Answers to Questions on Electoral Politics
1. What are reserve constituencies?
Reserve constituencies are electoral divisions where only candidates belonging to Scheduled
Castes (SC) or Scheduled Tribes (ST) are allowed to contest elections. This system was
implemented by the Constitution of India to ensure adequate representation of historically
disadvantaged groups in Parliament and State Assemblies. The reservation is proportional to the
share of SCs and STs in the population, ensuring their voices are heard in legislative bodies. For
example, out of 543 Lok Sabha constituencies, 84 are reserved for SCs, and 47 for STs. Similar
provisions exist for local bodies. The goal is to make democracy inclusive by reducing the
dominance of influential and resourceful groups, thus giving weaker sections a chance to participate
in governance.
2. What is the importance or need for elections in a democracy?
Elections are the backbone of a democracy as they provide a structured method for citizens to
choose their representatives. In a large country like India, direct governance by all citizens is
impractical, so elections enable representative democracy. Through voting, citizens can express
their preferences for policies, parties, and leaders. Elections also serve as a mechanism for
accountability, allowing people to remove non-performing governments and reward effective ones.
Regular elections ensure power transitions are peaceful and based on the people's mandate,
maintaining political stability. Furthermore, elections encourage political competition, which fosters
innovation in governance and policymaking, benefiting society at large.
3. Mention two provisions that ensure the independence of the Election Commission.
The Election Commission of India (ECI) enjoys significant autonomy to ensure free and fair
elections. First, the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners are appointed
by the President of India and cannot be removed arbitrarily. Their tenure and conditions of service
are protected by the Constitution, similar to that of the judiciary. Second, during elections, the ECI
has authority over government officials on election duty. It can transfer officials, ensure impartiality,
and prevent misuse of government machinery by ruling parties. These provisions empower the ECI
to act independently and ensure elections are conducted without bias or undue influence.
4. What makes elections in India democratic?
Elections in India are democratic due to several features that ensure inclusivity, fairness, and
transparency. Every citizen above 18 years has the right to vote, irrespective of caste, gender,
religion, or wealth, under universal adult franchise. Regular elections are held for various legislative
bodies, ensuring public participation. The Election Commission of India supervises the entire
process, enforcing a model code of conduct to maintain a level playing field. Electronic Voting
Machines (EVMs) and voter lists ensure transparency, and political parties are free to contest and
campaign. Importantly, election results reflect the people's choice, as evidenced by frequent defeats
of incumbent governments, showcasing India's robust democracy.
5. What is the importance of an election campaign?
Election campaigns are crucial for a functioning democracy, as they allow candidates and parties to
present their policies and promises to the public. Campaigns serve as platforms for open debates on
critical issues, helping voters make informed choices. They also provide opportunities for parties to
explain their vision and track record. In India, campaigns involve rallies, speeches, and media
advertisements, enabling widespread outreach. Strict regulations ensure that campaigns remain fair,
preventing misuse of religion, caste, or government resources. For voters, campaigns are essential
to evaluate leaders and select representatives who align with their aspirations.
6. Distinguish between general election and by-election.
General elections are scheduled periodically (every five years in India) to elect representatives for
the entire legislature, such as Lok Sabha or State Assemblies. They involve all constituencies
across the country or a state voting simultaneously. In contrast, by-elections are held to fill a
vacancy in a specific constituency caused by the death, resignation, or disqualification of a member.
For example, if a Lok Sabha MP resigns, a by-election is conducted in that constituency alone.
While general elections are large-scale events reflecting national or state-wide preferences,
by-elections are localized, often focused on individual candidates or specific issues.
7. Why is there a need for elections?
Elections are essential for democracy as they empower citizens to choose their leaders and hold
them accountable. They ensure the peaceful transfer of power, preventing political instability.
Elections allow people to express their preferences for policies, fostering a connection between the
government and citizens. They also promote competition among political parties, encouraging
innovation and responsiveness in governance. Without elections, democratic ideals of
representation and public participation would falter, leading to centralized or autocratic rule. In India,
elections have been pivotal in maintaining unity and diversity, enabling citizens from all walks of life
to influence decision-making.
8. Mention any three provisions for a model code of conduct during election campaigns.
The model code of conduct ensures fairness and equality in election campaigns. It prohibits
candidates and parties from:
1. Using places of worship for election propaganda.
2. Employing government vehicles, aircraft, or officials for campaign purposes.
3. Announcing new policies, projects, or public facilities after elections are declared.
These provisions ensure that campaigns remain focused on issues and policies rather than
exploiting state resources or divisive factors. Violations can lead to disqualification, making the
system more transparent and accountable.
9. What are the major challenges to free and fair elections? Explain.
Several challenges hinder free and fair elections in India:
- Use of Money: Wealthy candidates often spend exorbitantly to buy votes or influence voters,
sidelining ethical campaigning.
- Criminalization of Politics: Many candidates with criminal backgrounds use intimidation and
violence to secure votes.
- Nepotism: Political parties frequently allocate tickets to family members, limiting opportunities for
others.
- Corrupt Politicians: Some candidates engage in bribery or misuse government resources for
electoral gains.
Addressing these issues requires stricter regulations, transparent financing, and greater voter
awareness to uphold the integrity of democracy.
10. What are the demerits of electoral competition?
Electoral competition, while essential, has certain drawbacks. It often creates division and
factionalism within communities as parties and candidates engage in aggressive tactics to secure
votes. Unethical practices like bribery, defamation, and spreading false narratives can undermine
public trust. The pressure to win can lead to short-term populist policies rather than sustainable
governance. Furthermore, deserving individuals may avoid politics due to its contentious and
competitive nature. Despite these issues, competition ensures accountability and responsiveness,
making it a necessary aspect of democracy.
11. Explain how the Election Commission in India is very powerful.
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is among the most powerful electoral bodies globally. It
manages all aspects of elections, from scheduling to result declaration, ensuring fairness. It
enforces the model code of conduct, monitors expenses, and penalizes violations. During elections,
government officials work under the ECI's direction, ensuring impartiality. The ECI can order repolls
or reprimand political parties, even against the wishes of the ruling government. This autonomy
ensures elections reflect the will of the people, reinforcing India's democratic foundation.
