1

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

Website:www.dlhschools.com
E-mail: [email protected]
Contact No:

SSS 1 (BASIC 10)

Technical Drawing

FIRST TERM e – LEARNING NOTES

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 2

SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC

THEME: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

1. Revision of last term’s work. Polygons:

(a) Polygons (regular and irregular) Types of polygons e.g. hexagon, heptagon, nonagon, etc.

2. Polygons: Construction of polygons

I. To construct A Hexagon using only compass rotor
II. To construct A hexagon using T- square or Mini-Drafter
III. To construct a regular polygon of n sides.
IV. To construct A Regular Pentagon of given length of side.
V. To inscribe a regular polygon of n number of sides in a given circle.

3. Scales:
(a) Scale and its uses
(b) Construction of scale: (i) plane scale (ii) diagonal scale.

4. Enlargement and Reduction of Plane Figures:

(a)Application of enlargement and reduction

5. Enlargement and Reduction of Plane Figures: (cont’d):

(b) Reduction and enlargement of regular and irregular plain figures; triangles,
quadrilaterals, polygons, etc.

6. Equal Areas of Similar Figures:

(a) Theorems of equal areas.
(b) (b) Construction of areas e.g. triangles and quadrilaterals, triangles and polygons.

7. MID- TERM BREAK: ASSIGNMENT.

8. Tangents and Tangency:

(a) Principles and application of tangency
(b) Construction tangents to; (i) a point on the circumference of a circle. (ii) two equal and
unequal circles.
9. Tangents and Tangency:
(c) Construction of tangents involving arcs (internal and external).

10. Revision

11. Examination

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 3

WEEK 1

REVISION OF LAST TERM’S WORK.

DATE:
TOPIC: POLYGONS
Sub-Topics:
(a) Polygons (Regular and Irregular)
(b) Type of Polygons e.g. hexagon, heptagon, nonagon e.t.c.

Sub-topic 1: POLYGONS
A polygon is a plane figure or rectilinear figure bounded by more than four straight
lines. Polygons can be regular or irregular. It is regular when the sides and angles are equal
and it can be inscribed in a circle. But when the sides and the angles are not equal, the
polygon is an irregular one. A polygon is described as a convex polygon when it has a full
shape. A re-entrant polygon has a hollow shape and one internal angle greater than 180 0. It
is an irregular polygon.

EVALUATION:
1. Define Polygon

Sub-topic 2: Types of polygons

Polygons are classified according to the number of sides.
A polygon with 5 sides is called Pentagon.
A polygon with 6 sides is called Hexagon.
A polygon with 7 sides is called Heptagon.
A polygon with 8 sides is called Octagon.
A polygon with 9 sides is called Nonagon.
A polygon with 10 sides is called Decagon.
A polygon with 11 sides is called Uni decagon.
A polygon with 12 sides is called Duo decagon.

Parts and properties of a Polygon

If the sides of a regular polygon or a convex polygon are produced in order, round the
figure, the sum of the angles so formed is 3600.

In any regular polygon of N sides the exterior angle is equal to the angle subtended at the
360
centre and it is equal to
N

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 4

The sum of the internal angles of a given polygon with N sides is given by (2N-4) right angles.
For instance, a polygon with 5 sides has {(2x5)-4}900 = (10-4) 900 = 6x900 = 5400
Example:
What is the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with nine sides?
{(2x9)-4)}900 = (18-4) 900 = 14x900 = 12600

EVALUATION:
1. Differentiate between regular and irregular polygon.
2. List the classes of polygon from 5-12.
3. Calculate the sum of the interior angles of a polygon with 10 sides.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
 What is the exterior angle of a regular nonagon?
 Construct regular hexagons to the following dimensions:
(a) 90mm across flats (b)95mm across corners
 Draw two regular octagons, one 76mm across flats and the other 82mm across
corners.
 Construct a regular pentagon with sides 32mm long.
 Draw a regular heptagon with sides 38mm long.
REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Engineering Drawing with examples 3rd Edition Book 1 by M.A Parker and F.Pickup;
Stanley Thornes Publisher) Ltd.
2. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.APh.d
and Akano,E.O. M.sc

WEEK 2

TOPIC: Construction of Polygons

Sub-topics:
(i) To construct A Hexagon using only compass rotor
(ii) To construct A hexagon using T- square or Mini-Drafter
(iii) To construct a regular polygon of n sides.
(iv) To construct A Regular Pentagon of given length of side.
(v) To inscribe a regular polygon of n number of sides in a given circle.
DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )
 5

(vi)
Construction of a 7 sided polygon
(ii) Construction of Hexagon
(iii) Construction of Octagon

Sub-topic 1:
To construct A Hexagon using only compass rotor

Procedures:
(I) Draw a circle of radius R1 equal to the side of hexagon
(II) Mark any point 1 on the circumference of a circle. Point 1 can be taken on
extreme left side or on extreme top side depending upon orientation required of
the hexagon.
(III) Draw diameter 1-4 from point 1
(IV) Now with points 1 and 4 as the centres and radius R draw set of two arcs on two
sides cutting the circle at points [2 – 6] and [3 – 5] respectively as shown.
(V) Join points [1 – 2],[2 – 3],[3 – 4],[4 – 5],[5 – 6],[6 – 1] to get hexagon.

(ii) To construct A hexagon using T- square or Mini-Drafter

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 6

Procedures:
I. First draw horizontal line 1 – 2, of the length equal to the side of regular hexagon.
II. Draw two lines (P) 1 -4 and 1 – 6 by the combination of T-square/ Mini-Drafter and
300 – 600 set square as shown. Similarly draw two lines (Q) 2 – 5 and (P) 2 – 3.
Mark the centre point O, where line 25 intersects line 14. Point O will be the centre
of hexagon.
III. Draw horizontal line through the centre point O. Mark points of intersection 6 and 3
as shown.
IV. Draw [6 – 5], [3 – 4] and [5 – 4] lines parallel to 23, 16 and 12 respectively by similar
combinations of T- square/ Mini Drafter and Set-Square. This way completes the
regular hexagon 123456

(III) To construct a regular polygon of n sides.

Procedures: Method: 1.
I. First draw a horizontal line 12 of given length L.
II. Draw two circles O[1, R12 =L] and O[2, R2 =L] intersecting at points C1 and C2 as shown.
III. Join C1C2, the perpendicular bisector (P.B.) of line 12.
IV. Now with C2 as the radius equal to L, draw a circle intersecting two previously drawn
circles at Q and R. Also cutting previously drawn perpendicular bisector at point P as
shown.
V. Join QP and extend to get point 3 on the circumference and similarly join RP and
extend to get point 5 on the circumference as shown.
VI. Finally, with points 5 and 3 as the centres and L as the radius draw two intersecting
arcs at point 4. This point 4 should come on the P.B.
VII. Join 23, 34, 45 and 51 to complete. The Regular Pentagon.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 7

Construct a 7 sided polygon

Polygons can be constructed using many different methods. When a circle, diameter or a
side of the polygon is given, the polygon can be constructed.

To construct a 7 sided polygon given the diameter e.g. Diameter = 80mm

Procedure:
(i) Draw the given diameter AX = 80mm.
(ii) Divide it into the number of sides = 7 equal parts.
(iii) Bisect AX at Y.
(iv) Centre at Y radius YA or YX draw a circle.
(v) Centre at A radius AX describe an arc.
(vi) Centre at X radius XA cut the arc at Z.
(vii) Draw a line from Z passing through division Z and intersecting the circle at B. AB
is one side.
(viii) Using radius AB step off other sides of the polygon on the circumscribing circle.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 8

(ix) ABCDEFG is the required polygon

Sub-topic2:To construct a Hexagon

To construct a hexagon given that the diameter is 80mm.

Procedure:
(i) Draw the given diameter XY = 80mm.
(ii) Bisect XY at Z.
(iii) Centre at Z radius ZX or ZY draw a circle.
(iv) Draw a horizontal line OP tangential to the circle at A and parallel to XY.
(v) Centre at A, radius AZ draw a semi circle QR.
(vi) Divide the semi circle into the same number of equal parts with the polygon.
(vii) Radiate lines from A passing through the divisions and intersecting with the circle
at BCDEF.
(viii) Join ABCDEF to get the required polygon.

Sub-topic3:To construct an Octagon.

To construct an Octagon given that the diameter across flats e.g. QA/F = 70mm.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 9

Procedure:
(i) Using the given diameter as sides construct a square JKLM.
(ii) Locate the centre O by joining the diagonals.
(iii) Centre at J, radius JO describe an arc BG.
(iv) Centre at K, same radius draw another ark AD.
(v) Centre at L, same radius, describe yet another ark CF.
(vi) Centre at K, same radius draw another ark EH.
(vii) Join ABCDEFGH to get the required polygon.

EVALUATION:
1. A polygon called pentagon has how many sides?
2. A polygon called Unidecagon has 11 sides. Yes or No.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. Which of the following is required to construct the polygon below?

(a) Distance across flats (c) distance across corner

(b) Internal angle (d) length of one side
2. Which of the following is a circumscribed circle?

3. Which of the following polygon has one of its internal angles more than 180 0.

4. Which of these is not a correct method of dimensioning a circle?

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 10

5. Identify the method of dimensioning in the figure below:

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Engineering Drawing with examples 3rd Edition Book 1 by M.A Parker and F.Pickup;
Stanley Thornes Publisher) Ltd.
2. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.APh.d
and Akano,E.O. M.sc

WEEK 3
DATE:
TOPIC: SCALES
Sub-Topics:
(a) Scale and its uses
(b) Construction of scale: (i) Plain scale (ii) diagonal scale.

Sub-Topic 1: Scale and its uses

Scales are used for enlargement and reduction. A scale is used when an object is too large or
too small to be recognized on paper.
Scales are represented in various ways such as:
(a) Percentages: 50%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 2%, 1% etc.
(b) Ratio: 1:2, 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1 etc.
DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )
 11

(c) Description: Full size, Half size, twice full size, etc.
(d) Representative fraction: ½, 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 etc.

stance drawn on the paper

This representative fraction implies:
distance represented

There are two types of Scales:

(i) The plain scale and
(ii) The diagonal scale
1. Plain scale is nothing but a straight line divided into suitable number of equal parts
or units, the first unit of which is further subdivided. Plain scale represents a unit and
its fraction or two interconnected units.
The features of the plain-scale are as under:
I. The zero is placed at the end of the first sub-divided main division.
II. From the zero mark, the units are numbered towards right side and its sub-
divisions are numbered towards left side.
III. Units of the sub-divisions and of the divisions are stated either below or at
the respective ends.
IV. R.F must be mentioned just below the scale.
2. Diagonal Scale:
A diagonal scale is used to represent either three interconnected units. It facilitates
one step accurate measurements in comparison with plain scale.

EVALUATION:
(i) What is a scale used for?
(ii) Mention two types of scale
(iii) How are scales represented?

Sub-Topic 2:Construction of scale

Construction of plain scale
Activity 1: To construct a plain scale of 1:40mm to read up to 4meters

Procedure:
(i) Construct a rectangle whose length is 40mm * 4mm = 160mm.
DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )
 12

(ii) Divide the rectangle into 4 equal parts.

(iii) Use the numbering as shown.
(iv) Divide OA into 10 equal parts.
(v) This is a plain scale.

Activity 1: To construct a plain scale of 1:50mm to read up to 3meters and to indicate the
distance 2.6m.

Procedure:
(i) Construct a rectangle whose length is 50mm * 3mm = 160mm.
(ii) Divide the rectangle into 3 equal parts.
(iii) Number the division as shown.
(iv) Divide OA into 10 equal parts.
(v) Indicate the given distance 2.6m as shown.

Construction of diagonal scale:

When more accurate, more exact and finer limits of scales are needed, the diagonal scale is
the answer. But it takes longer time to construct.

Activity 1: To construct a diagonal scale to read up to 50mm.

Procedure:
(i) Draw a rectangle whose length is 50mm.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 13

(ii) Divide it into 5 equal parts and number as shown.

(iii) Divide the width AO into 10 equal parts and join OD.
(iv) Locate 24mm or 2.4cm.
(v) Take whole numbers from AO and fractions from AD.

Activity 2: To construct a diagonal scale of1:50 to read up to 3meters. Indicate the

lengths 0.65m and 1.87m.

Procedure:
(i) Draw a rectangle whose length is 50*3=150
(ii) Divide it into 3 equal parts and number as shown.
(iii) Divide the first division OA into 10 equal parts.
(iv) Divide the width AD into 10 equal parts.
(v) Join the diagonals 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, etc as shown
(vi) Indicate the lengths given.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
a. Use the figure below to answer questions i and ii
pg 212
i. The minimum and maximum readings on the scale above are
------------------------------respectively
a. 1mm and 3m c. 1mm and 4m
b. 10mm and 3m d. 10mm and 4m
ii. The value of s on the scale is--------------------------.
a. 1.25m b. 1.45m c. 1.73m d. 1.93m

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 14

REFERENCE TEXTS

1. Engineering Drawing with examples 3rd Edition Book 1 by M.A Parker and F.Pickup;
Stanley Thornes Publisher) Ltd.
2. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.APh.d and
Akano,E.O. M.sc

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 15

WEEK 4
TOPIC: Enlargement and Reduction of Plain Figures:

CONTENT: 1. Application of enlargement and Reduction.

2. Reduction and enlargement of regular and irregular plain figures; triangles,

quadrilaterals, polygons, etc.

Sub-Topic 1: Application of enlargement and Reduction.

In this section, we shall look at some methods of the enlargement and reduction by
construction.

Constructions:

1. To construct a triangle similar to a given triangle on a given base.

Procedure:

i. Let ABC be the given triangle (i.e. draw ABC)

ii. Draw the given base A1B1
iii. Transfer the base angles at A and B to A1 and B1
iv. A1B1C1 is the required triangle.
2. To draw a figure similar to another with the sides reduced in the ratio 5:3

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 16

Procedures:

i. Draw the given figure ABCD and indicate the ratios 1-5.
ii. At any convenient distance from the figure ABCD mark P.
iii. Project lines from P to A, B, C, D.
iv. Extend VA and divide into 5 equal parts. The fifth division projection meets the
extended VA at A.
v. Draw a line A1D1from unit 3 parallel to AD.
vi. Draw D’C’ parallel to DC.
vii. Draw C’B’ parallel to CB
viii. Draw B’A’ parallel to BA, to complete the reduced figure.

3. To Draw a Figure Similar to the Given Figure but Enlarged in Size.

Procedures:
I. Extend the base line of the given figure in both directions and indicate
the pole Q on it at any convenient point.
II. Draw a line from Q through F.
III. Draw E1F1 equal to the length of the required enlargement. It will now
be possible to follow the construction to complete the required figure.
4. REDUCTION
To draw a polygon similar to another with the sides reduce in the ratios 6:4

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 17

Procedures:

i. Draw the given figure ABCDE and indicate the ratios 1-6.
ii. Divide AE into 6 equal parts.
iii. Project lines from A to edges C and D.
iv. On the fourth division, draw line E’D’ parallel to ED, also C‘D’ parallel to CD.
v. Draw B’C’ parallel to BC to complete the reduced figure.

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Draw a similar polygon to a given polygon using ratio 2:5 in area.

AB=40mm, AE=60mm, angle AED=1200, DC=50mm, CB=40mm.

2. The figure above shows an irregular quadrilateral:

(a) copy, full size, the given view;
(b) (i) Construct a square twice in area of the quadrilateral,
(ii)measure and state the length of the square. [20 mm]

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 18

WEEK 5
SUBJECT : TECHNICAL DRAWING

CLASS: SS1

TOPIC: Enlargement and Reduction of Plain Irregular Figures.

To enlarge a given figure in the ratio of 4:6 and to reduce the same figure in the ratio of 4:2

Procedure:

i. Draw the given figure ABCDE

ii. Project lines from A passing through all other points
iii. Using a division line A0, step off 6 units with any convenient radius.
iv. Join B4 and transfer to B16 for enlargement and B22 for reduction.
v. Transfer all the lines as usual
vi. B1C1D1E1,is the enlargement while AB2C2E2 is the reduction.

General Evaluation: Enlarge the figure below.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT: Reduce the polygon ABCDE in ratio 5:3 which line AB=50mm,
BC=40mm, AE=40mm, CD=55mm,ED=56mm, angle EAB = 1050 and angle ABC 1200.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 19

READING ASSIGNMENT:

Read on Equal Areas of Similar Figures. J.N. GREEN TECHNICAL DRAWING FOR SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE AND G.C.E (Metric Edition).P.P 80-91

REFERENCE TEXTS: J.N. GREEN TECHNICAL DRAWING FOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE AND G.C.E
(Metric Edition).P.P 77-79.

WEEKS 6
TOPIC: EQUAL AREAS OF SIMILAR FIGURES

CONENT:

1. Theorems of equal areas

2. Construction of areas e.g. triangles and quadrilaterals, polygons

INTRODUCTION:

Problems of figures area rely on the following assumptions or theorems.

a. Triangles on the same and between the same parallels are equal in area.
b. A triangle on the same base and between the same parallels as a
parallelogram is equal to half the area of the parallelogram.
c. Parallelograms on the same base and the same height or between the same
parallels are equal in area.

SUB-TOPIC 1: CONSTRUCTIONS

1. To construct a triangle equal in area to a given quadrilateral e.g. Rectangle

Procedure :

i. Construct the given rectangle ABCD

ii. Project line BC to E, such that CE=CB
iii. Triangle ABE is the required triangle

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 20

2. To draw a Square Equal in Area to a Given Rectangle.

Procedures:

i. Draw the givenRectangle ABCD.

ii. Extend BC to E, such that CE = CD
iii. Bisect line BE at x.
iv. With centre A and radius xB or xE draw a semi-circle
v. Extend CD to touch the semi-circle at F.
vi. Using CF as one side of the square, construct the required square CFGH.

3. To Construct a Triangle Equal in Area to a given polygon.

Procedures:

i. Draw the given polygon ABCDE.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )
 21

ii. Extend AB at both ends.

iii. Join AD and BD.
iv. Draw EF parallel to AD and CG parallel to BD.
v. Join FD and GD. FDG is the required triangle.

4. To Draw a Square having Twice the Area of a given Square.

Procedures:

i. Draw the given square ABCD.

ii. Draw the diagonal BD, which is the length of side of the required square.
Construct the square on the diagonal BD. BEFD is the required square.

CLASS WORK: To reduce a given irregular polygon to a rectangle of equal area. E.g.
Pentagon.

Procedure:

i. Using the given dimensions construct the polygon.

Note that there is no definite method of constructing an irregular polygon. The
construction depends on the angles given and the length of sides.
ii. Join the diagonals AD and BD
iii. Extend line AB both sides at any convenient length.
iv. Make DA parallel to EF and DB parallel to CG.

Exercises :1To Draw a Triangle Equal in Area to any Regular Polygon

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 22

Procedures:

i. Draw the regular polygon in this exercise –in this exercise a hexagon is shown
ii. Draw the diagonals to intersect at the centre of the polygon, O.
iii. Draw AB equal in length to length of side X number of sides – in this exercise AB
is equal to six times the length of the side of the hexagon.
iv. Join O to A and O to B. ABO is the required triangle.

Exercise 2: To construct a Rectangle of Different side but equal in Area to a given Rectangle.

Procedures:

i. Draw the given rectangle ABCD.

ii. Mark EB equal to the required different side.
iii. Draw CE.
iv. Extend BC and draw AF parallel to EC.
v. EBFG is the required rectangle.

Exercise 3: Construct a Triangle Equal in Area to a Given Polygon with an External Angle

Procedures:

i. Draw the given polygon ABCDE.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 23

ii. Join DA and draw EF parallel to it. Join DF.

iii. Join DB and draw CG parallel to it. Join DG.
iv. FDG is the required Triangle.

Exercise 4: Draw a Triangle Equal in Area to a given Parallelogram

Procedures:

i. Draw the given parallelogram ABCD, AB=50mm, BC=40mm, and angle

ABC= 600.
ii. Join A to C.
iii. Extend base line BA. Draw DE parallel to AC from D.
iv. Join E to C. EBC is the required triangle.

Exercise 5: Draw a Square having Half the Area of a given Square of 40mm.

Procedures:

i. Draw the given square ABCD.

ii. Draw the diagonals AC and BD. The diagonals intersect at E.
iii. Draw the required square DECF

Exercise 6: Draw a Plane Figure similar to a given Figure, but Half its Area.

Procedures:

i. Draw the given figure ABCD.

ii. Bisect AB and draw a semicircle on AB. The bisector cuts the semicircle at
E.
iii. With centre A and radius AE draw an arc to cut AB at F.
iv. Draw AC. Draw FG parallel to BC and GH parallel to CD. The required
figure iS AFGH

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 24

Exercise 7: Divide any Triangle into Two Equal Areas by a Line Perpendicular to One Side.

Procedures:

i. Draw the triangle ABC. Draw a perpendicular to AB from the Vertex C

(CD).
ii. Construct a semicircle on DB. Bisect AB to cut the semicircle at E. With
centre B and radius BE, draw an arc to cut AB at F. Draw a line from F
parallel to the perpendicular CD to touch BC at G. The line FG divides the
triangle into equal areas.

40mm 56mm

A D B

70mm

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT: Exercise no 3, 4, 6, and 7.

READING ASSIGNMENT:

Read Tangents and Tangency: Principles and application of tangency.

REFERENCE TEXTS:

1. Technical Drawing For School Certificate and GCE by J.N. Green

2. Engineering Drawing by Parker and Pick-up
3. Element of Technical Drawing by Akano.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 25

WEEEK 7

MID-TERM BREAK

ASSIGNMENT.

1. The figure above shows an irregular quadrilateral:

(c) copy, full size, the given view;
(d) (i) Construct a square twice in area of the quadrilateral,
(ii)measure and state the length of the square. [20 mm]
2.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 26

3. A triangle has a perimeter 130 mm, base 40 mm and a base angle of 105 0.

I. construct the triangle;

II. State the other base angle. [10 marks] WASSCE 2010
4. Construct a square and a heptagon on a common base of 40 mm. WASSCE 2017
5. Two circles P and Q, diameters 50 and 40 respectively, touch each other tangentially.
Draw;
I. the circle
II. a circle R, diameter 150, to include circles P and Q tangentially at the upper
part;
III. an arc, radius 20, to exclude circles P and Q tangentially at the lower point.
WASSCE 2009

6. An irregular pentagon PQRST has the following properties: PQ =TS =60; QR =50; PT
=40; angles PQR =300; QPT =1000; PTS =1200.
(a) Construct the full size of the pentagon.
(b) (i) Convert the pentagon to a triangle of equal area
(ii)State the lengths of the base and height of the triangle
(c) (i) Convert the triangle to a square of equal area.
(ii)State the length of the side of the square. [20 marks] [WASSCE 2013]

WEEK 8
TOPIC :TANGENTS AND TANGENCY

CONTENT : i. Principles and application of tangency

ii. Construction of tangent to (a) A point on the circumferences. (b)Two equal

and unequal circles

Sub-Topic 1: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION OF TANGENCY

The draughtsman often has to join arcs with straight lines and arc with others arcs, and to
do this accurately requires knowledge of the principles of tangency. There are three such
principles. The first is used to join arc with a straight line, second to join two arcs externally,
and the third to join two arcs internally. Tangency can be defined as a straight line which
touches the circumference of a circle externally. This application can be noticed in all

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 27

respect of engineering construction, especially in the production of engine parts like gasket,
hook spanners etc.

FIG 1 (a) shows a straight line AB. It is required to draw an arc of a given radius, to touch this
line. From the figure it will be apparent that any point C, in parallel to AB and distance R
from it, will be a center for an arc or radius R to touch the line. The point T where the arc
touches the line is the point of tangency.

Fig 1(b) it is required to draw an arc radius R tangential to the arm of a right angle. The arc
center is given by the intersection of two straight lines, one parallel to each arm of the angle
and distance R from it.

Fig 1 (c) shows the principle applied to acute and obtuse angles.

EVALUATION

1. State the three principles of tangency

2. List 4 application of tangency in engineering construction

Sub-Topic 2: CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT

(a) A point on the circumference of a circle

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 28

Procedure:

Draw the given circle at the given center O

ii. Locate the given point of tangency P the circumference

iii. Center at P, raduis PO draw a semi-circle to cut OP to produce at X

iv. Bisect line to get to the tangent (bisector) at P

Alternatively,

A point on the circumference of a circle

1. Draw the circle with center O. Indicate the given point P

2. Extend a line from OP Outwards
3. With center P and radius OP draw an arc to cut the extended line at A
4. Bisect OA. The bisector BC is the required tangent.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 29

(b) Construction of tangent of two unequal circles

Procedure:

1. Draw the given circles with center Oi and Oii.

2. Join Oi and Oii and bisect at X

3. Center at X radius Oxidraw a semi-circle

4. Center at Oi radius R-r (i.e 30-20=10) draw a circle

5. Draw a line OiZ from Oi passing through

6. Draw line O2P parallel to OiZ

7. PZ to get the required tangent

Construction of tangent of two equal circles

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 30

Procedure
1. Draw the given circle with centers at O1and O2
2. Join the centers O1 and O2with a straight line.

3. Construct perpendicular lines at O1 and O2

4. Lines X-X and Y-Y at right angles to the perpendicular and tangential to the circles are the
parallel tangent

EVALUATION

1. Draw a tangent to a point on the circumference of a circle.

2. Construct a tangent of two unequal circles.
3. Construct a tangent of two equal circles.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. There are.............. principles of tangency (a) 4 (b)3 (c) 2 (d) 1 (e) 7

2. Tangency can be used to draw the following except (a)gasket (b)hook (c)spanners
(d)bulb (e) pipes
3. Tangency can be used to join (a) two parallel lines (b) eccentric circle (c) concentric
circles (d) join arc with a straight line (e) parabola
4. Which of the following shows a common tangent to two circles
5. Line XX in the figure below is a common ----------------------------------------.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 31

(a) Bisector (b) Normal (c) external tangent (d) internal tangent.

Theory

1. Briefly explain the principles of tangency

2. State two applications of tangency

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Read Engineering drawing with examples, Book 1 by M.A Parker and F.Pickup pages 16-21

READING ASSIGNMENT

Practice drawing on the construction of a spanners

WEEKEND ACTIVITY

Reproduce the drawings below:

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 32

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 33

REFERENCE TEXTS

3. Engineering Drawing with examples 3rd Edition Book 1 by M.A Parker and F.Pickup;
Stanley Thornes Publisher) Ltd.
4. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.APh.d
and Akano,E.O. M.sc

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 34

WEEEK 9
TOPIC:TANGENTS AND TANGENCY

CONTENT: Construction of tangent involving arcs

(a) Internal
(b) External

Sub-topic 1: CONSTRUCTION OF TANGENT INVOLVING ARCS (INTERNAL)

Procedure: Given R=70 r1=20 r2=30 distance between O1 and O2=70mm

1. Draw the given circles with centers at O1 and O2

2. Center atO1 radius R-r1 describes an arc.
3. Center at O2 radius R-r2 cut the arc at O
4. Center at O radius R draw the required circle to include the other two.

EVALUATION

Construction of tangent involving arcs (external)

Procedure: Given R=50,ri=20 r2=30 distance between O1and O2=60mm

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 35

1. Draw the given circles with centers at O1 and O2

2. Center at O1 and O2 radius R+r1 describe an arc
3. Center at O2 radius R+r2 cut the arc at O
4. Center at O radius R draw the required circle

EVALUATION

1. Construct a tangent involving an arc (external).

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Construct a tangent involving an arc (internal).

2. Construct a tangent involving an arc (external).
3. Construct the drawings below

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 36

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 37

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Read Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.A
PhD and Akano,E.O. M.sc

READING ASSIGNMENT

Practice question 9 page 20 of M.A Parker and F.Pickup

WEEKEND ACTIVITY: Construct a tangent of two equal circles.

REFERENCE TEXTS

2. Engineering Drawing with examples 3rd Edition Book 1 by M.A Parker and F.Pickup;
Stanley Thornes Publisher) Ltd.
3. Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior Schools and Colleges by Osuji,U.S.APh.d
and Akano,E.O. M.sc
4. Technical Drawing For School Certificate and GCE by J.N. Green

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL Second term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )