VENKATESWAR ENGLISH MEDIUM

SCHOOL

CHANDRASEKHARPUR, BHUBANESWAR
An Investigatory Project of Physics on
TRANSFORMERS
For practical fulfillment of terms and conditions laid
by
AISSCE:2024-25
SUBMISSION BY : Shibam Kumar Padhi
CLASS : XII-B
CBSE ROLL NO. :
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF
Mr. Pratik Mandal (PGT.Physics)
(Department of Physics)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to my Physics
teacher Mr. Pratik Mandal to give me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents & friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
Lastly, I would like to thank all my supporters who
motivated me to fulfill this project within the timeline.

Signature of the student

 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shibam Kumar Padhi of
class XII-B in the session 2024-25, CBSE Roll
No- has completed his Physics
Investigatory Project successfully on the topic -
"TRANSFORMERS"
I would like to express my special thanks to the
members of my school’s Physics Department
for supporting me.

Signature of Subject Teacher Signature of Head Institution

Signature of External Examiner

 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that the project “TRANSFORMERS”

submitted to Mr. Pratik Mandal is a record of original
work done by me gaining the knowledge related to the
project from certain sources.

Signature of the student

 INDEX

01) Introduction
02) Principle
03) Construction
04) Theory and Working
05) Efficiency
06) Energy Losses
07) Apparatus
08) Circuit Diagram
09) Procedure
10) Uses of Transformer
11) Sources of Error
12) Conclusion
13) Precautions
14) Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating

voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into
a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers
energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in many electronic devices. Transformers
are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit
to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-
down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus

both for high and low current circuits.
Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.
 PRINCIPLE

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying

current is set-up in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.
 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p 1& p2
and s1& s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with
each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p 1p2, the primary coil and a
load resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an
open switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so
long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume that
the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.
Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have asoft iron.
The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin ironstrips coated with
varnish to insulate them to reduce energylosses by eddy currents. The
input circuit is called primary. And theoutput circuit is called
secondary.

An voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the
secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.
 The ideal transformer as a circuit element

THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced

in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of
the primary secondary coils of the transformer and, Dфь / d t = rate of
change of flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -NpDфь/dt (1)

Es = -NsDфь/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by

1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary

coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and
back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

I =E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = IpRp

When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp can be neglected so

therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as E s / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f /

input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es> E so K > 1, hence Ns> Np

In a step down transformer

Es< E so K < 1, hence Ns< Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at the
instant t = Ep Ipand Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power =

output power or

EpIp = Es Is Or

Es / E p = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer
As k> 1, so Ip> Is or Is<Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence,

whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever
we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.
BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to
the input power i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / EpIp

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the
input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons
as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom
perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil
is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in
the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess
resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in
the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron
core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due
to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be
produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost
due to humming.

Apparatus
Iron Rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Copper Wire.

Circuit Diagram
 PROCEDURE

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on
it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and
s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and
NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.
 CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil
of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
 A Big Transformer

Bibliography
 NCERT Textbook Class 12
 NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12
 Google Website

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The End