i] INTRODUCTION 4.4. INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY Energy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat and emitting light. It is measured the total amount of work that the body can do. Energy is measured in units of calorie and joule. ‘A kilocalorie is the amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C. The joule is defined as the amount of energy it takes to apply a force of one newton through a distance of one meter. Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kind of works by human beings and nature. Everything what happens the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. Energy is one of the major building blocks of modem society. Energy pervades all sectors of society such as economics, labour, environment and the international relations in addition to our own personal livings ie., housing, food, transportation, recreation and quality of life. The use of energy resources has relieved us from much hard work and made our efforts more productive. Human beings once had to depend on their own muscles to provide the energy necessary to do work. Today our muscles supply less than 19% of the work done in the industrialized world.Energy Te Energy is a basic concept in all the science and engineering discipline. A very impo, principle is that energy is aconserved quantity, i.¢., the total amount of energy in the Unive, fs constant. As per the law of conservation of energy “Energy cannot be newly created. by. cannot be destroyed. Ina closed system, the total mass and energy remains unchanged closed sistem, the energy is conserved”. Energy isnot created or destroyed but convenes @ redistributed from one form to another such as from the wind energy into electrical energy from chemical energy into heat etc. 41.2, UNITS OF ENERGY Energy is defined as the capacity for doing work. It can occur in kinetic, potenti), electrical, chemical, nuclear, thermal and other forms. It is classified as renewable energy ard non-renewable energy. The various systems of units of energy are shown below, (i) Sl unit of energy is Joules (ii) MKS unit of energy is also Joules (iii) CGS unit of energy is erg In addition to above units of energy, some other systems of units are also used based on the type of measurements such as 1. British thermal unit (BTU) 2. Kilowatt-hour (KIA) 3. Calorie 4. Electronvolts (eV) 5. Hartree (Atomic unit of energy) 6. Rydberg units 7. Barrel of oil Commercial unit of energy is also used to refer the energy. The main form of energy Kilowatt-hour, It is the commercial unit of energy. When large quantities of energy expressed, the SI unit of energy becomes small. Therefore, the commercial unit is used. 1.3. CONVERSION FACTORS The table with the energy conversion is shown below. 7 S.No. Joule Calorie BTU Kilowatt-hour_| Joule Same 0.239 0.000948 _| 2.77778x10-" Calorie 41.87 Same 0.00397, 1.16279x10-" 1055 252 Same 0.000293. 3.6x10¢ 3.6x10° 0.000293 SameIntroduction 13 The commercial unit of energy is | kWh. One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed by a device in one working hour at a constant rate of one kilowatt. Therefore, the relationship between commercial and SI units of energy is given by 1 AWh = 1kW x 1h = 1000W* 1h = 1000(J/s) « 3600 5 = 3.6 10°F Also, | watt = | Joule/| second 1 J= 1 Nim= 1 kg.n2ls? ‘One unit of electrical energy = 3.6 x 10° joules Also, | joule = 107 ergs. 1.4. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY (a) Based on nature of availability of energy: On the basis of nature of availability of energy source, the energy can be classified as follows: (@ Primary resources: Primary energy sources can be defined as sources which are either found or stored in nature. These energy sources provide a net supply of energy. Examples: Coal, natural gas, oil, biomass, solar, tidal, hydro and nuclear energy. ii) Secondary resources Secondary sources of energy are derived from the primary energy sources. Producing electrical energy from coal and producing hydrogen from hydrolysis of water are examples of this type of energy. (®) Based on utilisation of energy: On the basis of utilisation of energy, the energy can be classified as follows: (i) Direct source of energy The direct sources of energy are those which release the energy directly such as human labour, bullocks, stationary and mobile mechanical or electric power units such as diesel engines, electric motor, power tiller and tractors. (i) Indirect sources of energy The indirect sources of energy are those which do not release energy directly but release it by conversion process. Some energy is invested in producing indirect sources of energy. Seeds, manures (farm yard and poultry), chemicals, fertilizers and machinery can be classified under indirect sources of energy. Again, on the basis of their replenishment, it can be further classified into renewable and non-renewable indirect source of energy. (ii) Supplementary sources of energy Supplementary sources are defined as the energy sources whose net energy yield is zero. ‘Those energy sources requiring highest investment in terms of energy insulation (thermal) is an example for this source.(14) . Energy Tec “Sey (c) Based on traditional use: On the basis of traditional use of energy source, the energy can be classified a ‘Og ( Conventional energy , Conventional energy source can be defined as source which are used tradition provides a net supply of energy. Examples: Thermal energy and hydro power energy.” ® (ii) Non-conventional energy Non-conventional energy sources are developed in recent past and produce no neteng Though it may be necessary for the economy, these may not yield net energy. Exam, non-conventional energy sources are: solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and 4 energy. (@) Based on long term availability: On the basis of long term availability of energy source, the energy can be classfeg e follows: les og oma (i) Non-renewable energy sources ‘These are the energy sources that are derived from finite and static stocks of energy. Coal, oil, fossil fuels and nuclear fuels are example of conventional sources of energy. It canacte produced, grown, generated or used on a scale that can sustain its consumption rate. Thee resources often exist in a fixed amount and are consumed much faster than nature can create them. The supply of these fuels is limited. It becomes very essential to use these fuels sparingh, Gi) Renewable energy sources In this category, the energy sources which are direct in nature but can be subsequently replenished are grouped. The energies which may fall in this group are solar energy, wil energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, etc. (e) Based on origin: On the basis of origin of energy source, the energy can be classified as follows: (i) Fossil fuels energy — energy obtained from fossil fuels such as coal, gil, natural ete. (ii) Nuclear energy — energy obtained from nuclear fuels such as Uranium, Pluto Thorium etc. (iii) Hydro energy— energy obtained from water. (iv) Solar energy — energy obtained from solar radiation. (v) Wind energy - energy obtained from natural wind force. (vi) Biomass energy —energy obtained from biomass fuels such as cow dung waste etc, vege (vii) Geothermal energy — energy obtainkd from natural temperature v8" present in the various depth of the earth. (vili) Tidal energy — energy obtained from tides and waves.Ls) (ix) Ocean thermal energy ~ energy obtained from natural temperature variation present in the various depth of the ocean. Introduction 1.5. SOURCES OF ENERGY Today, every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources. There are six sources of useful energy utilised by human beings on planet Earth. ‘These sources are given below: (a) Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gases which produces thermal, mechanical and electrical energy (b) Chemical energy from reactions among mineral sources (c) Nuclear energy from nuclear reactions of the nuclear fuels available on the earth (d) The sun which produces solar energy in the form of mechanical or electrical energy (©) Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions and radioactive decay in the earth (The gravitational potential and planetary motion among sun, moon and earth which produces wind, tidal and wave energies. Non-tenewable energy is derived from sources (a), (b) and (c) whereas renewable energy is obtained from sources (d), (e) and (f). 4.5.1. Conventional or Non-Renewable Energy Sources Conventional energy sources are as follows: (@) Fossil fuel energy (b) Hydraulic energy (©) Nuclear energy. (a) Fossil fuel energy: Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are called fossil fuel as these are formed by the decomposition of the remains of dead plants and animals buried under the earth for a long time. These are non-renewable sources of energy, if exhausted, which cannot be replenished in a short time. Their potentials are limited and are considered very precious. These should be used with care and caution to let them last long. They are also contributing to the global environmental pollution, ( Coal Since the advent of industrialization, coal has been the most common source of energy. In last three decades, the world switched over from coal to oil as a major source of energy because itis simple and clean to obtain useful energy from oil. Coal is a complex mixture of compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Small amount of nitrogen and sulphur compounds are also present in coal. On strong heating, coal breaks up to produce coal gas, ammonia, coal tar and(we } Energy Tog coke. Coke is 98% carbon, obtained after lossing all its volatile constituents during 4, distillation of coal. It can be used as smoke free fuel (i) Petroteum Itis a dark coloured, viscous and foul-smelling crude oil. The petroleum means, It is normally found under the erust of earth trapped in rocks. The crude oil is a comple, * Plex mi of several solid, liquid, gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with water, salt and earth Parise at natural product obtained from oil wells. ig The crude petroleum is refined by the process of fractional distillation to obtain useful petroleum products. The erude petroleum is heated to a temperature of about doy, furnace and vapors. Thus, they are passed into a tall fractioning column from near its boy. As the mixture of hot vapours rises in the column, it starts getting cooled gradually The products obtained from crude petroleum as follows: (i Petroleum gas (below 40°C) used as LPG. (ii) Petrol (40°C to 170°C) for light vehicles. (iii) Kerosene (170 to 250°C) for household and industrial use. (iv) Diesel oil (250 to 350°C) for heavy vehicles. (v)_ Residual oil: (a) Lubrication oils (b) paraffin wax and (c) asphalt (vi) Fuel oil (350 to 400°C) for boilers and furnaces. (ii) Natural gas It consists of about 95% methane and rest ethane and propane. It occurs deep under iit crust of the earth either alone or a long with oil above petroleum deposits. It is a products petroleum mining. The gas is available in Tripura, Jaisalmer, off-shore areas of Bombay High and init Krishna - Godavari delta. It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel. The natural gas is also available as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) a substitution of petrol in automobiles. (6) Hydraulic energy (or) water power: Water power is developed by allowing water to fall under the force of gravity. It va almost exclusively for large scale electric power generation. Potential energy of Witt converted into mechanical energy by using prime moves known as /ydraulic turbines- we power is quite cheap where water is available in abundance. Although the capitsl hydroelectric power plants is high as compared to other types of power plants but operating costs are quite low as no fuel is required in this case. (c) Nuclear energy: According to modem theories of atomic structure, a matter consists of minute Pt known as afoms. Heavier unstable atoms such as U2 and Th2 liberate large #MO¥"' age energy. The energy released by the complete fission of one kg of Uranium (U2) i8¢4 heat energy obtained by buming 4500 tonnes of coal (or) 220 onnes of oil. The heat PT ye by nuclear fission of atoms of fissionable material is utilized in special heat excha"se™ it aoInteoduction ; {a7_) production of steam which is then used to drive turbo-generators as in conventional power plants. However, there are some limitations in the use of nuclear energy namely high capital cost of nuclear power plants, limited availability of raw materials, difficulties associated with disposal of radioactive waste and shortage of well-trained personnel to handle the nuclear power plants. About 3% of the energy produced in India is obtained from nuclear power plants. 1.5.1.1, Advantages of conventional energy sources Conventional energy sources play a major role in powering societies for centuries, Some of the advantages associated with conventional energy sources are as follows. 1." Conventional energy sources such as coal, natural gas and nuclear power are easily available. They are consistent and reliable energy supply. They are not dependent on weather conditions or other external factors. 2. Conventional energy sources benefit from well-developed infrastructure which includes power plants, pipelines and distribution networks. It allows for efficient generation and delivery of energy to consumers. 3. Conventional energy sources are relatively affordable compared to alternative energy sources because the affordability contributes to economic growth and development in many parts of the world. 4. They enhance energy security by reducing dependence on imported energy. ‘They are well-suited for providing base load power which is the minimum level of electricity demand over a 24-hour period. It also helps to maintain grid stability and reliability. 6. Conventional energy technologies have been refined over decades thereby leading to high levels of efficiency and reliability. It makes them easier to implement and scale compared to emerging technologies. 7. The conventional energy sector supports a significant number of jobs which range from coal miners and power plant operators to engineers and technicians. 8. Conventional energy sources can be ramped up or down relatively quickly to meet changes in demand by providing flexibility to energy systems. 9. Conventional energy sources have high energy densities which mean that they can produce large amounts of energy from relatively small amount of fuel. It is mainly advantageous for transportation and industrial applications, 10. Conventional power plants have mainly lower upfront costs than renewable energy sources because the technology is more mature and the supply chains are well- established.Ge 1.5.1.2, Limitations of conventional energy sources —Frergy Toehy Apart from their widespread use, conventional energy sources also haye so limitations and drawbacks. They are as follows. Me Signi, 7 Conventional energy sources are major contributors to air and water as greenhouse gas emissions. Burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil anq io" He releases pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate yr" carbon dioxide which contribute to smog, acid rain and climate change, Thiet disrupts weather patterns, raises sea levels and threatens ecosystems. Also, «ty and processing of conventional resources can pollute air, water, and soil,” im. Pollution Conventional energy sources are finite resources and their extraction ¢, resource depletion and environmental degradation. Their continued use de, resources, raising concerns about peak oil and potential future scarcity, F, coal mining can cause habitat destruction, water pollution and landscape oil and gas drilling can lead to spills, leaks and habitat disturbance. A lead Dletes they OF example Scars vig ‘The combustion of fossil fuels releases pollutants which will harm human best leading to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems and other health ine Additionally, accidents and disasters related to conventional energy extraction a transportation can pose immediate health risks to workers and nearby communtis Accidents such as oil spills can have devastating consequences for ecosystems ari livelihoods. Conventional energy prices can be volatile which influences by factors such » geopolitical tensions, supply disruptions and fluctuations in demand. This volatiiy can affect energy affordability for consumers and businesses by leading to econonie instability. Conventional energy production mainly relies on steam turbines which need la amount of water for cooling purposes. This can strain water resources mainly in egies already facing water scarcity or competing demands for water. Conventional energy infrastructure such as power plants, refineries and pipelins which needs significant land use. It may lead to habitat destruction, loss of biodie™ and conflicts over land use between energy development and other uses sieh® agriculture, conservation or recreation. The uneven distribution of fossil fuel reserves concentrates control and inf certain regions by leading to political instability and conflict as countries compe! access to resources. a0 Conventional energy infrastructure such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear y which needs long lead times and substantial investments. It will make au vole adapt quickly to changes in energy markets, technology advancemen’> priorities.Introduction 9. Conventional energy sources-based coal and nuclear power plants are not always ‘compatible with rapid integration of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar due to their inflexible output and slow ramp-up times. 1.8.2. Non-Conventional or Renewable Energy (RE) Sources The sources of energy which are being produced continuously in nature and are in exhaustible are called renewable sources of energy or non-conventional energy. Some of the renewable energy sources are as follows. (@) Solar energy (b) Wind energy (©) Tidal energy (@) Wave energy (e) Geothermal energy (f) Biomass energy. 1. Solar energy: Solar energy is collected from sunlight. It can be used in many ways such as generating electricity using photovoltaic cells, generating electricity using flat plates and concentrating solar power. Photovoltaic cells have a low efficiency factor. 2. Wind energy Winds are caused because of the following two factors. 1. The absorption of solar energy on the earth’s surface and in the atmosphere. 2. The rotation of the earth about its axis and its motion around the Sun. ‘A wind mill converts the kinetic energy of moving air into mechanical energy which can be either used directly to run the machine or to run the generator for producing electricity. 3. Tidal energy: Tides are generated primarily by the gravitational attraction between the earth and moon. ‘They arise twice a day in Mid-Ocean. The tidal range is only a Meter. Basically in a tidal power station, water at high tide is first trapped in an artificial basin and it is allowed to escape at low tide. The escaping water is used to drive water turbines which in turn di ve electrical generators. 4. Wave energy: Ocean waves are created by the interaction of winds with the surface of sea water. Wave energy is the energy of interchanging potential and kinetic energy in the wave. Ocean wave energy can be either converted into mechanical energy or electrical energy through wave energy conversion plants. Ocean wave energy is needed to be developed in coastal areas. Usually, power extracted from ocean energy is in the range of 10 kW/m to 70 kW/m with respect to amplitude and wave length.(1.10 ] 5. Geothermal energy —— Ena Testy, ony Geothermal energy is obtained by tapping the heat of the earth below its surface °C. Hoy underground water or steam is used to produce electricity. Its use covers a range of optio power generation to space heating or air conditioning, + from 6. Biomass energy: Bioenergy is another important renewable energy source which cove of energy activities from direct production heat through combustion of biomass residues to generate electricity and the production of gases, It is globally used. TS a Wide Tt wont liquid fuel and chemicae Various sources of biomass energy are as follows: 1. Biogas It is produced from wastes of paper and sugar industries, product. 2. Bio fuel Biodiesel, ethanol etc. are derived from plants. 3. Solid biomass animals and so on, CHs iste Wood fuel, biogenic portion of municipal waste and certain plants are solid biomass Biomass mass may be used in a number of ways to produce energy. The common methods ar gasification, combustion, fermentation and anaerobic digestion. India is very rich in biomas. 1.5.2.1. Advantages of Renewable Energy (RE) sources (i) Non-conventional sources are available in nature at free of cost. Gi) _ They produce no or little pollution. Thus, they are environment friendly. Gili) Renewable energy sources have simple plant design and hence, it is easy operate and no specialized workforce is required in these plants. (iv) Being simple in design, the maintenance cost of these plants is very less and these plants can thus produce electricity at much lower cost than other plants (v) They are inexhaustible. (vi) They have a low gestation period. (vii) They do not deplete natural resources. Wii They can sustain energy supply for many generations. 4 i (ix) These plants can be installed remotely and at locations completely off 8" Hence, it is a better choice for single plant use. 1.6.2.2, Limitations of Renewable Energy (RE) sources (i) The energy available in dilute form from these sources.Introduction (i) Though available freely in nature, the cost of harnessi conyenti nal source is generally high. (ii) Availability is uncertain which means that the energy flow depends on various (iv) Difficulty in transporting such forms of energy. (¥) Low energy density is another problem in these plants. Energy per unit area is small which makes them big in size and hence, large area is required to install them. 1.5.3. Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Energy Sources S.No. Renewable Energy Sources Non-renewable Energy Sources 1. | Renewable energy sources are Non-renewable energy sources are inexhaustible because they originate | limited and exhaustible over the from natural resources and processes | period of time. that are constantly being renewed 2. | Renewable resources are those Non-renewable resources are those which can be used again and again. | which are used only for a limited time and rate. 3. | Examples of renewable energy Examples of non-renewable energy sources are: wind, water, sunlight, | sources are fossil fuels such as coal, tides, biomass, etc. oil and natural gases, 4, | Renewable resources have a higher | Non-renewable resources have a rate of decomposition than their rate | lower rate of decomposition than the of consumption rate of consumption. 5. | Renewable sources do not emit Non-renewable sources release toxic greenhouse gases, which are the | gases in the air when burnt which primary cause of climate change. _| are the major cause for global Therefore, they are considered as___| warming. environment friendly. 6. _ | Renewable energy sources are Nonrenewable energy sources are newer, less established, and cheap and relatively accessible typically more expensive 7. | Infrastructure for harvesting Cost-effective and accessible renewable energy is prohibitively | infrastructure is available for non- expensive and not easily accessible | renewable energy across most in most countries. countries. 1g energy from a non-[8 | Renewable energy sours require | Comparatively lower area > | large land offshore area, especially | requirements for installation of, | for wind farms and solar farms. power plant. a 9, | Renewable energy sources are not | Nonrenewable energy sources are | reliable as they are dependent on the | also far more reliable than nature or climate changes. renewable energy sources, which depend on the elements, 10. | They are sustainable sources. They are exhaustible sources 3 wees 4.6. WORLD ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION Global energy consumption is the total amount of energy used by all humans on the pla (measured on a per-year basis). This measurement is the sum of all energy sources and purpogs in use. Several organizations publish this data including the International Energy Agency (IEA the US Energy Information Administration (EA) and the European Environment Agency. Energy production and utilization directly affect living standards and prosperity. They the heart of prosperity everywhere in the world. There are many factors influencing fuwe energy consumption which includes population growth, industrial structure changes technological progress and shifts in the energy use mix. 300000 250788 247000 233109 y 8 200e74?" 9057 195625" 8 8 8 181704 168633 176282 153540 3 8 118987 03981 Consumption in TWh 2080 1990 2000 2010 2015 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2086 Year (Source: U.S, Energy Information Administration (EIA) it 2080 Figure 1.1 World energy consumption from 1990 to 2020, with a forecast unit et » environ 6 Cit One of the main priorities of countries in the 21" century may develop ths technologies to solve the major environmental challenges to be faced in futureIntroduction 7 7 13 world energy production patterns have changed slowly through the end of the 20" century. In the first two decades of the 21" century, global environmental issues could significantly affect the patterns of energy use around the world with the primary environmental focus being towards the reduction in carbon emissions. ‘The world of energy has been slowed to evolve and the major changes regarding consumption and production patterns geographically are slowed to take a hold In last 50 years, the global energy demand has tripled due to the number of developing countries and innovations in technology. It is projected to triple again over the next 30 years. In 2020, total worldwide energy consumption was 176282 terawatt hour (TWh). Global energy consumption rebounded with a 5% growth in 2021, after a 4.5% decline in 2020, in a context of global pandemic. Oil remains the most used fuel in the energy mix which accounts for 29% of world energy consumption. Coal is the second largest fuel with a share of 25.2%, its lowest level in 15 years. The share of natural gas increased to 22.9%, such that the gap between coal and gas has narrowed to 3% points. The contribution of hydro and nuclear remained relatively flat in 2021 at 6.33% and 4%, respectively. Strong growth pushed up renewables share to 6.3%, almost equal to hydro. Carbon emissions grew by 2.0%, the fastest growth for seven years. Average global energy consumption per capita increased to 20,993 kWh in 2021 According to U.S, Energy Information Administration (EIA), the demand for global ‘energy is projected to grow 44% between 2005 and 2030, driven by robust economic growth and expanding populations in the world's developing countries. Figure 1.1 shows the world energy consumption growth from the year from 1990 to 2020, with a forecast until 2050. In the Envision Tomorrow (ET) scenario, global demand for liquid fuels such as oil, biofuels, and other liquid fuels increases by around 13 million barrel/day (Mb/d), reaching 109 Mb/d by 2040. Growth in liquids demands gradually wanes and plateaus towards the end, Global liquids supply increases by a little less by reflecting the excess supply of liquids in 2016. Supply increase is driven initially by US tight oil with OPEC taking over from the late 2020s as Middle-East producers adopt a strategy of growing market share. OPEC output increases by around 6 Mb/d by 2040, 1.6.1, World’s Energy Consumption by Primary Energy Source Global primary energy consumption reached over 165278 TWh in 2021. It represented an increase of roughly 5.5% in comparison to 2020 when the COVID pandemic and its impact on transportation fuel demand and overall economic performance lead primary energy consumption declining to 2016 levels. It represented the fastest energy consumption growth since the early 1970s and is a reflection of strong global demand bouncing back from 2020°s Covid-19 energy consumption decline. Primary energy consumption is calculated on the basis of the ‘substitution method’ which takes account of the inefficiencies in fossil fuel production by converting non-fossil energy into the energy inputs required if they had the same conversion losses as fossil fuels60000 50000 : ~ 40000 é s = a 30000 8 - Other B 20000 praia 92 —— 7 soi abies 7 AT | Biofuels 10000 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year (Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022) Figure 1.2 Growth of world primary energy consumption by fuel sources Global primary energy grew by 8611 7Wh in 2021, the largest increase in history and more than reversing the sharp decline seen in 2020. Primary energy in 2021 was 2222 TWh above 2019 levels. The increase in primary energy in 2021 was driven by emerging economics, which increased by 3611 TWh, with China expanding by 2778 TWh. Taking years of 2020 and 2021 together, primary energy consumption in emerging economies increased by 4167 TWh, largely reflecting growth in China (2778 TWh). In contre energy demand in developed economies in 2021 was 1944 TWh below 2019 levels. The increase in primary energy between 2019 and 2021 was entirely driven by renews energy sources. The level of fossil fuel energy consumption was unchanged between 2019384 2021, with lower oil demand (-2222 TWh) offset by higher natural gas (1389 TWA) and (1833 TWh) consumption. All fuels grew faster than their 10-year averages apart from renewables atbowd renewables still accounted for the second largest increment to energy growth. Figure 125 the world energy consumption growth in TWh by various primary fuel sources from the 1980 to 2021. i Figure 1.3 provides a picture of the world’s primary energy consumption by a 1 2022. In Figure 1.3, ‘Other renewables’ includes geothermal, biomass and wast® ens introduces and summarizes the broad international spectrum of energy.Introduction 4.15 Biofuels, 0.71% Solar, 2.06% Other renewables, 1.44% ——>, Nuclear energy, 26.73% (Source: Energy Institute Stastistical Review of World Engery 2023) Figure 1.3 World primary energy consumption by fuel sources in 2022 Most types of the primary resources of energy consumed by the world in different years are given in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 World primary energy consumption by fuel sources 2021 | Energy in TWh (Substituted energy) ee 1980 2000 2010 2021 oil 3551442 | 42880.93 | 4789507 | $1170.47 Coal 20857.61 | 2742752 | 4199639 | 4447320 Natural Gas 14236.96 | 23994.258 | 31588.863 | 40374.605 Hydropower 912047 | 7826.17 | 9518.04 | 1118323 ‘Nuclear power 2020.10 | 7323.34 | 7373.73 | 7031.34 Wind power 0.03 92.87 961.53 4872.09 Solar power ; 0.00 3.13 94.12 2701.72(116 [ Traditional Biomass 10000 soo | tn667 | | Biofuels —_ | 29. 86 125.52 691.16 | Others renewables | 153 79 STAB 1180.30 | Total L 87933.23 12274491 152966.21 (Source: BP Statistical Review of Global Energy 2022) In 2003, Fossil Fuels (FF) accounted for 87% of global primary energy consumption Iy 2021 also, FF accounted for 82% of global primary energy consumption but down from 83%, in 2019 and 85% five years ago. It shows that FF energy continues to be the highest enegy consumption source, Global coal consumption has been on a downward trend since peaking in 2014 but the coal consumption jumped by 6.3% in 2020, nearly reaching 2014 levels. The report reveals that the coal remained the dominant fuel for global power generation in 2021 with its share increasing to 36%, up from 35.1% in 2020. The dependency on coal has increased sharply by developing countries in the last few years and it will continue to increase unless these nations change their existing laws and strategies and particularly those related to greenhouse gas emissions, robust growth in coal use is likely to continue. These projections are driven by strong long-term economic growth in the world's developing nations. Growth was particularly marked by increased consumption in Asia. China’s coal consumption in 2021 grew by 4.9% 10 reach a new all-time high. China remains by far the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal, with a 53.8% global share in consumption and a 50.8% share in production. Coal demand in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries grew in 202L U.S. coal demand in 2021 also rebounded but it was still the second-lowest level since the Review began tracking it in 1965. About 35% of the world's energy comes from oil but oil prices are dependent on uncetait factors such as availability, politics, and world events. In 2021, the world consumed %4.! million barrels per day (BPD) of oil. It was an increase of 6.0% from 2020 but it is still 3.7% lower than consumption in 2019, Global oil production grew by 1.4 million BPD in 2021 bit it is still 5.0 million BPD below 2019 levels. U.S. production remains 529,000 BPD belo¥ 2019 levels. Refinery capacity declined by nearly 500,000 BPD in 2021 which was the fist decline in over 30 years. It is one factor exacerbating the upward pressure on finished produ prices such as gasoline and diesel. The United States alone uses 24% of the world's oil per ¥°%* until now it makes up only 4.5% of the world’s population Natural gas has been the fastest-growing fossil fuel in recent years, with a global 22” average annual growth rate over the past decade. Afier falling in 2020, global natural es consumption grew by 5.3% in 2021 to a new all-time high, In 2021, the U.S. remained slobal leader in both natural gas productio# and consumption. The U.S, produced 23% world’s natural gas in 2021. Russia was in the second place with a 17% global shareIntroduction 117 Nuclear consumption grew in 2021 by 4.2% to the highest level since 2006. The U.S. remains the world’s largest consumer of nuclear power, with a 29% share of the global total China continues to increase consumption at a rapid pace and now has a 14.6% global share. For perspective, in 2010 China had a mere 2.7% global share of nuclear power consumption. Renewable energy continues to grow rapidly. Global renewable energy consumption grew by an impressive 15% in 2021 to a new record high. Nuclear 6.7% Renewable ‘sources 14.2% Petroleum 29.3% Natural gas 22.7% Coal 27.2% Figure 1.4 Projected growth of world energy consumption by fuel sources in 2035 Solar electricity consumption rose by a record 1.7 exajoules (EJ), an increase of 22% but wind power (+2.5 EJ) provided the largest contribution to renewables growth. Together, wind and solar power provided 2,894 Terawatt-hours (TWh) of electticity in 2021. For perspective, it was 380 TWh in 2010. Wind and solar reached a 10.2% share of power generation in 2021 which was the first- time wind and solar power exceeded more than 10% of global generation. If the trend continues ina steady rate, then the projection can be made for the year 2035 as shown in Figure 1.4. 1.6.2. India’s Energy Consumption by Primary Energy Source Figure 1.5 provides a picture of the India’s primary energy consumption by fuel source in 2021. Primary energy consumption increased from 8889 TWh to 9722 TWh which is a 10% annual increase. The combined share of energy consumption from oil, gas and coal stood at 90% which is similar to its pre-pandemic level. Coal was the fastest-growing fuel, increasing 16%, and 8% above its 2019 level. The share of coal in primary energy was 57% compared to 24% at a global level. India accounts for 12.5% of global coal consumption. India was the second-largest producer of coal in the world. Total electricity generation increased from 1,563 TWh to 1,715 TWh, an increase of 10%. Coal’s share in power generation increased from 72% in 2019 t0 74%.118 Energy Ton ae Renewables grew by 13.2% but their share of primary energy increased only by 9 points to 5%, Renewables (exeluding hydro) generation increased from 152 TWh to 39 mi reaching the 10% share threshold for the first time, and surpassing hydro, India , 10.3 GI of solar and 1.5 GIV of onshore wind with the solar additions being a recorg eg for India. The total installed capacity at the end of 2021 amount t0 49.3 GW for sai. 40.1 GV for onshore wind s Wind, 1.8% Solar, 1.8% Hydroelectric, 6.3% Nuclear energy, 1.1% (Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022) Figure 1.5 India’s energy consumption by fuel sources in 2021 ‘The report also finds that with the increase in prices of fossil fuels, energy security greenhouse emissions will drive the country towards the development of nuclear gene" capacity. 1.6.3. World Primary Energy Consumption by Countries al Globally, primary energy consumption has increased nearly every year for at Teast hil! century, But it is not the case everywhere in the world, Global energy consumption com to grow but it does seem to be slowing, averaging around 1% to 2% per year. ia Energy consumption is rising in many countries where incomes are rising quickly a 2 population is growing, But in many countries, particularly richer countries trying (0 con ¢ energy efficiency, energy consumption is actually falling. When we look at tt!Introduction consumption, the difference across countries often reflect difference in population size in which countries with lots of people inevitably consume more energy than tiny countries. In terms of overall energy consumption, the United States and China dwarf all other countries, with China using the most electricity and the U.S. consuming the most oil. Although many factors contribute to a given country's energy consumption such as level of industrial development, geographical size, standard of living, etc. The single most influential factor is population. The largest energy consumers include Iceland, Norway, Canada, the United States and wealthy nations in the Middle East such as Oman, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The average person in these countries consumes as much as 100 times more than the average person in some of the poorest countries. When consumption totals are divided by the population to determine the per capita use of energy, the highest consumer is neither the United States, China, nor any other country in the top 10. Instead, it is Iceland. In 2019, Iceland ranked 73" in the world in electricity consumption and tied for 139 in oil consumption. But the country's average energy use per capita in 2020 was more than 167,000 kWh per person per year. For comparison, China had the highest overall energy consumption in the world but also the highest population, resulting in a comparatively minuscule average energy use of 28,072 kWh per person per year. The world’s top three electricity consumers constitute the countries with the largest population. China leads both rankings. India, on the other hand, nearly matches China in terms of population, while recording less than one fifth of the annual Chinese electricity consumption. Meanwhile, countries such as Nigeria, which boasted the seventh-largest population worldwide didn't even rank among the top 20 electricity consumers. (a) in 2000_ Energy Tecn Tet Other counties, 22.9% China,26.6% ‘South korea, —_| 6.3% Brazil, 2.1% —] Canada, 2.5% Japan, 3.3% India, 5.8% Russia, 5.3% (6) in 2021 (Source: BP Stastistical ReviewofWorld Energy 2022) Figure 1.6 World energy consumption by countries Countries with a high GDP per capita as the United States provide their residents great" average purchasing power. Countries with higher-income residents tend to be more urbanizeh leading to higher electricity consumption. The U.S. stands amongst the ten-largest electricll consumers per capita in the world, with Iceland and Norway leading the ranking. Consumption of energy is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate! there is a large difference even between most highly developed countries such as Japa Germany with 6 kWh per person and United States with 11.4 kIVh per person. In develo countries, particularly those that are subtropical or tropical such as India, the per perso” nets) use is closer to 0.7 kWh. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption with 0.2 KIA per Perm In 2021, the US consumes 15.6% of the world’s energy with a share of global ang 15.2% and a share of the world population at 4.25%, The United States ranked as the °° leading electricity consumer that year, with nearly 4,000 7Wh consumed. India follove! by a wide magi The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place ™ which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25%. Its population of 1.4 billiot which accounts for 18.5% of world population is consuming energy at a rate of 4,475Introduction person per year. China consumes by far the most electricity of any country in the world, with more than 7.8 TWh consumed in 2021 The major consuming countries at the end of 1990 remain in those positions in 2000 but this scenario has been changed in the first two decades of the 21" century. Figure 1.6 shows the world total energy consumption by countries for two different years 2000 and 2021. Both China and India were consuming an average of 10% of world’s total energy consumption in 1990 and it was increased to 14% in 2000 but in 2021 their combined share was 32.4%. It reveals that both China and India will be the key energy consumers in future. Strong economic growth in both countries continues over the projection period with their combined energy use increasing nearly up to 37% of world energy consumption in 2030. At the same time, it is evident that the energy consumption has been considerably reduced in developed nations such as US, European Union, Japan, Canada, ete. 1.7. WORLD PRESENT CONVENTIONAL ENERGY STATUS. Other fossil, 3% Natural gas, Hydro, 15.2% 22.2% ' renewable energies, 30% Wind, 7.5% Solar, 4.5% Bioenergy, 2.4% Other renewables, 0.4% (Source: Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Engery 2023) Figure 1.7 World energy generation mix in 2022 by energy source Globally, we get the largest amount of our energy from oil, followed by coal, gas, then hydroelectric power. They account for more than 80% of energy consumption. Despite producing more and more energy from renewables each year, the global energy mix is still dominated by coal, oil, and gas. Not only does most of our energy, 84% of it, come from fossil fuels, we continue to burn more each year. It means, the total production has increased from 116,214 TWh to 136,761 TWh in the last 10 years. The global fossil fuel (coal, oil, gas) share(222) _____ Energy r, in power generation amounted to 70% in 2022 with the majority derived from ‘ e coal-fired Plants. Figure 1.7 shows the proportion of global energy generation mix by energy

of electricity generation in 2022. Peak demand reached 207 GW for the first time in APA and consumption is projected to rise. Supported by industrial growth, urbanization, EY policies, and favorable geopolitics over the past decade, India has installed capacity 9 400 GW. Fossil fuels dominate India’s power sector with coal comprising over 7°” country aims to significantly increase the share of renewable and nuclear energy:Introduction 25 India has huge coal reserves. As on 01.04.22, the estimated reserves of coal were 361.4 billion tonnes. The estimated total reserves of lignite as on 01.04.22 was 46.2 billion tonnes. India is the second largest coal producing country in the world. Coal production in India has been increasing over recent years. In 2022, coal production totalled 9377 million tonnes (nitoe). Oil remains an essential energy source for India. It is the second-largest source in the country’s Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) and the largest in its total final consumption (TFC). Oil accounts for 26.3 % of India's total energy consumption, Oil demand has increased rapidly over the last several decades and India is now the third-largest oil-consuming country in the world 4,489,000 thousand barrels per day (kb/d), accounting for 4.6% of the world's total consumption of 97,103,871 thousand barrels per day (kb/d). The country’s annual crude oil production decreased from 580 thousand barrels per day in February from 601 thousand barrels per day in January of 2023. India’s fuel consumption is expected to go up by 4.7 % between April 2023 and March 2024 according to estimates by the country’s Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. According to official data, India’s total petroleum consumption in 2019-20 was 194.3 million metric tonnes (MMT) which rose by about 5% to 204.2 MMT. The annualised consumption growth in April-September 2022 was 107.7 MMT about 13.6% growth as compared to 95 MMT in the April-September months of 2022 according to provisional data of the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC). India relies heavily on crude oil imports as domestic production is not sufficient to meet the country’s demand. India is the world’s third-largest importer of crude oil after the US and China which imports about 55% of its natural gas requirements and 85% of the crude oil it processes. India imports most of its oil (52.7%) from the Middle East with Iraq and Saudi Arabia being primary. The Indian government has set a goal to increase the share of natural gas in the country's total energy mix to 15% by 2030 from about 6% in 2022. India consumed 5.12 billion cubic ‘metres (BCM) of natural gas in March 2023, down 5.9% year-by-year. The production of natural gas in FY22-23 was 34.45 BCM, up 1.3%. In March 2023, India produced 2.95 BCM of gas, up 2.4%. India meets almost half of its gas demand through LNG imports. The estimated reserves of natural gas in India as of 1% April 2021 was 1,372.62 BCM of which 61% are located offshore. The total balance recoverable reserve of natural gas resource in North-Eastern States is about 198 CM. The largest reserves are found in the Western Offshore (37%) and Assam (27%). ‘Nuclear energy is the 5 largest source of electricity for India which contributes about 3% of the total electricity generation in the country. As of March 2022, India has over 22 nuclear reactors in 7 power plants across the country which produces 6780 MIV of nuclear power. Out of which, 18 reactors are Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) and 4 are Light Water Reactors (LWRs). It includes the 700 MW pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR), unit 3 of the Kakrapar nuclear power plant (KAPP-3) that was synchronised with the grid in January