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* Data Communication
When
wecommuniCate we
This sharzing Cqn be loca qrce Sharcing inforema tion:
the
yia Some
Wire
exchange of data between t n deVices
fotm of transmission mediunm Sych as
Cable
for the data
device ss Must becommunication
the part of
made yp of a Comlbination of CommuniCatign Systen
hareduare and
Ihe terrm tele
Comm4ncation , ohich inciude's
telephong telegaphy and teleuision mean s
communica ftion at a dis
or Far) tance(fe le isa qrceek wored
-effe ct veness of data
epnds on Fogre fundamental Communicaion System
charctenstics
Delevery The System MuSt
eiiverr data to the
Corcrrect destingtion.
Data Must be rcecieved by
the
ySer qnd only by that device inte nde oPviCe or
)Accuracy The Syste n
- Data +hat have
must eiver the datq acua tel
1eft beenqlteree in
uncorerete arie nusable. treansmiSSion Qnd

| Timeiness t The System must delier elatc M9

timely Manneree
Data deli vered late arte
yseless.timely deivery
In the caseof video gn cydio,
means eivering data as they
the Sae ordere that they przoq4ted and swit
Out sisnificat dela qree
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This Kin af ceiverry is caled reeal Hme

treansission.

iV) Jitter lt rrefers to Variction inthe

pccket arri va time ie the neven
between the pacKets . delay
*Node -
tn tele Communica tion network a nocde is either
redistributian point orr a Communication end
peint.
Disital tel Communicqtont Data (ommunicati on
in the form of digital Bit steam oria deyitalize
ana loqSignal troansmikted overe a paint- to-paiat
or paint tomuli point Comminicafion channel

What qo youinmean by computer netoonk Qnd

Data Communication- How ata Can be Communicate
trrom one Ssstem to another System
oith Si table diagrcq m qnd Brzeifly descib the Explsin
Function of each devices Orr medig

Hns A Computer network is a dligita ele Co mmnicattn

networck whith allos nodes to Sharee resoure ce s.
t Computer netwonk s a qroup oF Compwters
tinked to each bther that enables the Camputer to
CoMMunicate with Ano ther Computer Qnd Share
fhei neSounces,dqta
Dato Communication are the exchangt of dqt
tuue devices Via Sane forcm of
bekween twa
Medigm Sych aS a uine gble
tranSmi SSIon
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A data Çommunications Syitern .has 5 Compontnbs:

Sender
The sencer is the device that sends
he da ta
message
ComputerL) wonK Sta tion , telephoe
handset, Video Camerca an So on
) Message.
The meSSaqe is the information (D
Dd
to be Communicated
Popylar fonms of inorrmation inctudes text, nm.
audio, Video Oc any Com bingtionof these
i) Reciever
The reciever iS the device hat
Zeciees the me ssage
FH Can be computerr worLKStetion tejeviS isn So n
V) lransmission Mediym
is the phySical path by
shich a fmeSSage trca velS frron Sender to receivere
lt coyld be a ttwisted~ pairr chere, Co-axial
Cablex
Fiber Optic Cable or readiocaVes

A prrotoColis a Set of rules that

gove rns data (ommyni Cati'on
Hrepresents an agrtee ment beteen the
CammaniCating evices
Withot preotoco), tewo evices May be Congected
bqt nst Communcating Jist qs a pertson Speaking
Hrench Cant be undereS toed by a pereSn wh Speak
6nly Japa nese
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Ster1:
Ster2 Step2:
Step3: Step3.
Proto ( | preotoCO)
-Message
Sender Medim Receiver
* Direction op Dataflow
Communicatian betwgen twa den'ces can be
s half -duplex F-duplex Simple
2Simplex Inn Simplex mode, the Communicaian
is Uníeircectiongl , es on a One way Strreet nly
One of the tewo devi Ces n a link (anfrransmiti
the ther Cen only ecie ve

|Mainfrtame Dire Ction of dat Mon iter

Keyboards and treaditional moniterzs are. both

Bxample of simplest devices
lhe Keyboared Can only lotroduce lnpu tij the
Moniter Can oly accept utput
HalE -Dyplex n hafm Dyplex Mode ach Stertion
Can both trans mit and cece ive hut nOt at the
Same imea
|-whene deViceis Sendingthe othere can only
treceive and Vice verSe.abo
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Walkie- taikies and CBCitLen Bands) seadios qree

beth half- duplex System.
Direection o data a time
Worcksta tian
WorKst1tion
4ime 2

?yl-DypleZ ln this noce aso called D4ple

both stations can tzansmit and recieveg
Simultaniusly
Direction of Datafloc
Workstation al the time Workstation

ExTelephone Networ K

*?why is topoloqy 2 Explain ifferent topology

Structurre cwitth Syitable diag ram cith
advantages and disadvag tages?

Ans letoortk topalogy rce Eers to the physical layou

t deines thé way ciEfeient nodes are pIQ Ced
and in terconnected cwith
Therre qreet4 basictopo logy is posSible.
i) Bus topology
i) Ring topalo99
il) Star topolog9
Iv) Mesh topole3%
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i Bus topologg t iS a topology fort a loca

area 0teork in cwhich alL the nes arte
Connected to a Single cable.
+ Onelong Cable acts as q bacKbone to linko.
the eviceS /n a nettJOrek "

Advantaes Of bys topoloqy ncludeS ese or

lnstallation
Disad vantage inciude difficult leconnecion Qnd
fault Sola tion
(f the main cable, failS ore qets amaged the ho
netiwor k wiL faii .
A fault or break in the bus Cable Stops Qy
tansmiss ion,even beteueen devices on the Same
side of the problem.

Cable end
Drapiae
Taf 4eable end

Ring topolog4- in a reing topology each deu'ce

has a dedited point - to-point onnction
Only cotth tw9 devices on e ther Side oft
A Signa is passed long the rcing jn ohe irectog
fram device to deViCO untt ite teQcheS! is
destination
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tEach device in the rcing nCorrporq tes a reepeato .

When device rcecieves a signal intended Fore Qnothe
ce vice , its repeator rtegenerca tes the biks and
pa sses them along

Repeqtore Repea toe

Rep eg ton Repeator

HoceVer unidirec tional treaffic can be a cdisádvantage

TIn simple ing , a break in the ring an disable the
entine netework This twea Kness can be Sol Ved by s Sin
dual cing (Token rring
Advcintages Can be all oataflocos in one dirtec ion
Teducina. the Chance packe Coiston:
ATRing s relatively casy to instau and rce cönfiqurie
) Star Topo loqy
in a Ster tspology each device has a dediated
pont -to- point Central Contrlee
yusualy Called a hub ; the deviCes are not
dircecty linked to one anothere
|t eoes no Cllocw lirecttraffic be teueen devices.
lhe contro ere acts as an exchangeÉone ceviCe
9 ac)ts to Send dota toQnotherc. l+ Sends the lata to
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ContrroleR which then elay s the atq te

+he Other (onnecte d olevice S.

HUB

AStat topology is mort expenSive than mesh

fopology
hdvantages jnciudes robusthess,If Oae liak fais
y that liak get AFfected an d other
rremqin
altive.

Disadvantages cf Stare topology js the dependency

of the whole topo loq Single. point, he hue,

> Mesh topology

In a mesh tupclogy every devices has a dedicated
point- torpointi link to oth ereo oeviCes.b
The tertm Dedisqted meanstha t thetink (a nrie
Hreafric only befwe en the tyo devices t Connects.
H Fuily Connected mesh neteoK therefore has
on-1)/ 2 physital channg isto tinK n devjces.
To accomadate that many links everey deyice
netoorrk m4st have n1 input/otpett Ports
Hdvantages oF Mesh topology ls thet, the cie of
dedíca ea list 9uaran tees that each connecéion
Can Carntey itS bun datalo ad,thys Rimina Hin g the
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TTtafiC problems tht can occour cwhen linsmst e

Shared by mLtiple clevices
H mesh topo loqy is q robust. E one iok beromes
unusgble. , it does n0f in Capacita te the entiree .System
Hnether advan tges is privacy and secrtt4
when every nessnge ttves qLong a dedicated inel
ony Hhe latended rrecipient Sees jt
Fhysical hayndis prrevents ötkeres 4sers from
gsiaiag access to meSSagES

The main disadvantage afia mesh are frê iated ta

nymber of cabting qnd the num ber of O ponts

*ato gorcies of Netuork

Therze brte ithrreepriinartg' catagerie S
a) LAN Local Areea Netuwork
13 MAN Meirápolitian Arieg:eteJorck b s
) WAN Wide Area Neteork

itS sizey IS OwnershiPthe distance tt covers nno its

phy Sical arrchitecturce.
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NetworK

MettoPotitta Wide Aree

AetwoK Hreeq NetworeK
NetOrck
LAN
-A Lecal Mrrea netuoK IS suclly peivtely owned
an d Links devices in Single offiCe buileing
Campus
Depending en
On the needs of
organisction Qn the
type of technolog4 used Lan can be qS Sinaple
Opcs
as two and a printer in Someone's hame OFfite:
cr it Can extend througout ompany ond incyde
audio and video perripherzals
tLan Size is iimi ted to a few kilometeres.(2 Kog)
Lans desiened to aluoo eSources to be
Qrte,
Share d between per Sonal omputers Or work Statons.
he. resources to be Sharted Can be include harcdwgre
(eg- Printer, Softwate (e:gAn Appli cation program),
ôre Data.
In addition to SiZe Ns aree olistingaished fro m
othen type of netuerK by their trean s mission media
and topolag
The MUSt ComMon LAN topologies artebuS, ning
Cane Sture
Treacitionaly LANS Aqve dataarctes tn 4 to l6 MBPS
tcange
To elay AowevereSpéeds arre inCreeaSing ad can
eeach100 o0 eàpsteil'n igbits ystem n deve 'opement.
+conneC kion medium techno Logiesfora ctNE 42
Ethernet and
and wii,
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ComyerAN (able
Qouter)
CAN nble
(omAt LAPtoP

(Frg-1)

fig2 Single builang LAN

HUB

BacKbone

myltiple buidiny LAr)

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MAN

+|t 0s de signed to extend

OVer an entirce
netvork Sych as cable
ttlt may be Single
nettuor K Or it may be MeAnS ot (0nMe Cting q
felevision
nymber of LANs into a lQrrqere nto ore k So thod
tteSoureCes may be shaed LAN-to-LAN S uet as
Device -to- Device.
TA MAN may be kholdy Dwened gnd iperated by
pzivate company or it may be4Service proviced
by q pubtic company Sch as a Locql te lephone
Company
Many te lephe ne. Companies provide a populam MAN
Serevice Called Suitched Myti-Megabit Data
Serrvices SMDS).
tiample A company Caa 4se q MN to connect the
LANS in al ts offices throughoyt city

Rpybii Ciy Aekuorek

onnec tion MediyMPDDL , CDDI, ATM

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WAN t
kK_prtovicdes long ckiStance
ALoide Aren netwoF image,Vde ntorematton
trunsMiSsion. of data, voice,
Comprise
Overt (arge gcegreapnic Mnea that mnay
whole wordd
Or even the
leased
In Contrast to LANS , pnce may u tize publle,
I
cre private Communitation equipmeo4,uSAaLiy unltmited
Combinations, qnd can tieeforre Span an
number of miles. Above 5 km)
A WAN that is whoily Owned andused by alsrngle
entepeisenetwork
Company is often rre ffered to as
Camec Aion nediqn Leased inei Dial -4p.

NO When ory more netucor ks are (onnected tEhey 6ecome

Interdnekork nternets

THE TNTE RNET

Anntereoet is aConmuni Cation system hat haS
brought a we lth of koforchation to Ourfinger tie
and oTganised it forr our usen99r0 312
-The lotenek is a Streu cksuredand Oregnnised System
A Network is agreOyp of onnected commünicating
devices Such as Computerns and prtin teres
An internetiS wo or More' nefiwork hatan
ComnunicateCoith Rach Otheri
The Most notable internet is Called the lnternet,a
CollabaratioD oE Mereé than 1oo Silof thoy sands Imterr lonn
netwoc Ks
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* Proteco| and Standards with ules

Areto(o1whieh is :Synonymous toyles
Standond's which are. ayrreed 4poh

aProtoC olS -
Aetworck, Communica tion oc oures ig
In (omputer syitem
between entHes in iffercent
capable oF Send jng
An entities is any thng is
rreceiving tnfortmation.
4he entitie
ttowevere forr Communicq tionto occoure
M4st agrree on a iprto tolol:
that goverenS data
f prroto Col is a Se of ryles

whatis Comnnunicatec ho it is
A prrotol defines
Communicated and when it is Comm4nica ted.
The key elements of q protocol are i
o N )Sntq x trefecs to the strycture ore fermat
they
att n2g 0f the datap MeaniDg he órtder in conich
aTte. pneSented:
t b X9MPle A simptenprotoco| might except he the
dress ef
pnitofirest 8 bit 0£ datqto be the d
Sencer he Sen (ond 8 bits of datà to bethe
addiesS ef thf/t treoever andi the iteest GÂ te
Stneam to be theg mesSSaqe tt selfsiriw
9ldpton

y Semanticslt re fersi tbthe Meaninq ot eàch

Section of bits.
How is a penticy lare pattero to be intercpseted,
and what acton is to be taken baSed on that
Interrpretation ?
for eXenmple Does an qddreess taentiky the route
t be taken or the final desti nation oE the messages
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i) iming , Referesto taoCherrctere Stas when data

should be Sent and hocofast thyy can be Sent.
Exqmple TEq Send er prod yces q'dat at loó Mbps
but the ECiever Can prroce Ss data at 1 mbps the
treansmì ssion uiuoverload tne hecrever ond data

b Standareds bivon
StandaredS Qre essentie| in Creeating 'and meiasaiag
an cpen Qnd compitative Marrket Fore euipment
Manufactezerrs And inauarnteeinq nationgt ndhternationa
Opera bluity ef data and telecommuniaticn
interr
Hechnolog9 and aproce sesA1UTL 21
Data Communication Standàrrdsfalintotwo
catagories i a)de facto("by fac ore tby conventitn)
pol de Juree(by law re "by Regation)
A
Summerty
freom
Datoa Comunication is the treansfer of data
of transmSSion
One device to another víq Some form
Medium.
AranSmit data
A oeta Communication System must accurqteQnd
to the (oreret estingtion in an
fimely mannere.
a data Commuaicati
The ive Components that Mae yp
? Sende, rceceiver MeSSage, medism and
System
prretoCoA
occoyre in threee
Data f1ow between two devces Can
waysiStmple X,half dyplex, Full dyplex by
Communition Connected
A networu 's q Set of.
media inks
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onty en
In apoin t - to - point (onn echion' , tw qnd
devices qne tonnected by ar decicated ink:
mone devttes
In a mittpoint (onnertion3 or
Share a link
lpolbgy refers to the 'physical ore togital
Qrttang eMent 0f network,2 ii
Ihene are Local reqeionaL , nationgl, gnd loter nation91
Interrne t Service Provicler (Tsp).
The nternet is a Couection? ef Many Jeparate
networKS.
LonoitpaAn bìntercnet iS a Detwork of NetuorekS. e:
tTCP /Ip is thepreto (olSuit for the IaternEl.
The Iso, ITU-T ANST fIEEE,ETA, Are the Some of te
Grrqanisation involved ijn Standarrd Creation.
forums ae Spec ial =inthreat groups that quickly.
ooriaf. e Valyate and Standarcdize neu technoloqies
Areqest fore Comnent CRE<) is an ideo or Concept
that is a precur Sor to an toternet Stanclard.

A netwomk is twp 2 Morze. deyi'ces Connected tog 'ather

b Aolink is a Communication path cway thatian tfers
data fnam one device to qhother90/vs
pistorz Can1rhunica tiog to:oCcOetwo oev ces mus# be
Connèc tedin Some wetohe SqmeinK gtg Same
time
9i tE There erer two po sible typea of Connecions?

iiilDihe.