iy 4 submitted by the students at the time of their annual examination | at least 8 Experiments [With 4 ftom each section], to be performed by ‘of atleast 8 Activities [With 3 each from section A and section B], to i 1. Record 1 Be Students. 3. The Report of the project carried out by the students, EXPERIMENT - 1 Aim: To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus currer Appar A metallic conductor (coil or a resistance wire), a battery, one way key, a voltmeter and an am Appropriate range, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper, a scale. Formulae Used: The resistance (R) of the given wire (resistance coil) is obtained by Ohm's Law ‘Where, V : Potential difference between the ends of the given resistance coil. (Conductor) 1: Current flowing through it. If is the length of resistance wire, then resistance per em of the wire Observation: (® Range: Range of given voltmeter = Range of given ammeter = 500 mA oxtey 2 ae i — i — & ® a i. i = aa eis (ii) Least count: Least count of voltmet OSv Least count of ammeter = 10 mA ‘Zero error: Zero error in ammeter, ¢; Zero error in voltmeter, c; = 0 mmeter and Voltmeter Readings: E . Ammeter Reading 1 (A) | Voltmeter Reading, V (v) [Link]. [Observed | Value Observed __| Value L 50 | 500mA_ | 16 16x0.05=0.8 162 | 2 35 |_350mA i 0.55 | ' a8 2. 32 320 mA 10 0.50 19 190 mA 6 0.30 1 aa 4 2 10 | 100 mA. 3 L 0.15 15: 2 Scanned with CamScannerThe graph comes out to be a straight line. Result: It is found that the ratio V/L is constant, hence current voltage relationship is established i.e, V 21 or 0} Law is verified. ‘Unknown resistance per em of given wire = 5.57 x 107 Qem! Precautions: Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range. ‘+ The connections should be neat, clean & tight. Source of Error: Rheostat may have high resistance, ‘The instrument screws may be loose. EXPERIMENT - 2 Aim: To find resistance of a given wire using Whetstone’s bridge (meter bridge) & hence determine the y resistance of the material. F Apparatus: A meter bridge (slide Wire Bridge), a galvanometer, a resistance box, a laclanche cell, a. way key, a resistance wire, a screw gauge, meter scale, set square, connecting wires and sandpaper. Formulae Used: (i) The unknown resistance X is given by: x= Dr Where, R= known resistance placed in left gap. X= Unknown resistance in right gap of meter bridge. Jslength of meter bridge wire from zero and upto balance point (in em) (i) Specific resistance (9 of the material of given wire is given p = X2D™ 4L Where, jiameter of given wire Length of given wire.‘Observation Table for length (D) & unknown resistance, Xt ‘Unknown Resistance ie iene = Length Length 100d) ode ay ‘AB=/em BC= (100-1) em x=r 8 ri Fi ai SoM 2.87 2 4 oO | 40 2.66 3 6 ome 31 2.69 4 8 76 24 2.52 “Table for diameter (D) of the wire: i Circular Scale Reading a ; No. | Reading (N) mm seale divisions yx (.C.) mm Aer coinciding (n) i 0 4 034 034 | | neues ao 0.35 0.35 pr 0 36 0336 0.36 a 0 35 0.35 0.35 Observations: ¢ Least count of screw gauge: 0.001 em Pitch of screw gauge: 0.1 em Total no. of divisions on circular scale: 100 Least Count = — ie [Link] divisions on circular scat 2. LC=[Link] © Length of given wire, L =25em Calculation: © For unknown resistance, X: X,+X) +X, +X, Mean X = —— = 2.682 4 Pe 2 AD" _1,03x10*Q.0n Specific Resistance, p= X. 4L Result: Value of unknown resistance = 2.682 Specific resistance of material of given wire = 1.0310 *Qem Precautions: All plugs in resistance box should be tight. Plug in key, K should be inserted only while taking observations, Sources of Error: Plugs may not be clean. Instrument screws maybe loose So Page 3 (PHYSICS) sit i Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannere ul tz Within tans of Sane error, experimental & theoretical values of Rs are same. Her resistance in series ie. Rs = ry +r» is verified. (1) Within limits of experimental error, experimental & theo values of Rp are same, Hence law of resistances in parallel ie. Rs = ~""2 js verified +7, x Precautions: (@ The connections should be neat, clean & tight (i) Move the jockey gently over the wire & don’t rub it (ii) _Allplugs in resistant box should be tight. Sources of Error: () The plugs may not be clean. (i) The instrument screws maybe loose eee EXPERIMENT - 4 Aim: To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method & to find its figure of merit. Apparatus: A Weston type galvanometer, a voltmeter, a battery, a theostat, two resistance boxes (10,0002 and 500 {Q), two one-way keys, a screw gauge, a meter scale, connecting wires and a piece of sandpaper. Chreut Diagram : (i) Forha detection method (@ For igure ot ment af. Ky E k, ec ie Soe © Fig. 7.1: Resistance of ahanometer Fig. 72: Figure of ment Formulae Used: (i) The resistant ofthe given galvanometer as found by half-deflection method RS S- Rs Where R: resistance connected in series with the galvanometer S; shunt resistance For Malf Deflection: fe) Figure of mest k= oa “7 Tpaiaadinee |" (R+G)O 5, Resistance | gaivanometer | resistance | Pees? | Rta) | . Where E : emf of the cell r iad 4) s(2} | gro | o= @. deflection produced with resistance R. | 4 “70 2 } 3 t Calculation: Mean G = 70.8 22 a I ( For G : Calculate G using formula. For Feutal obese “Take mean ofall values of G recorded in table. 1 | (Gi) For k: Calculate k using formula & record in table 5s |iemtettne | RSet | oetecion ‘Take mean of values of k. ne femem | "RE | elem Result: Eo é 2 3 a 3 5700 za ‘Maan e219 x10" Adie Scanned with CamScanner‘(Resistance of Galvanometer by half — deflection method: G=7082 (ii) Figure of merit, k = 2.19 x 10° A/div Precautions: @ All the plugs in resistance boxes should be tight. i) The emf of cell or battery should be constant, (Gii) Initially a high resistance from the resistance box (R) should be introduced in the circuit. Otherwise for small resistance, an excessive current will flow through the galvanometer or ammeter & damage them, Sources of error: (i Plug of the resistant boxes may not be clean, (ii) The screws of the instruments maybe loose. ii) The emf of the battery may not be constant. EXPERIMENT ~5 a F Aim: To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance & figure of merit) into an ammeter o desired range & to verify the same. ‘Apparatus: A Weston type galvanometer whose resistance & figure of merit are given, a constantan or + wire, a battery, one-way key, a rheostat, a milli-ammeter, connecting wires, sand paper etc eeu agra —ll—o Fig. 7(A)- 1: Converted Galvanometr into an ammeter Formulae Used: To convert a galvanometer which gives full scale deflection for current Io into an ammeter of range © ‘0 conv Wv ie the value of required shunt is given by: S= ( sr } G Required shunt resistant Ss made singa uniform wire whose, specific resistances p (known) & its ms p Observations: Given resistance of galvanometer, G = 70.882 Given value of figure of merit, k= 2.19 x 10° A div Total no, of divisions on cither side of zero, Np= 30 Current for full scale deflection, Io = NoXK= 6.57 X10 A on I= i stance: ‘ ymeter Reading | Ammeter ‘of value of shunt resistance: ~|_Gaivanometer aoe Os ioe “feonverted ammeter,1p=3A | yo, | Deflection som | hatte eas ‘i oom, hn x LC + Value of shunt resistance, BS EAE MEETS OS 11x 0,05 = 55 OF 15 x 0.05 =.75 09 | 49%0.5=.95 |S= plies onissa eT, * Computing the length of the wire to make resistance of 0.155 ) Observations for diameter of the wire: (i) Pitch of screw gauge, p= 1 mm i) No. of division of circular scale = 100 (ii) Least count, a = 0.01 mm (iv) Zero error, €= 0.0 mm (v) Diameter of the wire = 0.98 mm, ‘Radius = 0.049 em ©) Specific resistance of material of wire, p =1.92x10" Qem 4) Required length of the wire, me 0.0155x3,14x (0.049)? Sa ae one ee 89) 60, - oes Verification: Checking the performance of the converted ammeter: Current indicated by full scale deflection (N,) of converted ammeter. I, = 3A. Least count of converted ammeter, K =0.1 A/div. N, ‘* Current Ig for full scale deflection = 6.57 x 10 A ‘* Resistance of shunt required to convert the galvanometer into ammeter, S = 0.0155 * Required length of wire, /= 60.8 em © Aserror/’~/is very small, conversion is verified, Precautions & Sources of Error: () All connections should be neat & tight. (ii) The diameter of the wire for making shunt resistance should be measured accurately for diameter is taken in two mutually perpendicular directions. (ii) ‘The terminal of the ammeter marked positive should be connected to positive pole of the battery. Also ammeter should be in series with circuit EXPERIMENT - 6 Aim: To find the value of v for different values of ‘u’ in case of a concave mirror & to find its focal length, Apparatus: An optical bench with three uprights. Concave mirror, a mirror holder, two optical needles, a knitting needle & a half - meter scale. Fay Diagram Formulae Used: The mirror formula is: fe fouy Wehave, f= uty Where, f= focal length of concave mirror. 1 = distance of object needle from pole of mirror. ‘y= distance of image needle from pole of mirror. Fig 9.1 - Focal Lengt of Concave Miror ‘Observation: Rough focal length of given concave mirror = 10.9 cm length of the knitting needle, x= 15 em Page 7 (PHYSICS) sd al ae Scanned with CamScannerBia cis placed between the Observed distance beeen te mirror & objet needle when Kiting peste SETI eel ten, y ‘Observed distance between the mirror & image needle when Index error for v,e,=y—x=~0.2em Index error for, e)=2~x=~0.8 em Position Sr. No. |. Concave Object ne lex Mirror P (cm) | Needle O wom vem 0.0 - Ge = 17.8 25.2 0.0. 17. 16.8 29.5 0.0 16 15.8 32.6 0.0. 26 25.8 172 0.0. 303 30.1 16.2 0.0 33.4 33.2 15.2 Corrected Distance Calculations: (@ u=y graph: Explanation: from mirror formula applied to point A: 2 u === or = and f =" or ets Tia =OD _-21 Felsen Graph Seale: X° axis: 1 om=5 em ofu Y? axis: 1 em=5 em ofv Atso f= 28 ——10.50m ‘Mean value of f= -10.5 em Hence, f= (i) Zand ~ graph =1 The focal length, f= —" = focal length, f= 57 Graph Seale: X’ axis: 1 em =0.01 em" of & u Sixisel am Oem Result: The focal length of the given concave mirror: ( From u~v graph is :f= —10.5 em (G9 From 4-1 graphs: f= 10.47 em yy Precautions: (i) The uprights should be vertical i) Tip-to-tip parallax should be removed between the needle [and image of needle © (ii) To loeate the postion of the image the eye shouldbe at least 30 em away from the nee Sources of Error: * The uprights may not be vertical, * Parallax ec, i,EXPERIMENT ~7 ‘Aim: To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens. ‘Apparatus: An optical bench with four uprights (2 fixed upright in middle two outer uprights with lateral movement), ‘convex lens, convex mirror, a lens holder, a mirror holder, 2 optical needles (one thin, one thick), a knitting needle, a hhalf meter scale. ‘ay Bcgram | ® Formula Used: Focal length of a convex mirror Where R is radius of curvature of the mirror. Observation: @ Actual length of knitting needle, x= 15 em. i) Observed distance between image needle I and back of convex mirror, y = 15 em (i) Index error = y-x =15-15 =0cm No index correction Observation Table: Position of: Radius of S.N, [Objectneedie] Lens | Mirror | Image needle | Curvature O(cm) | Lem | Mem I(cm) MI (cm) ia | 25 30 56 705 145 2 28.5 50 oO 733 133 3 315 50 65 78.4 134 4 305 2 ae 74a ane Mean R= 13.8 Calculation: Mean corrected MI= R= 13.8 cm Result: The focal length of the given convex mirror = 6.9 em Precautions: (@ The tip of the needle, centre of the mirror & centre of lens should be at the same height. Gi) Convex lens should be of large focal length. (ii) For one set of observations, when the parallax has been removed for convex lens alone, the position of the lens & needle uprights should not be changed. ; Page 9 (PHYSICS) Waar Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerslculation of focal length by graphical method: Be iap Tbs graph in rectangular bypebo Seale: X° axis: | cm=$ cm of uv axis; Lom=5 emofy \B = AC = 2for OC = OB = 2F af- Pant also ¢ = OC ¢$ Mean value of f= 10.1 em. Dar, . : o. Staph The groph is straight line, Heys We Curve Seale; X” axis: 1 cm= 0.01 cm" of a : u = Lem=0.01 em of + v of object & image needles should be at the same height as the centre of the lens. ax should be removed from tip-to-tip by keeping eye at a distance at least 30 cm. away from the needle, nm te olen oenes should not be interchanged for different sets of observations. Page 11 (PHYSICS) Scanned with CamScannern them, y~ ISem Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT ~ 10 : () To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between : ,ineenee & angle of deviation, Gi) To determine the refractive index of the material (glass) of the prism. Apparatus: Drawing board, a white sheet of paper, prism, drawing pins, pencil, half metre scale, office pins, graph paper & protector, . Dtagram | Formulae Used: The refractive index, 17 of the material of the prism is given by: ‘A+ Dot fe sal 2 ) Where Da is the angle of minimum deviation & A is the angle of prism, 2 so(4) Calculations: From graph between angle of incidence, iand angle of deviation, we get the value of D,, (angle of minimum deviation): D,,= 37.8" ‘Thus, sin30" ! ss ‘Angle of ‘Angle of No. | Incidence “i 2 35° 2 a0" = from Zi— 2D graph we sce that as Zi increases, ZD first decreases, attains a minimum value (Dj) & then again increasing for further increase in Zi. jutions: angle of incidence should be between 30° — 60° pins should be fixed vertical. distance between the two pins should not be less than 8 em, Page 13 (PHYSICS) Scanned with CamScannerEXPERIMENT - 11 Aim: To determine the refractive index of a glass using travelling microscope. Apparatus: A marker, glass slab, travelling microscope, lyeopodium powder. hs a ees Formulae Used: Refractive index =e! depth __ =F apparent depth 1, —F, ‘Observations: Least count of travelling microscope = 0,001 cm or 0.01 mm Mean values: 1) =0 mm m= 6.81 mm n=1025mm ‘Observations: Reading of Microscope focused on: [Link]. | Mark withoutslab | Mark with slab on SSS | = M tnx min +nxLC min 1 0 65+29x0.01=6.79mm | 10 2 0 6531 x0.01=6.81mm | 10 esas 0 6.5+33x0.01=6.83mm | 10+ ‘Calculations: Real depth = d, = r)—r, = Mean d,= 10.25 mm. Apparent depth = d,=r»—r) Mean d,=6.81 mm : =—realdepth _d, = E «. Refractive index, 1 arenes = 152 : Result: The refractive index of the glass slab by using travelling microscope is determi Precautions: i (i) Microscope once focused on the cross mark, the focusing should not be disturbed rack and pinion screw should be tumed to move the microscope upward. Gi) Only a thin layer of powder should be spread on top of slab, Gii) Bye piece should be so adjusted that cross-wires are distinctly seen, : oeEXPERIMENT - 12 Aim: To draw the IV characteristics curve of p-n junction in forward bias & reverse bias. Apparatus: A p-n junction semi-conductor diode, a three volt battery, a high resistance, a rheostat, a voltmeter (0-3v), a milli ammeter (0-.30 mA), one ~ way key, connecting wires. Observatio Least count of voltmeter Least count of milli-ammeter Least count of micro-ammet: HHH} .02 & 1 vidiv Zero error =~ 2 mAVdiv Zero error 244 Aldiv Zero error Forward Bias Voltage Forward Current | Reverse bias Voltage Reverse Current W) (ma) (ay 10 x 0.07 2x0. 4 5x2=10 0.30 . 16. 0.40 6x 0. 6 22 11x0.2=22 30. 18x 0.2=3.6 38 48 31x0.2=6.2 60 39x 0.2=7.8 712: Page 15 (PIScanned with CamScanner