KATARA , BHOPAL

SESSION 2024 - 25

PHYSICS

PROJECT FILE

SUBMITTED BY : SUBMITTED TO :
JATIN SONI Er. SACHIN GUPTA
 I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physics teacher Er. Sachin
Gupta for his vital support , guidance and encouragement without which this
Practical file would not have been completed from my side.

I have a deep sense of gratitude to our principal Dr. Rajesh Sharma and
teachers who always extend help to us. I am grateful for all the help and guidance
provided by our school.

NAME OF STUDENT : JATIN SONI

CLASS : XII
 This is to certify that_________________________________ of class 12th

of Roll. No ____________________ of The Ivy Global School , Bhopal during the

academic year 2024-2025 has successfully completed the project of Physics on

_________________ under the guidance of ______________during the Year

2024-25.

Teacher In-Charge

--------------------------

Examiner’s Signature Principal’s Signature

------------------------- --------------------------
 INDEX

☺ Introduction
☺ Objective of the Project
☺ Principle
☺ Theory
1. Step-Down Transformer
▪ Advantages of Step-Down Transformer
▪ Disadvantages of Step-Down Transformer
2. Step-Up Transformer
▪ Advantages of Step-Up Transformer
▪ Disadvantages of Step-Up Transformer
3. Efficiency
4. Energy Losses

☺ Apparatus Required
☺ Circuit Diagram
☺ Ideal Transformer
1. Working Principle
2. Equation of Ideal Transformer
3. Ideal Transformer with Load
4. Ideal Transformer with No Load
5. Properties of Ideal Transformer
6. Advantages of Ideal Transformer
7. Disadvantages of Ideal Transformer
8. Application of Ideal Transformer

☺ Procedure
☺ Observation
1. Uses of Transformer
☺ Sources of Error
☺ Precautions
☺ Conclusions
☺ Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa. A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction per this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil. A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weights only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones. In a transformer, the electrical
energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a Step-up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits

P.T.O
 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation between the ratio of: –

1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-made .

P.T.O
 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit
then induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a circuit
produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.
 THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil P1P2 , an alternating current start falling
in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus,
if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and d𝛟 / dt
= rate of change of flux in each turn off the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = - NP d𝛟 / dt --------- (i)

ES = - NS d𝛟 / dt --------- (ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant , so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

ES / EP = - NS / NP d𝛟 / dt --------- (iii)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
IP = E - EP / RP
E - EP = IPRP
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
E - EP = 0 OR EP = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
 IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

1000V 200V
2A 10A

2000 W 2000 W

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If ,
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
& Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power Or
Ep*Ip = Es*Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

P.T.O
 ADVANTAGES OF STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

The advantages of Step-Down Transformers are as follows:

• Useful in stepping down the voltage, thereby making transmission power easier and cheaper
• More than 99% of efficiency
• Provides varied voltage requirements
• Low Cost
• High Reliability
• High Durability

DISADVANTAGES OF STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

The disadvantages of Step-Down Transformers are as follows:

• Requires a lot of maintenance failing which can damage the transformer
• Volatility in feedstock costs
• Fault rectification takes more time
 IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

100 V 400V
10 A 5 turns 20 turns 2.5A

1000 W 1000 W

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown, that in a Step-down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer steps down the current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.
 ADVANTAGES OF STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

Transformers can come in different specifications suitable for different applications and each
comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. Choosing the right step-up transformer for
your company is a very critical decision as it impacts the productivity of the industry. So it is
very essential to learn the pros and cons of an electrical device before purchasing one. Here are a
few advantages of the step-up transformers.
Long-Distance Transmission
Step-up transformers are used to transmit power over long distances at low costs. If it were not
for a step-up transformer, the power loss in the transmission lines would be so high and it would
become close to impossible to transmit power to far-off regions. How does it do this? Well,
when the voltage of the current that has to be transmitted is increased, the resistance on the line
is reduced, thus, ensuring very minimal losses along the way.
Uninterrupted Operation
Any electrical/electronic device needs to be switched off for a few hours a day, for it to perform
optimally (Yes, your mobile phone needs rest too). Continuous running of electrical equipment
can negatively impact its performance. But not in the case of a step-up transformer. They have
the capability of operating continuously due to their construction. This is yet another reason why
they play a vital role in power distribution systems.
High Efficiency
As we have seen, the step-up transformers minimize losses to a greater extent which makes them
more efficient. With the use of cutting-edge technology and great manufacturing processes,
transformer manufacturers have made significant improvements to provide optimum efficiency.
A standard step-up transformer operates at more than 95% efficiency.
Low Maintenance
Step-up transformers do not require constant maintenance and cut low on maintenance costs.
Most of them need only minimal maintenance such as oil checks, repairing any corroded or
damaged parts, cleaning the contact, etc., and don’t require much time or money.
No Starting trouble
Once the step-up transformer is installed and connected to the load, it can operate immediately
without any delays.
 DISADVANTAGES OF STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

Now that you know the advantages and applications of a step-up transformer, it is equally wise
to know the disadvantages of a step-up transformer. This aids in planning and making necessary
arrangements that helps you to make efficient use of the transformer.
Demands a Cooling System
One of the major disadvantages of a step-up transformer is its need for a cooling system. As it
operates 24/7, it heats up a lot and there have to be some means to cool it down. As they are
used in highly critical applications, switching them off even for a few minutes can cost a lot to
the industry.
On the other hand, too much heating can reduce the lifespan of the transformer. So it becomes
necessary to install a cooling system that runs round the clock to suck out the heat produced.
Hefty Device
As the voltage to be stepped up increases, the size of the transformer also increases, as it
depends on the number of windings on the core. In other terms, the higher the output voltage,
the bulkier is the transformer. Apart from this, the cooling system used also contributes to the
overall weight of the step-up transformer. It takes up a lot of space.
Exclusive for AC
As a step-up transformer works only for AC (alternating current) voltages, its applications are
limited only to AC operations. It does not do well for direct current or DC voltages.

P.T.O
 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power.
i.e.
η= output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Efficiency , 𝜋 = x 100 %
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟−𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
= x 100 %
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
= 1− x 100 %
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

ENERGY LOSSES

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a transformer.
This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is
due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and demagnetization
of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

IRON ROD COPPER WIRE

VOLT METER AMMETER

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

P.T.O
 IDEAL TRANSFORMER
An Ideal Transformer is a type of imaginary transformer used as a theoretical approach to
analyze the behavior of real transformers. This transformer does not have any loss of power, so
the efficiency is 100%.In an Ideal Transformer, there is no leakage flux which means that
the magnetic flux generated by the Primary winding will be linked with the secondary will have
no loss. Also, an ideal transformer operates without magnetic saturation, maintaining linear
magnetic properties regardless of the applied voltage or current.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Ideal Transformer is based on the principle
of electromagnetic induction. The primary and
secondary windings are wrapped around a
common magnetic core. When the current
flows through the primary winding, a magnetic
field is created. This magnetic field induces a
voltage in the secondary winding.

EQUATIONS OF IDEAL TRANSFORMER

In ideal transformer, as there is no loss and has 100% efficiency. Therefore, input power will be
equal to output power. We can write it as,

We can write the conversion ratio as,

IDEAL TRANSFORMER WITH LOAD

Ideal transformer with load is a type of transformer where a load is connected to secondary
winding of the ideal transformer. When current flows through the secondary section a magnetic
field is created around it, by the principle of electromagnetic induction the changing magnetic
field induces a voltage in the primary part of the transformer. The ratio of number of turns in
the primary to the number of turns in the secondary part will determine the ratio of voltage in
the primary and secondary part.
Let's consider a load
of ZL is connected to
the secondary part of
the transformer. This
will induce an EMF
E2 along with current
I2.
So, we can write,

(E2 = V2 in case of ideal transformer)

I2 current flowing in the secondary part creates a magnetomotive force. This force produces a
flux which is in the opposite direction of the main flux. This flux will make some changes in
the core flux. to counterbalance the flux the primary current should be,

The phasor diagram of the ideal transformer with load

is given below where, the current I2 will lag behind the
EMF E2 because we assumed the load to be inductive.
The lagging angle will be ϕ2 . Also, we will not
consider the load current as the transformer is in ideal
condition.

IDEAL TRANSFORMER WITH NO LOAD

In this type of ideal transformer there is no load connected to the secondary part of the
transformer hence, no current flows through this part. As there is no current in the secondary
part, no voltage is induced in the primary part. The current that flows through the primary part
is the magnetizing current that is required to establish the magnetic field in the core of the
transformer. The primary current is due to the applied voltage and the inductance of the primary
coil.
An input voltage V1 is given to the
primary winding of the transformer
because of which a small
magnetizing current Im flows
through the primary winding. This
current produces a flux which
induces E1 and E2 in primary and
secondary respectively.

As the current in the secondary winding is zero,

there is only magnetizing current which lags 900 of
the input voltage V1. The induced EMFs E1 and
E2 are inversely proportional to the input voltage.
 PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER

• The windings have very small or no resistance.

• As there is no resistance there will no loss.

• The efficiency will be 100%.

• There will be perfect coupling between the primary and secondary windings.

• There will no core loss from eddy currents and hysteresis loop.

• There will be no leakage flux.

• This is a perfect linear device.

ADVANTAGES OF IDEAL TRANSFORMER

• Ideal transformer is 100% efficient and thus have zero power wastage.

• They are easy to model, can be used to simplify and analyze complex transformer designs.

• They are useful in isolating the input and output circuits so as to avoid grounding.

• It can be used for power transformation like step up and step down transformers.

DISADVANTAGES OF IDEAL TRANSFORMER

• This case is only theoretically possible and isn't true in real world or practical applications.

• As it has no loss, so analysis of loss conditions can't be done.

• Ideal transformers has a limited frequency range and it can't be used to study the behavior of
large frequencies.
• It is assumed to have perfect coupling but in reality there is leakage flux which reduces the
efficiency.
 APPLICATIONS OF IDEAL TRANSFORMER

• Ideal transformers are used to analyze the behavior of the practical transformer, as there is no
loss and leakage of flux it easier to analyze.
• Ideal transformers are used for analysis of step-up and step-down transformer's performance.
Thus they are used for voltage transformation.
• This type of transformer are used to transmitting electricity at long ranges by stepping up the
voltage of the transformer.
• It is used for coupling of signals which is used in audio and telecommunications.

• They are used of isolation of circuits to prevent it from grounding.

• The conversion ratio is used for voltage regulation in transformers.

 PROCEDURE

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind many turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns
(say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down
transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter
and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary
and secondary coil of step up transformer. 6. Repeat all steps for other self-made
transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

P.T.O
 OBSERVATION

Uses of Transformer
A transformer is used in almost all A.C operations -
o In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.
o A step-down transformer is used for welding purposes.
o A step-down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
o A step-up transformer is used to produce X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
o Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.
o Transformers are used in the transmissions of A.C over long distances.
o Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc.

P.T.O
 SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

PRECAUTION

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant.
 CONCLUSIONS

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage .
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage .
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

o NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK XII

o WWW.GOOGLE.COM

o WWW.YOUTUBE.COM

o WWW.PINTEREST.COM

o WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM

o WWW.BYJUS.COM

o WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

o WWW.SCRIBD.COM

THE END