Transformer Project (1)
Transformer Project (1)
SCHOOL
CHANDRASEKHARPUR, BHUBANESWAR
An Investigatory Project of Physics on
TRANSFORMERS
For practical fulfillment of terms and conditions laid
by
AISSCE:2024-25
SUBMISSION BY : Shibam Kumar Padhi
CLASS : XII-B
CBSE ROLL NO. :
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF
Mr. Pratik Mandal (PGT.Physics)
(Department of Physics)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to my Physics
teacher Mr. Pratik Mandal to give me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents & friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
Lastly, I would like to thank all my supporters who
motivated me to fulfill this project within the timeline.
01) Introduction
02) Principle
03) Construction
04) Theory and Working
05) Efficiency
06) Energy Losses
07) Apparatus
08) Circuit Diagram
09) Procedure
10) Uses of Transformer
11) Sources of Error
12) Conclusion
13) Precautions
14) Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
An voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of the
secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.
The ideal transformer as a circuit element
Es = -NsDфь/dt (2)
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
I =E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = IpRp
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
In a step up transformer
And Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input power at the
instant t = Ep Ipand Output power at the same instant = Es Is
EpIp = Es Is Or
Es / E p = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
As k> 1, so Ip> Is or Is<Ip
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.
BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the
input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons
as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom
perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil
is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in
the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess
resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in
the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron
core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due
to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be
produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost
due to humming.
Apparatus
Iron Rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Copper Wire.
Circuit Diagram
PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on
it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and
s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
SOURCES OF ERROR
PRECAUTIONS
Bibliography
NCERT Textbook Class 12
NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12
Google Website
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