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Research paper on vermiculture , eco-friendly vermicompost and vermiwash


also its influence in the soil nutrient, plant growth, and enhance yield especially
Apple productivity in t...

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© 2021 IJRAR December 2021, Volume 8, Issue 4 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

Research paper on vermiculture , eco-friendly


vermicompost and vermiwash also its influence in
the soil nutrient, plant growth, and enhance yield
especially Apple productivity in the Union territory
(UT) of Jammu and Kashmir
1
Rahmatullah Hakeem 2Dr. Purnima Shrivastava 3Umar Kabeer Bhat
1 2
Research scholar A.P Bhagwant university Ajmer (Rajasthan) India. 3 Research scholar
1 3
Bhagwant university, Ajmer (Rajasthan) India Bhagwant University Ajmer (Rajasthan) India

ABSTRACT:-

Urbanization and industrialization resulted/ Redounded in rapid increase in volume of solid waste; its management has
become one of the biggest problems today. Solid wastes can be disposed of by methods like land filling , incineration,
conversion into bio-gas, recycling and comp0osting. But its overproduction had let to inappropriate disposal practice such
as their indiscriminate and inappropriately timed application to Agricultural fields that ultimately leads to water and soil
pollution. However if handled duly, these organic wastes used for vermicomposting. Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly
fertilizer. This is the most useful factor for growing the plants. Emphasis in this paper is on vermicomposting of paper
waste. In which paper waste is converted to vermicasts by the earth worms (Eisenia fetida) the experiment deals with the
stabilization through the action of Eisenia fetida earth, cow dung and kitchen wastes . The vermicomposting results in
significant reduction of total organic carbon and increase in total nitrogen. The mid gut analysis of the worm also proves
the changes in micro-bial population during vermicomposting.

Though we have vast cultivable land and enough water in this plant still we are unable to fulfill the basic
needs of the people. As it is believed that 24,000 people die every day from hunger, related causes. But when we apply
vermicomposting in our agriculture as well as our horticulture field, after that our production is good as compared to
without applying this. Vermicomposting enhances plant growth suppress diseases in plants increase porosity and micro-
bial activity in soil, and improves water retention and aeration vermicomposting also benefits the environment by
reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and decrease the amount of waste going to landfills . Earth worms feed the
organic waste materials and passes it through their digestive system and gives out in a granular form ( cocoons) which is
known as vermicomposting, worm cast is also called black gold.

Key words:- Vermicomposting, Eisenia fetida, Eudrillus Eugenia, plant growth promotion, organic waste, nutrients,
and yield.

1. INTRODUCTION:-

Just a decade ago, most public officials and business oneness thought of waste materials such as grass chipping, food
scrapes, kitchen waste, Cow dung and sludge as a problem that they had to dispose of. But more and more often, public
agencies and entrepreneurs are turning this former problem into a profit with environmental benefits once they are
converted into compost, ( eco –friendly vermicomposting with paper waste) (organic up to 70%) {1}The key to start a
successful composting enterprise is to under-stand the baris, to include how composting works what types of facilities can
handle this process, which raw materials work best, How to manage odour, and How to produce the market.

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Increased world population has resulted in higher consumption of goods and services that has driven a
substantial increase of organic wastes origination from households, industry, and agriculture {2 } . Much of the organic
wastes are highly infections as they contain a variety of pathogenic micro-organisms. Dumping of organic wastes in open
areas generates serious environmental issues. Such as the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil , pollution of ground
and surface waters due to leaching and run-off nutrients. These organic wastes when applied directly to agricultural fields
cause soil environment related problems including python-toxicity {3} . These wastes represent valuable organic
resources, which could be recycled and transformed into nutrient rich fertilizers and or soil conditioner {4-,5} Moreover
growing awareness about adverse effects of agricultural chemicals on human health has increased interest in organic
Agriculture.{6} As we have already. Vermicomposting is one of the most efficient Means to mitigate and manage
environmental pollution problems.{7} Recently many studies are being done to establish vermicomposting as one of the
preferred organic substitutes to chemical fertilizers.{8-9} Vermicomposting is more rich in NPK , micronutrients and
beneficial soil microbes ( nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria and Actinomycetes) an excellent growth
promoter and protector for crop plants.{10,11}

Nutrient Management of cropland is an important factor for Agriculture success, Vc is an organic fertilizer
produced by biological process of organic feed by earthworms, it converts organic wastes viz- municipal waste. {12,13}
Agriculture wastes {14} Animal waste {15} sewage sludge {16} It is rich in micro and macro-plant nutrients which are
in plant available forms like nitrate (NO3-) (phosphate (Po43), Sulphate (So42), potassium (k+) etc. and aids in plants
growth promotion that increase crop-productivity. {17}It also contains large No. of micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi,
actinomycetes) which produce phyto-hormones ( Indole 3 aectic acid, Gibberellic acid) {18} and enzymes
(Dehydrogebeasem urease) {19} Nowadays chemical fertilizers are being used in high quantities which degrade soil
quality in long run {20}Many researchers have reported positive charges in soil quality and soil productivity by
application of VC (vermicompost) compared to chemical fertilizers {21} many have testified significantly greater crop
production through preparation of domestic waste {22}

2. Types of Earthworms:-

These are approx. 3600 types of earthworms which are divided into burrowing and non-burrowing types. Red earthworm
species, like Eisenia fetida, and are most efficient in compost making. The non-burrowing earthworms eat 10 percent soil
and 90 percent organic waste materials, these convert the organic waste into vermicomposting faster than the burrowing
earth worms. While as the burrowing types of earthworms come on to the soil surface only at night, these makes holes in
the soil up to a depth of 3.5m and produce 5.6 kg casts by ingesting 90 percent soil and 10 percent organic waste. Each
earthworm weighs about 0.5 to 0.6 grams. its incubation period is 26- 27 days.

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Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Clitellata

Eisenia fetida
Order: Opisthopora

Family: Lumbricidae

Genus: Eisenia

Species: E. fetida

Binomial name

Eisenia fetida

3. Methods of preparing enriched Vermicomposting:-

The below following points keep in mind during preparing worm compost. These are as under:-

 Decomposing organic waste, such as animal excreta, kitchen waste, and other organic wastes, in the ratio of 50:50
 Selection of site:- It must be shady, with high humidity and cool , proximity to road, proximity to water supply,
proximity to electric supply,
 Cocoon production in Eisina fotida to 1 in every 3 days.
 The Raw material Required for vermicomposting for bed of dimension 8’ * 4’* 2.5’ is 1.5 – 2.0 quintal and the
bed having two way slop like bathroom. So that extra water gets out.
 Bed material should be bulky having high water absorbance and low CN Ratio , it should not be fresh grass and
fresh cow dung.
 After filling the pit earth worms are released at the rate of 4kg / M 2.
 After that It should be covered with gunny bags so that moisture mainted in the pit
 Water should be sprinkled in the gunny bags so that mixture content must be 40-50 %
 For mainting aeration and for proper decomposing bed should be turned once after 30 days.
 Compost gets ready after 40-45 days.

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{ Below the figures demonstrates how to prepare wormicompost }

4. Types of vermicomposting:-
 The types of vermicomposting depends upon the amount of production and composting structures, small-scale
vermi-composting is done to meet personal requirements and farmers /gardeners can harvest 5-10 tons of
vermicomposting annually. On the other hand, large scale vermicomposting is done at commercial scale by
recycling large quantities of organic waste in modern facilities with the production of more than hundreds of tons
annually.

5. What is vermiculture and its uses:-

Vermiculture means artificial rearing or cultivation of worms (Earthworms) and the technology is the scientific process of
using them for the betterment of human beings vermicompost is the excreta of Earthworm, which is rich in humus.
Earthworm eat cow dung or farm yard manure along with other farm wastes and pass it through their body and in the
process convert it into vermicompost. The municipal wastes, non-toxic solid and liquid waste of the industries and
household garbage can also be converted in the vermicomposting in the same manner. Earth worms not only convert
garbage into valuable manure but keep the environment healthy. Conversion of garbage by earthworms into compost and
the multiplication of earth worms are simple process and can be easily handled by the farmers.

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6. Vermiwash:-
Vemiwash is liquid extract produced from vermicomposting in a medium were earthworms are richly populated. The bio-
active macro-molecules from the skin secretion of earthworm, coelomic fluid, and mucus directly abot to defend
pathogenic soil microbes against the worm and thereby greed the environment from the disease. Earthworms establish
symbiotic relationship with microbes produce an essential product that support the growth of plants and suppress plant
root diseases. Vermiwash can enhance productivity of the crop and fruits.

worm wash is a natural product formed by vermicomposting of organic matter from rich population of earth worms.(
Aghamohammadi et-al, 2016; Thakur and sood, 2019)

7. Preparation of Vermiwash :-
 Take plastic drum
 Remove a circular portion free its lid, large enough to-
accommodate a small percolated bucket
 Spread 4 inches pebbles at the bottom of the drum
 Then spreed 3 inches of fine soil
 After that fix a tap at the bottom of drum
 Fit a percolated bucket at the top
 Pour water gently in the bucket to settle t he sand and soil.
h

 Now fill the drum with 3/4th with freely prepared vermicompost.
 After that pour water (1-2 litre) every day through the perforated bucket
with gently
 Add 20 lt water /Quantal for about ten days and start to ooze from the
bottom outlet.
 Flesh @ 20 liters of water per 100 kg of vermicomposting
 The end product is vermiwash.

8. Uses:-

Vermiwash is rich in dissolved nutrients and amino-acids which are easily obtainable for plants. It is non-toxic and eco-
friendly compound which arrests the bacterial growth and forms and protective layer for their survival and growth. It can
be used as a liquid fertilizer applied to the rhizosphers. No pathogen can survive in their fluid, thus protecting the
earthworms from the disease caused by pathogens it increase the rate of photosynthesis. It increases the no. of Micro-
organisms in the soil which helps in decomposing soil. Organic matter. The wormiwash contains nursery plant nutrients,
plant growth promoting hormones (auxin and gibberlins)_ . It can be used as a foliar spray as well as soil application. AT
last we can say that worm wash is a part of good agriculture practice.

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9. Role of vermicompost on soil fertility, plant growth and yield:-

The key role of vermicompost is change in physical, chemical and biological properties of soil by earthworm activities
and they thus called as soil managers {23} . It substantially improves, soil structure, texture, aeration and prevents soil
erosion. It increases the macropore space ranging from 50 to 500um, resulting in improving air water relationship in the
soil thereby affecting plant growth. It also favorably affects soil PH, . It s micro-bial population and soil enzymes
activities moreever, phosphatges and exchangeable calcium and soluble potassium{24} Muscus excreted by earthworm
digestive canal produce some antiobiotic and hormone like bio-chemicals thereby boosting plant growth{25} and
enhance the decomposition of organic matter in soil {26} vermicompost have been reported to have favourable influence
on the growth and yield parameters of several crops like paddy, sugarcane, brinjal, tomato and okra{27} Thus
vermicompost acts as soil conditioner {29} and a slow release fertilizer{28}, improves soil, structure, soil fertility, plant
growth and suppress diseases caused by soil borne plant pathogens, increase crop yield {30} it has be estended that more
than 15 % production increase in apple plants when applied vermicompost. Fig. 2.1 shows production percentage.

Column1

production of apple with out


vermicompost
production of apple with
vermicompost

2.1 ( production of apple with or without vermicompost)

10. Conclusion:-

This paper shows the way of which the kitchen waste can be composted along with cattle dung the decomposition process
is enhanced in the presence of earth worm and aerobic heterotrophic pollution. Moreover the paper also pinpoints the
Reproductivty of the earthworms in the reactor bed. Mineralization of the nitrogenous compounds is also facilitated in the
presence of rice straw and cow dung . Crops grown on chemical fertilizers have low and contaminated nutrient value in
comparison to grow naturally or organic way.

To presence the agro-ecosystem and protect human health from the harmful chemical fertilizers
ecological Agricultures and organic farming has to be promoted as the new emerging concept of “organic farming “
focuses mainly on production of chemical free foods , . Organic farming with ore of organic fertilizers like vermicompost,
could substitute the chemical fertilizers and can reduce the economic cost and may also lead to organic products which
fetches higher price in the market. Also in UT of j&k the vermicompost has increased more value due to high density
varieties. At last we conclude that it is found that increasing soil quality due to vermicompost application is reflected in
plant growth and production. The review also suggests that Vermicompost should be used at appropriate rate depending
on types of crops grown and its nutrient requirement for cost effectiveness. Overall, vermicompost boon to organi0-c
farming.

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11. Acknowledgement:-

First of all we are thankful to Omnipresent, Omnipotent Almighty Allah who give us a chance for making this journal,
and also we would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Guide Dr. Purnima Shrivastava for his time to
time help, Also the authors would like to thank the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, (KVK) pombay Kulgam mostly Dr. Shakoor
sir who help us time to time during preparation of vermicompost and vermiwash , . the 1st and third Author would like
to thank parents friends especially of Hilal ,showkat , zubair, muntazir , as well as knowledgeable and experienced
person , also the 1st author would like to express special thanks of gratitude to Ms Gowsi and Heena jan whom they
encourage me time to time, we also thankful to agriculture and horticulture farmers who give us feedback time to time .
Thanks again to all who helped us a lot in finishing this journal with a limited time.

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