CHEMISTRY
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
NOTES
DISCOVERY OF SUB ATOMIC
PARTICLES:
Sub atomic particles are obtained by the
passage of electricity through gases which
concise to form sub atomic particle.
1.1: DISCOVERY OF
ELECTRONS – STUDY OF
CATHODE RAYS
1.Michael Faraday showed that if electricity
is passed through a solution of an
electrolyte ,a chemical reaction occurs at
the electrode which results in the liberation
and deposition and matter at the electrodes
2. The subatomic particles can be
discovered by using cathode ray discharge
tube or cathode ray tube
1.2:CATHODE RAY DISCHARGE
TUBE
A Cathode ray discharge tube is made up of
glass containing two thin pieces of metals
called electrodes sealed in it. The metal
wires are connected with electrodes sealed
in it .The metal wires are connected with
electrodes by a high voltage battery.
Behind the anode a fluorescent ZnS screen
is applied for observing indivisible
particles.
1.2.1:CATHODE RAYS:
A gas is taken in a discharge tube at low
pressure and high voltage. Some indivisible
radiations are emitted from cathode to
anode . These rays are called cathode rays
or cathode ray particles.
When these rays are passed through
perforated anode, they strikes a fluorescent
screen and developing a bright spot.
1.2.2: Characteristics of
Cathode rays:
1. Cathode rays start from cathode and
move towards anode.
2. These are invisible rays which can be
observed with the help of fluorescent
screen made up of ZnS.
3. In the absence of electric and magnetic
field they move in a straight line.
4. In the presence of electric and magnetic
field the behavior of cathode rays is similar
to that of negatively charged particles
called particles.
5. Characteristics of cathode rays are
independent of :
# Nature of electrons
# Nature of gas present in cathode ray tube
1.3: MASS OF ELECTRONS:
1.3.1: CHARGE TO MASS
RATIO OF ELECTRONS (e/m):
1.Experiment in 1897, British Physicist J.J
Thompson measured the e/m ratio of
electrons by using Cathode ray discharge
tube and apply electric and magnetic field
perpendicular to each other as well as path
of the cathode rays (electrons).
2.When only electric field is applied the
electrons (cathode rays) deviate from their
path and hit on the point A.
3.When only magnetic field is applied the
electrons deviate from their path on point
C.
4.By carefully balancing electric and
magnetic field strength, the electrons are
made to hit on the point B.
5.By carefully balancing electric and
magnetic field he found the e/m ratio to be
equivalent to 1.758820 x 10^11 C.kg^-1.
5.R.A Mulligan using Oil drop experiment
and determined the charge of electron.
(e)Charge of electron = 1.6022 x 10^-19 C.
Mass of electron = e/e/m ratio = 9.1094 x
10^-31 kg.
