INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON
PHYSICS
A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
Physics Practical Examination of

SABARI NANDHAN S P
CLASS XII
Roll number:12

SREE SARASWATHY VIDYALAYAM

OORUTTAMBALAM

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “To

investigate the relation between the ratio of Input
and output voltage of the Transformer” is being
submitted by Sabari nandhan S P (Roll No: 12)
during the year 2024-25 in partial Fulfillment of

physics practical examination conducted

by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Date:
PLACE : Ooruttambalam

Signature of physics teacher

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I take this opportunity to express my deep sense

of gratitude to my physics teacher, Vishnupriya,
Sree Saraswathy Vidayalayam Ooruttambalm
for her constant guidance and insightful
comments during the project work. I shall
always cherish my association with them for
their constant encouragement and freedom to
thought and action that rendered to me
throughout the project work.
I would like to thank all the teachers and
principal of Sree Saraswathy Vidayalayam
,for maintaining a congenial environment.I
am also thankful to all my friends for
their constant help and encouragement for
my successful completion of project work.

(ABHIRAMI)

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 CONTENTS

1. Title ………………………………………………….. 1

2. CERTIFICATE ……………………………………. 2

3. ACKNOWLDGEMENT …………………………. 3

4. CONTENTS …………………………………….. 4

5. OBJECTIVES ……………………………………. 5

6. INTRODUCTION ……………………………….. 5-6

7. THEORY ……………………………………...........7-13

8. APPARATUS REQUIRED……........…. 14-15

9. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED ……………16

10.Applications………………………… 17

11. PRECAUTION ……………………… 18

12.REFRENCES ……………………19…

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 OBJECTIVES…

To investigate the relation between the

ratio of:–
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer.

The transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-

versa.

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction

according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux

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linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in

the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for

changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely

used device in both low and high current circuit.

As such transformers are built in an amazing strength

of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,

transformer size may be so small that it weight only a

few tens of grams where as in high voltage power

circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a

step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the

A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of

apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

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THEORY…

Fig: - 1

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 Fig: - 2

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an

alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in

the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces

altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a

good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with

primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the

induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal

to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es

be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f induced in the

primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns

of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

ɸ
= rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this

instant.

And then

ɸ
Ep = -N p ……………………………….. (1)

ɸ
Es = -N s ……………………………….. (2)

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Where, N p = No. of turns of the primary coil.

Ns = No. of turns of the secondary coil.

Ep = e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil.

Es = e.m.f.’s induced in the secondary coil

From the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get;

Es / Ep = - N s / N p …………………………………… (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of

the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,

p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil

is given by :

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = I p Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp I p can be

neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

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Hence equation (3) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER …

Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p If I p = value of primary

current at the same instant And I s = value of secondary

current at this instant, then Input power at the instant =

Ep I p and Output power at the same instant = Es I s If

there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or Ep I p = Es I s Or

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Es / Ep = I p / I s = K

IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER…

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so I p > I s or I s < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage
is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a
step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same

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ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down
the current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.

EFFICIENCY …
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output

power to the input power .i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es I s / Ep I p Thus in an

ideal transformer, where there is no power losses,

η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore

the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

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 ENERGY LOSSES...
Following are the major
sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper

coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting

wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core

of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in

iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change
of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss- is the loss5 of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation- i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

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APPARATUS REQUIRED…

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15
 PROCEDURE …
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a

large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60).

This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2.Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire

on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down

transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage

and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through

s1and s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage

and current through primary and secondary coil of step up

transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by

changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

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 USES OF TRANSFORMER...
A transformer issued in almost all a.c.

operations-

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,

air conditioner, etc.

 A step down transformer is used for welding

purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large

current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of

X-Rays and NEON advertisement.

 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and

stabilized power supplies.

 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.

over long distances.

 Small transformers are used in Radio sets,

telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

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 SOURCES OF ERROR…

1.Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2.Eddy current can change the readings.

CONCLUSION …
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary

coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input

voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary

coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input

voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

PRECAUTIONS…
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage. 2. While taking the
readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

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 REFERENCE

Help from Internet

Help from Teachers

Help from NCERT Books

WEBSITES
www.google.com
www.scribd.com
www.wikipedia.com