxc‡K †h `vwe Kiv n‡q‡Qцh GwU Kwei
wbR¯^ gvbwmKZvi cÖwZdjbÑZv mˆe©e mZ¨|
198 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv

Abykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi cÖ‡kœvËi

1. myKvš— fÆPvh© KZ eQi K Kwe cwiwPwZ : (†evW©
eq‡m g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib? eB †_‡K)
K 19 L 20 R 21 N 22 5. myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i ˆcZ…K
2. ÔG †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK wbevm †Kv_vq?
†b‡g|Õ Ñ †Kvb ˆewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y K weµgcyi L KjKvZv M
Kwe AvVv‡ivi cÖZ¨vkv gvwbKMÄ S †MvcvjMÄ
K‡i‡Qb? 6. myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i ˆcZ…K
P BwZevPK L `ytmvnm wbevm †Kvb MÖv‡g?
M eqm N Zvi“Y¨ K gaycyi L iwdKcyi
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 R †KvUvjxcvovq N AvUcvovq
msL¨K cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI| 7. myKvš— fÆvPvh© †Kv_vq
weªwUk kvmK‡`i AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
fviZevmx| †¶v‡fi Av¸b Qwo‡q K gv`vixcy‡i L
c‡o me©Î| gv÷vi`v m~h© †MvcvjM‡Ä
†m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ BD‡ivwcqvb M XvKvq S KjKvZvq
K¬ve Avµg‡Y GwM‡q Av‡mb 8. myKvš— fÆvPvh© KZ
Zuvi A‡bK Abymvix| Gu‡`iB wLªóv‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?
GKRb cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vi| †kl K 1922 wLª÷v‡ã L 1927 wLª÷v‡ã
ch©š— wZwb g„Zz¨‡K eiY K‡i R 1926 wLª÷v‡ã N 1931
wb‡q‡Qb wKš‘ AvZ¥mgc©Y wLª÷v‡ã
K‡ibwb| 9. myKvš— fÆvPvh© KZ
3. DÏxc‡Ki cÖxwZjZvi gv‡S dz‡U wLªóv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
IVv w`KwU ÒAvVvi eQi eqmÓ P 1947 wLª÷v‡ã L 1940 wLª÷v‡ã
KweZvi †h w`KwU‡K Bw½Z M 1951 wLª÷v‡ã N 1943
K‡i Zv n‡jv wLª÷v‡ã
i. Zvi“Y¨ 10. myKvš— fÆvPvh© KZ eQi
ii. AvZ¥Z¨vM eq‡m g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
iii. me©bv‡ki AwfNvZ K cuwPk eQi L wek
wb‡Pi †KvbwU wVK? eQi
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i. ii I iii R GKzk eQi N EbwÎk
4. Bw½Zc~Y© w`KwU wb‡Pi eQi
†Kvb PiYhyM‡j dz‡U D‡V‡Q? 11. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
P G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨ KweZvwUi iPwqZv †K?
ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j K iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë
L AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m †bB fq M RmxgD`&`xb S myKvš—
cv`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i evav fÆvPvh©
M cÖvY †`Iqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K 12. myKvš— fÆvPvh© †Kvb
bv k~b¨ hy‡Mi we‡`ªvnx Zi“Y Kwe?
mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j K iex›`ª-myax›`ªbv‡_vËi hy‡Mi
N G eqm evu‡P `y‡h©v‡M Avi L iex›`ª-Rxebvb›`‡Ëvi hy‡Mi
S‡o, M iex›`ª-m‡Z¨›`ªbv‡_vËi hy‡Mi
wec‡`i gy‡L G eqm AMÖYx S iex›`ª-bRi“‡jvËi hy‡Mi
gv÷vi †UªBbvi KZ©„K 13. myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i weL¨vZ
hvPvBK…Z eûwbe©vPwb Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
cÖ‡kœvËi K mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS Q QvocÎ
mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 199
M Nyg †bB N weaŸ¯ K wbf©q Q `ytmn M
— bxwjgv mskqx N webqx
14. ÔniZvjÕ myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i 24. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq
Kx RvZxq iPbv? 2q ¯—e‡K eqm‡K Kx bv‡g
K ig¨ L Dcb¨vm R Kve¨ m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡q‡Q?
N wkï‡Zvl K `ytmn L webqx M `ye©vi S
15. Ôc~e©vfvmÕ Kve¨MÖš’wUi wbf©q
iPwqZvi bvg Kx? 25. †Zvgvi cvV¨m~wPi †Kvb
K kvgmyi ivngvb L mywdqv KweZvq w÷gv‡ii K_v D‡jL Av‡Q?
Kvgvj K Rxeb-e›`bv L cv‡Äwi
M Rxebvb›` `vk S myKvš— R AvVv‡iv eQi eqm N
fÆvPvh© †mvbvi Zix
16. myKvš— fÆvPvh© 26. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi
d¨vwmev`we‡ivax †jLK-wkíx cª_g jvBb †KvbwU?
ms‡Ni R‡b¨ †Kvb K G eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨
Kve¨MÖš’wU m¤úv`bv K‡ib? L AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †bB fq
P AvKvj L A‡bK AvKvk M AvVv‡iv eQi eqm †h `ye©vi
M GK †duvUv †Kgb Abj N niZvj S AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ytmn
L g~j cvV : (†evW© eB †_‡K) 27. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq
17. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ n‡jv- †kl PiYwU‡Z Kx AvnŸvb Kiv
K fxi“ L wbf©q M mskqx S n‡q‡Q?
webqx K G eqm †hb bv Av‡m L G eqm

18. ÒZeyI _v‡g bv †hŠeb-†eM, Rxe‡bi Dj- †hb Pj‡Z _v‡K

v‡mÓÑG PiYwUi iPwqZv †K? M G eqm †hb P‡j hvq S G eqm

K KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg L †hb P‡j Av‡m

mywdqv Kvgvj 28. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †¶‡Î
M Awgq PµeZ©x S myKvš— †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨
fÆvPvh© K ˆkke †_‡K ˆK‡kv‡i c`vc©Y

19. ÒcÖvY †`Iqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K L †hŠeb †_‡K e„‡× c`vc©Y

bv k~b¨Ó-†Kvb KweZvi Ask? R ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y

K Rxeb-e›`bv Q AvVv‡iv eQi N †hŠeb †_‡K ˆK‡kv‡i

eqm 29. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq
M cv‡Äwi N Kei AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †Kvb
20. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq w`KwUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KZevi K BwZevPK L
D‡jL Av‡Q? †bwZevPK
K 6 evi L 8 evi R 7 evi N 9 evi M AvZ¥evPK S K I L
21. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq `ywUB
ÔAvVv‡ivÕ KZ evi Av‡Q? 30. iex›`ª-bRi“‡jvËi hy‡Mi
K 7 evi L 8 evi R 9 evi N 10 evi we‡`ªvnx Zi“Y Kwe †K?
22. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq K dii“L Avng` Q myKvš—
†gvU KZwU jvBb Av‡Q? fÆvPvh©
K 39wU L 29wU R 32wU N 42wU
M ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb N Awgq
23. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq PµeZ©x
GB eqm‡K cÖ_‡g Kx e‡j 31. myKv‡š—i weL¨vZ
m‡¤^vab Kiv n‡q‡Q? Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
K niZvj Q QvocÎ
200 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
M nv‡ZgZvqx N c~e©vfvm K AvKvj L meyRcÎ R ¯^vaxbZv
32. Kvwe¨K ˆewk‡ó¨i w`K †_‡K †h Kwei N mIMvZ
m‡½ myKv‡š—i wgj i‡q‡Q? 43. fviZxq KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i
P KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg L mwµq m`m¨ wQ‡jb †Kvb
Rxebvb›` `vk Kwe?
M iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N dii“L Avng` K ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb Q
33. †Kvb eqm‡K Kwe `ytmn myKvš— fÆvPvh©
e‡j‡Qb? M Avnmvb nvexe N weòz †`
K 14 eQi eqm‡K Q 18 eQi eqm‡K 44. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm c‡_i evav
M 15 eQi eqm‡K N 19 eQi eqm‡K †Kgb K‡i fvO‡Z Pvq?
34. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx Rv‡b? K hy× K‡i L
K wece L ¶Z-we¶Z n‡Z KzVvivNv‡Z
R i³`v‡bi cyY¨ N Kuv`v R PiYvNv‡Z N Av¸b
35. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mB Anin Kx R¡vwj‡q
DuwK †`q? 45. myKvš— Kx ai‡bi Kwe?
P mvnm L wece M gš¿Yv N K we‡`ªv‡ni Kwe L kvwš—i Kwe
†Kvjvnj M †cÖ‡gi Kwe S wec‡ei Kwe
36. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Kv‡b Kx 46. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx‡mi g‡a¨
Av‡m? euv‡P?
P hš¿Yv L gš¿Yv M ¸Re N m‡Z¨i K fv‡jv I g‡›` L nvwm Avi
evYx Kvbœvq
37. wec‡`i gy‡L AvVv‡iv eQi R `y‡h©v‡M Avi S‡o N Avkv
eq‡mi i~c †Kgb? Avi nZvkvq
K AMÖYx L 47. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Kx Av‡m?
mvnmx K kvwš— L Kvbœv M
R wKsKZ©e¨weg~p N Kj¨vY S AvNvZ
cðvrgyLx 48. Kviv fxi“, Kvcyi“l bq?
38. bZzb wKQy K‡i †Kvb eq‡m? K eyw×Rxexiv L wkïiv R
K wK‡kvi eq‡m L 40 eQi eq‡m Zi“‡Yiv N e„×iv
M evj¨ eq‡m S AvVv‡iv eQi 49. G †`‡ki ey‡K Avevi Kx †b‡g
eq‡m AvmyK e‡j myKvš— fÆvPvh©
39. ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eq‡miÓ Zuvi ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
†bwZevPK w`K †KvbwU? KweZvq D‡jL K‡i‡Qb?
K Kuv`‡Z Rv‡b bv Q fq¼i K evBk L Kj¨vY M kvwš— S
M nvm‡Z Rv‡b bv N gv_v †bvqvq AvVv‡iv
bv 50. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm `ytmn †Kb?
40. ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖš’wU K `yiš— e‡j L cov‡kvbvi Pvc
cÖKvwkZ nq KZ mv‡j? _v‡K e‡j
K 1945 Q 1948 M 1946 N 1947 M eqtmwÜKvj e‡j S
41. ÒG eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi `ytmvn‡miv DuwK †`q e‡j
cyY¨ÓÑG PiYwUi iPwqZv †K? 51. Ôi³`v‡bi cyY¨Õ ej‡Z Kx
K Awgq PµeZx© L KvRx bRi“j †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
Bmjvg K i³ `v‡b cyY¨ AR©b nq L i³
M ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb S myKvš †cvlY Kiv nq
— fÆvPvh© M i³ wewj‡q †`qv nq S i³
42. myKvš— fÆvPvh© †h cwÎKvi w`‡Z Rvbv
wK‡kvi mfv As‡ki cÖwZôvZv I 52. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fqsKi nq?
AvRxeb m¤úv`K wQ‡jb?
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 201
K `ytL mn¨ Ki‡Z nq e‡j L `ytmn 60. myKvš— fÆvPvh©‡K wec‡ei
e‡j Kwe †Kb ejv nq?
R Kv‡b gš¿Yv Av‡m e‡j N fq K wZwb KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i †bZv
_v‡K e‡j wQ‡jb e‡j
53. †Kb AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m gvbyl L wZwb ivRbxwZi m‡½ RwoZ
AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nq? wQ‡jb e‡j
K `ytmvnmx nq e‡j M Zuvi KweZvq Zi“‡Yi RqMvb
L G eq‡m gvbyl eyw×gvb _v‡K MvIqv n‡q‡Q e‡j
e‡j S Zuvi KweZv wec‡ei i“`ªi‡m
R `ywe©bxZ †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i AvcyZ wQj e‡j
e‡j 61. †Kb AvVv‡iv eQi eqm GZ
N eqtmwÜKvj e‡j ¸i“Z¡c~Y©?
54. Kwe †Kb AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K K G eqm gv_v bZ Ki‡Z Rv‡b bv
AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q‡Qb? Q G eqm gvbeRxe‡bi GK
K `y`©gbxq e‡j L M¤¢xi e‡j DËiYKvjxb ch©v‡q
M AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx e‡j M G eqm Kuv`‡Z Rv‡b bv
S RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ e‡j N G eqm nvm‡Z cv‡i bv
55. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm _‡iv _‡iv 62. ÔZvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`KÕ
Kuv‡c †Kb? ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z
K iv‡M L `yt‡L R †e`bvq N †P‡q‡Qb?
D‡ËRbvq K Zi“Y‡`i we‡`ªvnx mËv‡K
56. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m wech©q L Zi“Y‡`i Lvg-†Lqvwjcbv‡K
†b‡g Avmvi KviY Kx? M Zi“Y‡`i ¶zä n‡q IVv‡K
K wb‡R‡K `ye©j fvevi Kvi‡Y S †`k I RvwZi Kj¨v‡Y Zi“Y‡`i
L AwZwi³ gvbwmK Pv‡c AMÖYx f‚wgKv‡K
R wb‡R‡K wVKg‡Zv cwiPvjbv bv 63. ÔZvi“‡Y¨i †bwZevPK w`KÕ
Ki‡Z cvivi Kvi‡Y ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb?
N Amr eÜz‡`i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi K Zvi“‡Y¨i mvnm‡K
Kvi‡Y Q Zvi“‡Y¨i †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡ I
57. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m mwVK cwiPvjbvi Afve‡K
`ytmvn‡miv DuwK †`q †Kb? M Zvi“‡Y¨i wbf©xK mËv‡K
K wb‡R‡K `ye©j fvevi Kvi‡Y N Zvi“‡Y¨i wecex g‡bvfve‡K
L mvn‡mi Afve e‡j 64. ÒG †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK
R ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i †b‡gÓÑKwe †Kb G cÖv_©bv
e‡j K‡i‡Qb?
N eÜz‡`i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi Kvi‡Y P cÖMwZi c‡_ GwM‡q PjvB
58. cÖvYeš— Zi“‡Yiv ¶zä n‡q I‡V †hŠe‡bi ag©
†Kb? L KwVb g‡bvfv‡ei Rb¨
K wb‡R‡K mvnmx fvevi Kvi‡Y M Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× cÖwZev‡`i Rb¨
L mvn‡mi Afve e‡j N gv_v Zz‡j `uvov‡bvi Rb¨
R AZ¨vPvi-†kvlY †`‡L 65. ÒG eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ
N wec‡` c‡o gš¿YvÓ ÑG Pi‡Yi gva¨‡g Kwe
59. †`k I RvwZi Kj¨v‡Y Zvi“Y¨ kw³ Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
GwM‡q Av‡m †Kb? K Zvi“‡Y¨i ¯^cœwejvwmZv‡K
K Zvi“Y¨ kw³ AcÖwZ‡iva¨ e‡j L Zvi“‡Y¨i wbf©xKZv‡K
L Zvi“Y¨ eÜbnxb e‡j M Zvi“‡Y¨i `ye©vi MwZ‡K
M Zi“Y‡`i cÖavb bxwZB ZvB S Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK †bwZevPK
S GUvB Zvi“‡Y¨i ag© e‡j bvbv ZË¡ I fveaviv‡K
202 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
66. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm †Kb Kuv`‡Z 72. Ôkc‡_i †Kvjvn‡jÕ ej‡Z †jLK Kx
Rv‡b bv? †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
K G eq‡m `ytL-Kó ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡i P wbZ¨bZzb m„wói Djv‡m be be
bv e‡j kc‡_ ejxqvb nIqv‡K
Q G eq‡m `ywe©bxZ †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y L wec‡`i SzuwK wb‡q Rxe‡bi
K‡i AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx nq e‡j cÖwZ ggZv Z¨vM Kiv‡K
M G eq‡m nvm‡Z wb‡la Av‡Q e‡j M Zvi“‡Y¨i wec` k¼v‡K
N G eq‡m Kvbœv fv‡jv bq e‡j N Zvi“‡Y¨i AMÖhvÎv‡K
67. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq 73. Ò¯úa©vq †bq gv_v †Zvjevi
Ô`y‡h©v‡M nvj wVKg‡Zv ivLv SzuwKÓÑGLv‡b Kwe Kx
fviÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z eywS‡q‡Qb?
†P‡q‡Qb? P AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e
K †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi bvbv Pjvi SzuwK
Amyweav‡K L AvZ¥e‡j ejxqvb bv n‡q IVv
L Zvi“‡Y¨i we‡`ªvnx mËvi M AvZ¥gh©v`v‡eva e„w× cvq
cwiYwZ‡K e‡j
M Zvi“‡Y¨i `ytmvnmx Awfhvb‡K N ciwbf©ikxj n‡q †eu‡P _vKv
S Rxe‡bi mwܶ‡Y m‡PZbZvi Afv‡e 74. ÒG eq‡m cÖvY Zxeª Avi
wech©‡qi Avfvm‡K cÖLiÓÑGLv‡b ÔZxeª Avi
68. ZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y Amn¨ cÖLiÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv
hš¿Yvi KviY †KvbwU? n‡q‡QÑ
K gvbwmK wech©q K Abyf‚wZi mxgve×Zv L wein-
L †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y welYœZv
M A_©‡jvjyc e¨w³‡`i †`ŠivZ¥¨ M we‡`ªvnx g‡bvfvevcbœZv
S Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vq, mvgvwRK S Abyf‚wZi ZxeªZv I myMfxi
ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f` ms‡e`bkxjZv
69. G eqm †Kb c_ Pj‡Z †_‡g hvq 75. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K wb‡q
bv? KweZv iPbvi KviY Kx?
P G eqm cÖMwZ I AMÖMwZi P G eqm gvbeRxe‡bi GK
L G eq‡m wPË Aw¯’i _v‡K DËiYKvjxb ch©vq
M G eq‡m `ytmvnm fi K‡i L G eqm evavnxb
N G eq‡m †`n I g‡b ¯’weiZv M G eqm †hŠe‡bi D”Q¦jZvi N G
Av‡m eqm ¯’wei
70. ÔG eqm Kv‡jv j¶ 76. Kwe myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i
`xN©k¦v‡mÕцKb? mv‡_ †Kvb Kwei mv`„k¨ †`Lv
K G eq‡m j¶¨c‡_ A‡bK evav hvq?
Q G eq‡m j¶¨åó nIqvi ARmª K †Mvjvg †gv¯—dv Q KvRx
e¨_©Zvi `xN©k¦vm bRi“j Bmjvg
M G eq‡m Lvg-†Lqvwj Kiv hvq bv M RmxgD`&`xb N kvgmyi
N G eq‡m g‡bi Ae¯’v `ye©j _v‡K ivngvb
e‡j 77. KweZvi wePv‡i myKvš—
71. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m †KD gv_v fÆvPv‡h©i m‡½ wgj Lyu‡R
†bvqvq bv †Kb? cvIqv hvq †Kvb Kwei?
K G eqmxiv ¯^‡cœ we‡fvi _v‡K K Awgq PµeZ©x L iex›`ªbv_
L G eqmxiv gv_v Zz‡j `uvov‡Z VvKzi
cv‡i bv M Avnmvb nvwee S KvRx bRi“j
M G eqmxiv eyw×`xß _v‡K bv Bmjvg
S G eqmxiv AvZ¥e‡j ejxqvb _v‡K
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 203
78. Zvi“‡Y¨i PÂj I Kg©gyLi cÖvY 87. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi
¯ú›`b‡K Kwe Kx‡mi m‡½ cÖ_g ¯—e‡K Kx cÖKvwkZ
Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb? n‡q‡Q?
K †Uª‡bi mv‡_ L Rvnv‡Ri mv‡_ K Zvi“‡Y¨i `ye©jZv L

R ev®úxq w÷gv‡ii mv‡_ N

Zvi“‡Y¨i kw³gqZv
M Zvi“‡Y¨i wb¯ú„nZv S
A‡UvwiKkvi mv‡_
79. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx‡mi Zvi“‡Y¨i fqven i~c
cÖZxK? 88. ÔG eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi cyY¨ÕÑ
K D”Q¡jZvi L wec‡ei R
K_vwUi Zvrch© Kx?
K Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ i³ †NvlYv Ki‡Z Rv‡b
†hŠe‡bi N gvbeZvi
L i³ Siv‡Z cv‡i
80. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi
M i³v³ NUbv NUv‡Z cv‡i
BwZevPK w`K †KvbwU?
S Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ i³g~j¨ w`‡Z Rv‡b
K Kuv`‡Z Rvbv L Kó
M ¶Z-we¶Z S `ytmvnm
89. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq
81. gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ ïf I g½jRbK e‡j †Kvb Kv‡ji ˆewkó¨‡K D‡jL Kiv
g‡b Kiv n‡q‡QÑ n‡q‡Q?
K ˆK‡kv‡ii L
K Zvi“‡Y¨i RqaŸwb‡K
L Zvi“‡Y¨i ag©‡K
†hŠe‡bi
M Zvi“‡Y¨i S
M Zvi“‡Y¨i †bwZevPK ˆewkó¨‡K
S Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK ˆewkó¨‡K
eqtmwÜKv‡ji
82. Zvi“‡Y¨i †bwZevPK w`K 90. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi
†KvbwU? †kl ¯—e‡K Kx cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
K †hŠe‡bi cÖwZ wa°vi Q
P Kv‡jv j¶ `xN©k¦v‡m L wece
M Kuv`‡Z Rv‡b bv N weivU
†hŠe‡bi cÖwZ AvnŸvb
M †hŠe‡bi ¯—~wZMvb N
`ytmvnm
83. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Zvi“‡Y¨i `ye©vi †hŠe‡bi cÖwZ weiw³ cÖKvk
Pjvi MwZi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y©? 91. myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i KweZvi
K RivRxY©Zv L †`n I
ˆewkó¨ Kx?
K cÖK…wZ I ˆbmM© cÖxwZ
g‡bi ¯’weiZv
M mRxeZv S
Q Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× we‡`ªvn I
cÖMwZ I AMÖMwZ msMÖv‡gi AvnŸvb
M bvMwiK Rxeb‡eva
84. ÒG eq‡m †KD gv_v †bvqvevi
N mvgvwRK wbcxob
bqÓÑGi Av‡Mi PiYwU †KvbwU?
K AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx `ytmn
92. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm †Kvb mgq‡K
L ¶Z-we¶Z nq mnmª cÖvY
wbi~cY K‡i‡Q?
M AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †bB fq K AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi mgq‡K

S c`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i evav Q ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi

85. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq mgq‡K
Kwei Kx cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q? M bvMwiK nIqvi mgq‡K
K Kwei evj¨ Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv N ciwbf©ikxj nIqvi mgq‡K
L Kwei ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi 93. †KvbwU AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
AwfÁZv ag©?
M Kwei wk¶v Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv K cwievi‡K Avw_©Kfv‡e mnvqZv
S Kwei e¨w³Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv Kiv
86. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ L †`k‡K Dbœq‡bi w`‡K avweZ
KweZvwU g~jZ- Kiv
K †hŠe‡bi KweZv L †cÖ‡gi KweZv
M c‡_-Nv‡U SMov Kiv
R wecevZ¥K KweZv N
m‡PZbZvg~jK KweZv
204 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
S AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb M Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K cwiev‡ii
g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv Rb¨ g½jRbK
94. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi N Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K mgvR
g~j DcRxe¨ †KvbwU? cwieZ©‡b mnvqK
K mg‡qi mvnmx c`‡¶c †bqv M kãv_© I UxKv : (†evW© eB
L Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× gv_v Zz‡j †_‡K)
`uvov‡bv 100. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
M AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q IVvi AvnŸvb KweZvq ÔeQiÕ kãwU KZevi
Rvbv‡bv Av‡Q?
S eqtmwÜKv‡ji ˆewkó¨ Zz‡j aiv P 7 evi L 11 evi M 13 evi N 9 evi
95. †hŠe‡bi ag© Kx? 101. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
K KZ©e¨civqY n‡q IVv KweZvq ÔeqmÕ kãwU KZevi
Q cÖMwZi c‡_ `ye©vi MwZ‡Z i‡q‡Q?
GwM‡q Pjv K 10 evi L 11 evi R 12 evi N 13
M wb‡R‡K Dchy³fv‡e ˆZwi Kiv evi
N Kvi‡Y AKvi‡Y msMÖvg Kiv 102. ÔZxeªÕ kãwUi mwVK
96. myKv‡š—i KweZvq Ab¨vq, D”PviY †KvbwU?
mvgvwRK ˆelg¨ Ges K wZ‡eªv Q wZe&‡eªv
wbh©vwZZ gvby‡li Rb¨ M Zx‡eªv N wZe‡iv
ggZ¡‡eva cÖKvwkZ nq †Kb? 103. ÔeQiÕ kãwUi mwVK
K wbh©vwZZ gvby‡li RxebvPi‡Yi ey¨rcwË wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
†cÖ¶c‡U K †evQi L ˆemi M e”Qi S ermi
L mgv‡Ri `yb©xwZi †cÖ¶vc‡U 104. Ôgv_vÕ kãwU †Kvb kã
M mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi †cÖ¶vc‡U †_‡K i~cvš—wiZ n‡q G‡m‡Q?
S wek¦e¨vcx hy‡×i fqvenZv, K gMR Q g¯—K M wki
`ywf©¶ I gvbeZvi nvnvKv‡ii N gyÊy
†cÖ¶vc‡U 105. Ô`ytmvnmÕ kãwUi
97. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq mwVK D”PviY †KvbwU?
Kwe Kx cÖZ¨vkv K‡i‡Qb? K `ylmvnk L `ykvnm M
P Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³ †hb RvZxq Rxe‡bi `ytkvnm S `ym&mvnm&
PvwjKvkw³ nq 106. ÔAmn¨Õ kãwUi h_v_©
L AvZ¥e‡j ejxqvb nIqv D”PviY †KvbwU?
M Zvi“‡Y¨i wecex g‡bvfve K Am& Iqvm‡Sv L AmyS‡hv
N Zvi“‡Y¨i AMÖMwZ R A‡mvR&‡Sv N
98. Zvi“‡Y¨i mgv‡Ri Rb¨ ¶wZKi Am&R‡Sv
ˆewkó¨ Kx? 107. Ô`ytmnÕ kãwUi
K Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡q GwM‡q Pjv Ô`ytÕ Øviv †KvbwU‡K wPwýZ
Q †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡ I mwVK Kiv hvq?
cwiPvjbvi Afve K cÖZ¨q L Ae¨q M AbymM©
M we‡`ªvnvZ¥K g‡bvfve S DcmM©
N KwVb wm×vš— 108. Ô`ytÕ Dcm‡M©i ci
99. Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`‡Ki ÔmÕ _vK‡j Kx nq?
cÖwZ Kwei AwaK ¸i“‡Z¡i KviY K gvÎv _v‡K bv L †id e‡m
Kx? R wemM© (t) eRvq _v‡K N
P Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K RvZxq wemM© (t) D‡V hvq
Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ 109. ÔSoÕ kãwUi mwVK
L Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K iv‡óªi ey¨rcwË †KvbwU?
Rb¨ g½jRbK
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 205
K evqycÖevn L eb¨v M S‡ov 121. ÔAninÕ kãwUi
S SÅv mwÜwe‡”Q` †KvbwU?
110. Ôkc_Õ kãwUi mwVK K An + in L Ant + in R Ant + An N
D”PviY †KvbwU? A + in
K k¦c` L kc&Z R k‡cv_& N ïc_ 122. Òev‡®úi †e‡M
111. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ï× w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j|Ó ÑGLv‡b
evbvb? †Kvb AjsKvi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
K gyûZ© L AvZœ R K wPÎKí L i~cK M Dr‡cÖ¶v
`xN©k¦vm N ¶wZMÖ¯’ S Dcgv
112. ÔcÖLiÕ kãwUi mwVK 123. `ytÑDcm‡M©i ci ÔmÕ
D”PviY †KvbwU?| _vK‡j mwÜe× k‡ã wemM©
K cÖK&li L cÖ‡Kvi M cÖ¶i S †cÖvLi eRvq _v‡K| Gi D`vniYÑ
113. Ô`y‡h©vMÕ kãwU K `ywe©ln L `ywe©bxZ
e¨vKi‡Yi †Kvb wbq‡g mvwaZ? M `y‡h©vM S `ytmn
K cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M Q mw܇hv‡M N cvV cwiwPwZ : (†evW© eB
M mgvm‡hv‡M N †_‡K)
DcmM©‡hv‡M 124. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
114. Ô`ytmvnmÕ kãwUi KweZvi ¯—eK msL¨v KZwU?
mwVK mwÜwe‡”Q` Kx? K Qq Q AvU M `k N ev‡iv
K `i + mvnm L `y + kvnm 125. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
M `yk& + mvnm S `yt + mvnm KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ?
115. Ô`ye©viÕ kãwUi K A¶i e„‡Ë Q
mwVK mwÜwe‡”Q` Kx? gvÎve„‡Ë
K `y + e©vi L `yi + e©vi M ¯^ie„‡Ë N
R `yt + evi N `y + evi AwgÎv¶i Q‡›`
116. ÔmucvÕ kãwU †Kvb 126. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
kã †_‡K AvMZ? KweZvwU KZ gvÎvi gvÎve„‡Ë
K mcuv L Ac©Y R mgc©Y N mcv iwPZ?
117. Ôk~b¨Õ kãwUi mwVK P 6 gvÎvi L 4 gvÎvi M 8 gvÎvi N 5
D”PviY †KvbwU? gvÎvi
K ï‡bv L kb&‡bv M k~&Y‡bv 127. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
S ïb&‡bv KweZvi cÖwZwU Pi‡Y KZwU
118. ÔRqaŸwbÕ k‡ãi gvÎv msL¨v Av‡Q?
mwVK D”PviYÑ K 10wU Q 14wU M 12wU N 8wU
K R‡qvaŸwb L 128. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
R‡qv‡avwb KweZvq Kwe g~jZ †Kvb
R R‡qv`&‡avwb N RqaŸwb ˆewkó¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb?
119. `ytÑDcm‡M©i ci ÔhÕ K hyM mwÜKv‡ji Q eqtmwÜKv‡ji
_vK‡j wem‡M©i e`‡j †id nq| M ˆK‡kvi mwÜKv‡ji N ˆkke
Gi D`vniY wb‡Pi †KvbwU? mwÜKv‡ji
P `y‡h©vM L mymsev` 129. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
M `ytmn N `ymsev` cÖavb ag© Kx?
120. Ô`ytmnÕ kãwU P AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb
e¨vKi‡Yi †Kvb wbq‡g mvwaZ g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv
n‡q‡Q? L aŸs‡mi ¯Z‚‡c cwiYZ nIqv
K cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M L DcmM©‡hv‡M M AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q hy‡×
M mgvm‡hv‡M S mw܇hv‡M Suvwc‡q cov
206 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
N †`k‡K i¶v Kiv 139. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
130. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx KweZvwU Kwei †Kvb
Rv‡b bv? Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ?
P Kuv`‡Z L nvm‡Z P QvocÎ L Awfhvb M MxwZ¸”Q
M fq †c‡Z N i³ `vb N niZvj
Ki‡Z 140. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
131. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` †jLv?
c`vNv‡Z Kx fvO‡Z Pvq? K AwgÎv¶i L ¯^ie„Ë R
K †`qvj L cv_i M cÖvPxi S cv_i gvÎve„Ë N A¶ie„Ë
evav 141. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
132. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU Kq gvÎvi Q‡›`
KweZvi g~j ˆewkó¨ Kx? iwPZ?
K †hŠe‡bi DÏxcbv L mvnwmKZv K 10 gvÎvi L 7 gvÎvi M 4
M `ye©vi MwZ S gvÎvi S 6 gvÎvi
me¸‡jvB 142. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
133. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi cÖwZ Pi‡Y gvÎv
KweZvi †kl jvBb †KvbwU? msL¨v KZ?
K ¶Z-we¶Z nq mnm&ª cÖvY K5 L9 M 10 S 14
L G eqm Zey bZzb wKQy †Zv K‡i 143. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
M G eq‡m ZvB †bB †Kvb mskq KweZvq cÖwZ Pi‡Y gvÎvi
S †Kv‡bvwUB bq web¨vmwU †Kgb?
134. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm K5 + 7 + 2 L6 + 5 + 3
†Kvb MwZ‡Z P‡j? R6 + 6 + 2 N 10 + 2 + 2
K evZv‡mi †e‡M L S‡oi †e‡M 144. ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mB
R ev‡®úi †e‡M N we`y¨‡Zi AninÓÑGi c‡ii PiY †KvbwU?
†e‡M K ¶Z-we¶Z nq mnmª cÖvY
135. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ L c‡_ cÖvš—‡i †QvUvq eû Zzdvb
c‡_ cÖvš—‡i Kx m„wó K‡i? R weivU `ytmvn‡miv †`q †h
K So L weRjx R Zzdvb N DuwK
N~wY©So N c`vNv‡Z Pvq fvO‡Z cv_i evav
136. ÒZvRv ZvRv cÖv‡Y 145. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
Amn¨ hš¿YvÓ-†Kvb KweZvi KweZvi g~j e³e¨ Kx?
jvBb? K †hŠe‡bi `ytmvnwmKZv
K evsjv‡`k L GKwU L Zvi“‡Y¨i AMÖMwZ mvab
d‡UvMÖvd M mnR mij Rxeb‡eva

M Rxeb-e›`bv S AvVv‡iv eQi S Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³‡K RvZxq

eqm kw³‡Z i~cvš—i

137. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi 146. myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i
ˆewkó¨ Kx? Rb¥-g„Zz¨ mvj †KvbwU?
K 1925-46 Q 1926-
K bvevjKZ¡ L wec`Mvgx
47
R `ytmn N `yiš—cbv
M 1927-48 N 1929-
138. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ 49
KweZvwU KZ wLª÷v‡ã 147. Kwe myKvš—
cÖKvwkZ nq? fÆvPv‡h©i Rb¥ †Kv_vq?
K 1940 wLª÷v‡ã L 1949 wLª÷v‡ã K b`xqvq Q KjKvZvq
R 1948 wLª÷v‡ã N 1941 M †MvcvjM‡Ä N
wLª÷v‡ã ea©gv‡b
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 207
148. KZ eQi eq‡m Kwe K PÂjZv L Av‡eM R `ytmvn‡mi N
myKvš— fÆvPvh© gviv hvb? Kvbœv
P 21 eQi L 22 eQi M 23 eQi N 158. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm
18 eQi ¯úa©vq Kx K‡i?
149. Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© K c`vNv‡Z cv_i fv‡O Q gv_v
KZ wLª÷v‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib? †Zvjvi SuywK †bq
K 1946 wLª. Q 1947 wLª. M 1947 M i³`vb K‡i N mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i
wLª. N 1945 wLª. †Kvjvn‡j
150. ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖš’ KZ 159. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕÑ
wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwkZ nq?
_‡iv_‡iv Kuv‡c †Kb?
K 1848 Q 1948 M 1952 N 1953
P †e`bvq L iv‡M M
151. ÔniZvjÕ myKvš—
fÆvPv‡h©i †Kvb ai‡bi iPbv? Awfgv‡b N Avb‡›`
P Kve¨ L cÖeÜ M ag©xq N bvUK
160. Zi“‡Yiv AvZ¥v‡K Kvi
152. myKvš— fÆvPvh© Kx Kv‡Q mgc©Y K‡i?
†`‡L AZ¨š— Av‡jvwoZ n‡qwQj? P bZzb kc‡_i L wbR a‡g©i

K evsjvi cÖK…wZ L evOvwji M ivRbxwZi N †cÖ‡gi

we‡`ªvn 161. ÒG eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ

M evsjvi HwZn¨ S gnvhy‡×i gš¿YvÓÑG Pi‡Yi gva¨‡g Kwe
aŸsmjxjv †evSv‡Z Kx †P‡q‡Qb?
P Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK †bwZevPK bvbv
153. myKvš— fÆvPvh© †Kvb
cwÎKvi wK‡kvimfv As‡ki ZË¡ I fveaviv‡K
L Zvi“‡Y¨i `ye©vi MwZ‡K
cÖwZôvZv I AvRxeb m¤úv`K
M Zvi“‡Y¨i wbf©xKZv‡K
wQ‡jb?
N Zvi“‡Y¨i ¯^cœwejvwmZv‡K
A_ev, myKvš— fÆvPvh©
d¨vwmev`we‡ivax †jLK wkíx 162. Òev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii
ms‡Ni c‡¶ †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’wU g‡Zv P‡jÓÑDw³wUi A_© Kx?
m¤úv`b K‡iwQ‡jb? P ev®úxq Bwćbi g‡Zv `ª“Z‡e‡M
K ¯^vaxbZv Q AvKvj M QvocÎ Pjv
N K‡jvj L Zi“Yiv Adziš— cÖvYkw³i aviK
154. e³e¨ I †PZbvMZ w`K M mwVK c‡_ GwM‡q Pjv
†_‡K myKvš— fÆvPv‡q©i mv‡_ N S‡oi g‡Zv MwZ‡eM wb‡q c_Pjv
wgj i‡q‡Q †h Kwei wZwb n‡jbÑ 163. ÒG eqm Kv‡jv j¶
K iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Q KvRx bRi“j `xN©k¦v‡m|Ó G‡Z †KvbwU cÖKvwkZ
Bmjvg n‡q‡Q?
M Awgq PµeZ©x N kvgmyi ivngvb
K †hŠe‡bi BwZevPK w`KwU
155. Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© Q †hŠe‡bi †bwZevPK w`KwU
ˆK‡kv‡i †Kvb gnvhy‡× ZvÊejxjv M †hŠe‡bi Kj¼
†`‡L Av‡jvwoZ nb? N eva©‡K¨i Kj¼
K cÖ_g gnvhy× Q wØZxq 164. AvVv‡iv eQi eqmx‡`i
gnvhy× g‡Zv Avi Kviv wb‡Ri AvZ¥v‡K
M fviZ-cvwK¯—vb hy× N †`k i¶vi ¯^v‡_© mgc©Y K‡i?
gyw³hy× K G‡`‡ki evOvwjiv Q mk¯¿ evwnbxi
156. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ ˆmwbKiv
KweZvi iPwqZv †K? M G‡`‡ki we‡`ªvnx Zi“Yiv N me
K Awgq PµeZ©x L mywdqv Kvgvj gvbyliv
R myKvš— fÆvPvh© N 165. ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
Avnmvb nvexe ag© gnvb g‡š¿ D¾xweZ
157. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Kx nIqvÓÑG gnvb g‡š¿i evnb
DuwK †`q? †KvbwU?
208 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
PAvZ¥Z¨vM L M A¶ie„Ë cqvi N
¯^v_©Z¨vM 173. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
M A_©Z¨vM N KweZvq ÔZzdvbÕ kãwU Kx
wejvwmZv Z¨vM A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
166. ÔG eqm Rv‡b i³`v‡bi P cÖMwZ L civRq M So N
cyY¨ÕÑGK_vq dz‡U D‡V‡Q wb‡Pi
cix¶v
†KvbwU?
174. ÔG‡`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv
K ¯^vwaKvi i¶vq i³`vb L
AvmyK †b‡gÕÑG Pi‡Yi
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ i³`vb
ÔAvVv‡ivÕ ej‡Z †evSvqÑ
M ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ i³`vb
K J×Z¨ L cÖwZev` M RvMiY
S mZ¨, my›`i I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ i³`vb
S †hŠeb
167. wb‡Pi †Kvb k㸔Q
cÖZ¨qx AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi aviK? O eûc`x mgvwßm~PK
K Kíbv, ciwbf©ikxjZv I D‡`¨vM
cÖ‡kœvËi :
Q `ywe©bxZ, ejxqvb I ms‡e`bkxjZv 175. AvVv‡iv eQi eqmÑ
M `xN©k¦vm, mvnwmKZv I D¾xeb i. `ytmn ii. wbf©q iii. `ye©vi
N `ytmvnmx ¯^cœ, cÖvYevb I c`öjb wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
168. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ Ki L ii R i,ii I iii N iii
KweZvq †KvbwU cÖKvwkZ 176. c`vNv‡Z G eqm fvO‡Z
n‡q‡Q? Pvq
K ïf I Aï‡fi Ø›`¡ L mg‡qi i. †`qvj
cÖwZ”Qwe ii. cv_i
M †kvlY-eÂbvi we‡`ªvn S
iii. evav
Zvi“‡Y¨i AwgZ m¤¢vebv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
169. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
K i I iii L ii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
KweZvq †Kvb mg‡qi ˆewkó¨‡K
Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q? 177. G eqm euv‡P 
P eqtmwÜKv‡ji L ˆkkeKv‡ji
i. `y‡h©v‡M ii. Zzdv‡b
M QvÎRxe‡bi N ˆmwbK Rxe‡bi iii. S‡o
170. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
KweZvwU †Kvb Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Aš— K ii L i R i I iii N i I ii

M©Z? 178. wec‡`i gy‡L AvVv‡iv

A_ev, ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ eQi eqm 
KweZvwU myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i i. cðv`Mvgx ii. AMÖMvgx
†Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ iii. `ye©vi
n‡q‡Q? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K niZvj L Awfhvb R QvocÎ N Ki L ii R iii N i I ii

c~e©vfvm 179. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m

171. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqm' DuwK †`q
KweZvi mgag©x iex›`ªbv_ i. fxi“iv ii. Kvcyi“liv
VvKz‡ii GKwU KweZvi bvg iii. `ytmvn‡miv
n‡”QÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K exicyi“l Q mey‡Ri K i I iii L ii R iii N ii

Awfhvb 180. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm P‡j

M e„¶ N wbS©‡ii i. ev‡®úi †e‡M ii. we`y¨‡Zi
¯^cœf½ †e‡M
iii. w÷gv‡ii †e‡M
172. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ?
Ki Q i I iii M ii N i I ii
K ¯^ie„Ë Q gvÎve„Ë
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 209
181. G eqm (AvVv‡iv eQi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
eqm) Rv‡b bv K i I ii Q iii M ii N i
i. Kuv`‡Z ii. mskq 188. Kwe myKv‡š—i
iii. nvm‡Z Kve¨MÖš’ 
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. QvocÎ, c~e©vfvm
K i I iii L ii R i I ii N ii
ii. Nyg †bB, niZvj
182. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m
iii. we‡li euvwk, c~e©vfvm
Av‡m 
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. AvNvZ ii. `y‡h©vM
K i I iii Q i I ii M i, ii I iii N ii I iii
iii. gš¿
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 189. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m
K i I ii L ii R i, ii I iii N i I iii _v‡K bv
183. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi i. fq ii. mvnm
cÖvY  iii. Ab¨vq
i. Zxeª wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. g„`y P i L ii M iii N i I iii
iii. cÖLi 190. myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? KweZvq j¶ Kiv hvq
Ki L ii I iii R i I iii N i I ii i. wek¦e¨vcx gnvhy‡×i aŸsm I
184. c_ Pj‡Z G eq‡mi ZvÊejxjv
ˆewkó¨Ñ ii. mvgvwRK AbvPvi I ˆelg¨
i. cÖMwZ ii. AMÖMwZ iii. Zvi“‡Y¨i RqMvb
iii. avegvbZv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii
K ii Q i, ii I iii M iii N i I iii 191. mwÜi wbq‡g MwVZ
185. AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii Zi“‡Yiv k㸇jv
¶zä n‡q I‡V i. `ye©vi, Ab¨vb¨
i. mvgvwRK ˆel‡g¨ ii. ii. `y‡h©vM, `ytmn
AZ¨vPv‡i iii. kc_, Zi“Y
iii. †kvl‡Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I iii Q i I ii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I iii Q i, ii I iii M iii N i I ii 192. ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii
186. weivU `ytmvn‡miv g‡Zv P‡j 
†`q DuwK? Ô`ytmvn‡mivÕ i. Zvi“Y¨
ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q ii. e„×Kvj
i. `ytmvnmx ¯^cœ ii. `ytmvnmx iii. †hŠeb
MwZ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. `ytmvnmx Kíbv K i I ii Q i I iii M i, ii I iii N ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 193. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx
Ki Q i, ii I iii M iii N i I iii Rv‡b?
187. myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i i. wece
KweZvq Kx‡mi cÖwZev` ii. i³`v‡bi cyY¨
j¶Yxq? iii. hš¿Yv
i. evj¨weevn wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi I wbi¶iZvi K i I ii Q ii M ii N i
wei“‡× 194. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi
iii. mvgvwRK AbvPvi I ˆel‡g¨i BwZevPK w`K n‡jvÑ
wei“‡× i. AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q IVv
210 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
ii. Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` Kiv K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii
iii. †hŠeb kw³i Avivabv 201. Ôi³`v‡bi cyY¨Õ ej‡Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? †evSv‡bv n‡q‡QÑ
K i I ii L iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii i. ïf I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Rxe‡bi SzuwK
195. Zvi“‡Y¨i †bwZevPK MÖnY
w`K n‡jvÑ ii. Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡q wec`
i. †hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i Afve †gvKvwejv Kiv
ii. mwVK wm×v‡š—i Afve iii. Zvi“‡Y¨i D”Q¡jZv
iii. Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖv‡Yv”Q¡vm wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K i I iii Q i I ii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
P i L ii M iii N i I ii 202. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K
196. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm  Kwe D‡jL K‡i‡QbÑ
i. wec‡ei cÖZxK ii. †hŠe‡bi i. eqtmwÜKvj wn‡m‡e
cÖZxK ii. wK‡kviKvj wn‡m‡e
iii. Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖZxK iii. e„×eqm wn‡m‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii P i L ii M iii N i I ii
197. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K 203. Zvi“‡Y¨i ag© 
Kwe ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e‡j‡Qb, KviY i. cÖMwZi c‡_ Pjv ii. Rxeb‡K
i. †hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i Afv‡e Dc‡fvM Kiv
ii. gvbeRxe‡bi GK DËiYKvjxb iii. Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× cÖwZev` Kiv
ch©vq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q IVvi mgq K i L ii M iii S i I ii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 204. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii KweZvi g~jfve n‡jv-
198. KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg i. †hŠebkw³i RqMvb MvIqv
we‡`ªvnx Kwe| myKvš— ii. Zvi“Y¨‡K RvZxq kw³‡Z i~cvš—
fÆvPvh© wK‡kvi Kwe| Zuv‡`i i
Df‡qi g‡a¨ wgjwUÑ iii. †hŠe‡bi `ytmvnwmKZv
i. Kve¨v`‡k© wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ii. †kªwY †PZbvq K iii L i M i I ii S ii
iii.cÖwZfvi e¨vw߇Z P Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi :
K i Q ii M i I iii N ii I iii * wb‡Pi KweZvskwU co Ges
199. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ 205-206 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
KweZvq cÖKvk †c‡q‡QÑ me ¶q-¶wZ †Lqvj Lywk‡Z cðv‡Z
i. gvby‡li we‡`ªvn
hvq †d‡j
ii. Zi“Y‡`i eqtmwÜKvjxb ˆewkó¨
eÜzi c_ GK`v Zv‡`i c`Z‡j a‡i †g‡j
iii. Zi“Y‡`i m‡PZbZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Avb›` kZ`j
K i Q ii M iii N i I ii
†mB †Zv Rxeb, Rq‡MŠi‡e †n‡m
200. ÒG eq‡m Kv‡b Av‡m KZ I‡V Sjgj|
gš¿Yv|Ó GB Pi‡Y cÖKvwkZ 205. KweZvskwUi fv‡ei
n‡q‡QÑ wgj i‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †KvbwU‡Z?
P c`vNv‡Z fvO‡Z Pvq cv_i evav
i. Zvi“‡Y¨i †bwZevPK w`K
ii. †hŠe‡bi †KŠZ‚nj cÖeYZv
G eq‡m †KD gv_v †bvqvevi
iii. Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K
bq
L ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j,
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 211
cÖvY †`Iqv †bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K Zvi“Y¨ GwM‡q P‡j AvMvgxi c‡_|
bv k~b¨ ZvB Zvi“‡Y¨i RqMvb aŸwbZ
M G eqm euv‡P `y‡h©v‡M Avi n‡q‡Q hy‡M hy‡M, Kv‡j Kv‡j|
S‡o, 209. Zvi“‡Y¨i kw³ 
wec‡`i gy‡L G eqm AMÖYx i. cwi‡gq ii. `yiš— iii.
N c_ Pj‡Z G eqm hvq bv †_‡g `ye©vi
G eq‡m ZvB †bB †Kv‡bv †KvbwU mwVK?
mskq K i Q ii I iii
206. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi M iii N i, ii I iii
†Kvb ˆewkó¨ Dc‡ii KweZvs‡k 210. DÏxc‡K †Kvb welqwU
dz‡U D‡V‡Q? dz‡U D‡V‡Q?
P me fq D‡c¶v K‡i mvd‡j¨i cv‡b K Zvi“‡Y¨i RqMvb L Zvi“‡Y¨i
GwM‡q hvIqv RivRxY©Zv
L civRq ¯^xKvi bv Kiv M Zvi“‡Y¨i kw³ S Zvi“‡Y¨i
M SuzwK †bqv ˆewkó¨
N Kj¨vY‡PZbv * wb‡Pi KweZvskwU co Ges
* wb‡Pi KweZvskwU co Ges 211-213 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
207-208 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : †mB AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii UMe‡M Zi“Y
A‡bK cvlvY, A‡bK cv_vi, Avi KZ D`q †h Av‡M †ewki fvM mgq N‡i
cÖvš—i KvUvZ| wKš—z †`‡ki Rb¨,
cvi n‡q Av‡m| gy³avivi evwi mg mgv‡Ri Rb¨ wKQy Kivi eª‡Z †m
SiSi DÏxß n‡q I‡V| ¯^vwaKv‡ii
b`x n‡Z P‡j, e‡n wmÜzi cv‡b Av‡›`vj‡b ev †Kv‡bv wec‡e GLb
De©i Kwi Dl‡i| `yZxi k¨vgj Kwiqv Avi †m fq cvq bv|
Av‡b 211. ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b
dyj-dm‡j‡Z fiv c`vc©‡Yi mgq‡K Kx ejv nq?
207. Dc‡ii KweZvsk c‡o K cÖvßeq¯‹ L
g‡b ÔAvVvi eQi eqmÕ ˆkkeKvj
KweZvi †Kvb jvBbwUi M wK‡kviKvj S
cÖZ¨vkv Rv‡M? eqtmwÜKvj
P G eqm Zey bZzb wKQy K‡i 212. DÏxcKwU ÔAvVv‡iv
L G‡`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK eQi eqmÕ KweZvi welqe¯—zi
†b‡g †h w`KwU wb‡`©k K‡i
M G eqm Kuv‡c †e`bvq _‡iv_‡iv i. Zvi“‡Y¨i BwZevPK w`K
N wec‡`i gy‡L G eqm AMÖYx ii. Zvi“‡Y¨i †bwZevPK w`K
208. Dc‡ii KweZvs‡k iii. Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖv‡YvÏxß †PZbvi
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi †Kvb w`K
ˆewkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q? †KvbwU mwVK?
P `yiš— MwZ L AwgZ †ZR K iii L i I iii Ri N ii
M AKz‡Zvfq N 213. Zvi“‡Y¨i ˆewkó¨
m„wókxjZv i. Ab¨v‡qi c‡¶ K_v ejv
* wb‡Pi KweZvskwU co Ges ii. AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx n‡q IVv
209-210 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : iii. AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gnvb
cÖMwZi c‡_ GwM‡q PjvB n‡jv g‡š¿ D¾xweZ nIqv
Zvi“‡Y¨i ag©| mgv‡Ri K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
RivRxY©Zv, Kzms¯‹vi‡K `yg‡o * wb‡Pi KweZvskwU co Ges
gyP‡o bZzb bZzb ¯^cœ ev¯— 214-215 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
evq‡bi m¤¢vebvq ¯^wcœj
212 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
civaxbZvi k„•Lj †_‡K gyw³i K e½fvlv Q AvVv‡iv eQi
cÖZ¨‡q †`‡k Pj‡Q gyw³hy×| Avi eqm
G mgq †`k cÖZ¨vkv K‡i Zvi ey‡K M evsjv‡`k N Rxeb-
†b‡g AvmyK mg¯— AvVv‡iv eQi| e›`bv
214. DÏxcKwUi mv‡_ †h 217. i“‡e‡ji g‡bvfvewU
KweZvi fvev_© msMwZc~Y© KweZvq †Kvb cO&w³‡Z dz‡U
Zvi iPwqZvi bvg Kx? D‡V‡Q?
K Agxq PµeZ©x Q myKvš— K c`vNv‡Z fvO‡Z Pvq cv_i evav
fÆvPvh© Q cÖvY †`Iqv-†bIqv SzwjUv _v‡K bv
M kvgmyi ivngvb N KvRx bRi“j k~b¨
Bmjvg M mu‡c AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j
215. ÔAvVvi eQi eqmÕ N hviv Rxe‡bi cmiv ewnqv g„Zz¨i
KweZv Abymv‡i G eqm Kx Øv‡i Øv‡i
bq? * wb‡Pi KweZvskwU co Ges
P fxi“, Kvcyi“l L Amr 218-219 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
M AZ¨vPvix N ÒGLb †hŠeb hvi
mvnmx hy‡× hvIqvi †kªô mgq ZviÓ
* wb‡Pi KweZvskwU co Ges 218. DÏxc‡Ki PiY `ywUi mv‡_
216-217 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb KweZvi
i“‡e‡ji eqm Kg n‡jI mvnm Kg bq| mv`„k¨ Av‡Q?
ZvB m¤§yLmg‡i †m †hgb AMwYZ K cv‡Äix Q AvVv‡iv eQi
cÖvY niY K‡i, †Zgwb wb‡Ri Rxeb eqm
`vb Ki‡ZI GK gyn‚Z© wØav Ki‡e bv| M GKwU d‡UvMÖvd N Kei
hw` †m `v‡b †Kv‡bv gnr cÖvwß m¤ 219. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm fxi“,
¢e nq| Kvcyi“l bq †Kb?
216. Aby‡”Q‡` †Kvb KweZvi P Zvi“Y¨ Av‡Q e‡j L mskq Av‡Q e‡j
QvqvcvZ N‡U‡Q? M D”Q…•Lj e‡j N wec` Gwo‡q
P‡j e‡j

wiwfkb Ask (Revision)

Av‡jvP¨ As‡k ÁvbfvÊvi‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨ evwoi KvR, ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv,
Ávbg~jK Ges Abyavebg~jK AviI wKQy cÖ‡kœvËi D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G AskwU
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cix¶vi P~ovš— cÖ¯‘wZ I Revision m¤ú~Y© n‡q hv‡e|
 evwoi KvR
 ÔKwe cwiwPwZÕ Ask †_‡K Kwei Rb¥, g„Zz¨i ZvwiL I ¯’vb, †ckv, D‡j-
L‡hvM¨ mvwnZ¨Kg©, we‡kl K…wZZ¡, cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbv m¤úwK©Z
Z_¨|
 ÔDrm cwiwPwZÕ Ask †_‡K iPbvwUi cÖ_g cÖKvkKvj, †h MÖ‡š’i Aš—
fy©³ Zvi bvg I cÖvmw½K Z_¨|
 ÔiPbvi e³e¨welqÕ †_‡K iPbvwUi Kvwnwb/welq/g~jfve|
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Dˇii mviK_v|
 Z_¨wfwËK eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœi DËi m¤úwK©Z Z_¨|
 ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨KwYKv
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqmwU GK `ytmn mgq, ZLb mevB ¯úa©vq gv_v †Zvjvi
SzuwK †bq, g‡b weivU `ytmvn‡miv DuwK †`q|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 213
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm gv_v †bvqv‡Z wKsev Kuv`‡Z Rv‡b bv| G eqm
ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j, AvZ¥v‡K kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j mu‡c †`q|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe G eq‡mi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK
`ywU w`K m¤ú‡K©B wb‡Ri aviYv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|
 Kwe cÖv_©bv K‡i‡Qb, G‡`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv eQi eqm †b‡g AvmyK|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ gvbe Rxe‡bi GK DËiYKvjxb ch©vq| G eq‡m
gvbyl ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU 1948 wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwkZ myKvš—
fÆvPv‡h©i ÔQvocÎÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|
 ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU 6 gvÎvi gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ, cÖwZ Pi‡Y
gvÎv msL¨v 14| ce©web¨vm: 6 + 6 + 2|

†U·U eyK A¨vbvjvBwmm

K Ávbg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi 5. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq
1. Avgiv Kwe myKvš— Kwe mewKQyi ciI Kx‡mi
fÆvPvh©‡K †Kvb hy‡Mi RqaŸwb ïb‡Z cvb?
we‡`ªvnx Kwe ej‡Z cvwi? DËi\ ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
DËi\ Avgiv Kwe myKvš— KweZvq Kwe mewKQyi ciI
fÆvPvh©‡K iex›`ª-bRi“‡jvËi AvVv‡ivi RqaŸwb ïb‡Z cvb|
hy‡Mi we‡`ªvnx Kwe ej‡Z cvwi| 6. †Kvb mgq ev eqm wec‡`i gy‡L
2. Kwe myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i?
AKvjg„Zz¨ nq KZ eQi eq‡m? DËi\ AvVv‡iv eQi eqm wec‡`i gy‡L
DËi\ Kwe myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
AKvjg„Zz¨ nq 21 eQi eq‡m| 7. kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j Kviv AvZ¥v‡K
3. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx Kvi‡Y mgc©Y K‡i?
Kv‡jv? DËi\ hviv AvVv‡iv eQi eqmx Zi“Y,
DËi\ m‡PZb I m‡Pó n‡q ZvivB kc‡_i †Kvjvn‡j AvZ¥v‡K
mywbw`©ó j‡¶ Rxeb cwiPvjbv mgc©Y K‡i|
Ki‡Z bv cvivi nvRv‡iv e¨_©Zvi 8. †Kvb mgq nvj wVKg‡Zv ivLv
`xN©k¦v‡m AvVv‡iv eQi eqm †hb KóKi n‡q c‡o?
GK Kv‡jv Aa¨vq iPbv K‡i| DËi\ `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq nvj
4. Kwei g‡Z AvVv‡iv eQi eqm wVKg‡Zv ivLv KóKi n‡q c‡o|
†e`bvq †Kgb K‡i Kuv‡c? 9. AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii Zi“‡Yiv Kx‡mi
DËi\ Kwei g‡Z AvVv‡iv eQi eqm g‡Zv P‡j?
†e`bvq _i_i K‡i Kuv‡c| DËi\ AvVv‡iv eQ‡ii Zi“‡Yiv
ev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv P‡j|
214 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
10. Ôc~e©vfvmÕ Kx ai‡bi 2. †Kvb eqm‡K gvbeRvwZi
iPbv? DËiYKvjxb eqm ejv nq Ges †Kb?
DËi\ Ôc~e©vfvmÕ GKwU DËi\ ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ n‡”Q
Kve¨MÖš’| ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b i~cvš—wiZ
11. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Kx‡mi nIqvi mgq| ZvB AvVv‡iv eQi
Szwj k~b¨ _v‡K bv? eqm‡K gvbeRvwZi DËiYKvjxb
DËi\ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m cÖvY mgq ejv nq|
†`qv-†bqvi SzwjUv k~b¨ _v‡K bv| ˆkke I ˆK‡kv‡ii †Q‡j‡Ljv fy‡j gvbyl
12. †Kvb eq‡m Awekªvš— µgvš^‡q cwiYZ n‡Z _v‡K|
AvNvZ Av‡m? ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ n‡”Q gvby‡li
DËi\ AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Awekªvš †hŠe‡b c`vc©‡Yi mgq| GB mg‡q
— AvNvZ Av‡m| gvby‡li ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK MV‡b
GK hyMvš—Kvix cwieZ©b
13. AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kx Rv‡b
mvwaZ nq| gvby‡li g‡bvRvMwZK
bv?
c„w_ex‡Z GK ai‡bi bxie wece
DËi\ AvVv‡iv eQi eqm Kuv`‡Z
mvwaZ nq| gvbyl n‡q I‡V
Rv‡b bv|
mvnmx, Av‡eMx I cÖej
D‡ËRbvm¤úbœ| Avi GB cy‡iv
L Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi cwieZ©bwUi m~ÎcvZ nq AvVv‡iv
1. KweZvi welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e eQi eq‡m| G mg‡q gvbyl
myKvš— fÆvPvh© †Kb µgvš^‡q AwfÁ I †gavm¤úbœ n‡q
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K wba©viY I‡V| ˆkke ˆK‡kv‡ii KuvPv-gb GB
K‡i‡Qb? eq‡m G‡m Av‡eM I mvn‡m ficyi
DËi\ KweZvi welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e n‡q I‡V| d‡j GB mgq‡K
Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh© AvVv‡iv gvbeRvwZi DËiYKvjxb mgq ejv
eQi eqm‡K Zvi“‡Y¨i cÖZxK nq|
wn‡m‡e wba©viY K‡i‡Qb| 3. Ôev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii g‡Zv
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm n‡”Q ˆK‡kvi P‡jÕ-Kviv? eywS‡q †jL|
†_‡K Zvi“‡Y¨ c`vc©‡Yi Dchy³ DËi\ Ôev‡®úi †e‡M w÷gv‡ii
mgq| GB eq‡mB gvbyl wb‡R‡K g‡ZvÕ P‡j Zi“‡Yiv|
eyS‡Z †k‡L, kvwYZ K‡i †Zv‡j Zi“‡Yiv n‡”Q `ye©vi MwZi
wb‡Ri AwfÁZv‡K| G welqwU †hgb cÖZxK| Zviv cÖvYPv‡j¨ ficyi|
cÖej D‡ËRbvi, Av‡eM I D”Q¡v‡m `ytmvnwmK cÖZ¨‡q Rxe‡bi
ficyi, †Zgwb G mgqwU PovB-DZivB †cwi‡q GKgvÎ
`ytmvnwmK SzuwK †bevi †¶‡ÎI Zvi“‡Y¨i c‡¶B m¤¢e weRq
Dchy³ eqm| ZvB GB eq‡mi A`g¨ wQwb‡q Avbv| ZvB Kwe myKvš—
mvnmx Zi“Y hLb †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× fÆvPvh© Zvi“‡Y¨i `ye©vi MwZ‡K
n‡q †`k‡mevq wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ Zz‡j aivi †¶‡Î Dcgv wn‡m‡e
Ki‡e, ZLb `ª“ZMwZ‡Z †`‡ki ev‡®úi †eM I w÷gvi k㸇jvi
Dbœqb NU‡e| cyi‡bv I mwbœ‡ek NwU‡q‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z,
RivRxY©Zv‡K †f‡O †d‡j GKwU Zi“Yiv †hb w÷gv‡ii MwZ‡e‡Mi
bZzb mgvR, GKwU bZzb c„w_ex g‡ZvB evZv‡mi †e‡M Qy‡U P‡j|
M‡o Zzj‡Z ZvB AvVv‡iv eQi eqmx Rxeb I RM‡Zi Kj¨vY I AKj¨vYKi Dfq
Zi“‡Yi weKí †bB| Kwe myKvš— †¶‡ÎB Zi“‡Yiv Zvi GB MwZ‡K Kv‡R
fÆvPvh© DwjwLZ welq we‡ePbv jvMv‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Kwei g‡Z,
K‡iB AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K KweZvi Zi“‡Yiv GB MwZkw³‡K ïay Kj¨vYKi
welqe¯‘ wn‡m‡e wba©viY Kv‡RB cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e|
K‡i‡Qb|
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 215
4. Kwe myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i 5. Kxfv‡e AvVv‡iv eQi eqm
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZv RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡q
Abyhvqx Zvi“‡Y¨i AvZ¥Z¨vM DV‡Z cv‡i?
†Kgb nIqv DwPZ? DËi\ BwZevPK Kg©Kv‡Êi
DËi\ Kwe myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i gva¨‡gB ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZv RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡q
Abyhvqx Zvi“‡Y¨i AvZ¥Z¨vM nIqv DV‡Z cv‡i|
DwPZ Kj¨vYKi I †`k‡mevg~jK nvRv‡iv BwZevPK ¸‡Yi mgwó n‡q
Kv‡R| ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ GK wekvj
Zvi“Y¨ GK Amxg Ges `ywb©evi kw³i cÖZxK n‡q gvbeRxe‡bi Pjvi
cÖvYkw³i cÖZxK| Zi“‡Yiv Zvi GB c‡_ f~wgKv iv‡L| Ro, wbðj, e¨_©,
cÖvYkw³‡K †hgb aŸsmvZ¥K Kv‡R RxY©, cyi‡bv I cÖ_ve× Rxeb‡K
jvMv‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb Kj¨vYKi Kv‡RI cv‡q †V‡j bZzb Rxe‡bi c‡_ GwM‡q
jvMv‡Z cv‡i| `ye©vi MwZm¤úbœ P‡j ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ| bZzb
`ytmvnwmK Zi“Y BwZevPK I ¯^‡cœ DÏxwcZ n‡q gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y
†bwZevPKÑ `yB †¶‡ÎB Zvi m¤ wb‡qvwRZ n‡q AvVv‡iv eQi
¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ eqmx Zi“‡Yiv Zv‡`i DÏxcbv,
Kwe myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i g‡Z, mvnwmKZv I Pjvi `ye©vi MwZ‡K
Zi“‡Yiv †Kej †`k‡mevg~jK I h‡_vchy³fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Kj¨vYKi Kv‡Ri †¶‡ÎB AvZ¥Z¨vM Avi Gfv‡eB †m n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i
Ki‡e| ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ RvZxq Rxe‡bi PvwjKvkw³|
KweZvq Kwe GB ïf‡eva‡KB ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ-Gi BwZevPK
cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb †ewk| mgvR I ˆewk󨸇jv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi
gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ n‡qB gva¨‡gB RvZxq Rxeb‡K mPj K‡i
Zi“‡Yiv Zvi me©kw³ wb‡qvM †Zvjv m¤¢e|
Ki‡e| ZvB Zvi“‡Y¨i AvZ¥Z¨vM n‡e
†Kej ïf I my›`i Kv‡R|
cix¶v-cÖ¯‘wZ hvPvB Ask (Assesment)
 m„Rbkxj cÖkœe¨vsK
cÖkœÑ1\ DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
`yÕRb g‡bvweÁvbxi gZev`
wmMgÛ d«‡qW : 16 - 18 eQi eq‡m †Q‡j‡g‡qiv mgwj½xq †cÖ‡gi
Avmw³‡Z †fv‡M| ¯^xq †mŠ›`h© I †cvkvK cwi”Q` m¤ú‡K© AZ¨waK m‡PZb
n‡q I‡V G eq‡mB (mvB‡Kv- GbvjvBwUK ZË¡)|
GwiK-GwiKmb : 13 - 19 eQi eq‡mi ¯—iwU bv wkï bv hyeK| G eq‡m ¯^xq
wPš—vi †P‡q mgvRwPš—vB cÖej n‡q I‡V| mgv‡Ri DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖwZev`xI
n‡q I‡V G eqmxivB| Avevi mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai wei“ ×vPiY K‡i G eq‡mB
(mvB‡Kv-†mvm¨vj ZË¡)|
K. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqm' KweZvwU †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q?
L. Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K Ô`ytmnÕ e‡j‡Qb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwei g‡bvfv‡ei mv‡_
wmMgÛ d«‡q‡Wi e³‡e¨i ˆecixZ¨wU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒKwei `„wófw½ †hb GwiK-GwiKm‡bi e³‡e¨i cÖwZdjbÓÑwe‡klY Ki|
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
216 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
K. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvwU Kwe myKvš— fÆvPv‡h©i ÔQvocÎÕ
Kve¨MÖš’ n‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q|
L. Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eqm‡K `ytmn e‡j‡Qb| G eqm gvbeRxe‡bi GK
DËiYKvjxb ch©vq|
ˆK‡kvi †_‡K †hŠe‡b c`vc©Y K‡i gvbyl G eq‡m| Ab¨‡`i Ici wbf©ikxjZv
cwinvi K‡i wb‡Ri cv‡q `uvov‡bvi cÖ¯—zwZ wb‡Z nq Zv‡K| Gw`K †_‡K
Zv‡K GK KwVb mg‡qi `ytmn Ae¯’vq co‡Z nq|
 wUcm
M. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Kwe AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mi e›`bv K‡i‡Qb,
hv wmMgÛ d«‡q‡Wi mvB‡Kv GbvjvBwUK Z‡Ë¡i wecixZ fvl¨|
N. GwiKÑGwiKm‡bi mvB‡Kv-†mvm¨vj Z‡Ë¡ ejv n‡q‡Q, AvVv‡iv eQi
eq‡m gvbyl mgv‡Ri DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖwZev`x n‡q I‡V, Avevi
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai wei“×vPiYI K‡i| A_©vr G eqm SzuwKc~Y©,
ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvqI Kwe G K_vB ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
cÖkœÑ2\ DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
I‡i bexb, I‡i Avgvi KuvPv,
I‡i meyR, I‡i AeyS,
Ava-giv‡`i Nv †g‡i ZzB euvPv|
i³ Av‡jvi g‡` gvZvj †fv‡i
AvR‡K †h hv e‡j ejyK †Zv‡i,
mKj ZK© †njvq Zz”Q K‡i
cy”QwU †Zvi D‡”P Zz‡j bvPv|
Avq `yiš— Avq‡i Avgvi KuvPv\
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Anin Kx DuwK †`q?
L. ÒG †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡gÓÑDw³wU Øviv Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki KweZvs‡k ewY©Z bexb‡`i PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ ÔAvVv‡iv
eQi eqmÕ KweZvi Zi“‡Yi PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨i GKwU Zzjbvg~jK e¨vL¨v `vI
|
N. ÒAvVv‡iv eQi eqmwU D‡ËRbvi, Av‡e‡Mi Ges Rxe‡bi SuywK MªnY Kivi
h_v_© mgqÓÑDÏxcK I Ô AvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K Dw³wU
we‡klY Ki|
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡m Anin weivU `ytmvn‡miv DuwK †`q|
L. ÒG †`‡ki ey‡K AvVv‡iv AvmyK †b‡gÓ ej‡Z Kwe †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb
`ye©vi Zvi“‡Y¨i eqm AvVv‡ivi ˆewk󨸇jv‡K †h¸‡jv Avgv‡`i Rxeb Pjvi
c‡_ PvwjKvkw³i~‡c KvR K‡i|
AvVv‡iv eQi eqm eû BwZevPK ˆewk‡ó¨ mg„×| G eq‡mi gvbyl wb_i-
wbðj Rxeb‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^‡cœ AMÖMvgx nq |
mvnwmKZv, DÏxcbv, Kj¨vY I †meveª‡Z Suvwc‡q cov G eq‡mi Ab¨Zg
 AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 217
ˆewkó¨| Pvicv‡ki Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, cxob, ˆelg¨ I †f`v‡f‡`i wei“‡ ×
†mv”Pvi G eqm| †`k I RbM‡Yi gyw³ mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i Zvi“Y¨`xß G
cÖR‡b¥i nvZ a‡iB| ZvB Kwe ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, G‡`‡kiI †hb AvVv‡iv eQi
eqm wµqvkxj n‡q I‡V|
 wUcm
M. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvq Ges DÏxc‡K Zi“Y‡`i w`K-
wb‡`©kbv¯^i~c AvVvi eQi eq‡mi PvwiwÎK ˆewk‡ó¨i bvbv w`K
cÖùzwUZ n‡q‡Q|
N. ÔAvVv‡iv eQi eqmÕ KweZvi cÖ‡kœvwjwLZ Dw³wU‡Z Ges DÏxc‡Ki
bexb‡`i gv‡S Zvi“‡Y¨i PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|
cÖkœÑ3\ DÏxcKwU co Ges wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :
aŸsm †`‡L fq †Kb †Zvi?ÑcÖjq b~Zb m„Rbцe`b!
Avm‡Q bexbÑ Rxeb nviv A-my›`‡i Ki‡Z †Q`b!
ZvB †m Ggb †K‡k †e‡k
cªjq e‡qI Avm‡Q †n‡mÑ
gayi †n‡m!
†f‡O Avevi Mo‡Z Rv‡b †m wPi-my›`i!
†Zviv me RqaŸwb Ki!
K. gv_v †Zvjvi SzuwK †bqv nq †Kvb eq‡m?
L. `y‡h©vM I `ywe©cvK †gvKv‡ejvq Kwe Zvi“‡Y¨i Kx Kx ˆewkó¨ Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb? †jL|
M. ÔAvVvi eQi eqmÕ KweZvi bexb‡`i m‡½ DÏxc‡Ki KweZvs‡ki bexb‡`i
mv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. Ò†f‡O Avevi Mo‡Z Rv‡b †m wPi-my›`iÓÑ ÔAvVvi eQi eqmÕ KweZvi
Av‡jv‡K DÏxc‡Ki G PiYwUi Zvrch© we‡klY Ki|
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœvËi
K. gv_v †Zvjvi SuywK †bqv nq AvVvi eQi eq‡m|
L. `y‡h©vM I `ywe©cvK †gvKv‡ejvq Kwe Zvi“‡Y¨i DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv,
`ye©vi MwZ, bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ Ges Kj¨vYeªZÑ Gme ˆewkó¨
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|
AvVv‡iv eQi eq‡mB RvMÖZ nq mg¯— `y‡h©vM Avi `ywe©cvK
†gvKv‡ejv Kivi A`g¨ cÖvYkw³| Zviv †hŠebkw³ wb‡q `ye©vi †e‡M
GwM‡q hvq cÖMwZi c‡_| †hŠe‡bi DÏxcbv, mvnwmKZv, `ye©vi MwZ,
bZzb Rxeb iPbvi ¯^cœ Ges Kj¨vYeªZÑ Gme ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Kwe Avkv
K‡i‡Qb Pvicv‡ki hveZxq AmsMwZ `~i K‡i †hŠe‡bi kw³ †`‡ki
PvwjKvkw³ wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
 wUcm
M. Kwe myKvš— fÆvPvh©-Gi ÔAvVvi eQi eqmÕ KweZv I Gi Av‡jv‡K
iwPZ DÏxc‡K Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠe‡bi RqMvb MvIqv n‡q‡Q|
N. bem„wói †cÖiYvq eªZ Zvi“Y¨ I †hŠebkw³‡K jvjb Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔAvVvi
218 D”P gva¨wgK m„Rbkxj evsjv
eQi eqmÕ KweZv I DׄZ DÏxcKwU‡Z|