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Resilience Of Adolescents Experienced with Broken Home

Dewi Angreini1*, Andi Tadjuddin2, Herman3
1,2,3
University of East Indonesia Makassar (UIT) Faculty of Psychology, Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract
This research explores resilience from family dysfunction in teenagers who experience broken
homes by selecting as subjects children from SMA 5 Makassar. The focus of this research is the
relationship between broken home family dysfunction, changes in adolescent attitudes and re-
silience. The method used in this research is a qualitative research method using observation
and interview techniques to better understand the dysfunctional situation of broken home fami-
lies experienced by teenagers at SMA 5 Makassar. The subjects of this research were two people,
namely a woman and a man, both of whom were students at SMA 5 Makassar. Both subjects
are in the same situation, namely that their parents are divorced. The lack of love from both
parents makes him tend to do various negative things as a resilience mechanism for himself.
This research also aims to determine the description of the resilience of teenagers who have
broken homes at SMA 5 Makassar. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide a
significant contribution in developing more effective intervention approaches among teenagers,
especially those experiencing broken homes.

Keywords: Broken home family dysfunction, changes in adolescent behavior, resilience

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INTRODUCTION
The family is a reflection of the main personality shown by a child or teenager which is
formed from the marriage bond. This shows an important role in self-formation. The interac-
tions that occur in everyday life in the family will shape their values, attitudes and behavior.
Conflict resolution communication patterns will also be an example that determines moral (self-
identity) and social development in adolescents. In a study by Puspitawati (Amorisa Wiratri,
2018) defines the family as the smallest socio-economic unit in society which is the basic foun-
dation of all institutions. Family is understood as a primary group consisting of two or more
people who have a network of interpersonal interactions, blood relations, marriage relations,
and adoption. Meanwhile, the definition of family issued by the Ministry of Health of the Re-
public of Indonesia is a social unit consisting of members who are related to each other through
blood ties, marriage or adoption. The family also plays a role in providing emotional, physical
and social support to members within the family in question.
A family environment that has good interpersonal interactions with other family members
certainly makes the family prosperous and harmonious, and vice versa, when the family is not
harmonious it can trigger conflict that ends at the end of the divorce stage. This will also have
a direct impact on other family members, namely good children. emotional and psychological,
especially when children are teenagers.
Adolescence is a period of searching and developing self-identity that is thick with resil-
ience. This identity formation is reflected by various factors, including family, social environ-
ment, ethnic background and culture. The phases of each ordinary teenager are generally almost
the same as the phases experienced by broken home teenagers. They often face difficulties in
dealing with multiple changes occurring simultaneously. In the context of adolescents who ex-
perience broken homes, these changes include challenges in facing new developmental tasks,
searching for self-identity, and facing challenges caused by the broken home situation itself.
Self-identity is consistent but still able to develop over time (Yanti, 2020).
Resilience in adolescents is seen from their ability to navigate role disruptions that arise
during the search and development of this identity, as well as to remain flexible in facing the
changes and growth that occur. According to Reivich and Shatte (2018), resilience describes an
individual's capacity to respond to challenges or trauma faced in a healthy and productive way.
Individual characteristics that demonstrate resilience include the ability to survive stressful sit-
uations, skills in overcoming difficulties, and the ability to recover from traumatic experiences.
In this context, there are facts that show that individuals who experiencing a broken home are
also able to maintain a positive attitude in living their lives.
According to O'Leary and Ickovics (2019), there are four phases that must be passed on
the journey to resilience, namely the succumbing phase, the survival phase, the recovery phase,
and the growing phase (thriving).
If there is a role disruption in a family that tests the level of resilience of family members
in facing the challenges and changes that occur. Disharmony in the family or a "broken home"
situation can be a test of the level of mental and emotional resilience of each individual in the
family. A family's ability to continue functioning and recover from difficult situations such as
divorce or internal conflict also reflects the extent of the family's resilience.
According to Santrock (Appulembang & Agustina, 2019), this view illustrates that resil-
ience in adolescents from broken homes has an important role in facing identity challenges.
Adolescents' inability to meet the expectations of the personal and social self-motivations that
help them define themselves can result in an identity crisis. For teenagers from broken homes,
this identity confusion can have more complicated implications. They may experience ambiv-
alent feelings towards their family situation, which prompts them to take two different direc-
tions.

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First, resilience can inspire adolescents to withdraw and isolate themselves from peers
and family. This may be in response to a difficult home situation, where they are seeking a
deeper understanding of themselves. They may need time to reflect and formulate a strong and
consistent identity.
Second, resilience can also encourage teenagers to integrate into the world of their peers.
Loss of identity may also encourage them to seek identity and stability in a wider environment,
such as peers. In an effort to avoid feelings of confusion or loss, they may absorb the group
identity more intensely.
An ongoing identity crisis can have a significant impact on the resilience of adolescents
from broken homes. It's likely they felt lost and without guidance, similar to a ship without a
compass. This can make them more vulnerable to deviant behavior, especially if they feel frus-
trated, isolated, or looking for a solid identity. According to Marcia (Appulembang & Agustina,
2019), Erikson's identity development theory has four identity statuses depending on how to
resolve the identity crisis.
This is confirmed by Amato's (2023) statement that the relationship between a broken
family and the level of resilience can be illustrated through the view that the condition of a
broken home can put pressure on parents on children or teenagers in a crisis of self-identity.
Efforts to build resilience in adolescents are not only about helping them overcome family
difficulties, but also about providing support and guidance to explore and form a positive iden-
tity. Support from the school environment, peers, and perhaps also counselors can help teenag-
ers overcome this identity crisis in a healthy and productive way while still maintaining the
teenager's mental health.
Resilience refers to a person's capacity to remain strong, recover, and adapt positively
when facing crisis situations. This ability is not determined by factors genetics, so that individ-
uals can develop their resilience and the environment in which they live also plays a role in
shaping it (Reivich & Shatte, 2022). Mashudi (2018) noted that resilience is found in every
individual, including teenagers who come from broken homes. Even though they are in a stress-
ful environment, it is possible that young people who are victims of broken homes can develop
a strong level of resilience, becoming a source of strength for them.
Researchers assess that with adequate social support, teenagers from broken homes have
a great opportunity to develop resilience. This was emphasized by Sarafino (Rokhimah, in
Meilianawati 2017), social support is the degree of support given to individuals, especially
when needed by people who have a close emotional relationship with that person, social support
can refer to comfort, care, self-esteem or any form of assistance an individual receives from
another person or group.
Adolescents with broken homes still have a choice in a negative or positive direction in
the process of forming self-identity, which of course requires support from both internal and
external sources which can influence the level of resilience. Based on this description, research-
ers are interested in researching resilience in adolescents with broken homes at SMA 5 Makas-
sar.

RESEARCH METHODS
In identifying the problem, it is done by formulating the problem that occurs. To get a
clear problem formulation, it is necessary to carry out field studies related to the actual
situation and literature studies to get information about how to solve the problem and what
methods are appropriate to use in solving it. CollectionThe data in this research are initial
observations of the research object, then producing a questionnaire to achieve the objectives
of this research. The type of research that researchers use is field research using qualitative
descriptive methods, namely in the form of revealing and re-describing events that occur in
the field (Raco, 2018). The data required in this research include interviews, interviews aimed

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at obtaining information regarding the company's general description, potential factors that
can be developed.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This research was conducted in the city of Makassar, precisely at SMA 5 Makassar and
was adjusted to the residential address of the respondents selected for this research. The meth-
odology used to collect data is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Several tech-
niques are used to collect data, such as in-depth interviews, observation, and analysis of mes-
sage content, have been applied to understand more deeply the dysfunction of broken home
families and the factors that influence it. Apart from that, researchers also conducted interviews
with relatives and friends of respondents as additional informants to verify data. This interview
was conducted in September 2023. Research data was obtained through in-depth interviews
with informants, which were then analyzed carefully as part of the research process.

Research Implementation
This research was conducted in South Sulawesi Province, Makassar City, precisely at
SMA 5 Makassar, from September to early October 2023. This research was assisted by a col-
league who was acquainted with the respondents with the initials M and N to find the address
where the respondent lived, who was also students at SMA 5 Makassar. After successfully
finding the address, the researcher made contact with M, asked for approval, and carried out
the process of providing informed consent as an ethical step in research.
Next, researchers built good rapport when meeting with respondents. Both researchers
and subjects did not experience difficulties in establishing communication. The data collection
process was carried out through direct observation and interviews with subjects. In each inter-
view, the researcher always ensures that the questions asked are easy for the respondent to
understand. However, in carrying out this research, there were several obstacles that hampered
the interview process due to limited time and busyness of the research subjects, as well as the
fairly far distance of the research location from the researcher's home.

Broken Home Family Relations

Family dysfunction
The term "broken home" refers to a situation that is divided or fractured (Echols & Shad-
ily, 2017). Or as a family situation experiencing a breakdown, which could be a lack of attention
or affection from parents, caused by various factors, such as divorce which causes the child to
live with one parent (Willis, 2015).
1. Subject M
He felt that he was no longer wanted as a child because since he was 6 years old, his
parents divorced, he only met him once, and that was at the age of 14 years.
"Obviously it's strange, Sis. Other people meet their parents every day, when I was 14
years old, I only met once until now, never again."
"I definitely miss you a lot, Sis, but I feel strange, I think how big Momika Na is in front
of me."
2. Subject N
Feeling that there is no more sincere love from his parents after the divorce in 2020.
"In the past, before the divorce, I often got together with my family, on weekends, my
family and my father, mother, and my two younger siblings, my father was also diligent in
taking me and my younger siblings to school. But since the separation, they have always been
arguing and getting angry. My father called me because he was far away, while my mother was
at home because she was tired. "It hurts my head to hear that Miha's phone calls keep going
apart and Miha's still fighting all the time."

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"not enough. Mother is always busy working. Often punished with pocket money being
cut. He usually gets angry all the time with me, but when he's with me he's very nice. Play
favor. I'm getting annoyed and I feel like seeing my little brother is constantly being corrected
if I talk to him and talk big with his voice”.

Changes in Adolescent Behavior

Adolescence is often known as the "search for identity" phase. Adolescents are still not
able to maximize their physical and psychological functions.
1. Subject M
The feeling of being abandoned by his parents always crossed the subject's mind. "The
whole way you kept thinking, why are my parents like this? I think I miss them. Just look at it
for a moment and then leave. Is this what it would be like if my mother threw me away as a
child like I was 6 years old."
"You went to school, sis, but you missed class. Grandpa wasn't interested in studying so
he didn't make it to school. Go and hang out with my friends at the smoking shop. For 3 days
he kept missing class until finally his grandmother got sick and heard a cough. Think ma'am."
"I said my grandmother is my parent now, it's better if I make that my life goal. Tongmi
was sick when his grandson took care of him until now, but he doesn't even know he is a grand-
son. So the next day I go to school."
2. Subject N
Feelings of incomplete affection after the divorce of the subject's parents. "Yeah... Since
I attempted suicide several times and failed, I decided to do things that could distract you from
this problem for the rest of your life, Sis."
"Well, instead of stressing, Sis, it's better to enjoy as long as Dad's allotment of school
money goes smoothly every month."

Broken Home Adolescent Resilience

Lazarus (1993, Tugade and Fredricson, 2004) defines psychological resilience as effec-
tive coping and positive adaptation to difficulties and stress. Meanwhile, according to Richard-
son (2002), resilience is a process of coping with stressors, difficulties, changes and challenges
which is influenced by the ability to recover from negative emotional experiences.
1. Subject M
The best solution for parents divorcing and being an abandoned child is "saying that my
grandmother is my parent now, I'd better make that my life goal. Tongmi was sick when his
grandson took care of him until now, but he doesn't even know he is a grandson. So the next
day I go to school."
Subject had time to do several other negative things as resilience from the problem of
his parents' divorce.
“You smoke, tease your friends in class, get drunk on alcohol even though you can't drink
enough, or do you vomit on the street? Often misses school."
"If you're drunk, thank God you're not, you're not going to skip class either. Anu Mami
can't change my cigarettes yet. Is that medicine for headaches?"
"Yes sis. But if I come again, both of me will go to the mosque and we will pray to-
gether."The negative resilience chosen by subject M was carried out with his friend R (initials)
who was considered like a brother. However, this did not last long because subject M realized
that his grandmother's children had been taking care of him even though his parents were no
longer with him after separating and even communicating was difficult. The presence of a
grandmother who really loves her granddaughter makes subject M's heart aware of giving her
grandmother a decent life with her hard work in the future.

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2. Subject N
Subject N's version of the best solution is to carry out negative resilience supported by the
presence of a mother figure who is very busy with work and always expresses emotion towards
subject N and a father figure from a different island who only provides material support without
love for subject N.
"Yeah... Since I attempted suicide several times and failed, I decided to do things that
could distract you from this problem for the rest of your life, Sis."
"Smoking, joining in clubbing with my friends until I get drunk, coming home at night,
trying to use drugs, staying in random places or coming home at dawn."
"Well, instead of stressing, Sis, it's better to enjoy as long as Dad's allotment of school
money goes smoothly every month."
Short interviews were conducted with the two subjects M and N who are students of SMA
5 Makassar who have differences in resilience which are influenced by parenting patterns, pres-
sure, environment and family economy. Subject M chose positive resilience because he felt
guilty towards his grandmother, who had taken care of him since he was 6 years old. Mean-
while, N chose negative resilience because since his parents' separation he has been cared for
by a mother who is busy working, a father figure who is on a different island but regularly sends
monthly pocket money to the three his son. Mother's love is no longer received because there
are fights so the best escape is to end one's life but this fails to continue with several other
negative things such as among teenagers in general, namely smoking, hiding, drugs, missing
school and so on.

Discussion
In this discussion section, the researcher will explore the results of research data analysis
that has been discussed previously by referring to the theories presented in Chapter 2. Through
this analysis, the researcher will connect these findings with the theoretical framework that has
been proposed by experts in fields relevant to the subject of this research. The main subjects in
this research were two people, namely a man and a woman who experienced a broken home,
who were students at SMA 5 Makassar. The male subject has the initials M and the female
subject has the initials N whose address is Makassar City.

Broken Home Family Dysfunction

Broken homecan be classified into two main aspects, namely (1) Cracks in the family
structure that occur due to parental divorce or loss of family members, (2) Disharmony in family
dynamics (Willis, 2016).
The results of the research in the previous chapter identified that the families of subject
M and subject N both experienced disharmony, resulting in a rift in their families, which ulti-
mately resulted in family dysfunction occurring as a result of divorce, which also happened to
other family members, namely their children. This is in accordance with the theory that the
definition of "broken home" describes a situation where a family is not intact, such as due to
divorce, loss of a family member due to death, or a family member leaving the family (Chaplin,
2018). The functioning of the role of a family is the main requirement for the smooth imple-
mentation of a good family atmosphere, with a happy family atmosphere children (adolescents)
can develop themselves with the help of their parents and siblings (Gunarsa, 2018). The dys-
function of the family's role causes the atmosphere to change completely.

Changes in Adolescent Behavior

The results of the research data in the previous chapter clearly illustrate the changes in
children's behavior when they find out their parents are divorced. In adolescence, where a per-
son If you are looking for your identity and developing your talents, you should get support

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from the closest people you know. What happens if teenagers are exposed to unpleasant situa-
tions such as parental quarrels which result in parents' divorce? This is in accordance with
Yusuf's (2019) theory which explains that a happy family is very important for the emotional
development of its members (especially children) because happiness is obtained if the family
can play its function well, in this case it is a harmonious family.
Teenagers, which in the original language are called adolescence, which means "growing
or growing to reach maturity." The term adolescence itself actually has a broad meaning which
includes a person's mental, emotional, social and physical maturity. Meanwhile, according to
Erikson, teenagers who fail to develop a sense of identity are not only unable to make commit-
ments in the fields of career, ideology, religion and various other life roles, but they are also
often involved in various acts of delinquency or psychotic behavior (psychotic episodes). . In
this case, the function of the family plays a role in it.
Behavioral changes that occurred in the subjects in this study were seen from smoking
addiction, skipping school and there were even subjects who wanted to end their lives several
times after finding out that their parents were divorced and several other negative things. As a
child, you will feel that your family is no longer perfect, so you will feel jealous of your play-
mates who often spend time with their parents. Both subjects felt deep sadness and disappoint-
ment when they found out that their parents divorced when they were 6 years old and some
when they were teenagers. All of the data found was obtained from the subject's confession that
the identity that should have been directed positively was actually directed negatively. How-
ever, not all children from broken home families are involved in this prolonged conflict in their
lives, there are also those who use it as motivation to become more confident individuals and
build new life goals even without the love of their parents by their side.

Broken Home Adolescent Resilience

Resilience is a process of coping with stressors, difficulties, changes and challenges which
is influenced by the ability to recover from negative emotional experiences. A person who is
resilient will try his best to overcome problems and be able to recover from various kinds of
stressful conditions with the abilities he has (Block and Kremen, 1996, Tugade and Fredricson,
2018). This is in line with what subject M did after his parents' divorce, although initially he
did several negative things. However, this is different from subject N, where the resilience car-
ried out is a negative thing and this is still done to prevent thoughts of the burden of their
parents' separation from appearing. Subject N's transition to staying in the sane zone is by doing
negative things that he likes. Because even though he shares the same roof with his biological
mother, only emotions are continuously shown, even the subject feels that he is no longer sin-
cerely loved by his mother and father.
Overall, some of the resilience shown by the two subjects was positive and some was
negative. Which is of course influenced by several supporting factors such as family encour-
agement, environment, parenting and economics.

CONCLUSIONS
The family, which is the place where everything is done and the comfort zone,
drastically changes its function with the divorce of the parents. Which has a great impact on
other members, namely children. This gives rise to families experiencing broken homes. Home
is no longer the most comfortable place but rather a trauma in the child's mind. Inside, you can
no longer find complete love, so the outside world becomes a place to search for that comfort
zone.
Changes in the behavior of teenagers who find it difficult to accept the fact that their
parents are separating robs children of their logical sanity. His thinking zone is only related to

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negative things related to parents who no longer love him, parents who now throw him away
continuously, resulting in changes in daily behavior both at home and school.
Adolescent resilience is divided into two, namely positive and negative. It is positive
when the resilience that is built makes good changes in oneself so that the factor of parental
divorce is no longer a trauma. Meanwhile, it is negative when the resilience that is built actually
makes it worse and falls deeper into things that damage oneself and the future, even if it is done
very consciously just so that the image of one's parents' divorce disappears for a moment in
one's head.

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