Britton Chance

Britton "Brit" Chance ForMemRS (July 24, 1913 –

November 16, 2010) was an American biochemist, Britton Chance
FRS , D.Sc
biophysicist, scholar, and inventor whose work helped
develop spectroscopy as a way to diagnose medical
problems.[1][2] He was "a world leader in transforming
theoretical science into useful biomedical and clinical
applications" and is considered "the founder of the
biomedical photonics."[3][4] He received the National
Medal of Science in 1974.[1]

He also was an Olympic athlete who won a gold medal

in sailing for the United States at the 1952 Summer
Olympics in the 5.5 Metre Class.[5]

Early life and education

Chance was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.[1] His Britton Chance (Photo by Ron Kroon, 1965)
parents were Eleanor Kent and Edwin Mickley Born July 24, 1913
Chance, president of United Engineers and Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Constructors, Inc, which built power plants.[6][7] His Died November 16, 2010 (aged 97)
father was also a mining engineer, chemist, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
inventor who held a number of metallurgical patents
Education Haverford School (1931),
and created a device that detected carbon monoxide in
University of Pennsylvania (B.A),
coal mines using a chemical reaction.[8][9][10][6]
1935), M.A., 1936), (Ph.D), 1940)
Chance's paternal grandfather, Henry Martyn Chance,
Cambridge University (Ph.D)
was a noted geologist and mining engineer who also
(1942)
had a medical degree.[11]
Known for Kinetics of fast enzyme-catalysed
When he was a teenager, the family moved to reactions
Haverford, Pennsylvania.[12][3] His family had a Optical imaging
summer home in Mantoloking, New Jersey where he MRI
learned to sail on his father's yacht Antares.[9][12][13][2] Sailing
He also sailed in Antilles and the Panama Canal Spouses Jane Earle, Lilian Streeter Lucas,
Zone.[14] When he was 13 years old, he became a Shoko Nioka
licensed as a radiotelegraph operator and built his first Children four from first marriage, including
powerful radio transmitter.[15][16] Britton Chance Jr., Jan Chance;
four from second marriage
He graduated from the Haverford School in 1931.[10]
He attended the University of Pennsylvania where he Parents Edwin Mickley Chance (father)
received a bachelor's degree in physical chemistry in Eleanor Kent (mother)
1935, and a M.A. in microbiology in 1936.[1][14][9] Awards National Medal of Science,
While at Penn, he was a member of St. Anthony Hall President's Certificate of Merit,
and of the professional and scientific honorary Gold Medal for Distinguished
societies Alpha Chi Sigma, Sigma Tau, and Tau Beta Service to Medicine, College of
Pi.[14][17] He was also the business manager of The Physicians, Olympic Gold medal
Pennsylvania Triangle, the student newspaper.[18] As a in 5.5-meter sailing
graduate student he developed a microflow version of Scientific career
a stopped-flow apparatus.[14] Fields Biophysics, Biochemistry

Around the time he was 17, he invented an auto- Institutions University of

steering device for ships, receiving a patent in Pennsylvania,National Cheng
1937.[1][9][16] He tested the device on a trip to the West Kung University, Massachusetts
Indies using his father's yacht in 1935.[10] In March Institute of Technology,Norwegian
1938, the General Electric Company[19] hired him to Nobel Institute,Medical Diagnostic
test the auto-steering device on a round trip from Research Foundation
England to Australia on the MS New Zealand Star, a
20,000-ton refrigerator ship.[9][10][15] In return, the Medal record
company paid his tuition to Cambridge University.[20] Men's sailing

In 1938, Chance enrolled in Cambridge University.[20] Representing the United States

He came back to the United States to visit his parents Olympic Games
but was unable to return to Cambridge and England 1952 Helsinki 5.5 metre class
because of World War II.[20] He returned to the
World Championship
University of Pennsylvania and received a Ph.D degree
1962 Poole 5.5 metre class
in physical chemistry in 1940.[14][20]

In 1943, he received a second Ph.D. from Cambridge University in biology and physiology, followed by a
D.Sc. from Cambridge in 1952.[1][13][20]

Career
In 1941, Chance became an assistant professor of biophysics and physical biochemistry in the school of
medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.[14] During World War II, he worked for the Radiation
Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology which was working on the development of radar.
He became a member of the Steering Committee and head of the Precision Circuits Section, supervising
some 300 physicists.[9][15] They developed radar technology that allowed blimps to spot German
submarines, as well as a “ground position indicator” to allow more accurate bombing.[1][10] He also
developed analog electronic computers to calculate non-linear processes and helped develop ENIAC, of
the world's first general-purpose computer.[4]

After World War II, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship that allowed him to work in Stockholm for
two years with scientist Hugo Theorell at the Nobel Institute.[14][3] Their work resulted in seven papers in
the Journal of Biological Chemistry.[9] It also let to Theorell winning the Nobel Prize in 1955.[9]

In 1949, he became a professor of biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and
was appointed the second director of the Eldridge Reeves Johnson Foundation for Research in Medical
Physics, a position he held until 1983.[14][1] He was then appointed E. R. Johnson Professor of
Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry (later renamed as Biochemistry and Biophysics) in 1964 and
university professor in 1977.[14]

Early in his career, Chance worked on enzyme structure and function, developing methods to study the
pre-steady-state phase of reactions.[21][22][23] He invented the now standard stopped-flow device to
measure the existence of the enzyme-substrate complex in enzyme reaction.[24] He is considered the
founder of biomedical photonics, which is now a research field covering biology, medicine, and
physics.[4] Starting in the late 1980s, he developed various near-infrared spectroscopy and photon
diffusion imaging methods.[4] He was also a pioneer in the numerical simulations of biochemical
reactions and metabolic pathways.[25][26][21] In the 2000s, he developed molecular imaging beacons for
cancer detection and diagnosis, predicting cancer aggressiveness in muscles, breast tissue, and the
brain.[4][14][6]

Chance became an emeritus professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1983.[1][4] He became the
president of the Medical Diagnostic Research Foundation in Philadelphia in 1995.[14] He was visiting
distinguished chair professor at National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan, from 2009 to 2010.[27]

Publications
Chance published about 392 articles with 28947 citations (h = 92) as of 19 May 2022. The following is a
selection of his key papers:

Chance, B. and Theorell, H. "Studies on liver alcohol dehydrogenase 2. The kinetics of the
compound of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase and reduced diphosphopyridine
nucleotide." Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 5 (7-8): 1127-1144 (1951)[28]
Chance, B. and Williams, G. R. "Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation. I.
Kinetics of oxygen utilization." Journal of Biological Chemistry. 217 (1) 383-393 (1955)[28]
Chance, B. and Williams, G.R. "The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation."
Advances in Enzymology and Related Subjects of Biochemistry. 17: 65-134 (1956)[28]
Chance, B; Ito, T. and Nishimura, M. "Studies on bacterial photophosphorylation 3. A
sensitive and rapid method of determination of photophosphorylation." Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta. 59 (1): 177-182 (1962)[28]
Chance, B. "Energy-linked reaction of calcium with mitochondria." Journal of Biological
Chemistry. 240 (6): 2729-2728 (1965)[28]
Chance, B., Boveris, A. "Mitochondrial generation of hydrogen-peroxide – General
properties and effect of hyperbaric-oxygen." Biochemical Journal. 134 (3): 707-716
(1973)[28]
Chance, B.; Sies, H. and Boveris, A. "Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs."
Physiological Reviews. 59 (3): 527-605 (1979)[28]
Chance, B. and Yodh, A. "Spectroscopy and imaging with diffusing light." Physics Today. 48
(3): 34-40 (1995)[28]

Professional affiliations
Chance was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1950.[14][8] He became a
resident member of the American Philosophical Society in 1958, and served on President Dwight D.
Eisenhower's Science Advisory Committee from 1959 to 1960.[29][30]
He was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Medical Sciences in
1968, the Wistar Institute in 1969, the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 1971, the Royal
Society in 1981, and The International Society for Optical Engineering in 2007.[8][31][9] He also became a
Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2007, and a Fellow in Institute for Corean-American
Studies.[32][8]

He was a Harvey Lecturer at the New York Academy of Medicine in 1954, a Phillips Lecturer at the
University of Pittsburgh in 1956 and 1965, and a Pepper Lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania in
1957.[32] In 1986, he gave the keynote address at the 152nd national meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science in Philadelphia.[10]

He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Chemical Society, the
Institute of Radio Engineers, and the Society of Biological Chemists.[8] He cofounded the Biophysical
Society and the Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences.[4]

He was also vice president of the American Philosophical Society, chairman of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics,
president of the International Society of Oxygen Transport to Tissue, president for the Society for Free
Radical Research International, and a board member of the International Federation of Institutes for
Advanced Study.[32][12][4]

Awards
President's Certificate of Merit, 1950[12]
Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry, Division of Biological Chemistry of the American
Chemical Society, 1950[8]
Morlock Award, Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, 1961[4]
Genootschapps Medaille, Dutch Biochemical Society, Netherlands, 1965[32]
Harrison Howe Award, Rochester Section, American Chemical Society, 1966[32]
Franklin Medal, Franklin Institute, 1966[12][32]
John Price Wetherill Medal, Franklin Institute, 1966[33]
Award for Excellence (Life Sciences), Pennsylvania, 1968[14][32]
Philadelphia Section Award, American Chemical Society, 1969[32]
Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Netherlands Academy of Science and
Letters,1970[9][12]
Nichols Award, New York Section, American Chemical Society, 1970[32]
Canada Gairdner International Award, Gairdner Foundation, Canada,1972[32][4]
National Medal of Science, United States,1974[34][4]
Semmelweis Medal, Hungary, 1974[32]
Award for Significant Contributions; Field of Biochemical Instruments, ISCO,1976[32]
Kappa Delta Elizabeth Winston Lanier Award, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,
1986[32]
Senior Investigator Award, American Heart Association, 1986[32]
Gold Medal for Distinguished Service to Medicine, College of Physicians, 1987[4]
 Max Delbruck Prize in Biological Physics, American Physical Society, 1987[4]
Gold Medal, International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1988[4]
J. Henry Wilkinson Award, International Society for Clinical Enzymology, 1989[32]
Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences, American
Philosophical Society, 1990[14][9]
Christopher Columbus Discovery Award in Biomedical Research, National Institutes of
Health, 1992[12][32]
John Scott Award, City of Philadelphia, 1992[32]
Honor Award, American College of Sports Medicine, 1999[4]
Liberty Award, Institute for Corean-American Studies, 2005[32]
Lifetime Achievement Award, International Society for Optical Engineering, 2005[4]
Gold Medal, American Roentgen Ray Society, 2006[4]
Distinguished Achievement Award, American Aging Association, 2006[4]
Friendship Award, China, 2008[4]
Molecular Imaging Achievement Award, Society for Molecular Imaging, 2008[4]
International Science and Technology Cooperation Award, 2009[4]

Honors
The Stellar-Chance Laboratories at the University of Pennsylvania were named after him in
1995.[1][14]
He received honorary MDs from Karolinska Institute in 1962, University of Düsseldorf in
1991, University of Buenos Aires in 1993, University of Copenhagen in 1995, and University
of Rome Tor Vergata in 1997.[32]
He received honorary D.Sc. degrees Medical College of Ohio in 1974, Semmelweis
University in 1976, Hahnemann Medical College in 1977, National Cheng Kung University in
2008, University of Pennsylvania in 1985, and University of Helsinki in 1990.[32][35][14]
The International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue established The Britton Chance
Award in honor of his long-standing commitment, interest, and contributions to the science
and engineering aspects of oxygen transport to tissue and to the society.[36]
SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering established Britton Chance
Biomedical Optics Award, presented annually to recognize outstanding contributions to the
field of biomedical optics.[37]
He was an honorary president of the International Society of Oxygen Transport to Tissue.[32]

Sailing and Olympics

Chance won many sailing championships through the Barnegat Bay Yacht Racing Association from the
late 1930s to the 1950s, including coming in first place for Class E Sloops in the first-ever Barnegat Bay
Regatta in 1938.[12][38] In the 1950s and 1960s, he competed in the United States Olympic sailing trials
and also chaired the national governing body of sailing.[10][12] In March 1952, he won the Giovannelli
Cup with his sailboat Complex in a regatta off of Lido Dabaro, Italy.[39]
For the 1952 Summer Olympics, 5.5-meter class was a new category.[20] Chance earned a spot on the
United States Olympic team for the 5.5-meter class because he was the only entry in the trials; he had a
5.5-meter craft, Complex II, custom built as soon as the new Olympic category was announced.[20] His
crew consisted of friends and former crewmates from the Mantoloking Yacht Club—teenager Michael
Schoettle and twins Edgar White and Sumner White.[20]

In July 1952 in Helsinki, Finland, the US team won an Olympic gold medal in the 5.5 Metre Class, with
Chance serving as helmsman and captain of the Complex II.[12][10][40][6] They won three of seven races in
the competition, but only won the gold because, in the seventh race, Chance blocked Norway's Peder
Lunde's wind, putting him out of contention.[20] In 1955, he was elected treasurer of the United States
Olympians, the organization of former Olympic athletes.[41]

In 1956, he came in first place in Bermuda, winning the Edward Prince of Wales Trophy.[42] In 1961, his
team won the 5.5 Meter Class in the international Baltic Regatta sponsored by the U.S.S.R.[43] He also
won the 5.5 Metre Class World Championship in 1962 in England, sailing Complex III "with superb
helmsmanship and clever sailing tactics"[44][12]

Chance was inducted into the Barnegat Bay Sailing Hall of Fame in 2004.[12] In an interview he said, “I
wouldn't be without sailing. That would be unendurable for me.”[12]

Personal
Chance married seventeen-year-old Jane Earle on March 4, 1938.[10] The two spent their three-month-
long honeymoon on a ship bound for Australia, testing one of his inventions for British General Electric
Co.[10][20]

Before divorcing, they had four children: Eleanor Chance, Britton Chance Jr., Jan Chance, and Peter
Chance.[45][46][6] His daughter Jan Change O'Malley was named US Sailor of the Year (now called US
Sailing's Rolex Yachtswoman of the Year) in 1969, 1970, and 1977 by US Sailing.[47] His son Britton was
a naval architect who designed sailboats for the Olympics and the America's Cup.[48]

He married Lilian Streeter Lucas in November 1956. They had 4 children: Margaret Chance, Lilian
Chance, Benjamin Chance, and Samuel Chance.[10] However, they also divorced.[6]

In February 2010, he married his research associate and biochemist, Shoko Nioka, Ph.D. in Taiwan in a
traditional Chinese ceremony.[6][20] At the age of 97, Chance died in the Hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in November 2010.[49][1]

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38. "Chance Triumphs at Seaside Park" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/
07/25/97541624.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0) (PDF). The New York Times. July 25, 1937.
p. 61. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
39. "U.S. Yacht Wins Giovannelli Cup" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/0
3/13/93353178.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0) (PDF). The New York Times. March 13, 1952.
p. 40. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
40. "Whiton and Chance Capture Titles by Sailing Home First at Helsinki" (https://timesmachine.
nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/07/29/93383806.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0) (PDF). The
New York Times. July 29, 1952. p. 24. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
41. "Olympians Elect Bacon" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/06/12/110
075269.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0) (PDF). The New York Times. June 12, 1955. p. 207.
Retrieved April 19, 2022.
42. "Chance Retains Lead" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/04/16/84934
283.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0) (PDF). The New York Times. April 16, 1956. p. 33.
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43. "U.S. Yachtsmen Lead" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/06/24/11891
4594.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0) (PDF). The New York Times. June 24, 1961. p. 15.
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44. "Complex III of U.S. Wins 5.5 Meter Sailing Crown" (https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/time
smachine/1962/06/27/82050044.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0) (PDF). The New York Times.
June 27, 1962. p. 29. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
45. Weber, Bruce (October 18, 2012). "Britton Chance Jr., Designer of America's Cup Boats,
Dies at 72" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/sports/britton-chance-jr-designer-of-ameri
cas-cup-boats-dies-at-72.html). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 (https://search.world
cat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved March 2, 2022.
46. "Colie, Merrick embody spirit of Shore sailing". Asbury Park Press. October 24, 1999.
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47. "US Sailing's Rolex Yachtsman & Yachtswoman of the Year Awards - US Sailing (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20210807113726/https://www.ussailing.org/competition/awards-trophies/
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48. Weber, Bruce. "Britton Chance Jr., Designer of America's Cup Boats, Dies at 72 (https://ww
w.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/sports/britton-chance-jr-designer-of-americas-cup-boats-dies-at-
72.html)", The New York Times, October 18, 2012. Accessed November 4, 2012.
49. Weber, Bruce (November 28, 2010). "Britton Chance, Olympian and Biophysics Researcher,
Dies at 97" (https://archive.today/20120905211330/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/us/2
9chance.html?_r=2&ref=obituaries). The New York Times. Archived from the original (http
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2012. Retrieved November 30, 2010.

External links
100 Greatest Discoveries - Biology (http://www.infocobuild.com/books-and-films/science/gre
atest-discoveries/biology.html)
The Radar War (https://diglib.amphilsoc.org/labs/chance/radar.htm)
Britton Chance (https://www.sailing.org/sailor?ref=USABC68) at World Sailing
Britton Chance (https://olympics.com/en/athletes/britton-jr-chance) at Olympics.com
Britton Chance (https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/61581) at Olympedia (archive (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20231231000000/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/61581))
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britton_Chance&oldid=1259014681"