MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Technical and Vocational Education

B-Tech Year II Final Examination
Petroleum Engineering
PE-04025 Reservoir Engineering II

Date: . . 2010 Time: to .

Answer any FIVE questions.

1. Calculate the water influx at the third and fourth quarter years of production for the
reservoir shown in following figure. Use φ = 0.209; k = 275 md (average reservoir
permeability, presumed the same for the aquifer); µ = 0.25 cp; ce = 6 × 10-6 psi-1; h = 19.2
ft; area of reservoir = 1216 ac; estimated area of aquifer = 250,000 ac; θ = 180°.
(20-marks)

2. (a) Explain linear flow of incompressible fluids steady state. (10-marks)

(b) Given:
Pressure differential = 100 psi

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 Permeability = 250 md
Fluid viscosity = 2.5 cp
Length = 450 ft
Cross-sectional area = 45 square feet
Determine the flow rate. (10-marks)
3. A sand body is 1500 feet long, 300 feet wide, and 12 feet thick. It has a uniform
permeability of 345 md that had been a gas reservoir with a BHT of 140° F. Calculate the
following:
(a) With an upstream pressure of 2500 psia, what downstream pressure will cause 5.00 MM
SCF/day to flow through the sand? Assume an average gas viscosity of 0.023 cp and an
average gas deviation factor of 0.88.
(b) What downstream pressure will cause 25 MMSCF/day to flow, if the gas viscosity and
deviation factors remain the same?
(c) Explain why it takes more than five times the pressure drop to fiver times the gas flow?
(20-marks)

4. A sand body is 1500 feet long, 300 feet wide, and 12 feet thick. It has a uniform
permeability of 345 md to oil at 17 per cent, connate water saturation. The porosity is 32
per cent. The oil has a reservoir viscosity of 3.2 cp and an FVF of 1.25 at bubble point.
(a) If flow takes place above saturation pressure, what pressure drop will cause 100
reservoir barrels per day to flow through the sand body, assuming the fluid behaves
essentially as and incompressible fluid? What for 200 reservoir BPD?
(b) What is the apparent velocity of the oil in feet per day at the 100 BPD flow rate?
(c) What is the actual average velocity?
(d) What time will be required for complete displacement of the oil from the sand?
(20-marks)

5. Two wells are located 2500 ft apart. The static well pressure at the top of perforations
( 9332 ft subsea) in well A is 4365 psia and at the top of perforations (9672 ft subsea) in
well B is 4372 psia. The reservoir fluid gradient is 0.25 psi/ft, reservoir permeability is
245 md, and reservoir fluid viscosity is 0.63 cp.
(a) Correct the two static pressure to a datum level of 9100 ft subsea.
(b) In what direction is the fluid flowing between the wells?
(c) What is the average effective pressure gradient between the wells?

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 (d) What is the fluid velocity?
(e) Is this the total velocity or only the component of the velocity in the direction between
the two wells?
(20-marks)
6. The following data pertains to volumetric gas reservoir.
Net formation thickness = 15 ft
Hydrocarbon porosity = 20 per cent
Initial reservoir pressure = 6000 psia

Reservoir Temperature = 190° F

Gas viscosity = 0.020 cp
Casing diameter = 6 inches
Assuming ideal gas behavior (z = 1.00).
Suppose four wells are drilled on the 640-acre unit and each is produced at 4.00MM
CFD. For 6 md and 500 psia minimum flowing well pressure, calculate the recovery.
(20-marks)

-------------------------------------------- End of the Question------------------------------------

MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Technical and Vocational Education

B-Tech Year II Final Examination
Petroleum Engineering
PE-04025 Reservoir Engineering II

Solution

1 Solution:

φ = 0.209; k = 275 md; µ = 0.25 cp; ce = 6 × 10-6 psi-1; h = 19.2 ft;

area of reservoir = 1216 ac; estimated area of aquifer = 250,000 ac; θ

= 180°.

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 1
Reservoir is against a fault A = π rw2
2

1216 × 43,560
rw2 =
0.5 × 3.1416
For t = 91.3 days (one quarter or one time period) (4-marks)

kt
t D = 6.323 × 10 −3
φµ c e rw2

275 × 91.3
t D = 6.323 × 10 −3 = 15.0
0.209 × 0.25 × 6 × 10 −6 × (5807) 2

θ
B = 1.119 × φ × c e × rw2 × h ×
360
(4-marks)
−6 180
B = 1.119 × 0.209 × 6 × 10 × (5807) × 19.2 × 2
= 455 bbl/psi
360

1 1
∆p3 = ( p1 − p 2 ) = (3788 − 3748) = 20.0 psi
2 2

1 1 (4-marks)
∆p 4 = ( p 2 − p 4 ) = (3774 − 3709) = 32.5 psi
2 2
Water influx at the end of the third quarter

Water influx at the end of the fourth quarter

(4-marks)

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 We (3 rd quarter ) = BΣ∆ p × Q(t ) = 455 × 416.0 = 189,300 bbl
(4-marks)
We (4t h quarter ) = BΣ∆ p × Q(t ) = 455 × 948.4 = 431,500 bbl

2. Solution:

(a) Following figure represents linear flow through a body of constant

cross section, where both ends are entirely open to flow, and where no flow
crosses the sides, top or bottom.

(4-marks)

If the fluid is incompressible, or essentially so for all engineering purposes,

then the velocity is the same at all points, as is the total flow rate across any
cross section, so that,

q k dp (4-marks)
v= = − 1.127
A µ dx

Separating variables and integrating over the length of the porous body,
l p2
q k
A0∫ dx = −1.127
µ ∫ dp
p1

1.127 kA( p 1 − p 2 )
q=
µL

In this integration q,µ, and k have been removed from the integral (4-marks)
sign, assuming they are invariant with pressure. Actually, for flow above the
bubble point, the volume, and hence the rate of flow, will vary with the
c( p − p)
pressure as expressed by; V = Vi e i
.

As the net overburden pressure is the gross less the internal fluid
pressure, a variation of permeability with pressure is indicated, particularly
in the shallower reservoir, values at the average pressure may be used for
most purposes. (4-marks)

(b) Solution:
Pressure differential = 100 psi

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 Permeability = 250 md
Fluid viscosity = 2.5 cp
Length = 450 ft
Cross-sectional area = 45 square feet
1.127 kA( p 1 − p 2 ) 1.127 × 0.25 × 45 × 100
q= =
µL 2.5 × 450
(4-marks)
= 1.127 bpd

3. Solution:

L = 1500 ft A = 300 × 12 = 1600 ft2 K = 345 md Sw = 17%

φ = 32% µ = 0.023 cp B = 1.25 p1= 2500 psia

z = 0.88 T = 140° F q = 5 MMSCF/day

(a) Downstream pressure, p2 = ?

(4-marks)

(4-marks)
P2= 2365 psia

(b) Downstream pressure at 25 MMSCF /day, P2 = ?

(4-marks)

(4-marks)
P2= 1724 psia

(c) Gas flow is directly proportional in pressure drop.

(4-marks)

4. Solution:

L = 1500 ft A = 300 × 12 = 1600 ft2 K = 345 md Sw = 17%

φ = 32% µ = 3.2 cp B = 1.25

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 1.127 kA∆p 1.127 × 345 × 10 −3 × 3600 × ∆p
(a) q = = (if q = 100 bpd)
µL 3.2 × 1500

100= 0.2916 ∆p

∆p = 342.92 ≅ 343 psi

1.127 kA∆p 1.127 × 345 × 10 −3 × 3600 × ∆p
q= = (if q = 200 bpd)
µL 3.2 × 1500

200= 0.2916 ∆p
(5-marks)
∆p = 685.8 ≅ 686 psi
q 100
(b) Apparent velocity, v = = = 0.0278 bpd/ft2 × 5.615
A 3600
(5-marks)
= 0.156 ft/day
apparentvelocity 0.156
(c) Actual average velocity = =
φ × So 0.32 × (1 − 0.17)

= 0.587 ft/day (5-marks)

1500 (5-marks)
(d) Time (displacement of oil) = = 2555 days
0.587

5. Solution:

Reservoir fluid gradient = 0.25 psi/ft Well A 2500 ft Well B

Reservoir permeability = 245 md
Fluid viscosity = 0.63 cp
Datum Level = 9100 ft 9332 ft

Datum 9100 ft

9672 ft

(a) pA at 9100 ft datum = 4365 – (232 × 0.25) = 4307 psia

pB at 9100 ft datum = 4372 – (572 × 0.25) = 4229 psia (4-marks)

(b) The difference of 78 psia indicates that fluid is moving down dip, (4-marks)
from Well A to Well B.

(c) Average effective pressure gradient, ∆p/∆s = 78/2523 = 0.0309 psi/ft (4-marks)

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 q k dp 245 × 10 −3
(d) Fluid velocity, v = = 1.127 = 1.127 × × 0.0309
A µ ds 0.63
= 0.01354 bpd/sq-ft × 5.615
= 0.076 ft/day (4-marks)

(e) Take the positive direction from Well A to Well B. Then, θ = 97°
44′ , and cos θ = cos 97° 44′ = -0.01347 (4-marks)

6. Solution:

h = 15 ft φ = 20 per cent Pi = 6000 psia T = 190° F

µ = 0.020 cp dcasing = 6 inches k = 6 md z = 1.00

qsc = 4.00 MM CFD Pw = 500 psia A = 640 acres

Suppose 4 wells are drilled on the 640 acre unit.

πre2 = (640/4) × 43560

re = 1489 ft (4-marks)

pi Tsc
G = πre2 hφ Hc ×
p sc Tr

6000 520
G = π × (1489) 2 × 15 × 0.2 × ×
14.7 650

= 6.83 × 109 SCF (initial gas in place)

(4-marks)
 q sc t   4 × 10 6 t 
p avg = 1 − 
 pi = 1 − 
 6.83 × 10
9
 G  

= 6000 – 3.514t

703kh 703 × 6 × 10 −3 × 15
= = 0.6129
µT ln(0.472 re rw ) 0.02 × 650 ln(0.472 × 1489 (3 12))
(4-marks)
 q sc t  2 2 
703kh 1 −  ( pi − p w2 )
 G  
q sc =
µT ln(0.472 re rw )

[
4 × 10 6 = 0.6129 ( 6000 − 3.514t ) − (500) 2
2
]

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 t = 967 days = 2.65 years
(4-marks)
q t 4 × 10 6 × 967
Recovery for 2.65 years = sc = = 0.5663 = 56.63 %
G 6.83 × 10 9
(4-marks)

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