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QM Reviewer

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17 views3 pages

QM Reviewer

Uploaded by

kylamemories2024
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QM Reviewer

Correlation Analysis

- the relationship between two quantitative


variables without being able to infer causal
relationships.

Correlation

- is a statistical technique used to determine the


degree to which two variables are related.

Scatter Diagram
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
- Rectangular coordinate
- One variable is called independent (X) and the - non-parametric measure of correlation
second is called dependent (Y). - rank from highest to lowest
- Points are not joined. Spearman Rank correlation coefficient could be
- No frequency table computed in the following cases:
Scatter Plots - Both variables are quantitative
- pattern of data is indicative of the type of - Both variables are qualitative ordinal
relationship between your two variables. - One variable is quantitative and the other is
qualitative ordinal
- Positive Relationship

Variables that are positively correlated move in


the same direction
- Negative Relationship
Variables that are negatively correlated move in
opposite directions
- No Relationship
Regression
seem to be scattered randomly, there is no
relationship or no correlation between the - is the technique concerned with predicting some
variables. variables by knowing others.
- uses a variable (x) to predict some outcome
Correlation Coefficient
variable (y).
- the degree of relation between two variables.
Correlation
Simple Correlation coefficient
- the strength of a linear relationship between two
- Pearson's correlation or Product moment variables.
correlation coefficient
Regression
- measures the nature and strength between two
variables - how to draw the straight line described by the
correlation.
Direct:
- calculates the “best-fit” line for a certain set of
1: Perfect Correlation data.
- minimizes residuals
0.75 – 1: Strong
- Residuals error = actual value – predicted value
0.25 – 0.75: Intermediate

0 – 0.25: Weak

Indirect:

-1: Perfect Correlation

-0.75 – (-1): Strong


Regression equation
-0.25 – (-0.75): Intermediate
- describes the regression line mathematically
0 – (-0.25): Weak
Intercept – indicates the location where it intersects an 2. Scores on the test variable are independent (i.e.,
axis independence of observations)

Slope – indicates the steepness of a line 1. There is no relationship between scores


on the test variable
t-Test
2. Violation of this assumption will yield an
- statistical test procedure that tests whether there
inaccurate p value
is a significant difference between the means of
two groups. 3. Random sample of data from the population
- tool for evaluating the means of one or two
4. Normal distribution (approximately) of the
populations using hypothesis testing.
sample and population on the test variable
- used to evaluate whether a single group differs
from a known value (a one-sample t-test), 1. Non-normal population distributions,
whether two groups differ from each other (an especially those that are thick-tailed or
independent two-sample t-test), or whether heavily skewed, considerably reduce the
there is a significant difference in paired power of the test
measurements (a paired, or dependent
samples t-test). 2. Among moderate or large samples, a
violation of normality may still yield
t-Test Assumptions accurate p values
- The data are continuous. 5. Homogeneity of variances (i.e., variances
- The sample data have been randomly sampled approximately equal in both the sample and
from a population. population)
- There is homogeneity of variance .
- The distribution is approximately normal. 6. No outliers

Procedures in Performing a t-Test Hypotheses

1. Define your null (Ho) and alternative (Ha) The null hypothesis (H0) and (two-tailed) alternative
hypotheses before collecting your data. hypothesis (H1) of the one sample T test can be
expressed as:
2. Decide on the alpha value (or α value). This
involves determining the risk you are willing to H0: µ = µ0 ("the population mean is equal to the
take of drawing the wrong conclusion. [proposed] population mean")
H1: µ ≠ µ0 ("the population mean is not equal to the
3. Check the data for errors. [proposed] population mean")
4. Check the assumptions for the test. where µ is the "true" population mean and µ0 is the
proposed value of the population mean.
5. Perform the test and draw your conclusion. All t-
tests for means involve calculating a test Tails of the Test
statistic. You compare the test statistic to a
theoretical value from the t-distribution. The A two-tailed test has a rejection regions in both tails.
theoretical value involves both the α value and H0: µ = k H1: µ ≠ k
the degrees of freedom for your data.

One Sample t-Test

- examines whether the mean of a population is


statistically different from a known or
hypothesized value.
- also known as Single Sample t Test. A left-tailed test has the rejection region in the left tail.
- variable used in this test is known as Test
H0: µ = k H1: µ < k
variable
- the test variable's mean is compared against a
"test value", which is a known or hypothesized
value of the mean in the population.

Data Requirement

1. Test variable that is continuous (i.e., interval or A right-tailed test has the rejection region in the right tail
ratio level) of the distribution curve.
H0: µ = k H1: µ > k

Test Statistic (One-Sample t Test)

μ0 = The test value -- the proposed constant for the


population mean
x¯ = Sample mean
n = Sample size (i.e., number of observations)
s = Sample standard deviation
sx¯ = Estimated standard error of the mean (s/sqrt(n))

df = n – 1

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