05/10/2024, 15:25 Guide for authors - Industrial Marketing Management - ISSN 0019-8501 | ScienceDirect.

com by Elsevier

Industrial Marketing Management

Supports open access

Guide for authors

About the journal

Aims and scope

Peer review
Open access

Ethics and policies

Ethics in publishing
Submission declaration
Authorship
Changes to authorship
Declaration of interests
Funding sources
Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing
Preprints
Use of inclusive language
Reporting sex- and gender-based analyses
Jurisdictional claims

Writing and formatting

File format
Double anonymized peer review
Title page
Abstract
Keywords
Highlights
Tables
Figures, images and artwork
Generative AI and Figures, images and artwork
Supplementary material
Video
Research data
Data statement
Data linking
Research Elements
Article structure
References

Submitting your manuscript

Submission checklist
Submit online

After receiving a final decision

Article Transfer Service

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Publishing agreement
Industrial Marketing Management
License options
Open access
Permission for copyrighted works
Proof correction
Share Link
Responsible sharing

Resources for authors

Elsevier Researcher Academy

Language and editing services

Getting help and support

Author support

About the journal

Aims and scope
The International Journal of Marketing for Industrial and High-Tech Firms

Industrial Marketing Management provides theoretical, empirical and case-based research geared to the
needs of marketing scholars and practitioners researching and working in industrial and business-to-
business markets. An editorial review board of leading international scholars and practitioners assures a
balance of theory and practical applications in all articles. Scholars from North America, Europe,
Australia/New Zealand, Asia and other regions of the globe offer the latest findings for improving
effectiveness and efficiency of industrial markets. This comprehensive approach keeps readers abreast of
the most timely data and current thinking necessary for better marketing decisions and strategy in global
industrial and business-to-business markets.

Benefits to authors
We also provide many author benefits, such as free PDFs, a liberal copyright policy, special discounts on
Elsevier publications and much more. Please click here for more information on our author services.

Please see our Guide for Authors for information on article submission. If you require any further
information or help, please visit our Support Center

Special Issue suggestions All proposals for topics for IMM Special Issues should be sent to:
Dr. Selma Kadic-Maglajlic, [email protected] and
Dr. Maja Arslanagic-Kalajdzic, [email protected]

Peer review
This journal follows a double anonymized review process. Your submission will initially be assessed by our
editors to determine suitability for publication in this journal. If your submission is deemed suitable, it will
typically be sent to a minimum of two reviewers for an independent expert assessment of the scientific
quality. The decision as to whether your article is accepted or rejected will be taken by our editors. Authors
who wish to appeal the editorial decision for their manuscript may submit a formal appeal request in
accordance with the procedure outlined in Elsevier’s Appeal Policy. Only one appeal per submission will be
considered and the appeal decision will be final.

Read more about peer review.

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Our editors are not involved in making decisions about papers which:
Industrial Marketing Management
they have written themselves.

have been written by family members or colleagues.

relate to products or services in which they have an interest.

Any such submissions will be subject to the journal's usual procedures and peer review will be handled
independently of the editor involved and their research group. Read more about editor duties.

Special issues and article collections

The peer review process for special issues and article collections follows the same process as outlined
above for regular submissions, except, a guest editor will send the submissions out to the reviewers and
recommend a decision to the journal editor. The journal editor oversees the peer review process of all
special issues and article collections to ensure the high standards of publishing ethics and responsiveness
are respected and is responsible for the final decision regarding acceptance or rejection of articles.

Open access
We refer you to our open access information page to learn about open access options for this journal.

Ethics and policies

Ethics in publishing
Authors must follow ethical guidelines stated in Elsevier's Publishing Ethics Policy.

Submission declaration
When authors submit an article to an Elsevier journal it is implied that:

the work described has not been published previously except in the form of a preprint, an abstract, a
published lecture, academic thesis or registered report. See our policy on multiple, redundant or
concurrent publication.

the article is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

the article's publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible
authorities where the work was carried out.

if accepted, the article will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other
language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder.

To verify compliance with our journal publishing policies, we may check your manuscript with our
screening tools.

Authorship
All authors should have made substantial contributions to all of the following:

1. The conception and design of the study, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data.

2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content.

3. Final approval of the version to be submitted.

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All authors should agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work to ensure that the questions related
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to the accuracy or integrity of any partManagement
of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Changes to authorship
The editors of this journal generally will not consider changes to authorship once a manuscript has been
submitted. It is important that authors carefully consider the authorship list and order of authors and
provide a definitive author list at original submission.

The policy of this journal around authorship changes:

All authors must be listed in the manuscript and their details entered into the submission system.

Any addition, deletion or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should only be made
prior to acceptance, and only if approved by the journal editor.

Requests to change authorship should be made by the corresponding author, who must provide the
reason for the request to the journal editor with written confirmation from all authors, including any
authors being added or removed, that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement.

Only in exceptional circumstances will the journal editor consider the addition, deletion or
rearrangement of authors post acceptance.

Publication of the manuscript may be paused while a change in authorship request is being
considered.

Any authorship change requests approved by the journal editor will result in a corrigendum if the
manuscript has already been published.

Any unauthorised authorship changes may result in the rejection of the article, or retraction, if the
article has already been published.

Declaration of interests
All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that
could inappropriately influence or bias their work. Examples of potential competing interests include:

Employment

Consultancies

Stock ownership

Honoraria

Paid expert testimony

Patent applications or registrations

Grants or any other funding

The Declaration of Interests tool should always be completed.

Authors with no competing interests to declare should select the option, "I have nothing to declare".
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The resulting Word document containing your declaration should be uploaded at the "attach/upload files"
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step in the submission Management
process. It is important that the Word document is saved in the .doc/.docx file
format. Author signatures are not required.

We advise you to read our policy on conflict of interest statements, funding source declarations, author
agreements/declarations and permission notes.

Funding sources
Authors must disclose any funding sources who provided financial support for the conduct of the research
and/or preparation of the article. The role of sponsors, if any, should be declared in relation to the study
design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the report and decision to submit the
article for publication. If funding sources had no such involvement this should be stated in your
submission.

List funding sources in this standard way to facilitate compliance to funder's requirements:

Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA [grant number zzzz]; and the United States Institutes of Peace [grant
number aaaa].

It is not necessary to include detailed descriptions on the program or type of grants, scholarships and
awards. When funding is from a block grant or other resources available to a university, college, or other
research institution, submit the name of the institute or organization that provided the funding.

If no funding has been provided for the research, it is recommended to include the following sentence:

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-
profit sectors.

Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing

Authors must declare the use of generative AI in scientific writing upon submission of the paper. The
following guidance refers only to the writing process, and not to the use of AI tools to analyse and draw
insights from data as part of the research process:

Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies should only be used in the writing process to improve the
readability and language of the manuscript.

The technology must be applied with human oversight and control and authors should carefully review
and edit the result, as AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete
or biased. Authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the contents of the work.

Authors must not list or cite AI and AI-assisted technologies as an author or co-author on the
manuscript since authorship implies responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to and
performed by humans.

The use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in scientific writing must be declared by adding a
statement at the end of the manuscript when the paper is first submitted. The statement will appear in the
published work and should be placed in a new section before the references list. An example:

Title of new section: Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process.

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Statement: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used [NAME TOOL / SERVICE] in order to
Industrial Marketing
[REASON]. After Management
using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and
take(s) full responsibility for the content of the published article.
The declaration does not apply to the use of basic tools, such as tools used to check grammar, spelling and
references. If you have nothing to disclose, you do not need to add a statement.

We advise you to read our policy for authors on the use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies for
Elsevier.

Please note: to protect authors' rights and the confidentiality of their research, this journal does not
currently allow the use of Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies such as ChatGPT or similar services by
reviewers or editors in the peer review and manuscript evaluation process. We are actively evaluating
compliant AI tools and may revise this policy in the future.

Preprints
Preprint sharing
Authors may share preprints, anywhere and at any time, in line with Elsevier's article sharing policy.
Sharing preprints, such as on a preprint server, will not count as prior publication.

We advise you to read our policy on multiple, redundant or concurrent publication.

Use of inclusive language

Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and
promotes equal opportunities. Authors should ensure their work uses inclusive language throughout and
contains nothing which might imply one individual is superior to another on the grounds of:

age

gender

race

ethnicity

culture

sexual orientation

disability or health condition

We recommend avoiding the use of descriptors about personal attributes unless they are relevant and
valid. Write for gender neutrality with the use of plural nouns ("clinicians, patients/clients") as default.
Wherever possible, avoid using "he, she," or "he/she."

No assumptions should be made about the beliefs of readers and writing should be free from bias,
stereotypes, slang, reference to dominant culture and/or cultural assumptions.

These guidelines are meant as a point of reference to help you identify appropriate language but are by no
means exhaustive or definitive.

Reporting sex- and gender-based analyses

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There is no single, universally agreed-upon set of guidelines for defining sex and gender. We offer the
Industrial Marketing Management
following guidance:

Sex and gender-based analyses (SGBA) should be integrated into research design when research
involves or pertains to humans, animals or eukaryotic cells. This should be done in accordance with
any requirements set by funders or sponsors and best practices within a field.

Sex and/or gender dimensions of the research should be addressed within the article or declared as a
limitation to the generalizability of the research.

Definitions of sex and/or gender applied should be explicitly stated to enhance the precision, rigor and
reproducibility of the research and to avoid ambiguity or conflation of terms and the constructs to
which they refer.

We advise you to read the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines and the SAGER checklist
(PDF) on the EASE website, which offer systematic approaches to the use of sex and gender information in
study design, data analysis, outcome reporting and research interpretation.

For further information we suggest reading the rationale behind and recommended use of the SAGER
guidelines.

Definitions of sex and/or gender

We ask authors to define how sex and gender have been used in their research and publication. Some
guidance:

Sex generally refers to a set of biological attributes that are associated with physical and physiological
features such as chromosomal genotype, hormonal levels, internal and external anatomy. A binary sex
categorization (male/female) is usually designated at birth ("sex assigned at birth") and is in most cases
based solely on the visible external anatomy of a newborn. In reality, sex categorizations include
people who are intersex/have differences of sex development (DSD).

Gender generally refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors and identities of women, men and
gender-diverse people that occur in a historical and cultural context and may vary across societies and
over time. Gender influences how people view themselves and each other, how they behave and
interact and how power is distributed in society.

Jurisdictional claims
Elsevier respects the decisions taken by its authors as to how they choose to designate territories and
identify their affiliations in their published content. Elsevier’s policy is to take a neutral position with
respect to territorial disputes or jurisdictional claims, including, but not limited to, maps and institutional
affiliations. For journals that Elsevier publishes on behalf of a third party owner, the owner may set its own
policy on these issues.

Maps: Readers should be able to locate any study areas shown within maps using common mapping
platforms. Maps should only show the area actually studied and authors should not include a location
map which displays a larger area than the bounding box of the study area. Authors should add a note
clearly stating that "map lines delineate study areas and do not necessarily depict accepted national
boundaries”. During the review process, Elsevier’s editors may request authors to change maps if these
guidelines are not followed.

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Institutional affiliations: Authors should use either the full, standard title of their institution or the
Industrial Marketing Management
standard abbreviation of the institutional name so that the institutional name can be independently
verified for research integrity purposes.

Writing and formatting

File format
We ask you to provide editable source files for your entire submission (including figures, tables and text
graphics). Some guidelines:

Save files in an editable format, using the extension .doc/.docx for Word files and .tex for LaTeX files. A
PDF is not an acceptable source file.

Lay out text in a single-column format.

Use spell-check and grammar-check functions to avoid errors.

We advise you to read our Step-by-step guide to publishing with Elsevier.

Double anonymized peer review

This journal follows a double anonymized review process which means author identities are concealed
from reviewers and vice versa.To facilitate the double anonymized review process, we ask that you provide
your title page (including author details) and anonymized manuscript (excluding author details) separately
in your submission.

The title page should include:

Article title

Author name(s)

Affiliation(s)

Acknowledgements

Declaration of Interest statement

Corresponding author address (full address is required)

Corresponding author email address

The anonymized manuscript should contain the main body of your paper including:

References

Figures

Tables

Acknowledgements

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It is important that your anonymized manuscript does not contain any identifying information such as
Industrial Marketing Management
author names or affiliations.

Read more about peer review.

Title page
You are required to include the following details in the title page information:

Article title. Article titles should be concise and informative. Please avoid abbreviations and formulae,
where possible, unless they are established and widely understood, e.g., DNA).

Author names. Provide the given name(s) and family name(s) of each author. The order of authors
should match the order in the submission system. Carefully check that all names are accurately
spelled. If needed, you can add your name between parentheses in your own script after the English
transliteration.

Affiliations. Add affiliation addresses, referring to where the work was carried out, below the author
names. Indicate affiliations using a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name
and in front of the corresponding address. Ensure that you provide the full postal address of each
affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the email address of each author.

Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence for your article at all stages of
the refereeing and publication process and also post-publication. This responsibility includes
answering any future queries about your results, data, methodology and materials. It is important that
the email address and contact details of your corresponding author are kept up to date during the
submission and publication process.

Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in your article was
carried out, or the author was visiting during that time, a "present address" (or "permanent address")
can be indicated by a footnote to the author's name. The address where the author carried out the
work must be retained as their main affiliation address. Use superscript Arabic numerals for such
footnotes.

Abstract
You are required to provide a concise and factual abstract which does not exceed 250 words. The abstract
should briefly state the purpose of your research, principal results and major conclusions. Some guidelines:

Abstracts must be able to stand alone as abstracts are often presented separately from the article.

Avoid references. If any are essential to include, ensure that you cite the author(s) and year(s).

Avoid non-standard or uncommon abbreviations. If any are essential to include, ensure they are
defined within your abstract at first mention.

Keywords
You are required to provide 1 to 7 keywords for indexing purposes. Keywords should be written in English.
Please try to avoid keywords consisting of multiple words (using "and" or "of").

We recommend that you only use abbreviations in keywords if they are firmly established in the field.

Highlights

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You are encouraged to provide article highlights at submission.

Industrial Marketing Management
Highlights are a short collection of bullet points that should capture the novel results of your research as
well as any new methods used during your study. Highlights will help increase the discoverability of your
article via search engines. Some guidelines:

Submit highlights as a separate editable file in the online submission system with the word "highlights"
included in the file name.

Highlights should consist of 3 to 5 bullet points, each a maximum of 85 characters, including spaces.

We encourage you to view example article highlights and read about the benefits of their inclusion.

Tables
Tables must be submitted as editable text, not as images. Some guidelines:

Place tables next to the relevant text or on a separate page(s) at the end of your article.

Cite all tables in the manuscript text.

Number tables consecutively according to their appearance in the text.

Please provide captions along with the tables.

Place any table notes below the table body.

Avoid vertical rules and shading within table cells.

We recommend that you use tables sparingly, ensuring that any data presented in tables is not duplicating
results described elsewhere in the article.

Figures, images and artwork

Figures, images, artwork, diagrams and other graphical media must be supplied as separate files along
with the manuscript. We recommend that you read our detailed artwork and media instructions. Some
excerpts:

When submitting artwork:

Cite all images in the manuscript text.

Number images according to the sequence they appear within your article.

Submit each image as a separate file using a logical naming convention for your files (for example,
Figure_1, Figure_2 etc).

Please provide captions along with the artwork.

Text graphics may be embedded in the text at the appropriate position. If you are working with LaTeX,
text graphics may also be embedded in the file.

Artwork formats

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When your artwork is finalized, "save as" or convert your electronic artwork to the formats listed below
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taking into account Management
the given resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone
combinations:

Vector drawings: Save as EPS or PDF files embedding the font or saving the text as "graphics."

Color or grayscale photographs (halftones): Save as TIFF, JPG or PNG files using a minimum of 300 dpi
(for single column: min. 1063 pixels, full page width: 2244 pixels).

Bitmapped line drawings: Save as TIFF, JPG or PNG files using a minimum of 1000 dpi (for single
column: min. 3543 pixels, full page width: 7480 pixels).

Combinations bitmapped line/halftones (color or grayscale): Save as TIFF, JPG or PNG files using a
minimum of 500 dpi (for single column: min. 1772 pixels, full page width: 3740 pixels).

Please do not submit:

files that are too low in resolution (for example, files optimized for screen use such as GIF, BMP, PICT or
WPG files).

disproportionally large images compared to font size, as text may become unreadable.

Figure captions
All images must have a caption. A caption should consist of a brief title (not displayed on the figure itself)
and a description of the image. We advise you to keep the amount of text in any image to a minimum,
though any symbols and abbreviations used should be explained.

Provide captions in a separate file.

Color artwork
If you submit usable color figures with your accepted article, we will ensure that they appear in color
online.

Please ensure that color images are accessible to all, including those with impaired color vision. Learn
more about color and web accessibility.

For articles appearing in print, you will be sent information on costs to reproduce color in the printed
version, after your accepted article has been sent to production. At this stage, please indicate if your
preference is to have color only in the online version of your article or also in the printed version.

Generative AI and Figures, images and artwork

Please read our policy on the use of generative AI and AI-assisted tools in figures, images and artwork,
which states:

We do not permit the use of Generative AI or AI-assisted tools to create or alter images in submitted
manuscripts.

The only exception is if the use of AI or AI-assisted tools is part of the research design or methods (for
example, in the field of biomedical imaging). If this is the case, such use must be described in a
reproducible manner in the methods section, including the name of the model or tool, version and
extension numbers, and manufacturer.

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The use of generative AI or AI-assisted tools in the production of artwork such as for graphical
Industrial Marketing Management
abstracts is not permitted. The use of generative AI in the production of cover art may in some cases be
allowed, if the author obtains prior permission from the journal editor and publisher, can demonstrate
that all necessary rights have been cleared for the use of the relevant material, and ensures that there
is correct content attribution.

Supplementary material
We encourage the use of supplementary materials such as applications, images and sound clips to
enhance research. Some guidelines:

Cite all supplementary files in the manuscript text.

Submit supplementary materials at the same time as your article. Be aware that all supplementary
materials provided will appear online in the exact same file type as received. These files will not be
formatted or typeset by the production team.

Include a concise, descriptive caption for each supplementary file describing its content.

Provide updated files if at any stage of the publication process you wish to make changes to submitted
supplementary materials.

Do not make annotations or corrections to a previous version of a supplementary file.

Switch off the option to track changes in Microsoft Office files. If tracked changes are left on, they will
appear in your published version.

We recommend you upload research data to a suitable specialist or generalist repository. Please read our
guidelines on sharing research data for more information on depositing, sharing and using research data
and other relevant research materials.

Video
This journal accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific
research. We encourage you to include links to video or animation files within articles. Some guidelines:

When including video or animation file links within your article, refer to the video or animation content
by adding a note in your text where the file should be placed.

Clearly label files ensuring the given file name is directly related to the file content.

Provide files in one of our recommended file formats. Files should be within our preferred maximum file
size of 150 MB per file, 1 GB in total.

Provide "stills" for each of your files. These will be used as standard icons to personalize the link to your
video data. You can choose any frame from your video or animation or make a separate image.

Provide text (for both the electronic and the print version) to be placed in the portions of your article
that refer to the video content. This is essential text, as video and animation files cannot be embedded
in the print version of the journal.

We publish all video and animation files supplied in the electronic version of your article.

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For more detailed instructions, we recommend that you read our guidelines on submitting video content to
Industrial
be included in theMarketing
body of an article. Management

Research data
We are committed to supporting the storage of, access to and discovery of research data, and our research
data policy sets out the principles guiding how we work with the research community to support a more
efficient and transparent research process.

Research data refers to the results of observations or experimentation that validate research findings,
which may also include software, code, models, algorithms, protocols, methods and other useful materials
related to the project.

Please read our guidelines on sharing research data for more information on depositing, sharing and using
research data and other relevant research materials.

For this journal, the following instructions from our research data guidelines apply.

Option C: Research data deposit, citation and linking

You are required to:

Deposit your research data in a relevant data repository.

Cite and link to this dataset in your article.

If this is not possible, make a statement explaining why research data cannot be shared.

Data statement
To foster transparency, you are encouraged to state the availability of any data at submission.

Ensuring data is available may be a requirement of your funding body or institution. If your data is
unavailable to access or unsuitable to post, you can state the reason why (e.g., your research data includes
sensitive or confidential information such as patient data) during the submission process. This statement
will appear with your published article on ScienceDirect.

Read more about the importance and benefits of providing a data statement.

Data linking
Linking to the data underlying your work increases your exposure and may lead to new collaborations. It
also provides readers with a better understanding of the described research.

If your research data has been made available in a data repository there are a number of ways your article
can be linked directly to the dataset:

Provide a link to your dataset when prompted during the online submission process.

For some data repositories, a repository banner will automatically appear next to your published
article on ScienceDirect.

You can also link relevant data or entities within the text of your article through the use of identifiers.
Use the following format: Database: 12345 (e.g. TAIR: AT1G01020; CCDC: 734053; PDB: 1XFN).

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Learn more about linking research data and research articles in ScienceDirect.
Industrial Marketing Management
Research Elements
This journal enables the publication of research objects (e.g. data, methods, protocols, software and
hardware) related to original research in Elsevier's Research Elements journals.

Research Elements are peer-reviewed, open access journals which make research objects findable,
accessible and reusable. By providing detailed descriptions of objects and their application with links to
the original research article, your research objects can be placed into context within your article.

You will be alerted during submission to the opportunity to submit a manuscript to one of the Research
Elements journals. Your Research Elements article can be prepared by you, or by one of your collaborators.

Article structure
Article sections

Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Number subsections 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2,
...), then 1.2, etc.

Use the numbering format when cross-referencing within your article. Do not just refer to "the text."

You may give subsections a brief heading. Headings should appear on a separate line.

Do not include the article abstract within section numbering.

Introduction
The introduction should clearly state the objectives of your work. We recommend that you provide an
adequate background to your work but avoid writing a detailed literature overview or summary of your
results.

Methods
The methods section should provide sufficient details about your materials and methods to allow your
work to be reproduced by an independent researcher. Some guidelines:

If the method you used has already been published, provide a summary and reference the originally
published method.

If you are quoting directly from a previously published method, use quotation marks and cite the
source.

Describe any modifications that you have made to existing methods.

Results
Results should be clear and concise. We advise you to read the sections in this guide on supplying tables,
artwork, supplementary material and sharing research data.

Discussion
The discussion section should explore the significance of your results but not repeat them. You may
combine your results and discussion sections into one section, if appropriate. We recommend that you
avoid the use of extensive citations and discussion of published literature in the discussion section.

Conclusion

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The conclusion section should present the main conclusions of your study. You may have a stand-alone
Industrial Marketing
conclusions section Management
or include your conclusions in a subsection of your discussion or results and discussion
section.

Glossary
Please provide definitions of field-specific terms used in your article, in a separate list.

Abbreviations
Abbreviations which are not standard in the field should be defined in a footnote on the first page of your
article.

Abbreviations which are essential to include in your abstract should be defined at first mention in your
abstract, as well as in a footnote on the first page of your article.

Before submission we recommend that you review your use of abbreviations throughout your article to
ensure that it is consistent.

Appendices
We ask you to use the following format for appendices:

Identify individual appendices within your article using the format: A, B, etc.

Give separate numbering to formulae and equations within appendices using formats such as Eq. (A.1),
Eq. (A.2), etc. and in subsequent appendices, Eq. (B.1), Eq. (B. 2) etc. In a similar way, give separate
numbering to tables and figures using formats such as Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.
Footnotes
We advise you to use footnotes sparingly. If you include footnotes in your article, ensure that they are
numbered consecutively.

You may use system features that automatically build footnotes into text. Alternatively, you can indicate
the position of footnotes within the text and present them in a separate section at the end of your article.

Acknowledgements
Include any individuals who provided you with help during your research, such as help with language,
writing or proof reading, in the acknowledgements section. Include acknowledgements only in the title
page since this journal follows a double anonymized peer review process. Do not add it as a footnote to
your title.

Author contributions: CRediT

Corresponding authors are required to acknowledge co-author contributions using CRediT (Contributor
Roles Taxonomy) roles:

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

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Methodology
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Project administration

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing – original draft

Writing – review and editing

Not all CRediT roles will apply to every manuscript and some authors may contribute through multiple
roles.

We advise you to read more about CRediT and view an example of a CRediT author statement.
Funding sources
Authors must disclose any funding sources who provided financial support for the conduct of the research
and/or preparation of the article. The role of sponsors, if any, should be declared in relation to the study
design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the report and decision to submit the
article for publication. If funding sources had no such involvement this should be stated in your
submission.

List funding sources in this standard way to facilitate compliance to funder's requirements:

Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA [grant number zzzz]; and the United States Institutes of Peace [grant
number aaaa].

It is not necessary to include detailed descriptions on the program or type of grants, scholarships and
awards. When funding is from a block grant or other resources available to a university, college, or other
research institution, submit the name of the institute or organization that provided the funding.

If no funding has been provided for the research, it is recommended to include the following sentence:

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-
profit sectors.

References
References within text
Any references cited within your article should also be present in your reference list and vice versa. Some
guidelines:

References cited in your abstract must be given in full.

We recommend that you do not include unpublished results and personal communications in your
reference list, though you may mention them in the text of your article.

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Any unpublished results and personal communications included in your reference list must follow the
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standard reference Management
style of the journal. In substitution of the publication date add "unpublished
results" or "personal communication."

References cited as "in press" imply that the item has been accepted for publication.
Linking to cited sources will increase the discoverability of your research.

Before submission, check that all data provided in your reference list are correct, including any references
which have been copied. Providing correct reference data allows us to link to abstracting and indexing
services such as Scopus, Crossref and PubMed. Any incorrect surnames, journal or book titles, publication
years or pagination within your references may prevent link creation.

We encourage the use of Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) as reference links as they provide a permanent
link to the electronic article referenced. See the example below, though be aware that the format of such
citations should be adapted to follow the style of other references in your paper.

DOI link example (for an article not yet in an issue):

VanDecar J.C., Russo R.M., James D.E., Ambeh W.B., Franke M. (2003). Aseismic continuation of the Lesser
Antilles slab beneath northeastern Venezuela. Journal of Geophysical Research,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000884.
Reference format
This journal does not set strict requirements on reference formatting at submission. Some guidelines:

References can be in any style or format as long as the style is consistent.

Author names, journal or book titles, chapter or article titles, year of publication, volume numbers,
article numbers or pagination must be included, where applicable.

Use of DOIs is recommended.

Our journal reference style will be applied to your article after acceptance, at proof stage. If required, at
this stage we will ask you to correct or supply any missing reference data.

Reference style
Indicate references by adding a number within square brackets in the text. You can refer to author names
within your text, but you must always give the reference number, e.g., "as demonstrated [3,6]. Barnaby and
Jones [8] obtained a different result ....".

Number references in the order they appear in your article.

Examples:

Reference to a journal publication:

[1] J. van der Geer, T. Handgraaf, R.A. Lupton, The art of writing a scientific article, J. Sci. Commun. 163
(2020) 51 – 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sc.2020.00372.

Reference to a journal publication with an article number:

[2] J. van der Geer, T. Handgraaf, R.A. Lupton, 2022. The art of writing a scientific article. Heliyon. 19, e00205.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e00205.

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Reference to a book:
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[3] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, fourth ed., Longman, New York, 2000.

Reference to a chapter in a book:

[4] G.R. Mettam, L.B. Adams, How to prepare an electronic version of your article, in: B.S. Jones, R.Z. Smith
(Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age, E-Publishing Inc., New York, 2020, pp. 281 - 304.

Reference to a website:

[5] Cancer Research UK, Cancer statistics reports for the UK.
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/aboutcancer/statistics/cancerstatsreport/, 2023 (accessed 13 March
2023).

Reference to a dataset:

[6] M. Oguro, S. Imahiro, S. Saito, T. Nakashizuka, Mortality data for Japanese oak wilt disease and
surrounding forest compositions [dataset], Mendeley Data, v1, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1234/abc12nb39r.1.

Reference to software:

[7] E. Coon, M. Berndt, A. Jan, D. Svyatsky, A. Atchley, E. Kikinzon, D. Harp, G. Manzini, E. Shelef, K. Lipnikov,
R. Garimella, C. Xu, D. Moulton, S. Karra, S. Painter, E. Jafarov, S. Molins, Advanced Terrestrial Simulator
(ATS) v0.88 [software], Zenodo, March 25, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1234/zenodo.3727209.
Journal abbreviations
We ask you to abbreviate journal names according to the List of Title Word Abbreviations (LTWA).

Web references
When listing web references, as a minimum you should provide the full URL and the date when the
reference was last accessed. Additional information (e.g. DOI, author names, dates or reference to a source
publication) should also be provided, if known.

You can list web references separately under a new heading directly after your reference list or include
them in your reference list.

Data references
We encourage you to cite underlying or relevant datasets within article text and to list data references in
the reference list.

When citing data references, you should include:

author name(s)

dataset title

data repository

version (where available)

year

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global persistent identifier

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Add [dataset] immediately before yourManagement
reference. This will help us to properly identify the dataset. The
[dataset] identifier will not appear in your published article.
Preprint references
We ask you to mark preprints clearly. You should include the word "preprint" or the name of the preprint
server as part of your reference and provide the preprint DOI.

Where a preprint has subsequently become available as a peer-reviewed publication, use the formal
publication as your reference.

If there are preprints that are central to your work or that cover crucial developments in the topic, but they
are not yet formally published, you may reference the preprint.

Reference management software

Most Elsevier journals have their reference template available in popular reference management software
products. These include products that support Citation Style Language (CSL) such as Mendeley Reference
Manager.

If you use a citation plug-in from these products, select the relevant journal template and all your citations
and bibliographies will automatically be formatted in the journal style. We advise you to remove all field
codes before submitting your manuscript to any reference management software product.

If a template is not available for this journal, follow the format given in examples in the reference style
section of this Guide for Authors.

Submitting your manuscript

Submission checklist
Before completing the submission of your manuscript, we advise you to read our submission checklist:

One author has been designated as the corresponding author and their full contact details (email
address, full postal address and phone numbers) have been provided.

All files have been uploaded, including keywords, figure captions and tables (including a title,
description and footnotes) included.

Spelling and grammar checks have been carried out.

All references in the article text are cited in the reference list and vice versa.

Permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material from other sources, including the
Web.

For gold open access articles, all authors understand that they are responsible for payment of the
article publishing charge (APC) if the manuscript is accepted. Payment of the APC may be covered by
the corresponding author's institution, or the research funder.

Submit online
Our online submission system guides you through the process steps of entering your manuscript details
and uploading your files. The system converts your article files to a single PDF file used in the peer-review
process.

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Editable files (e.g., Word, LaTeX) are required to typeset your article for final publication. All
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correspondence,Marketing
including notificationManagement
of the editor's decision and requests for revision, is sent by email.

Please follow this link to submit your paper.

After receiving a final decision

Article Transfer Service
If your manuscript is more suitable for an alternative Elsevier journal, you may receive an email asking you
to consider transferring your manuscript via the Elsevier Article Transfer Service.

The recommendation could come from the journal editor, a dedicated in-house scientific managing editor,
a tool-assisted recommendation or a combination.

If you agree with the recommendation, your manuscript will be transferred and independently reviewed by
the editors of the new journal. You will have the opportunity to make revisions, if necessary, before the
submission is complete at the destination journal.

Publishing agreement
Authors will be asked to complete a publishing agreement after acceptance. The corresponding author will
receive a link to the online agreement by email. We advise you to read Elsevier's policies related to
copyright to learn more about our copyright policies and your, and your employer’s/institution’s, additional
rights for subscription and gold open access articles.

License options
Authors will be offered open access user license options which will determine how you, and third parties,
can reuse your gold open access article. We advise that you review these options and any funding body
license requirements before selecting a license option.

Open access
We refer you to our open access information page to learn about open access options for this journal.

Permission for copyrighted works

If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included in your article, you must obtain written permission
from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) within your article using Elsevier’s permission request
and license form (Word).

Proof correction
To ensure a fast publication process we will ask you to provide proof corrections within two days.

Corresponding authors will be sent an email which includes a link to our online proofing system, allowing
annotation and correction of proofs online. The environment is similar to Word. You can edit text,
comment on figures and tables and answer questions raised by our copy editor. Our web-based proofing
service ensures a faster and less error-prone process.

You can choose to annotate and upload your edits on the PDF version of your article, if preferred. We will
provide you with proofing instructions and available alternative proofing methods in our email.

The purpose of the proof is to check the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of your article
text, tables and figures. Significant changes to your article at the proofing stage will only be considered
with approval of the journal editor.

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Share Link
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A customized Share Management
Link, providing 50 days free access to the final published version of your article on
ScienceDirect, will be sent by email to the corresponding author. The Share Link can be used to share your
article on any communication channel, such as by email or on social media.

For an extra charge, you will be provided with the option to order paper offprints. A link to an offprint order
form will be sent by email when your article is accepted for publication.

A Share Link will not be provided if your article is published gold open access. The final published version of
your gold open access article will be openly available on ScienceDirect and can be shared through the
article DOI link.

Responsible sharing
We encourage you to share and promote your article to give additional visibility to your work, enabling
your paper to contribute to scientific progress and foster the exchange of scientific developments within
your field. Read more about how to responsibly share and promote your article.

Resources for authors

Elsevier Researcher Academy
If you would like help to improve your submission or navigate the publication process, support is available
via Elsevier Researcher Academy.

Elsevier Researcher Academy offers free e-learning modules, webinars, downloadable guides and research
writing and peer review process resources.

Language and editing services

We recommend that you write in American or British English but not a combination of both.

If you feel the English language in your manuscript requires editing to eliminate possible grammatical or
spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English, you may wish to use the English Language
Editing service provided by Elsevier’s Author Services.

Getting help and support

Author support
We recommend that you visit our Journal Article Publishing Support Center if you have questions about the
editorial process or require technical support for your submission. Some popular FAQs:

How can I track the status of my submitted article?

When will my article be published?

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