THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

TANZANIA OLD SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION

FORM SIX JOINT EXAMINATION JANUARY 2024

132/1 CHEMISTRY 1

Time 3hours JANUARY, 2024

INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper consists of sections A and B with a total of ten (10) questions.
2. Answer ALL questions in section A and any two (2) from section B.
3. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the examination room.
4. The use of non-programmable calculator is allowed.
5. Write your Examination Number (Name) on every page of your answer booklet(s).
6. Where necessary the following constants may be used:
(i) Atomic masses: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16.
(ii) Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 × 10−34 Js.
(iii) Rydberg’s constant, RH = 109 678 cm−1.
(iv) Speed of light in vacuum, 𝑐 = 3.0 × 108 m/s.
(v) Standard pressure = 1 atm or 1.01 × 105.
(vi) Standard temperature = 273 K.
(vii) Universal gas constant, R = 8.314 Jmol−1K−1 or 0.0821 atmdm3mol−1K−1.

SECTION A (70 Marks)

Answer ALL questions in this section.

1. (a) (i) Mention and state the principle which goes against the concept of Bohr’s fixed
orbits.
(ii) Why does hydrogen spectrum have large number of lines despite the fact that
hydrogen has only one electron? (4
Marks)
(b) Arrange the electrons represented by the following set of quantum numbers in the
decreasing order of energy.
A: n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s = +1/2

1
 B: n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = −1/2
C: n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = +1/2
D: n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s = −1/2 (2 Marks)
(c) Calculate the frequency of spectral lines emitted when the electron in n = 3 state of the
hydrogen atom de-excites to the ground state. (4 Marks)

2. (a) (i) What is hydrogen bond?

(ii) With examples, discuss any four effects of hydrogen bonding in the physical
properties of the compounds. (5
Marks)
(b) Arrange the bonds formed due to the following overlaps in the order of increasing bond
strength.
s-s overlap, s-p overlap and p-p overlap along the axis. (2 Marks)
(c) (i) Why is a molecule or ion in which six identical groups are bonded to a central atom
said to have an octahedral geometry.
(ii) Arrange the following compounds in the order of decreasing boiling points:
H2O, H2S and H2Se. (3 Marks)

3. (a) State Dalton's law of partial pressures and show how it may be derived from the ideal
gas
equation. (4 Marks)
(b) Critical temperature for carbon dioxide and methane are 31.1℃ and −81.9℃
respectively.
Which has stronger intermolecular forces and why? (2 Marks)
(c) An LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) cylinder weighs 14.8 kg when empty. When full, it
weights 29.0 kg and shows a pressure of 2.5 atm. In the course of use at 27℃, the mass
of the full cylinder reduced to 23.2 kg. Find out the volume of the gas in cubic metres
used up at the normal usage conditions, and the final pressure inside the cylinder.
Assume LPG to be n-butane with normal boiling point of 0℃. (4 Marks)

4.(a) What are colligative properties? Mention four examples. (3 Marks)

(b) Give the difference between osmotic pressure and vapour pressure of a solution. (2
Marks)

(c) Calculate the osmotic pressure and vapour pressure of 0.6% aqueous solution of a non-
volatile, non-electrolyte solute, urea (NH2CONH2) at 25℃. The vapour pressure of

2
 pure water at 25℃ is 24 mmHg. Take densities to be 1 g/Ml and assume ideal
behaviour of the solution.
(5 Marks)

5.(a) Define the term standard molar enthalpy change of neutralisation. (1 Mark)
(b)The standard molar enthalpy changes of neutralisation for some aqueous neutralisation
reactions are given in the table below:
Acid Base ∆H
(kJmol−1)
A HCl NaOH −57.1

B HCl KOH −57.2

C HNO3 NaOH −57.3

D HF NaOH −68.6

E HCl NH3 −52.2

F CH3COOH NaOH −55.2

G HCN NH3 −5.4

Account quantitatively for:

(i) The similarities of the values in A, B and C.
(ii) The differences between the values in D, E, F and G and those in A, B and C,
suggesting reasons for the very high negative value in D and the low negative value
in G.
(5 Marks)

(c)The standard enthalpy of formation of ethene is +51 kJmol−1. If, at 298 K, the enthalpy
of sublimation of graphite is 713 kJmol−1 and the bond energy terms H − H and C − H
are 436 and 415 kJmol−1 respectively. Calculate the C = C bond energy term. (4
Marks)

6. (a) In one laboratory experiment dilute nitric acid was added to a green solid V. A blue
solution W and a gas X that forms a white precipitate with lime water were formed. This
was followed by evaporating the blue solution to dryness and then heating strongly in a
crucible. The following products were observed to be formed: A black solid Y, brown
fumes of gas Z and a gas that relights a glowing splint.
(i) Identify solids V and Y.

3
 (ii) Identify gases X and Z.
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between solid V and dilute nitric
acid.
(iv) Write a chemical equation for the formation of solid Y.
(v) With the aid of a chemical equation, briefly describe a suitable method you
would use to prepare solid V in the laboratory. (6 Marks)
(b) (i) Mention four uses of metal carbonates.
(ii) Briefly explain why indirect method for preparing metal hydroxides is also called
precipitation method. (4 Marks)

7. (a) You are given three alkane compounds: pentane, 2-methylbutane and 2,2-
dimethylpropane.(i) What effect does branching of an alkane chain has on its boiling
point?
(ii) Arrange the compounds in order of increasing their melting point. (3 Marks)
(b) Write the structural formula and IUPAC names of all possible of C2H2Cl2 and indicate
which of these is nonpolar. Give a reason. (4
Marks) (c) (i) Acetylene is acidic in character. Discuss.
(ii) Why do alkynes not show geometrical isomerism? (3 Marks)

SECTION B (30 Marks)

Answer any two (2) questions from this section.

8. (a) State what is meant by:

(i) Dynamic equilibrium.
(ii) Equilibrium law. (2 Marks)
(b) Explain why there is a constant pressure of carbon dioxide at a particular temperature
over calcium carbonate undergoing thermal dissociation;

CaCO3 (s) ⇔ CaO (s)+ CO2 (g)

Give a reason to why a current of air is blown through a lime kiln during the
production of quicklime, CaO. (3 Marks)
(c) Using partial pressures, show that for gaseous reactions of the type;

XY (g) ⇔ X (g) + Y (g)

4
 at a given temperature, the pressure at which XY is exactly one-quarter dissociated is
numerically equal to fifteen times the value of the equilibrium constant at that temperature.
(5 Marks) (d) For the reaction: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇔ 2NH3 (g),

(i) Calculate the mole percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture formed at
400℃ and 3 × 107 Pa pressure, when gaseous hydrogen and nitrogen are mixed
in a 3: 1 mole ratio, and there is 61% conversion of nitrogen to ammonia.
(ii) Write an expression for Kp in terms of the partial pressures of the three gases in
equilibrium. (5 Marks)

9. (a) Briefly explain how soil colloids are formed. (2 Marks)

(b) State the main negative impact to environment for each of the following substances;
(i) Hot water.
(ii) Lead.
(i) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
(ii) Sulphur dioxide. (4 Marks)
(c) In the upper atmosphere, ozone is very important to healthy environment where it acts
as a primary ultraviolet radiation shield. However, when it is at lower atmosphere,
ozone has harmful effects on many living things because it is toxic.
(i) With help of chemical equation, show how ozone is formed in lower
atmosphere through electrical discharge.
(ii) Explain how ozone prevents harmful ultraviolet light to reach earth’s surface
and explain why these harmful radiations cannot be prevented by oxygen gas
which is more abundant than ozone in the atmosphere.
(iii) Mention at least four harmful effects of ground-level ozone. (9
Marks)

10. (a) Benzene is said to contain a delocalized system of electrons. What do you understand

by the term ‘delocalized’? Give two pieces of evidence that benzene does in fact contain
such a system.
(4 Marks)
(b) Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity
with an electrophile, E+. Give a reason for the trend.

5
Chlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and p-nitrochlorobenzene. (2 Marks)
(c) Electrophilic substitution reactions (SE) are considered to proceed through three steps.
Without showing the mechanisms, describe all the three steps.
(3 Marks)
(d) An organic compound A, C8H6, on treatment with dilute sulphuric acid containing
mercuric sulphate gives a compound B, which can also be obtained from a reaction of
benzene with an acid chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride. The
compound B, when treated with iodine in aqueous KOH, yields C and a yellow
compound D. Identify A, B, C and D with
justification. Show how B is formed from A. (6 Marks)

6
 PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
TANZANIA OLD SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION (TOSSA)
FORM SIX JOINT EXAMINATION JANUARY 2024
132/1 CHEMISTRY 1
MARKING GUIDE

SECTION A (70 Marks)

Students should answer ALL questions in this section.
1.(a) (i) Mention and state the principle which goes against the concept of Bohr’s fixed orbits.

Solution
It is the principle of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. (1 Mark)
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that:
“It is impossible to describe the exact position of an electron in an atom at a given moment”.
(1 Mark)

(ii) Why does hydrogen spectrum have large number of lines despite the fact that
hydrogen has only one electron?
Solution
Though a hydrogen atom has only one electron, it contains a large number of shells, so
when this single electron jumps from one shell to another, a photon is emitted and
the energy difference of the shells causes different wavelengths to be released.
Hence, mono-electronic hydrogen has many spectral lines. (2 Marks)

(b) Arrange the electrons represented by the following set of quantum numbers in the
decreasing order of energy.
A: 𝐧 = 𝟒, 𝐥 = 𝟎, 𝐦 = 𝟎, 𝐬 = +𝟏/𝟐
B: 𝐧 = 𝟑, 𝐥 = 𝟏, 𝐦 = 𝟏, 𝐬 = −𝟏/𝟐
C: 𝐧 = 𝟑, 𝐥 = 𝟐, 𝐦 = 𝟎, 𝐬 = +𝟏/𝟐
D: 𝐧 = 𝟑, 𝐥 = 𝟎, 𝐦 = 𝟎, 𝐬 = −𝟏/𝟐
Solution
The orbitals described by these sets of quantum numbers are;
A: 4s B: 3p C: 3d D: 3s
The energy of these orbitals follows the order: 3d > 4s > 3p > 3s
Hence, the energy of the given sets of quantum numbers decreases as follows:
C >A>B>D. (2 Marks)

Page 1 of 17
 (c) Calculate the frequency of spectral lines emitted when the electron in 𝐧 = 𝟑 state of the
hydrogen atom de-excites to the ground state.

Solution
1 1
For hydrogen spectrum; 𝑣̅= RH(𝑛2 ̶ 2
1 𝑛 2
Given; 𝑛1 = 1 and 𝑛2 = 3

𝑣̅ 𝟗𝟕 𝟒𝟗𝟏.𝟓 𝒄𝒎−𝟏 (2 Marks)

Frequency of spectral lines emitted, 𝑣̅ = 𝑐𝑣̅ = (3 × 10 𝑐𝑚/𝑠) × (97.491.5 𝑐𝑚−1)
10

≈ 𝟐. 𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝑯𝒛. (2 Marks)

2.(a) (i) What is hydrogen bond?

Solution
Hydrogen bond is the bond between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and a more
electronegative atom of the same or another molecule. (1 Mark)

(ii) With examples, discuss any four effects of hydrogen bonding in the physical
properties of the compounds.
Solution
Effects of hydrogen bonding; (Any four, 1 Mark @ each)
- Molecular association.
This is the formation of aggregates containing two or more molecules due to
weak electrostatic interactions such as hydrogen bonding. For example, water
molecules undergo molecular association due to hydrogen bonding.

- Increase in the melting and boiling points.

The interaction which affected the melting and boiling points of NH3, H2O and
HF is identified to be hydrogen bonding. So abnormally higher melting and
boiling points of NH3, H2O and HF are due to hydrogen bonding in these
systems.
- Influence on the physical state.
Hydrogen bonding affects the physical state of a substance. For example, H2O is a
liquid, while H2S is a gas under room temperature conditions.

- Solubility of covalent compounds in water.

Covalent compounds generally do not dissolve in water. However, the covalent
compounds which can form hydrogen bonds with water readily dissolve in it.
For example, ethanol, ammonia and amines dissolve in water due to their
tendency to form hydrogen bonds with water.

Page 2 of 17
 (b)

Arrange the bonds formed due to the following overlaps in the order of increasing bond
strength. 𝐬-𝐬 overlap, 𝐬-𝐩 overlap and 𝐩-𝐩 overlap along the axis.

Solution
The order of increasing bond strength is;
s-s<s-p<p-p (2 Marks)

The s-p bond is about times stronger than s-s bond, and the p-p bond is about times
stronger than s-p bond. This is because p-orbitals can overlap more efficiently than the s-
orbitals of the same shell. The p-bonds are stronger than s-bonds.

(c) (i) Why is a molecule or ion in which six identical groups are bonded to a central atom
said to have an octahedral geometry.

Solution
The structure in which six identical groups are bonded to a central atom has eight planar
surfaces. Hence, it is termed as octahedral. (1.5 Marks)

(ii) Arrange the following compounds in the order of decreasing boiling points:
𝐇𝟐𝐎, 𝐇𝟐𝐒 and 𝐇𝟐𝐒𝐞.
Solution
H2O>H2Se>H2S (1.5 Marks)

3.(a) State Dalton's law of partial pressures and show how it may be derived from the ideal gas
equation.
Solution
Dalton’s law of partial pressure states that:
“For an ideal/perfect mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures
exerted by each gas”. (1 Mark)

Derivation from the ideal gas equation.

Consider a mixture of two gases A and B such that:
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐀, 𝑝𝐵 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐁 𝑃 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐀,
𝑛𝐵 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐁
The gases are in the same container of volume, 𝑉 and at a temperature 𝑇. Then;

𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑛𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 =𝑛𝐵
𝑉 𝑉

𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
Total pressure, 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑛𝐴 +𝑛𝐵 𝑉
𝑉
 𝑹𝑻
𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 = (𝑛𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵) (2 Marks)
𝑽

This is obviously equal to the total pressure of the gas, since (𝑛𝐴 + 𝑛𝐵) is the total amount of
the gas present. (1 Mark)
Critical temperature for carbon dioxide and methane are 𝟑𝟏. 𝟏℃ and −𝟖𝟏.𝟗℃
respectively. Which has stronger intermolecular forces and why?

Solution
It is carbon dioxide. (0.5 Mark)
A gas having higher critical temperature can be liquefied easily. Thus, the intermolecular attraction
in a gas having higher critical temperature is stronger. Here, carbon dioxide has higher critical
temperature than methane. This is due to the polar character of the carbon-oxygen bonds in
CO2. (1.5 Marks)

(c) An LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) cylinder weighs 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖 𝐤𝐠 when empty. When full, it
weights 𝟐𝟗.𝟎 𝐤𝐠 and shows a pressure of 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐚𝐭𝐦. In the course of use at 𝟐𝟕℃, the mass
of the full cylinder reduced to 𝟐𝟑.𝟐 𝐤𝐠. Find out the volume of the gas in cubic metres
used up at the normal usage conditions, and the final pressure inside the cylinder. Assume
LPG to be n-butane with normal boiling point of 𝟎℃.

Solution
Mass of LPG used up = (29.0 − 23.2) = 𝟓.𝟖 𝒌𝒈

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 5.8 𝑥103 𝑔

Amount of the gas (n-butane) used up, 𝑛 = = =100mol (1 mark)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 58𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

From ideal gas equation: 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

For normal use, 𝑃 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑛𝑅𝑇 100𝑋0.0821𝑋300
Volume of the gas, 𝑉 = 𝑃
= 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
= 2463𝑑𝑚3 = 2.463𝑚3(2 Marks)

Pressure inside the cylinder remains constant at 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎. (1 Mark)

It is because pressure is an intensive property, it does not upon the quantity of the
liquid present. The cylinder contains liquefied petroleum gas in equilibrium with its
vapour. As long as liquid LPG is present inside the cylinder, pressure inside the
cylinder remains constant. The cylinder still contains 9 kg LPG in the liquid form.

4.(a) What are colligative properties? Mention four examples.

Solution
Colligative properties are properties of solutions which depend upon the number of solute
particles (molecules or ions), but not upon their nature. (1 Mark)

Page 4 of 17
 (b)

Example of colligative properties; (Any four, 0.5 Mark @ each)

(i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure.
(ii) Elevation of boiling point.
(iii) Depression of freezing point.
(iv) Osmotic pressure.
Give the difference between osmotic pressure and vapour pressure of a solution.

Solution
Osmotic pressure of a solution is the minimum pressure which should be applied on the
solution, so as to prevent the migration of solvent molecules into the solution through a
semipermeable membrane. (1 Mark)

While,

vapour pressure of a solution is the maximum pressure exerted by the vapour above the
surface of solution in a closed container. (1 Mark)

(c) Calculate the osmotic pressure and vapour pressure of 𝟎. 𝟔% aqueous solution of a non-
volatile, non-electrolyte solute, urea (𝐍𝐇𝟐𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐇𝟐) at 𝟐𝟓℃. The vapour pressure of pure
water at 𝟐𝟓℃ is 𝟐𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐇𝐠. Take densities to be 𝟏 𝐠/𝐌𝐥 and assume ideal behaviour of the
solution.
Solution
Concentration of urea solution = 0.6%
This means, solution contains 0.6 𝑔 of urea per 100 𝑔, and hence 100 𝑚𝐿 of the solution.
So;

Mass of urea per litre of solution = × 1 000 = 𝟔 𝒈

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑀𝑟 6/60
Conc. of urea in solution, C = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= 1
= 0.1mol/L

Osmotic pressure, 𝜋 = 𝐶𝑅𝑇 = 0.1 × 0.0821 × 298 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝒂𝒕𝒎 (2 Marks)

Calculation of the vapour pressure;

Mass of urea in 100 𝑔 solution = 0.6 𝑔
Mass of water in 100 𝑔 solution = (100 − 0.6) = 99.4 𝑔
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟗𝟗.𝟒
So; 𝒏𝒘 = 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖 = 5.52mol
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 0.6
𝑥𝑢 = = = 0.01𝑚𝑜𝑙 (1.5 Marks)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 60

𝑛𝑢 0.01
Thus,𝑥𝑢 = 𝑛 = 5.52+0.01 = 1.811.81𝑥10−3
𝑤 +𝑛𝑢
 𝑝𝑜 ̶ 𝑝
From Raoult’s law: = 𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑥𝑢
𝑝𝑜

Vapour pressure, 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜(1 − 𝑥𝑢) = 24 × (1.81 × 10−3) ≈ 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈. (1.5 Marks)

5.(a) Define the term standard molar enthalpy change of neutralisation.

Solution
Standard molar enthalpy change of neutralisation is the enthalpy change when one mole of
H+ ions is completely neutralised by one mole of OH− ions in dilute solution to form one mole
of water at standard conditions. (1 Mark)

(b)The standard molar enthalpy changes of neutralisation for some aqueous neutralisation
reactions are given in the table
Acid Base ∆𝐇 (𝐤𝐉𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 below:
A 𝐇𝐂𝐥 ) 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 −𝟓𝟕.𝟏
B 𝐇𝐂𝐥 𝐊𝐎𝐇 −𝟓𝟕.𝟐
C 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 −𝟓𝟕.𝟑
D 𝐇𝐅 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 −𝟔𝟖.𝟔
E 𝐇𝐂𝐥 𝐍𝐇𝟑 −𝟓𝟐.𝟐
F 𝐂𝐇𝟑𝐂𝐎𝐎𝐇 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 −𝟓𝟓.𝟐
G 𝐇𝐂𝐍 𝐍𝐇𝟑 −𝟓.𝟒

Account quantitatively for:

(i) The similarities of the values in A, B and C.
(ii) The differences between the values in D, E, F and G and those in A, B and C,
suggesting reasons for the very high negative value in D and the low negative
value in G.
Solution
(i) The similar values arise due to the fact that the acids and bases involved are essentially
fully ionised, so in each case the same process is taking place – represented by the

equation: H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O (l) (2 Marks)

Page 6 of 17
(b)

(ii) The low values in E and F are because energy is absorbed in dissociating the weak
base
NH3 and the weak acid CH3COOH. (1 Mark)

The very low value in G is because, not only is NH3 a weak base, but HCN is a very weak
acid, so that both absorb energy in being dissociated as neutralisation proceeds.
(1 Mark)
The large negative value in D indicates that, although HF is a weak acid, as it is
dissociated the small F−ion has a large exothermic hydration enthalpy change which
overrides that factor. (1 Mark)
 (c)The standard enthalpy of formation of ethene is +𝟓𝟏 𝐤𝐉𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏. If, at 𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝐊, the enthalpy of
sublimation of graphite is 𝟕𝟏𝟑 𝐤𝐉𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 and the bond energy terms 𝐇 − 𝐇 and 𝐂 − 𝐇 are
𝟒𝟑𝟔 and 𝟒𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐉𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏 respectively. Calculate the 𝐂 = 𝐂 bond energy term. Solution

2𝐶 (𝑔)+ 4𝐻 (𝑔)

2(713) 2(436) 4(−415) + 𝑥

(2 Marks)
+51
2𝐶 (𝑠) + 2𝐻2 (𝑔) → 𝐶2𝐻4 (𝑔)

From Hess’s law:

51 = 1 426 + 872 − 1 600 + 𝑥
Where 𝑥 is the 𝐶 = 𝐶 bond energy term.
𝐂 = 𝐂 bond energy term, 𝑥 = 𝟓𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏. (2 Marks)

6.(a) In one laboratory experiment dilute nitric acid was added to a green solid V. A blue solution
W and a gas X that forms a white precipitate with lime water were formed. This was
followed by evaporating the blue solution to dryness and then heating strongly in a
crucible.
The following products were observed to be formed: A black solid Y, brown fumes of gas Z
and a gas that relights a glowing splint.
(i) Identify solids V and Y.
(ii) Identify gases X and Z.
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between solid V and dilute nitric acid.
(iv) Write a chemical equation for the formation of solid Y.
(v) With the aid of a chemical equation, briefly describe a suitable method you would use to
prepare solid V in the laboratory.

Solution
(i) V: Copper carbonate (CuCO3). (0.5 Mark)
Y: Copper oxide (CuO). (0.5 Mark)

(ii) X: Carbon dioxide (CO2). (0.5 Mark) Z: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2). (0.5 Mark)

(iii) CuCO3 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)(1 Mark)

(iv) Cu (NO3)2 (s) → 2CuO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) (1 Mark)

∆

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 (v) Insoluble metal carbonate like CuCO3 can be prepared by precipitation method.
This method involves addition of a soluble carbonate (e.g, K2CO3 and Na2CO3 to a soluble salt
of a less reactive metal,Cu in this case).
An equation could be one of the following:

- CuCl2 (aq) + K2CO3 (aq) → CuCO3 (s) + 2KCl (aq)

- CuCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → CuCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)

- CuSO4 (aq) + K2CO3 (aq) → CuCO3 (s) + K2SO4 (aq)

- Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → CuCO3 (s) + Na2SO4 (aq)(1 Mark)

The product mixture obtained is then filtered and the residue is evaporated to dryness
leaving CuCO3 as a green solid. (1 Mark)

(b) (i) Mention four uses of metal carbonates.

Solution
Uses of metal carbonates; (Any four, 0.5 Mark @ each)
- Production of building and construction materials. For example, carbonate used to prepare
materials such as glasses, marble, tiles, e.t.c.,
- Manufacturing of pigments, colour and paints. For example, mixture of copper carbonate
used to make paints.
- Used in medical industry. For example, magnesium carbonate and sodium hydrogen
carbonate are used as anti-acids for treating the heartburn and other disorder of stomach.
- Used for water purification.

(ii) Briefly explain why indirect method for preparing metal hydroxides is also called
precipitation method.
Solution
It is because it results into the formation of hydroxides which are insoluble in water.
(2 Marks)

7.(a) You are given three alkane compounds: pentane, 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane.
(i) What effect does branching of an alkane chain has on its boiling point?
(ii) Arrange the compounds in order of increasing their melting point.

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 Solution
(i) Melting point depends upon the packing of the molecules in the lattice. More symmetrical
and compact molecules give denser packing. Therefore, the branching which gives more
symmetrical and compact molecule will have higher melting point.
(2 Marks)
(ii) 2,2-dimethylpropane > pentane > 2-methylbutane. (1 Mark)

(b) Write the structural formula and IUPAC names of all possible of 𝐂𝟐𝐇𝟐𝐂𝐥𝟐 and indicate which of
these is nonpolar. Give a reason.
SolutionPossible
isomers;
(i) H H
C=C
Cl Cl cis-1,2-dichloroethene. (1 Mark)

(ii) H Cl
C=C
Cl H trans-1,2-dichloroethene. (1 Mark)

(iii) H Cl
C=C
H Cl 1,1-dichloroethene. (1 Mark)

The structure (ii) (trans-1,2-dichloroethene) is nonpolar because the C − Cl bond moments cancel
each other. (1 Mark)

(c) (i) Acetylene is acidic in character. Discuss.

Solution
In acetylene, carbon atoms are sp hybridised. The sp orbital has more s-character as
compared to sp2 and sp3 orbitals. The electrons in sp orbitals are held more strongly
by the nucleus than sp2 and sp3 electrons.
In other words, the sp hybridised carbon is more electronegative than sp2 and sp3 hybridised
carbon atoms.
Due to this, the hydrogen atoms of acetylenic carbon develop a more positive charge
and is acidic in character. The anion HC ≡ C− is more stable than H2C = CH− and H3C
− CH2−. This further enhances the acidic character of the acetylenic hydrogen.
(2 Marks)

(ii) Why do alkynes not show geometrical isomerism?

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 Solution
Alkynes have linear structure. So, they cannot show geometrical isomerism.
(1 Mark)

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 SECTION B (30 Marks)
Students should answer any two (2) questions from this section.

8.(a) State what is meant by:

(i) Dynamic equilibrium.
(ii) Equilibrium law.
Solution
(i) Dynamic equilibrium is a chemical equilibrium between a forward reaction and the
reverse reaction where the rate of the reactions are equal. (1 Mark)

(ii) Equilibrium law is the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction
the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a
constant for that reaction. (1 Mark)

(b)Explain why there is a constant pressure of carbondioxide at a particular temperature over

calcium carbonate undergoing thermal dissociation;

𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑 (𝐬) ⇔ 𝐂𝐚𝐎 (𝐬) + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 (𝐠)

Give a reason to why a current of air is blown through a lime kiln during the production
of quicklime, 𝐂𝐚𝐎.
Solution
At equilibrium the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction so the
amount of carbondioxide remains constant. (1.5 Marks)

If air is blown through the mixture, CO2 will be removed. The reverse reaction is slowed but the
forward reaction persists – more chalk is decomposed. (1.5 Marks)

(c) Using partial pressures, show that for gaseous reactions of the type;

𝐗𝐘 (𝐠) ⇔ 𝐗 (𝐠) + 𝐘 (𝐠)

at a given temperature, the pressure at which 𝐗𝐘 is exactly one-quarter dissociated is

numerically equal to fifteen times the value of the equilibrium constant at that
temperature.
Solution
XY (g) ⇔ X (g) + Y (g)

At equilibrium: 0.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙0.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙0.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Let the

total pressure be 𝑃.

Partial pressure of X, 𝑃𝑋 = 𝑃 × (0 .) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝑷 (1 Mark)

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 Partial pressure of Y, 𝑃𝑌 = 𝑃 × (0 .) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝑷 (1 Mark)

Partial pressure of XY, 𝑃𝑋𝑌 = 𝑃 × (0. ) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑷 (1Mark)

𝑃 𝑃
Now, recall: 𝐾𝑃 = 𝑃𝑋 𝑌
𝑋𝑌

0.2𝑃𝑋0.2𝑃
𝐾𝑃 =
0.6𝑃
On solving, 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟓𝑲𝑷.

Hence shown. (2 Marks)

(d) For the reaction: 𝐍𝟐 (𝐠) + 𝟑𝐇𝟐 (𝐠) ⇔ 𝟐𝐍𝐇𝟑 (𝐠),

(i) Calculate the mole percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture formed at
𝟒𝟎𝟎℃ and 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐏𝐚 pressure, when gaseous hydrogen and nitrogen are mixed
in a 𝟑: 𝟏 mole ratio, and there is 𝟔𝟏% conversion of nitrogen to ammonia.
(ii) Write an expression for 𝐊𝐩 in terms of the partial pressures of the three gases in

equilibrium.
Solution
(i) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇔ 2NH3 (g)

Initially: 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
At equilibrium: 3(1 − 0.61) 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
0. 1.17 1. (2 Marks)
Mole percentage of ammonia, 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻 100%

%
. 𝟖𝟖% (2 Marks)
2
( 𝑃𝑁𝐻 3 )
3
(𝑃 ) ( 𝑃𝐻 2 )
(ii) 𝐾𝑃 = 𝑁 2 𝑃𝑎−2 (1
Mark)

9.(a) Briefly explain how soil colloids are formed.

Solution
Soil colloids are formed when extremely small particles of soil undergoes chemical changes
to form very small particles that cannot be seen with naked eye. (2 Marks)

(b) State the main negative impact to environment for each of the following
substances; (i) Hot water.

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 (ii) Lead.
(i) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
(ii) Sulphur dioxide.

Solution
(i) Causes water pollution. (1 Mark)
(ii) Causes land and water pollution. (1 Mark)
(iii) Causes ozone layer depletion and global warming. (1 Mark)
(iv) Causes air pollution (acidic rain). (1 Mark)
(c) In the upper atmosphere, ozone is very important to healthy environment where
it acts as a primary ultraviolet radiation shield. However, when it is at lower
atmosphere, ozone has harmful effects on many living things because it is toxic.
(i) With help of chemical equation, show how ozone is formed in lower atmosphere
through electrical discharge.
(ii) Explain how ozone prevents harmful ultraviolet light to reach earth’s surface and
explain why these harmful radiations cannot be prevented by oxygen gas which is
more abundant than ozone in the atmosphere.
(iii) Mention at least four harmful effects of ground-level ozone.

Solution
(i) High voltage from electric discharge is able to dissociate oxygen molecules
from air as follows: O2 (g)→ 2O (g) (1 Mark)
High voltage

The dissociated oxygen atom combines with undissociated oxygen molecule to form
ozone as follows: O (g) + O2 (g)→ O3 (g) (1 Mark)

(ii) Ozone absorbs harmful radiations while itself is dissociated to oxygen

molecules and oxygen atom. The dissociation of ozone by harmful radiation is
endothermic and therefore the harmful ultraviolet radiation energy is
converted to heat energy and hence these radiations are prevented from
reaching the earth’s surface:

O3 (g)→ O (g) + O2 (g) (3 Marks)

Harmful UV radiation

Oxygen gas being more stable than ozone cannot be dissociated by these harmful UV
radiations (they are not energetic enough to dissociate oxygen gas which is
more stable than ozone), hence oxygen cannot prevent the radiation. (2
Marks)

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 (iii) Harmful effects of ground-level ozone: (Any four, 0.5 Mark @ each) -Eye
irritation.
- Aggravation of respiratory conditions like asthma.
- Increased susceptibility to infection.
- Compromised lung function.

10.(a) Benzene is said to contain a delocalized system of electrons. What do you understand by
the term ‘delocalized’? Give two pieces of evidence that benzene does in fact contain such
a system.

Solution
Delocalized electrons are electrons which are not confined to a bond between two atoms, but
contribute to the bonding together of a number of atoms by sharing a molecular orbital derived
from (usually) the p-orbitals of those atoms. (2 Marks)

Evidences; (Any two, 1 Mark @ each)

(i) X-ray diffraction data indicate that all six carbon-carbon bonds have the same length,
whereas single bonds would be longer than double bonds between the same atoms.
(ii) Benzene does not usually add on bromine as an alkene would; rather, substitution
occurs and the resulting monobromination gives only one product, C6H5Br, implying
equivalence in the bonding of all six carbon atoms.

(b) Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity
with an electrophile, 𝐄+. Give a reason for the trend.
Chlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and p-nitrochlorobenzene.

Solution
Niro group is a deactivating group. So, it lowers the electron density in the benzene ring whereby
lowering the reactivity towards electrophilic substitution. Therefore, the order of reactivity with
an electrophile, E+ will be as follows:
Chlorobenzene > p-nitrochlorobenzene > 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. (2 Marks)
(c) Electrophilic substitution reactions (SE) are considered to proceed through three steps.
Without showing the mechanisms, describe all the three steps.

Solution
(i) Generation of an electrophile and its stabilization.

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 During chlorination, alkylation and acylation of benzene, the anhydrous AlCl3, being a
Lewis acid, helps in the generation of the electrophile Cl+, R+, C = O respectively by
combing with the attacking reagents. (0.5 Mark)
In case of nitration, the electrophile nitronium ion (NO+2 ) is produced by the attack of
proton (from sulphuric acid) on nitric acid. (0.5 Mark) (ii)Formation of a
carbocation.

Electrophile E+attacks the benzene ring in which one of the double bond undergoes
electrometric effect to produce the carbocation. (1 Mark)

(iii) Removal of a proton from the carbocation.

To retain the aromatic character, the carbocation is attacked by a base AlCl−4 (in the
case of halogenation, alkylation and acylation) and HSO−4 (in the case of nitration), to
release the proton attached to the electrophile containing carbon. (1 Mark)

(d) An organic compound A, 𝐂𝟖𝐇𝟔, on treatment with dilute sulphuric acid containing
mercuric sulphate gives a compound B, which can also be obtained from a reaction of
benzene with an acid chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride. The
compound B, when treated with iodine in aqueous 𝐊𝐎𝐇, yields C and a yellow compound
D. Identify A, B, C and D with justification. Show how B is formed from A.

Solution
The reaction scheme is:
dil.H2SO4 + HgSO4acid chloride

C8H6 (𝐀) → 𝐁 ←C6H6

I2 + KOH
(1 Mark)
𝐂 + 𝐃(yellow compound)
B with I2 and KOH gives iodoform. This means compound B must contain CH3CO − group. Since
B is obtained from benzene by reacting it with acid chloride, it may be an aromatic ketone
containing CH3CO − group bonded to a benzene ring. Thus, B is acetophenone (C6H5COCH3).
In the reaction of B with I2 + KOH, the compound C formed along with iodoform is
C6H5COOH (benzoic acid).
The compound A contains a benzene ring. So, it can be described by the formula C6H5C2H.
Since A gives C6H5COCH3 on reacting with dil. H2SO4 in the presence of HgSO , C H
group attached to the ring must be an alkyne. So, the compound A is C .
3

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 (1 Mark)
A (phenylethyne) B (acetophenone)

COOH (1 Mark)

C CH COCH

CHI3
C (benzoic acid) (1 Mark) D (iodoform) (1 Mark)

The reaction for the formation of B from A:

C CH COCH3

→ dil . H2SO4 + HgSO4 (1 Mark)

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