VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, MACHHE BELAGAVI – 590018

KARNATAKA

Report on Course

“Physical Education (Sports & Athletics)-I”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE SCHEDULE ACTIVITY - PHYSICAL EDUCATION (SPORTS AND
ATHLETICS) –I COURSE OF 5th SEMESTER BPEK559

Submitted by

Mardu A
4JN22EC046

Submitted to
Mr. Chetan A V
Physical Education Director
JNNCE, Shivamogga.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION & SPORTS

J N N College of Engineering, Shivamogga

2024-25

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Physical Education(Sports & Athletics) -I 2024-25

1. Title:Athletic

Introduction:Athletics, often referred to as track and field, is a collection of sporting

events that involve running, jumping, throwing, and walking. It is one of the oldest forms
of competitive sports, dating back to ancient Greece, where the first Olympic Games were
held. Athletics is divided into several main categories: track events, field events, road
running, cross country running, and racewalking.

⚫ Track events are races conducted on a track, ranging from sprints (100m, 200m,
400m) to middle-distance (800m, 1500m) and long-distance running (3000m,
5000m, 10,000m). Hurdle races and relay races also fall under this category.
⚫ Field events consist of jumping and throwing disciplines. Jumping events include
the long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole vault. Throwing events cover shot
put, discus throw, javelin throw, and hammer throw.
⚫ Road running involves long-distance races held on roads, such as marathons and
half-marathons.
⚫ Cross country running takes place over natural terrains like grass, mud, and trails,
testing athletes' endurance and versatility.
⚫ Racewalking is a long-distance discipline where athletes must maintain contact with
the ground and adhere to strict form rules.

Athletics is celebrated globally through major competitions such as the World

Championships, the Diamond League, and the Summer Olympics. The sport promotes
physical fitness, discipline, and the spirit of competition. It offers a diverse range of
events, catering to various athletic skills and interests, making it accessible to a wide
audience.

The beauty of athletics lies in its simplicity and universality. It showcases the fundamental
aspects of human physical capabilities and has a rich history of memorable performances
and iconic athletes. Whether you're an aspiring athlete or a passionate spectator, athletics
provides an exciting and inclusive environment for all.

Training for athletics involves a combination of cardiovascular exercises, strength training,

and technical skills specific to each event. Athletes must also focus on their diet, rest, and
recovery to perform at their best. Coaching plays a vital role in developing the skills and
strategies needed for success in competitions.

2. Skills of the Game

Athletics requires a diverse range of skills, tailored to the demands of specific events. Here
is an in-depth look at the essential skills needed for various athletic disciplines:

⚫ Speed: Vital for sprinters and short-distance runners to cover distances rapidly.
Speed training involves sprint drills, strength exercises, and explosive movements.
⚫ Endurance: Crucial for long-distance runners, cross-country athletes, and
racewalkers to sustain performance over extended periods. Endurance is built
through long runs, interval training, and aerobic exercises.

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Physical Education(Sports & Athletics) -I 2024-25

⚫ Strength: Important for field events like shot put, discus, hammer throw, and
javelin, where muscle power is key. Strength training includes weightlifting,
resistance exercises, and plyometrics.
⚫ Agility: Needed in events that require quick direction changes, such as hurdles and
certain jumping events. Agility drills, ladder exercises, and plyometric training help
improve this skill.
⚫ Technique: Essential for all events, particularly in jumping and throwing
disciplines, where precise form can make a significant difference. Athletes spend
time perfecting their techniques through repetitive practice and coaching feedback.
⚫ Coordination: Important for maintaining balance and performing complex
movements smoothly, especially in events like pole vault and high jump.
Coordination drills, balance exercises, and sport-specific practices enhance this
skill.
⚫ Flexibility: Helps athletes avoid injuries and enhance performance, particularly in
events requiring a wide range of motion like hurdles and jumps. Stretching routines,
yoga, and dynamic warm-ups are crucial for flexibility.
⚫ Aerobic Capacity: Important for middle-distance and long-distance runners to
sustain effort over time. Aerobic exercises, interval training, and consistent long
runs develop this capacity.
⚫ Anaerobic Capacity: Needed for short bursts of energy in sprints and relay races.
Anaerobic training involves sprint intervals, high-intensity workouts, and explosive
drills.
⚫ Mental Toughness: Key for all athletes to stay focused, handle pressure, and push
through physical pain and fatigue. Mental training techniques include visualization,
goal-setting, and stress management strategies.
⚫ Reaction Time: Critical for sprinters and relay runners to get off the blocks quickly
at the start of a race. Reaction drills, start practice, and reflex exercises improve
reaction times.
⚫ Balance: Essential for events like high jump and pole vault, where athletes need to
control their bodies in mid-air. Balance training includes stability exercises, core
workouts, and sport-specific drills.
⚫ Precision: Needed for accurate performance in technical events like javelin throw
and long jump. Precision is honed through meticulous practice, technique
refinement, and focused drills.
⚫ Consistency: Important for maintaining performance across multiple trials or rounds
in competition. Consistency is achieved through regular training, discipline, and
maintaining optimal physical and mental conditions.
⚫ Strategy: Particularly relevant in middle-distance and long-distance running, where
pacing and race tactics can influence outcomes. Athletes work on developing race
strategies, learning competitor patterns, and practicing tactical scenarios.

3. Rules and Regulations of the game

The rules and regulations in athletics are designed to ensure fair play and safety for all
participants. Here is an overview of the general rules for various events:

Track Events

⚫ Starting: Athletes must remain in their starting blocks until the starter's pistol fires.
A false start, where an athlete moves before the gun, leads to disqualification.
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Physical Education(Sports & Athletics) -I 2024-25

⚫ Lanes: Competitors must stay within their designated lanes throughout the race in
sprints, hurdles, and some relay segments. Violating this results in disqualification.
⚫ Finish Line: The winner is the athlete whose torso crosses the finish line first.

Field Events

Jumping Events:

⚫ Long Jump/Triple Jump: Athletes must take off from behind the foul line, and
distances are measured from the closest mark in the landing area.
⚫ High Jump/Pole Vault: Athletes must clear the bar without knocking it down and
have a limited number of attempts at each height.

Throwing Events:

⚫ Shot Put/Discus/Javelin/Hammer: Throws must land within a designated sector,

and athletes must stay within the circle or runway during the throw and exit from
the rear half after the attempt.

Relay Races

⚫ Baton Passing: The baton must be exchanged within a designated 20-meter zone.
Dropping the baton or passing it outside this zone results in disqualification.
⚫ Running Order: Teams must adhere to their predetermined running order.

Racewalking

⚫ Technique: Racewalkers must keep one foot in contact with the ground at all times,
and the leading leg must be straightened from the moment it contacts the ground
until it passes under the body. Violations can lead to penalties or disqualification.

General Rules

⚫ Uniforms: Athletes are required to wear the uniform of their club, school, or
country.
⚫ Sportsmanship: Unsportsmanlike conduct, such as interfering with other
competitors, leads to disqualification.
⚫ Timing: Electronic timing is used for accuracy, with manual timing as a backup.
⚫ Protests and Appeals: Athletes or their representatives can file protests or appeals
within a specified time frame if they believe a rule violation has occurred.

4. Court/ground measurement of the game

The dimensions and layout of athletic tracks and field areas are standardized to ensure
fairness and consistency in competitions. Here are some key measurements:

Track

⚫ Standard Track Length: 400 meters for one complete lap.

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⚫ Lane Width: Each lane is 1.22 meters wide.

⚫ Number of Lanes: Typically, there are 8 lanes, but some tracks have 6 or 9 lanes.
⚫ Start and Finish Lines: Marked for various distances (100m, 200m, 400m, etc.).

Field

⚫ Long Jump/Triple Jump Runway: Minimum length of 40 meters, with a takeoff

board placed 1 meter from the sandpit.
⚫ High Jump Area: Includes a semicircular runway with a radius of at least 20
meters.
⚫ Pole Vault Runway: Minimum length of 40 meters.
⚫ Shot Put Circle: Diameter of 2.135 meters.
⚫ Discus Circle: Diameter of 2.5 meters.
⚫ Hammer Throw Circle: Diameter of 2.135 meters.
⚫ Javelin Runway: Minimum length of 30 meters, and width of 4 meters.

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Department of Sports, JNNCE, Shivamogga-577204