REPORT TITLE: CNC Turning And Milling Machine

Name: Mahmoud Essam Abdel Star Abdo

Department: Mechanical Engineering

Division: Prod. & Design

Academic Year: 4th year ------------ 1st Semester 2024/2025

B.N: 95

Under Supervision: Dr. Tarek Tawfik

What is CNC Lathe Machining?

A traditional lathe is an ancient instrument that may be traced all the way back to ancient Egypt. While the
Ancient Egyptians used a two-person lathe only for woodworking, the use of the lathe has changed! The lathe
idea has been improved to meet current industrial demands, such as automation. Lathes may now attain
incredible precision with computer numerical control(CNC) machining.

What is CNC lathe Machine?

A CNC lathe (CNC turning machine) is a machine that spins material around a central spindle and a fixed
cutting tool. Instead of being controlled by physical labor, the movement of your components is determined
by coded instructions fed to a computer. Multiple stages may be set simultaneously, avoiding the need for
your component to leave the lathe between producing and ensuring accurate cut placement
Specifications of CNC Lathe Machine:

Lathe Machines are generally designated with a swing which is the largest working diameter that swings the
lathe bed. A Lathe swing is used to rotate objects that can do cutting, sanding and drilling. Some other
specifications of lathe machines are the length of its bed. Distances between the headstock and tailstock
center. Parts of the CNC Lathe Machine and their functions Let’s look at the major components of a CNC Lathe
Machine:

Headstock

Different types of CNC Lathe Machines Like the Flat Bed CNC Lathe Machine uses Headstock, which is an
important component of CNC Machine that drives the motor and powers the spindle. The front component of
a CNC turning machine is made up of the headstock. The drive motor powers this spindle. The spindle is
attached to the chuck or collet. During the turning process, one of them grips the workpiece.

Collet and Chuck

The jaws of the chuck grasp the machined component. It connects directly to the spindle but is removable,
allowing for machining various sized pieces. A chuck is a tiny version of a collet. Collets may be used on parts
up to 60 mm in diameter. For small parts, they give a more excellent grip. The jaws of the chuck grasp the
machined component. It connects directly to the spindle but is removable, allowing for machining various
sized pieces. A chuck is a tiny version of a collet. Collets may be used on parts up to 60 mm in diameter. For
small parts, they give a more excellent grip.

Tailstock

A CNC turning center’s opposite end is the tailstock. The aim of a tailstock attached directly to the bed is to
provide support for longer workpieces. Hydraulic force is used to support the tailstock quill. The spindle
continues to be the driving force and the tailstock follows the component. A tailstock is not suitable when
face turning is required because the tailstock will get in the way.

Lathe bed

The bed is just a foundation plate that rests on the table and supports other machine components. The
carriage is heat-treated to survive the machining impacts that runs over the bed.

Carriage

The carriage is supported by means that let the rotating workpiece slide. It holds the tools in position,
enabling the cutting operation to continue. The simplest of the Lathe Turning Machine is the 2 axis machine
that spins on two axis in a fixed position called the station turret. This spinning action part is called turning.
There are other CNC Lathe Machines like the 3-Axis, 4-Axis & 5-Axis milling machines. These machines have at
least a 3 axis and move and operate on the X as Vertical, Y as horizontal and Z axis as depth. There are
additional A and B axis for machines like the 4 Axis and 5 Axis Machines. 9-axis CNC is a blend of lathe and 5-
axis machining. With 9 functional axes, the part can be turned and multi-axis milled in a singular set-up.
Operation & processes of a CNC lathe Machine

A basic CNC turning machine rotates the material it cuts while operating on two axes. Because the rotation of
the material is usually referred to as ‘turning,’ CNC lathes are sometimes referred to as CNC turning machines.
The inside and outside of the component may be machined using CNC turning machines. Internal operations
will act to change the workpiece’s inner diameter. External processes shape the exterior.

Uses of CNC Lathe Machines

A Lathe CNC Machine is basically a shaping device used primarily for shaping of hard materials like metal and
wood. The rotating device in the machine functions as a stationary cutting tool. With the help of CNC
computers and programming these machines have a higher accuracy of cutting tools that were used before
the advancement of these technologies. The Industrial Applications of Lathe Machines are cutting, drilling,
sanding, turning or shaping of any kind. These machines are used in Factories and machine shops and have a
versatility of cnc programming and softwares and does not just rely on the hands of factory workers.

Conclusion

Investing in a computer numerical control lathe versus a manual lathe has various advantages. Because their
movement is controlled by code, computer-operated lathes are very exact. Multiple CNC turning machines
may be operated concurrently by a single operator but manual lathes demand more attention. While CNC
turning machines are initially more expensive, they can be less expensive to operate in terms of less staffing.
Manufacturing times are shorter since more CNC machines are running simultaneously and all products
produced are practically identical thanks to the accuracy of numerical computer control.

What is CNC Milling?

CNC milling is a machining process that utilizes computerized controls to manage the movement and
operation of multi-point rotary cutting tools. As the tools rotate and move across the surface of the
workpiece, they slowly remove excess material to achieve the desired shape and size.
The CNC milling process can be broken up into four distinct stages:

o CAD model design: engineers create a 2D or 3D design of the desired part

o CAD model conversion to a CNC program: the design is exported into a compatible file format and
converted into machine instructions using CAM software

o CNC milling machine setup: the machine operator prepares the machine and workpiece

o Milling operation execution: the machine operator initiates the machining program

The systems used in CNC milling operations are known as CNC milling machines. They can have a moving
workpiece and a stationary rotary tool, a stationary workpiece and a moving rotary tool, or a moving
workpiece and rotary tool, depending on their design and the milling requirements. As CNC milling generally
serves as a secondary or finishing process for machined components, milling machines can be used to create
design elements such as flat surfaces, contours, grooves, slots, notches, holes, and pockets.

CNC milling accommodates a variety of materials, including metals, plastics, ceramics, and other engineered
materials, making it easy for manufacturers to choose a material that suits their exact needs. This material
flexibility benefits a number of industries, including, but not limited to, the following:

o Aerospace and aircraft

o Automotive

o Commercial

o Electronics

o Industrial and OEM

o Maintenance

o Medical

o Technology and security

o Telecommunications

o Transportation

The first milling machines were based on the practice of rotary filing. A process which evolved in countless
machine shops around the world, rotary filing reduced the time and energy previously spent on hand-filing by
placing a circular cutter lined with teeth in a lathe’s headstock.

Roughly 200 years ago, the first tools solely dedicated to the milling machine process appeared in the shops
of American craftsmen. Since then, the process of milling has advanced to the point of computerized control.
The CNC Machine Working Process

CNC, or Computer Numerical Control, places tools under the direct guidance of a computerized operating
system.

Successful, high-quality milling is a combination of three elements:

1. A cutter with many teeth and ideal sharpness for a material

2. Spinning a tool at high enough speed to process a material correctly
3. An appropriate feed rate for advancing the chosen material through the process

CNC allows for extremely close control of these elements. The computerized systems read design information
directly from an engineer’s drawings or models, eliminating possibilities for error between design and
production.