Chapter 2: Network Models

2.1 OSI Model

• A network is a combination of hardware and software that sends
data from one location to another.
• A model is just a guide, not something physical
• In 1990, there were different networks, computers and operating
systems
• There was no standard way of communication among those
networks/computers/operating systems.
• People wanted to share data.
• OSI Model was created to solve that interoperability problem.

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 1/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

• ISO OSI Model:

• ISO: International Standards Organization
• A multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards
• OSI: Open Systems Interconnection
• An ISO standard that allows communication
between all types of computer systems
• OSI Model is a layered architecture

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 2/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

• We use a layered architecture in daily tasks

Example:
Sending a letter
Via Post Office

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 3/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

• OSI Model consists of 7 Layers:

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 4/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

• As the message
travels from A to B,
it may pass through
many intermediate
nodes.
• These intermediate
nodes usually
involve only the
first three layers of
the OSI model

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 5/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

• Within a single machine, each layer calls upon the services of the
layer just below it.
• Layer 3, for example, uses the services provided by layer 2 and
provides services for layer 4.
• Each interface defines the information and services a layer must
provide for the layer above it.
• Between machines, layer x on one machine communicates with
layer x on another machine. This communication is governed by an
agreed-upon series of rules and conventions called protocols.
• The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer
are called peer-to-peer processes.

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 6/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

Data
exchange
using the
OSI
Model

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 7/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

• Data exchange using the OSI Model

• D7 means the data unit at layer 7, D6 means the data unit at layer 6,
and so on
• At each layer, a header, or possibly a trailer, can be added to the
data unit.
• When the data unit passes through the physical layer (layer 1),it is
changed into an electromagnetic signal and transported along a
physical link
• Upon reaching its destination, the signal passes into layer 1 and is
transformed back into digital form
• When the data reaches layer 7, the message is again in a form
appropriate to the application and is made available to the recipient

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 8/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

• Layer 7: Application Layer (Top Layer)

• Task: Responsible for providing services to the user
• Consists of network aware applications:
• Email
• Web browsers
• Facebook,….
• They need Internet in order to work
• Layer 6: Presentation Layer
• Task: responsible for Encryption, Compression and Translation
• Layer 5: Session Layer
• Task: Responsible for dialog control and synchronization (login
rights/permissions)

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 9/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

• Layer 4: Transport Layer

• Task: Responsible is responsible for the delivery of a message from
one process to another
• Layer 3: Network Layer
• Task: responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source
host to the destination host (finds the shortest path to the destination
network)
• Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• Task: responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next
• Layer 1: physical Layer
• Task: responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 10/17

Chapter 2: Network Models

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 11/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.2 TCP/IP Model

• TCP/IP Is a suite of protocols used by Internet today

• It consists of 4 layers
• Layer 4: Application Layer
• Layer 3: Transport Layer
• Layer 2: Internet Layer
• Layer 1: Network Access Layer

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 12/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

• Application Layer (OSI: Application, presentation and session layers)
• Some protocols
• HTTP
• HTTPS
• FTP
• POP3
• SMTP
• Protocol data units (PDU): Data
• A PDU is a generic term used to describe the information of each
layer

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 13/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

• Transport Layer:
• Protocols:
• TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
• Guarantees end-to-end delivery of data
• UDP: User datagram protocol
• Send n Pray: Hope the data arrives
• PDU:
• Segment for TCP
• Datagram for UDP

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 14/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

• Internet Layer (OSI: Network Layer)
• Protocols:
• IP: Internet Protocol
• ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
• Sends a message when the destination node is unavailable
• ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
• Maps IP addresses to physical addresses
• Halfway between Internet Layer and Network Access Layer
• PDU: Packet

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 15/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

• Network Access Layer (OSI: Data Link and Physical Layers)
• Protocols:
• Ethernet
• EIA 568 A/B
• Token Ring
• CSMA/CD
• ISDN
• PDU:
• Frames (Data Link)
• Bits (Physical Layer)

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 16/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

• Each layer has the addressing technique: a way of identifying the source
address or the destination address
• Application Layer has no addressing as it just deals with data
• Transport Layer addressing: Ports
when it gets data, the data is broken into segments which use ports to
identify the destination:
• HTTP: port 80
• HTTPS: port 443
• FTP: Port 20 and 21
• DNS: port 53
Port number: 16-bit address represented by one decimal number

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 17/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.2 Protocols of the TCP/IP Model

• Internet Layer addressing:
• The packets use IP Address to identify destinations
• An IP Address is a 32-bits address: 4 dotted decimal numbers where
each number represents 8 bits
• Example: 192.168.109.122
• Network Access Layer addressing:
• The frames use the Physical Address (MAC Address) to identify the
destination
• MAC address: a 48-bits Hexadecimal number (00-12-F4-AB-OC-82)
• Consists of 12 digits and every 2 digits represent 8 bits

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 18/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

• Physical Layer Devices (OSI)
• Consists of devices that extend the physical network
• Works on bits
• Deals with the physical characteristics such as voltage, cable type and
transfer rate
• Repeaters: Extend LAN
• Ethernet Cable length is 100m (max), if you want to go further,
you use a repeaters/transreceivers
• Transreceivers onvert signal from copper to fiber (many KMs) at
one end and from fiber to copper (100 m) at another end
• Multiport Repeaters: Hub

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 19/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

• Data Link Layer Devices (OSI)
• PDU=Frame; Addressing=MAC address
• Devices
• Bridges
• Multiport Bridge: Switch
These devices examine frames and make decisions to forward the
frames or not to forward based on the MAC address

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 20/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

• Internet/Network Layer Devices
• PDU=Packets; Addressing=IP address
• Devices
• Router
• Layer 3 Switches (Brouter): do the work of both the
switch and router
These devices examine packets and make decisions to forward
the packets or not to forward based on the IP address

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 21/17

 Chapter 2: Network Models

2.3 Mapping Network Devices to the TCP/IP and OSI Model

• Transport Layer Devices
• PDU=Segments; Addressing=Ports
• Devices
• Firewalls
Make decisions based on the port number
• Application Layer Devices
• PDU=Data; Addressing=None
• Devices
• Application Layer Gateway (ALG)
Examine the contents of the data and make decisions to forward the data
or not

CSC2142-CHAPTER 2 Slide 22/17