GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES FROM BANANA PITH EXTRACT AND ITS EVALUATION OF

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF MALACHITE GREEN DYE

Sneha Nayak *, Shyama Prasad Sajankila, C.Vaman Rao

Address(es): Sneha Nayak,
Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology , Udupi district, Nitte-574110, India, Phone: +919964666669.

*Corresponding author: [email protected] doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2018.7.6.641-645

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Received 8. 3. 2018 In this paper, we report the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (BPAuNPs) using banana pith extract. Biosynthesized BPAuNPs were
Revised 25. 4. 2018 screened for phytochemicals coated over them and further characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and particle size
Accepted 25. 5. 2018 analyser. UV-Visible spectrscopic analysis confirmed the production of BPAuNPs at 530 to 560 nm, where the colour change in the
Published 1. 6. 2018 solution from light yellow to deep purple indicated the formation of BPAuNPs. FT-IR analysis confirmed the capping of BPAuNPs with
organic residues like, proteins, amino acids and polyphenols present in the extract, which led to stabilization of BPAuNPs. Negative zeta
values indicated the stability of BPAuNPs. XRD results prooved the crystalline nature of BPAuNPs. The synthesized BPAuNPs were
Regular article
tested for their antibacterial activity against both Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis) and negative (E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria
with known antibiotic as control. BPAuNPs showed significant bacteriostatic effect. The BPAuNPs were found to have a positive catalytic
activity of reduction of malachite green dye, which was confirmed by the time dependent reduction in absorbance maxima, it can be
ascribed to the electron relay response.

Keywords: Banana pith extract, gold nanoparticles (BPAuNPs), biosynthesis, antibacterial activity, catalytic reduction

INTRODUCTION biological material cap around the nanoparticles, thereby stabilize the
nanoparticles.
Synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using biological materials has gained importance In this paper, we report the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (BPAuNPs) using
in recent years because it is cost effective, environmental friendly, easy scale up banana pith extract as banana stem is available throught the year and is usually
ability for large scale synthesis and further, there is no need to use high pressure, discarded as a waste material (Li et al, 2010; Nguyen et al, 2017). Biosynthesized
energy, temperature and toxic chemicals (Jayseelan et al ., 2013). Researchers BPAuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and
have attempted synthesis of nanoparticles of different size and shape using variety Particle size analyser. The interaction of the proteins, carbohydrates and other
of biological materials (Saifuddin et al., 2009). Biosynthesis of NPs using plant constituents (p-Hydroxybenzoic and gallic acids) present in the cell free extract (Li
extracts are more stable and the rate of synthesis is faster, in addition, it would be et al., 2010; Nguyen et al, 2017) with the surface of the synthesized AuNPs were
advantageous over other biological processes because it eliminates maintenance of confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The AuNPs were
cell cultures and can be suitably scaled up for large scale synthesis (Shankar et tested for their antibacterial activity against both Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis)
al., 2004). Biosynthesis of AuNPs using aqueous extract of Abelmoschus and Gram negative (E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The synthesized
esculentus(Saifuddin et al., 2009) seed, Aloe vera (Chandran et al., 2006) , BPAuNPs were evaluated for catalytic activity by Malachite green dye reduction
tamarind (Ankamwar et al., 2005) , Cinnamomum camphora (Huang et al., test.
2007), lemon grass (Shankar et al., 2005), pear fruit extract (Ghodake et
al.,2010), glucan of edible mushroom (Sen et al., 2013), Geobacillus MATERIAL AND METHODS
stearothermophilus (Girilal et al., 2013) and Punica Granatum (Ganeshkumar
et al., 2013) have been reported. The BPAuNPs are synthesized using banana pith extract by the reduction of
It is a known fact that AuNPs display antimicrobial activity (Arulkumar et al, HAuCl4. The details of the steps in the biosynthesis of BPAuNPs are given below.
2010; Mubarak et al, 2011). The binding strength of the nanoparticles with the
bacterial membrane depends on the surface area of interaction and high percentage Preparation of Pith extract
of surface will have higher interaction with microbial membrane leading to
opsonization of bacterial membrane hence antimicrobial effect (Krishnaraj et al., Banana pith was washed in deionized water, chopped into small pieces and used
2010). The exact mechanism behind the antimicrobial effect of metal for the preparation of 10% (w/v) extract by homogenizing the chopped banan pith
nanoparticles is still not clearly understood. There are reports in the literature in deionized water. The extract was kept in the water bath for half an hour at 80oC.
suggesting that the electrostatic attraction of negatively charged bacterial cell Whatman No. 1 filter paper was used to filter the cell free extract and the filtrate
membrane and positively charged nanoparticles is crucial for the antibacterial was then used for BPAuNPs ynthesis by using HAuCl4..
activity of the nanoparticles (Edison et al., 2012). Nanoparticles are known to
accumulate on the bacterial cell membrane causing significantly increased Phytochemical screening of extract
permeability leading to leakage of cytoplasmic contents and cell death by Donnan
effect (Valodkar et al., 2011). Various phytochemicals (Carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins,
Nanoparticles synthesized using biological materials can be used for phenols, saponins and resins) present in the aqueous extract of banana pith were
bioremediation of environmental pollutants like textile dyes (Arunachalam et al, screened as per standard protocols (Kokate et al., 2008).
2012; Xin et al, 2016).Iron nanoparticles synthesized using Guanyin tea extract
have been used for degradation of bromothymol blue (Xin et al., 2016). Silver Synthesis of gold nanoparticles
nanoparticles synthesized using Coccinea grandis leaf extract for coomassie
brilliant blue G-250 dye degradation (Arunachalam et al., 2012). Components of As reported in the literature (Krishnaraj et al, 2010; Voladkar et al, 2011;
Aromal et al, 2012 and 2013; Sahu et al,2013) biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles

641
 J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci / Nayak et al. 2018 : 7 (6) 641-645

was undertaken by using 1mM aqueous HAuCl4 prepared in deionized water. 25ml RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
of 10% (w/v) banana pith extract in deionized water was added to 225ml of 1mM
HAuCl4 and mixed thoroughly. The resultant mixture was kept in a shaker at 120 Phytochemical screening of Banana pith extract
rpm at room temperature. Color change in the resulting solution was measured at
regular intervals by measuring absorbance at 360 to 700 nm using UV visible The phytochemical tests conducted for the banana pith extract showed the presence
spectrophotometer. The reaction mixture was centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 30 mins of carbohydrates, proteins and secondary metabolites like alkaloids. These
and the product obtained was washed thrice with deionized distilled water and phytochemicals cap around the nanoparticles and stabilize the nanoparticles by
finally with ethanol, and stored at - 4oC for further analysis. preventing agglomeration of nanoparticles for better antimicrobial properties
(Donald et al, 2015; Das et al, 2016) and better catalytic activity (Aromal et al.,
Characterization of BPAuNPs 2012).

UV- visible spectroscopic Characterization of BPAuNPs Table 1 Phytochemical screening of Banana Pith aqueous extract
Parameter Banana Pith Extract
Colour change in the solution takes place during the biosynthesis of nanoparticles, Molish test +
which can be accounted for surface plasmon resonance (Ramteke et al., 2013) Carbohydrates
Fehlings test +
measured at regular intervals by noting the absorbance at 360- 700 nm using UV- Biuret test +
visible spectrophotometer (UV1- Thermo electronic corporation, Merck). Proteins
Xanthoprotic test +
Hagers test +
FT-IR spectroscopic studies Alkaloids
Wagers test +
Ferric chloride test -
The functional groups present in the phytoconstituents of banana pith extract and Flavonoids
Lead acetate test -
their involvement as capping agents in the biosynthesized BPAuNPs was
determined by recording the IR on Bruker Alpha. Biosynthesized nanoparticles are Tannins -
known to be capped with proteins, amino acids, and polyphenols, which can be
determined by FT-IR (Raghunandan et al, 2010; Edison et al, 2012; Ramteke et Phenols -
al, 2013).
Saponins -
XRD analysis
Resins -
X-ray diffraction profile was obtained using X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku ( + : Positive test , - : Negative test )
Miniflex 600, Rigaku Co., Tokyo, Japan) using cu-k𝛼 X-ray diffraction patterns of
the tested material was recorded over the 2𝜃 range of variable degrees at a scan Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles
rate of 4°/min.
Characterization using UV-Visible spectrophotometer
Particle size distribution and zeta potential
Colour change of the solution from light yellow to deep purple indicated the
Zetasizer nano instrument (Malvern) was used for data acquisition and for formation of gold nanoparticles at 530 to 560 nm (Krishnaraj et al., 2010;
estimating the particle size distribution as well as zeta potential distribution of a Voladkar et al, 2011; Aromal et al., 2012 and 2013; Sahu et al., 2013; Ramteke
colloidal solution of BPAuNPs. et al., 2013), which was confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The
intensity of the peak steadily increased up to 4hrs and then started decreasing,
Antibacterial activity of BPAuNPs which is directly proportional to the density of nanoparticles in solution as shown
in the figure 1.
The BPAuNPs were tested for their antibacterial activity against both Gram
positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
bacteria. BPAuNPs at a concentration of 10 (mg/ml) were prepared in DMSO
(14M) and 50l was loaded in the well to study antimicrobial activity using agar
diffusion method. 1% bacterial nutrient agar plates were prepared and four zones
were marked from outside with a permanent marker. Spread plate culture of each
bacterium was prepared by taking 100l of fresh culture of the bacterium. In the
middle of each zone marked on the plate, 5 mm well was punched using agar
punch. In each well, 50l of BPAuNPs prepared in DMSO were added. DMSO,
Ciprofloxacin and 1mM aqueous HAuCl4 were used as control. Light zones around
the well were considered as zone of inhibition, which was measured in mm from
the periphery of the well to the periphery of the zone. All Experiments were
conducted in triplicates.

Malachite green dye degradation by biosynthesized BPAuNPs

(A)
Malachite green was purchased from Loba chemicals. Catalytic activity of
synthesized BPAuNPs was assessed by carrying out two reactions in a quartz
cuvette of 3.5 ml capacity and absorbance was measured using UV-Vis
spectrophotometer. A mixture of 1ml of Malachite green (1 x 10-4 M) along with
0.2ml of aqueous pith extract and 1.8ml of water was prepared in the first reaction,
which was then monitored after 30 mins as control. In the second reaction, a
mixture of 1ml of Malachite green with 0.2ml of aqueous pith extract and 1.8ml of
synthesized BPAuNPs was prepared, and this reaction was monitored continuously
at different time intervals till maximum degradation was achieved as reported by
Edison et al., 2012. The total reaction volume of the mixture was made up to 3ml
and the absorption maxima (λ max) values were checked in comparison with that
of pure Malachite green and percentage degradation was calculated using the
formula as given below (Edison et al., 2012)

(B)

Figure 1(A) Visual observation of UV-Visible spectra of biosynthesized

BPAuNPs (B) Conical flasks confirming BPAuNPs Synthesis

642
 J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci / Nayak et al. 2018 : 7 (6) 641-645

Characterization using FT-IR Charecterization using XRD

The IR absorption spectra seen in the aqueous extract was also seen in phytocapped Figure 4 shows the XRD patterns for BPAuNPs, which exhibited four prominent
BPAuNPs. Capping of nanoparticles with organic residues like, proteins and amino Bragg reflections at around 37.68, 43.90, 64.11, and 77.17°, which correspond to
acids present in the extract lead to the stabilization of nanoparticles and protect the (1,1,1 ), (2,0,0), (2,2,0), and (3,1,1) reflection planes of face-centered cubic
BPAuNPs from aggregation which was confirmed by FT-IR (Raghunandan et al., structure of BPAuNPs, (JCPDS file no 01- 1174, Poojary et al., 2016). Further,
2010; Edison et al., 2012; Ramteke et al., 2013). Scherrer equation was used to calculate the average crystal sizes of BPAuNPs and
Figure 2 and figure 3 shows the FT-IR measurements of banana pith extract and were found to be 17.5 nm and the crystal size was in the range of 17-20nm. The
AuNps synthesized from pith extract. BPAuNPs potentially possess rocking observed XRD pattern, thus, confirmed that the BPAuNPs formed by the reduction
vibration of CH3 (648 cm-1), C –OH stretching of secondary alcohols (1049 cm-1) of HAuCl4 − ions by phytochemicals of Banana pith extract are crystalline in
(Annamalai et al., 2013), C=O stretching vibration of carbonyl and carboxylic nature. Apart from normal peaks, some additional and unidentified peaks were also
group of hydroxy benozoic acid and gallic acid (1632 cm-1), C=H stretching noticed at the vicinity of the characteristic peaks of BPAuNPs. These peaks may
vibration of aldehydic amine group(2927 cm-1), O-H stretching vibration of be due to some bioorganic compounds or proteins and carbohydrates found in the
hydroxyl functional groups of polyphenols and alcohols and –NH stretching extract (Kalishwarlal et al., 2010).
vibrations of amide (II) or amine (3437 cm-1) functional groups on the surface
(Emmanuel et al., 2014). The most common rocking vibration found between the Collected Data-4

extract and the BPAuNPs was found to be C=H stretching vibration of aldehydic 5000

amine group(2927 cm-1). The Drastic reduction in peak was seen at (1049 cm-1)
and (1632 cm-1) C –OH stretching of secondary alcohols and C=O stretching
vibration of carbonyl and carboxylic group of hydroxy benozoic acid and gallic 4000

acid peaks seen at 1308 cm-1 and 1382 cm-1 in the extract, which completely
vanished in the BPAuNPs indicating the involvement of these groups in the
catalytic reduction of HAuCl4 to BPAuNPs (Annamalai et al., 2013).

Intensity[cps]
3000

2000
90
3865.48
3794.11

%T
82.5 1000
1736.96
2683.07

75
0
2927.08

20 40 60 80
Theta/2-Theta[deg]

67.5 Figure 4 XRD analysis of biosynthesized BPAuNPs

780.23

638.46
1308.75
1382.04

60
Particle Size distribution and zeta potential
1635.69

Figure 5A shows the particle size distribution of BPAuNPs in the range of 470 nm,
1034.84

52.5 which are comparable to gold nanoparticles synthesized using lemon grass extract,
1074.39

which had average size of 200-500nm (Sen et al., 2013) and those synthesized
45 using pear fruit extract had average size of 200-500nm (Girilal et al., 2013).
3381.33

BPAuNPs had a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.704 which is low and Zeta
potential of – 6.07 (Fig. 5B). This indicates the capping agents existing on the
37.5
surface of BPAuNPs mainly comprise of negatively charged groups, which may
be responsible for the moderate stability of nanoparticles.
4000 3750 3500 3250 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
SNEHA (3) 1/cm
Figure 2 FT-IR of banana pith extract

90
3882.84

%T
3786.39
3705.38

85
1814.11
2610.74

1706.09

1496.81

80
3098.75

2927.08

812.06
696.33

75
648.10
1632.80

70
1049.31

65

60
Figure 5A Size distribution BPAuNPs
3437.26

55

50

4000 3750 3500 3250 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500
SNEHA (4) 1/cm
Figure 3 FT-IR of Au - nanoparticles produced from banana pith extract

Earlier studies of IR spectra of biologically synthesized nanoparticles have shown

the presence of biomolecules on their surface (Arulkumar et al., 2010; Mubarak
et al., 2011; Edison et al., 2012). From the present study, it is also evident that
the AuNPs synthesized are capped with organic residues like proteins and amino
acids. It is well known fact that amines of the proteins facilitate the binding to Au
nanoparticles and therefore, stabilization of AuNPs through surface bound proteins
occurs (Arulkumar et al.,2010).

Figure 5B Zetasizer and Zeta potential distribution of biosynthesized BPAuNPs

643
 J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci / Nayak et al. 2018 : 7 (6) 641-645

Antibacterial activity of BPAuNPs Acknowledgments: We are extremely thankful to NMAM Institute of

Technology, Nitte for providing the facility to carry out research work. We would
Biologically synthesized BPAuNPs displayed antimicrobial activity towards the also like to thank Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal for
Gram-negative E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and against Gram-positive technical support in characterizing the nanoparticles.
Bacillus subtilis bacteria as shown in figure 6. The light zones around the wells
were considered as the zone of inhibition which are comparable with literature REFERENCES
reports where gold nanoparticles synthesized using extreme bacteria Deinococcus
radiodurans showed inhibition zone of 9mm against E.coli ( Li et al., 2016). Gold Ahmad, T., Wani, I. A., Manzoor, N., Ahmed, J., &Asiri, A. M.
nanoparticles synthesized using Abutilon indicum extract showed inhibition zone (2013).Biosynthesis, structural characterization and antimicrobial activity of gold
of 7.5mm against Bacillus spp. (Chandrika et al., 2018). Antibacterial activity of and silver nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 107, 227-
BPAuNPs against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative E.coli was 234.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.004
significantly higher than that of Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria Ankamwar, B., Chaudhary, M., & Sastry, M. (2005). Gold nanotriangles
and controls. From this observation, it can be said that the two different species of biologically synthesized using tamarind leaf extract and potential application in
bacteria of same category (Gram negative) respond differently to nanoparticles vapor sensing. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic and Nano-
synthesized from the same source.
Metal Chemistry, 35(1), 19-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/sim-200047527
Annamalai, A., Christina, V. L. P., Sudha, D., Kalpana, M., & Lakshmi, P. T. V.
45 (2013). Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of Au NPs
40 using Euphorbia hirta L. leaf extract. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 108,
35 60-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.02.012
Inhibition zone in mm

Aromal, S. A., & Philip, D. (2012). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using
30 Trigonella foenum-graecum and its size dependent catalytic activity. Spectrochim.
25 Acta.A Mol Biomol Spectrosc., 97,1-5.
Bacillus http://dx.doi:10.1016/j.saa.2012.05.083.Epub 2012jun6
20 Aromal, S. A., & Philip, D. (2012).Benincasahispida seed mediated green
Pseudomonas
15 synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its optical nonlinearity. Physica E:Low-
E coli DimensionalSystems and Nanostructures, 44(7), 1329-
10 1334.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2012.02.013
5 Arunachalam,R., Dhanasingh,S., Kalimuthu,B., Uthirappan,M., Rose,C.,
0 Mandal,A.B.(2012) Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coccinia grandis
leaf extract and its application in the photocatalytic degradation. Colloids and
1 2 3 4 5 surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 94: 226-
Sample code 230.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2014.938756.
Arulkumar, S., & Sabesan, M. (2010). Biosynthesis and characterization of gold
nanoparticle using antiparkinsonian drug Mucuna pruriens plant extract.Int J Res
Figure 6. Results of Antibacterial activity . 1= BPAuNPs, 2= Banana pith extract
, 3=HAuCl4, 4= DMSO , 5= Ciprofloxacin . Pharm Sci, 4, 417-20.http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.69112
Chandran, S. P., Chaudhary, M., Pasricha, R., Ahmad, A., & Sastry, M. (2006).
Malachite green Dye degradation study Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver nanoparticles using Aloevera plant
extract. Biotechnology progress, 22(2), 577-583.
Figure 7 shows Malachite green dye degradation by BPAuNPs. When compared http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp0501423
to literature reports where 89% of malachite green dye is degraded using Chandrika, U.J., Arivukkarasi, T., & Guruswamy, A. (2018) .Plant extract
Trichoderma hpyocrea lixii under optimal condition of 30ºC, pH of 5.8 , yeast mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticle and its antibacterial activity.Open access
extract of 5.81 mg/l and incubation period of 10 days (Saravanakumar et al., international journal of science and engineering.3(3),17-21.
2014) , the present study using BPAuNPs acheives 96% malachite green dye http://doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.31566.56644
degradation in 5 days. Hence the present study does not require laborious Das, R. K., Brar, S. K., & Verma, M. (2016). Checking the biocompatibility of
maintenance of cultures and can be easily scaled up for large scale applications plant-derived metallic nanoparticles: molecular perspectives. Trends in
(Shankar et al., 2004). biotechnology, 34(6), 440-449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.005
Donald, M., Tariro,C., &Stanley, M.(2015). Antibacterial properties of alkaloid
extracts from Callistemon citrinus and Vernonia adoenis against staphylococcus
aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. International Journal of medicinal
chemistry,Article ID 6304163,7 Pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6304163
Edison, T. J. I., & Sethuraman, M. G. (2012). Instant green synthesis of silver
nanoparticles using Terminalia chebula fruit extract and evaluation of their
catalytic activity on reduction of methylene blue. Process Biochemistry, 47(9),
1351-1357.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2012.04.025
Emmanuel, R., Karuppiah, C., Chen, S. M., Palanisamy, S., Padmavathy, S., &
Prakash, P. (2014). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles for trace level detection
of a hazardous pollutant (nitrobenzene) causing Methemoglobinaemia. Journal of
hazardous materials, 279, 117-124.
Figure 7 (A ) UV- Visible absorption spectra of Malachite green dye degradation http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.066
by BPAuNPs (B) Eppendorf tube on left side containing Malachite green dye and Ganeshkumar, M., Sathishkumar, M., Ponrasu, T., Dinesh, M. G., Suguna, L. (
on right hand side confirming biodegradation of Malachite green dye 2013). Spontaneous ultrafast synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Punica
granatum for cancer targeted drug delivery. . Colloids and Surfaces B:
CONCLUSION
Biointerfaces, 106,208-16.
By employing economical and ecofriendly biological approach for the synthesis of http://dx.doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.035.Epub2013jan24
gold nanoparticles (BPAuNPs) using banana pith extract, where biosynthesized Ghodake, G. S., Deshpande, N. G., Lee, Y. P., & Jin, E. S. (2010). Pear fruit
BPAuNPs were found to capped with proteins and other organics present in the extract-assisted room-temperature biosynthesis of gold nanoplates. Colloids and
banana pith. The surface plasmon resonance peaks observed for BPAuNPs were
Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 75(2), 584-
comparable to the literature reports. Negative zeta values indicated the stability of
nanoparticles. XRD results confirmed the crystallinity of nanoparticles. The 589.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.040
synthesized BPAuNPs showed antibacterial activity against both Gram positive Girilal, M., Fayaz, A. M., Balaji, P. M., & Kalaichelvan, P. T. (2013).
and Gram negative bacteria. BPAuNPs showed significant bacteriostatic effect Augmentation of PCR efficiency using highly thermostable gold nanoparticles
hence can be used in biomedical applications as an antimicrobial agent. BpAuNPs synthesized from a thermophilic bacterium, Geobacillus
were also capable of degrading Malachite green dye effectively, hence can be used stearothermophilus. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 106, 165-
for bioremediation of textile industry effluent containing Malachite green dye. 169.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.12.038

644
 J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci / Nayak et al. 2018 : 7 (6) 641-645

Huang, X., Jain, P. K., El-Sayed, I. H., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2007). Gold applications. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering
nanoparticles: interesting optical properties and recent applications in cancer Aspects, 384(1), 337-344.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.04.015
diagnostics and therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond). Oct,2(5):681-93. Xin, H., Yang,X., liu,X., Tang,X., Weing,L., Han,Y.(2016) Biosynthesis of iron
nanoparticles using guanyan tea extract for degradation of bromothymol blue.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17435889.2.5.681
Journal of nanotechnology , Article ID 4059591, 8 pages.
Jayaseelan, C., Ramkumar, R., Rahuman, A.A., & Perumal, P. (2013).Green
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4059591.
synthesis of gold nanoparticles using seed aqueous extract of Abelmoschus
esculentus and its antifungal activity. Industrial Crops and Products,45, 423–
429.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.019
Kalishwaralal, K., Deepak, V., Ram Kumar, P. S., Kottaisamy, M.,
BarathmaniKanth. S., Kartikeyan, B., Gurunathan, S.(2010) Biosynthesis of silver
and gold nanoparticles using Brevibacterium casei, Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.
77(2), 257-62. http://dx.doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.02.007
Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.R., Gokhale, S.B.(2008). Pathway to Screen
Phytochemical nature of Natural Drugs. Pharmacognosy, 42nd ed, Nirali
Prakashan Pune, 56-61.
Krishnaraj, C., Jagan, E. G., Rajasekar, S., Selvakumar, P., Kalaichelvan, P. T., &
Mohan, N. (2010). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf
extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens. Colloids and
Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 76(1), 50-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.10.008
Li, K.., Fu, S., Zhan, H., Zhan, Y., Lucia, L. A. (2010). Analysis of the chemical
composition and morphological structure of Banana pseudo-stem. BioResources,
5(2), 576 – 585.
http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_05_2_0576_Li_FZ
ZL_Anal_Chem_Struc_Banana_Pseudostem/543
Li , J., Li, Q., & Hua, Y et al (2016) . Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by the
extreme bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans and an evaluation of their
antibacterial properties. International journal of nanomedicine, 11,5931-5944.
http://dx.doi:10.2147/IJN.S119618
Mubarak Ali, D., Thajuddin, N., Jeganathan, K., & Gunasekaran, M. (2011). Plant
extract mediated synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial
activity against clinically isolated pathogens. Colloids and Surfaces B:
Biointerfaces, 85(2), 360-365.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.03.009
Nguyen, D., Nováková, A., Spurná, K., Hričko,J., Phung, H., Viktorová, J.,
Stránská, J., Haj šlová, J., Ruml, T. (2017). Antidiabetic
compounds in Stem Juice from Banana, Czech J. Food Sci., 35(5), 407–413. .
http://dx.doi.10.17221/172/2017-CJFS
Poojary, M.M., Passamonti , P., & Adhikari, A.V.( 2016).Green synthesis of silver
and gold nanoparticles using root bark extract of Mammea suriga: Charecterization
, Process optimization and their antibacterial activity . Bionanoscence., 6(2), 110-
120. http://dx.doi:10.1007/s12668016-0199-8.
Raghunandan, D., Bedre, M. D., Basavaraja, S., Sawle, B., Manjunath, S. Y.,
&Venkataraman, A. (2010). Rapid biosynthesis of irregular shaped gold
nanoparticles from macerated aqueous extracellular dried clove buds
(Syzygiumaromaticum) solution. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces,79(1),
235-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.04.003
Ramteke, C., Chakrabarti, T., Sarangi, B. K., & Pandey, R. A. (2012). Synthesis
of silver nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum sanctum for
enhanced antibacterial activity. Journal of
chemistry,2013.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/278925
Sahu, N., Soni, D., Chandrashekhar, B., Sarangi, B. K., Satpute, D., & Pandey, R.
A. (2013).Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using
Cynodondactylon leaves and assessment of their antibacterial activity. Bioprocess
and biosystems engineering, 36(7), 999-1004.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00449-
012-0841-y
Saifuddin, N., Wong, C.W., &Yasumira, A.A.N. (2009) Rapid biosynthesis of
silver nanoparticles using culture supernatant of bacteria with microwave
irradiation, E-Journal of Chemistry, 6(1) ,61-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/734264
Saravanakumar, K., Kathiresan, K.( 2014). Bioremoval of the synthetic dye
malachite green by marine Trichoderma sp.Springerplus3 :631,1-12.
http://dx.doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-631.
Sen, I. K., Maity, K., & Islam, S. S. (2013). Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles
using a glucan of an edible mushroom and study of catalytic
activity. Carbohydrate polymers, 91(2), 518-
528.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.058
Shankar, S. S., Rai, A., Ahmad, A., & Sastry, M. (2004). Rapid synthesis of Au,
Ag, and bimetallic Au core–Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta
indica) leaf broth. Journal of colloid and interface science, 275(2), 496-
502.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.003
Shankar, S. S., Rai, A., Ahmad, A., & Sastry, M. (2005). Controlling the optical
properties of lemongrass extract synthesized gold nanotriangles and potential
application in infrared-absorbing optical coatings. Chemistry of Materials, 17(3),
566-572.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm048292g
Valodkar, M., Nagar, P. S., Jadeja, R. N., Thounaojam, M. C., Devkar, R. V.,
&Thakore, S. (2011). Euphorbiaceae latex induced green synthesis of non-
cytotoxic metallic nanoparticle solutions: a rational approach to antimicrobial

645