CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJEC
T 2023-24
SETTING OF CEMENT
BHAVESH JOSHI
CLASS- XII
2023-24
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
IVRI, BAREILLY
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT BHAVESH
JOSHI OF CLASS XII HAS
SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE
RESEARCH ON THE MENTIONED TOPIC
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR.V.K.
SAHU SIR [SUBJECT TEACHER] DURING
THE YEAR 2023-24 IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION.
SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF CHEMISTRY TEACHER
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND
ON SETTING OF CEMENT
MORTAR
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING
OF CEMENT MORTAR
APPARATUS REQUIRED
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my chemistry teacher MR.V.K SAHU as well as our
school principal MR. MEWALAL who gave the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
"SETTING OF CEMENT" which also helped me in
doing a lot of research work and I came to know about so
many new things. I am really thankful to them.
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMEN
T
To study the setting of mixture of
cement with sand time and fly ash
with respect to time and strength.
INTRODUCTION
In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT is a
binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently,
and can bind other materials together.
The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the
term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling
modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with
burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and a pulverized
brick additive that were added to the burnt lime to obtain
a hydraulic binder were later referred to as cementum,
cimentum, cament and cement.
The most important use of cement is the production of
mortar and concrete.
The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to
form a strong building materials that is durable n
the face of normal environment effects.
THEORY
EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND
ON SETTING OF CEMENT
MORTAR
Sand obtained from different sources has
different qualities. For examples, sea sand
obtained from sea contains unwanted salts
and retards setting of cement and is not
suitable for making mortar.
On the other hand, Pit sand is obtained
from pits in the soil and the River sand
obtained from riverbed is considered
excellent for preparing mortar and concrete.
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING USING CEMENT
Cement used in construction is characterized
as hydraulic or non-hydraulic Hydraulic
cement (e.g. Portland cement) harden
because of hydration chemical reactions that
occur independently of the mixture's water
content; they can harden even underwater or
when constantly exposed to wet weather. The
chemical reaction that results when the
anhydrous cement powder is mixed with
water produces hydrates that are not water
soluble. Non-hydraulic cements (e.g. Lime and
Gypsum plaster) must be kept dry in order to
retain their strength.
PORTLAND CEMENT
Cement is made by heating limestone(calcium
carbonate), with small quantities of other materials (such
as clay) to 14500C in a kiln, in a process known as
calcination, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is
liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium
oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the other
materials that have been in the mix. The resulting hard
substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small
amount of gypsum in a powder to make ‘Ordinary
Portland Cement’, the most commonly used type of
cement (offered referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a
basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and non specialty
grout. The most common use for Portland cement is in
the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite
material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand),
cement and water.
EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING
OF CEMENT MORTAR
Time has an important role on strength of
developed cement mortar. When a cement mixture
in the ratio of 1:3 with water is allowed to dry, the
strength of solid mass keeps on increasing with the
time given for setting. It acquires a nearly full
strength in 28 days.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
BEAKERS
BEAKERS
MATCH BOX
WEIGHT BOX
LIMESTONE
CEMENT FLY ASH
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given in
Observation table.
2. Take each of the given mixtures in different beakers
and prepare their pastes by adding minimum
amount of water.
3. Take nine cases of empty match boxes and mark
from 1 to 9.
4. Fill the three cases with the paste of each
composition.
5. Spray water from time to time over the paste, so
that they remain moist all the time.
6. After three days, take out one slab of each
composition and test their strengths.
7. Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days
after 30 days respectively and test their strengths.
OBSERVATION
S COMPOSITION MINIMUM
NO. OF MIXTURE AND WEIGHT TO
RATIO BREAK THE SLAB
AFTER
3 7 10
DAYS DAYS DAYS
01. CEMENT:RIVER 18g 20g 30g
SAND
(1:3)
02. CEMENT:RIVER 16g 18g 26g
SAND:FLY
ASH
(2:9:1)
03. CEMENT:RIVER 10g 15g 20g
SAND:LIME
(1:3:1)
CONCLUSION
THE STRENGTH OF THE SLAB
INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN THE
SETTING TIME ALLOWED.
PRECAUTIONS
Handle the glass wares carefully
Allow the time required to set Spray
only required amount of water
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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