2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications

and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)

Voltage Regulation in Transmission Line by Shunt

Flexible AC Transmission System Devices
M. Mahdavian1, M. Janghorbani2, E. Ganji3, I. Eshaghpour4, H. Hashemi-Dezaki5
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naein, Iran
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Acecr Institute of Higher Education, Kermanshah, Iran
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Kashan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kashan, Iran
5
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

Abstract— This paper shows a shunt flexible ac transmission Several references in technical literature can be found on
system (FACTS) devices used for voltage regulation in transm- utilizing FACTS devices on operating power system [13-18].
ission line. Phasor model of shunt FACTS devices are used. All An optimization algorithm based on the law of gravity and
the simulations for this work have been carried out using mass interactions is show in [13] for designing SSSC for single
MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Simulation results validate and multi-machine power systems to improve the power
that power oscillation and voltage can be damped properly using systems stability over a wide range of loading conditions.
of SVC and STATCOM. Three controllers PSS, SVC, and TCSC are simultaneously
used in [14] to increase the stability and damping of the
Keywords—FACTS devices; static synchronous compensator;
oscillations of a multi-machine power system, which the
static var compensator; voltage regulation.
robustness of the proposed algorithm has been tested on 16-
machine 68-bus power system. An approach based on the int-
I. INTRODUCTION egration between genetic algorithm and rough-set theory for
FACTS devices will affect a real network under variation coordinated design of a SVC-based stabiliser and a conven-
of system operating conditions [1,2]. FACTS devices can be tional PSS is proposed in [15] to improve the performance of
connected to a transmission line in various ways: series, shunt power system stability of power system. A robust adaptive
and a combination of series and shunt [3,4]. With FACTS tech- proportional-integral controller based on a combination of a
nology, line impedances, bus voltages and phase angles in the general type-II fuzzy logic with a simple heuristic algorithm
power system can be regulated rapidly and flexibly [5,6]. In named teaching learning based optimization algorithm is prop-
Fig. 1, an overview of today’s FACTS devices is shown [7,8]. osed in [16] to control a STATCOM used in distribution sys-
Shunt FACTS devices, when placed at the midpoint of a long tems.
transmission line, play an important role in steady state and In this paper, the application of shunt FACTS devices on
dynamic voltage control, improvement of system stability, voltage regulator in power system is investigated. Phasor
reactive power control of dynamic loads and damping of active model of shunt FACTS are used. To prove the effectiveness of
power oscillations [9,10]. Shunt FACTS devices are classified the shunt FACTS, various simulation results using Matlab
into two categories, namely variable impedance type (SVC) Simulink software are shown under different conditions.
[11] and switching converter type (STATCOM) [12].
II. SHUNT FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DEVICES
This section explains briefly the basic configuration of
SVC and STATCOM:
A. Static VAR Compensator
A basic structure of SVC consists of a fixed capacitor bank,
in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) as shown
in Fig. 2. It is a fast controllable for generating or absorbing
reactive power. If the injected current is in phase quadrature
with the line voltage, the controller adjusts reactive power
while if the current is not in phase quadrature, the controller
adjusts real power [17]. The terminal or V-I characteristics of
SVC is shown in Fig. 3 [18]. The maximum capacitive power
generated by a SVC is proportional to the square of the system
voltage (constant susceptance).

Fig. 1. Classification of the FACTS controller

978-1-5386-0449-6/17/$31.00 (c) 2017 IEEE

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and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)

B. Static Synchronous Compensator

The reactive power output of STATCOM is inversely prop-
ortional to bus voltage and thus is less affected by voltage
reduction than the other FACTS devices. Fig. 5 show a
STATCOM is placed at bus M which consists of a step down
transformer (SDT) and a dc capacitor. The VSC generates a
controllable ac voltage uC(t). The V-I characteristic of
STATCOM are shown in Fig. 6 [21]. It is limited only by the
maximum voltage and current rating.

Fig. 2. Basic topology of SVC

Fig. 5. One-line diagram of a STATCOM

Fig. 3. Terminal characteristic of the SVC

A SVC can be modeled by a variable shunt susceptance. It

can be made to generate or absorb reactive power by means of
thyristor controlled elements. The relationship between σ and
stead state value of the susceptance of the SVC is given as
follows [19]:
1 1 σ − sin σ
BC ( σ ) = ( − ) (1)
X L RX π Fig. 6. Terminal characteristic of the STATCOM
where reactive reactance ratio is RX=XC/XL and σ=2(π-α).
The limits of the SVC are given by the firing angle limits, STATCOM can serve as a controllable current source
without changing the network structure parameters and beyond
which are fixed by design. The susceptance characteristics of
the limitation of bus voltage. The maximum capacitive power
the SVC according to λ and α is show in Fig. 4, where generated by a STATCOM decreases linearly with voltage
XC=0.21 [20]. decrease (constant current).
The STATCOM is modeled as a reactive current source IS
absorbed from the system with a time delay TSTA [22,23]:
d 1
IS = ( − I S + K STA U S ) (2)
dt TSTA
where TSTA is STATCOM time delay and KSTA is STATCOM
gain. A typical variation of reactive power supplied by the
STATCOM (when it operates at full inductive and capacitive
ratings) is shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 4. Susceptance characteristics in terms of α and λ

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and Information Technology (ECTI-CON)

in compensator bus on both systems is show in Fig. 10. It is

also observed that the STATCOM is very effective during the
power system disturbances because with the voltage sourced
converter, the STATCOM has no delay associated with the
thyristor firing. The measured reactive power generated by the
SVC and the STATCOM and the measured voltage in
compensator bus on both systems are show in Figs. 11 and 12.

Fig. 7. Reactive power supplied by the STATCOM

III. SYSTEM UNDER STUDY

The power network consists of two 500 KV equivalents
(respectively 3000 MVA and 2500 MVA) connected by a 600
Km transmission line as shown in Fig. 8. The SVC and
STATCOM is located at the midpoint of the line (bus B2). The
parameter of the system are listed in Table I. Fig. 9. Measured reactive power generated by shunt FACTS devices during
fault
TABLE I. SYSTEM PARAMETERS
rating of STATCOM ±100 MVA
dc link nominal voltage 40 KV
STATCOM equivalent capacitance 375 μF
total equivalent impedance on
0.22 pu
the dc side
resistance per unit length 0.01755 Ω/km
transmission inductance per unit length 0.8737×10-3 H/Km
line capacitance per unit length 13.33×10-9 F/Km
length 30 Km

Fig. 10. Measured measured voltage in compensator bus during fault

Fig. 8. Simulation block diagram of the power system with a shunt FACTS
devices in Matlab Simulink

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

This section presents simulation results obtained with
Simulink Matlab. The simulation results of the behavior
dynamic of the power system using the shunt FACTS
controller will be shown in this section in order to demonstrate
the efficiency of the controller. In this simulation, the
STATCOM is in voltage regulation and not in var control.
The measured reactive power generated by the SVC (red
trace) and the STATCOM (green trace) is show in Fig. 9.We
can see the during the 10-cycle fault, the reactive power Fig. 11. Measured reactive power generated by shunt FACTS devices
generated by the SVC is -0.48 pu and the reactive power
generated by the STATCOM is -0.71 pu. The measured voltage

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