Initial Environmental Examination

Document Stage: Updated

Project Number: 43524-014
July 2018

NEP: Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management

Project − Interceptor Sewer

Package No: KUKL/WW/IS-02

Prepared by the Project Implementation Directorate, Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited,

Ministry of Water Supply, Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank.

This updated initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views
expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management,
or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section
of this website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any
designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the
Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status
of any territory or area.
Initial Environmental Examination

July 2018

NEP: Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management

Project (Interceptor Sewer-IS-02) of L-3000

Prepared by the Project Implementation Directorate, Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani

Limited, Ministry of Water Supply, Government of Nepal for the Asian Development Bank.

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 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
(as of December 2018)
Currency unit - Nepalese rupee (NRs/NRe)
NRs1.00 = $ 0.0091
$1.00 = NRs 109.80
In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

BAP Bagmati Action Plan
CBP Capacity Building and Public-Private Partnership Support Team
Team
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
CITES Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora
CASSC Community Awareness and Social Safeguard Consultant
CEMP Construction Environmental Management Plan
DBO Design Build and Operate
DDC District Development Committee
DWEC District Wage Evaluation Committee
DNI distribution network improvement
DSC Design and Supervision Consultant
EA Executing Agency
EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ENPHO Environmental and Public Health Organisation
EPA Environment Protection Act
EPR Environment Protection Rules
ERP Emergency Response Plan
HACCPP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Plan
HH Household
HPCIDBC High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati
Civilization
IEC information, education and communication
IFC International Finance Corporation
Lpcd Liters per capita per day
LPG liquefied petroleum gas
ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
IDA International Development Assistance
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
INGO international nongovernment organization
ICSU Income Consumer Support Unit
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency
JBIC Japanese Bank for International Cooperation
KUKL Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited Kathmandu
MoUD Ministry of Urban Development
MoFE Ministry of Forest and Environment
MoWS Ministry of Water Supply
VWMPK Valley Wastewater Management Project Kathmandu
VWSMB Valley Water Supply Management Board
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets
MWSDB Melamchi Water Supply Development Board

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 MWSP Melamchi Water Supply Project
NEWAH Nepal Water for Health
NGO Nongovernment organization
NTFP Non-timber forest product
NTNC Nepal Trust for Nature Conservation
NWSC Nepal Water Supply Corporation
OHS occupational health and safety
PD Project Director
PID Project Implementation Directorate
PIU Project Implementation Unit
PLC Programmable Logic Controllers
PPE personal protective equipment
PPP public-private partnership
PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance
REA Rapid Environmental Assessment
RoW Right of Way
RP Resettlement Plan
SAPI Special assistance for project implementation
SPAF Severely project affected family
SPS Safeguards Policy Statement
SWC Social Welfare Council
SWNCC Social Welfare National Coordination Council
UDLE Urban development through local efforts
UN United Nations
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
VDC Village Development Committee
WWTP Wastewater treatment plant

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

cm - centimetre
db - decibels
ha - hectare
kg - kilogram
km - kilometre
km2 - square kilometre
l - litre
m - meter
m2 - square meter
m3 - cubic meter
mg/l - milligrams per litre
MSL/msl - Mean Sea Level
ml - millilitre
MLD - million litres per day, mega litres per day (1 mega litre = 1000m3)
mm - millimetre
|jg/m3 - micrograms per cubic meter

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In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any
designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this
document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status
of any territory or area.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views

expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors,
Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

viii
 Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1
A. Purpose of the Report ................................................................................................. 1
B. Basis and Scope of the IEE ......................................................................................... 1
II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ............................................ 2
A. ADB Policy .................................................................................................................. 2
B. ADB Safeguards policy ............................................................................................... 2
B. National Law and Rules .............................................................................................. 5
C. Policies and Legal Framework of KUKL ...................................................................... 5
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................ 7
A. Existing Infrastructure Modernization and Expansion..................................................... 7
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................ 13
A. Kathmandu Valley ........................................................................................................ 13
B. Physical Environment ................................................................................................... 14
C. Hydrology .................................................................................................................. 15
D. Existing Wastewater System ..................................................................................... 25
E. Ecological Resources ................................................................................................ 34
F. Socio-economic Profile .............................................................................................. 36
G. Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 43
H. Economic Characteristics .......................................................................................... 46
I. Major Environmental Problems ................................................................................. 47
V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .......... 52
A. Design Phase ............................................................................................................... 52
B. Construction Phase ...................................................................................................... 53
B. Operation Phase ........................................................................................................... 57
VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION ............. 60
VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM .................................................................... 63
VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ................................................... 66
A. Environmental Management Plan and Objectives ........................................................ 66
B. Mitigation and monitoring ............................................................................................. 66
A. Implementation Arrangements .................................................................................. 73
IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................... 80

List of Tables
Table II-1: ADB SPS, 2009 Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment ................................... 2
Table III-1: Approximate length of existing sewer network. .................................................... 7
Table III-2:Project municipalities and wards ........................................................................... 8
Table III-3: Interceptor Sewer components and features of the project IS-02 ...................... 10
Table IV-1:Comparison of High Flood Discharges ................................................................ 17

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Table IV-2: Proposed and Existing River Training Works ..................................................... 17
Table IV-3: Water Consumption by consumers in Kathmandu Valley from all sources ........ 23
Table IV-4: Water Quality of Different Water Sources in Kathmandu Valley ........................ 24
Table IV-5: Existing Outfalls Details, Manohara River Right Bank ....................................... 28
Table IV-6: Manohara River Left Bank Upstream ................................................................. 28
Table IV-7: Manohara River Left Bank Downstream ............................................................ 28
Table IV-8: Summary of Interceptors under HPCIDBC Program .......................................... 32
Table IV-9: Summary of Affected Households by the Subproject ......................................... 37
Table IV-10: Population of affected Households ................................................................... 37
Table IV-11: Ethnic Composition .......................................................................................... 37
Table IV-12: Age Group ........................................................................................................ 37
Table IV-13: Literacy Status .................................................................................................. 38
Table IV-14: Occupation of Affected Household ................................................................... 38
Table IV-15: Level of Income ................................................................................................ 39
Table IV-16: Source of Water ............................................................................................... 39
Table IV-17: Toilet Facility .................................................................................................... 39
Table IV-18: Household in Non-Farm Economic Activities in Kathmandu Valley ................. 40
Table IV-19: Kathmandu Valley Development Indicators ..................................................... 40
Table IV-20: Slums and Squatter Settlements in Kathmandu Valley .................................... 40
Table IV-21: Land Use and Land Cover in the Bagmati River Basin .................................... 41
Table IV-22: Sources of Drinking Water ............................................................................... 44
Table IV-23: Population Receiving Drinking Water ............................................................... 44
Table IV-24: Total Number of Schools by Grade and Level ................................................. 45
Table IV-25: Comparison of Emission Inventories in 1993, 2001, and 2005 ........................ 48
Table IV-26: Water Quality of Different Water Sources in Kathmandu Valley ...................... 50
Table VI-1: Meetings, workshops, consultations and focus group discussions held............. 60
Table VIII-1: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan of IS-02 .............................. 67
Table VIII-2: Institutional/organizational responsibilities in environmental monitoring .......... 74
Table VIII-3: EMP cost .......................................................................................................... 77
Table VIII-4: Project Implementation Schedule ..................................................................... 79

List of Figures
Figure III-1: Proposed Interceptor locations and existing natural drainages within the valley. 9
Figure III-2: Project components and schematic layout of Kathmandu Valley with proposed
Treatment plants and interceptor alignments ........................................................................ 11
Figure III-3:Layout of Sewer Interceptor-IS02 ....................................................................... 12
Figure IV-1: Kathmandu Valley and project area. ................................................................. 13
Figure IV-2: Topography of the Kathmandu valley ............................................................... 14
Figure IV-3: Geological map of Kathmandu Valley ............................................................... 15
Figure IV-4: River System of Kathmandu Valley ................................................................... 16
Figure IV-5: Manohara River System .................................................................................... 16
Figure IV-6: Existing Interceptors .......................................................................................... 31
Figure IV-7: Kathmandu Valley Boundary ............................................................................. 36
Figure IV-8: Land use map of Kathmandu district ................................................................. 42
Figure IV-9: Land use map of Bhaktapur district ................................................................... 43
Figure VI-1: Summary of Public Consultations ..................................................................... 61
Figure VIII-1: Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) .......................................................... 65

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APPENDICES:

Appendix 1: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist Kathmandu Valley

Wastewater Management Project
Appendix 2: Bagmati River pollution
Appendix 3: Tolerance limits for wastewater to be discharged into inland surface waters
from combined wastewater treatment plant (generic standards)
Appendix 4: Environment Related Acts and Regulations in Nepal
Appendix 5: National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 2012 for Nepal
Appendix 6: Recommended noise exposure limits for the work environment (adopted from
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Appendix 7: Source: Vibration Regulation Law 64 of 1976, Japan
Appendix 8: Focus Group Discussions, Stakeholders Consultations/ Workshops and
Meetings
Appendix 9: IFC/EBRD | Guidance on Workers’ Accommodation Sanitary and toilet
facilities
Appendix 10: Traffic Management Planning (TMP)
Appendix 11: Emergency Response Plan Template
Appendix 12: Sample Semi-Annual Environmental Monitoring Report Template
Appendix 13: Public Notice of HPCIDBC about RoW of River published in newspaper

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 Executive Summary
1. The proposed Kathmandu Valley Waste Water Management Project
(KVWWMP) will support the ongoing efforts of the Government of Nepal towards
improving the wastewater services in Kathmandu Valley. The project will invest in
rehabilitation and expansion of sewerage network, modernization and new
construction of wastewater treatment plants, and improvement of wastewater
management in Kathmandu Valley, which will complement the past and ongoing
Asian Development Bank (ADB) projects.1 The project is expected to increase
operational efficiency, improve service delivery, and result in positive impact on health
and quality of life for inhabitants of Kathmandu Valley. ADB requires the consideration
of environmental issues in all aspects of its operations as per its Safeguard Policy
Statement (SPS 2009). This initial environmental examination (IEE) has been
prepared for the proposed infrastructure components of the project; (i) rehabilitation
and expansion of sewerage network; and (ii) modernization and expansion of
wastewater treatment plants. This IEE is updated for Interceptor Sewer line facilities
along the both banks of the Manohara River. The sewers which collect the
wastewater from the designated service areas and conveys and discharge the
wastewater to the proposed wastewater treatment plants at Kodku. The Manohara
interceptor sewer line will be implemented as IS-02.
2. Categorization. The project is considered Category B as per the SPS 2009
as no significant impacts are envisioned. This IEE assesses the environmental
impacts and provides mitigation and monitoring measures to ensure no significant
impacts as a result of the project.
3. Scope. The package expected impact will be sustainable wastewater services
for the residents of package area. The expected outcome will be an improved
wastewater collection and treatment system and increased access of wastewater
services to the residents of package area (Ward 7,8,2,1 of Madhyapur Thimi, wards
9,7 of Kageshwori Manohara Municipality, ward 32 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City,
ward 5,3,2 of Mahalaxmi M, ward 9 of Lalitpur Metropolitan City) including poor
women and men. The project will further consolidate the continuing efforts of the
government and ADB in institutional development and improvement of governance in
the wastewater sector.
4. Implementation Arrangements. The Ministry of Water Supply (MoWS) will
be the executing agency responsible for overall strategic planning, guidance, and
management of the project, and for ensuring compliance with loan covenants.
Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) will be the implementing agency,
and the existing Project Implementation Directorate (PID) in KUKL will be responsible
for (i) project planning, implementation, monitoring, and supervision; (ii) reporting to
KUKL Board of Directors, MOWSS, and ADB; and (iii) coordination of all activities in
the project. PID has already established a safeguards unit staffed with environmental,
social, and legal specialists. The PID, KUKL will recruit two consulting firms, design,
supervision and management consultant (DSC) and Community Awareness and
Safeguard Support Consultant (CASSC) firm. The DSC will have an environmental
and social safeguard specialist to facilitate PID in implementation and supervision of
safeguards-related works.
5. Description of the Environment. The project is located in Kathmandu Valley
which is densely populated. The project sites are located in existing right of ways
(RoWs) and government-owned land. There are no protected areas, wetlands, or
estuaries in or near the subproject location. Trees, vegetation, and animals are those

1
Melamchi Water Supply Project (ADB 1820-NEP); Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Improvement Project (ADB
2776-NEP); Bagmati River Basin Improvement Project (ADB PPTA -43448).

xii
which are commonly found in urban areas. Traffic management will be necessary
during the rehabilitation and construction of sewer pipes on busy roads.
6. Environmental Management. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is
included as part of this IEE. It will guide all stakeholders including PID, KUKL, DSC
and contractors in the environmentally sound design, construction and operation of
infrastructure under this project. In particular the EMP (i) recommends the measures
and means of testing to be implemented to reduce the likelihood of potential
environmental impacts during the design, construction and operation phase of the
project; (ii) provides the necessary tools to carry out onsite environmental
performance monitoring; (iii) ensures compliance with recommended standards and
safety measures; (iv) recommends the public consultation and disclosure procedures;
and (v) provides a grievance redress mechanism. The EMP will be included in the
civil work bidding and contract documents.

7. Locations and sitting of the proposed infrastructures were considered to

further reduce impacts. These include (i) locating all facilities on government-owned
land to avoid the need for land acquisition and relocation of people; (ii) laying of
sewerage pipes in RoWs to reduce acquisition of land and impacts on livelihoods
specifically in densely populated areas of the valley. The laying of interceptors along
river banks could potentially cause soil erosion and sedimentation. These are
common impacts and can be readily mitigated through the (i) identification of erosion
prone areas using geotechnical surveys and incorporating drainage plans into the
design; (ii) minimizing vegetation clearance along the slopes; and (iii) avoid piling of
excavated material close to the river bank and upon private cultivated land. Prior to
construction approval will be sought from Department of Archaeology in accordance
to the Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2046 (1989) Chapter II if required.
However, no any archaeological site is located within the proposed alignment.
Excavation will be through hand digging at these sites to minimise impact on adjacent
structures.
8. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to
acceptable levels. Mitigation will be assured by a program of environmental
monitoring to be conducted during design, construction and operation phases. The
environmental monitoring program will ensure that all measures are implemented and
will determine whether the environment is protected as intended. It will include
observations on- and off-site, document checks, photographs, monitoring of key
parameters and interviews with workers and beneficiaries. Any requirements for
corrective action will be reported to the ADB.

9. The stakeholders were involved in developing the IEE through discussions on-
site and public consultation, after which views expressed were incorporated into the
IEE and in the planning and development of the subproject. Several meetings,
workshops, and focus group discussions were held with local residents, stakeholders
and technical persons to keep them informed of the project and to get their feedback
for the project design, as required. To provide for more transparency in planning, and
for further active involvement of key stakeholders including the general public, the
project information will be disseminated through disclosure of the translated versions
of the IEE. The information will be made available at public places, including the
offices of PID, KUKL main office and branch offices, and the Kathmandu Metropolitan
city, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan city. A copy of the IEE will be disclosed on the ADB
and project-related websites and will also be available from PID upon request.

10. The most noticeable long-term benefit of the project will be the improved
wastewater management system in Kathmandu Valley which will in turn improve the
water quality of the rivers overtime and safeguard public health.

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11. Consultation, Disclosure and Grievance Redress. Public consultations and
disclosures will be continuous in the future during the design, construction and
operation phases. The CASSC with the help of the Safeguard unit of PID will be
responsible for the public consultations and information disclosures. Grievances will
be addressed by the grievance redress mechanism, which incorporates a clear and
grassroots process for addressing public complaints quickly.
12. Monitoring and Reporting. The safeguards staff within the PID will monitor
the implementation of the EMP with support from the DSC and CASSC. The DSC
Environmental Safeguards Officer will prepare quarterly progress reports and submit
to PID and PID will prepare semi-annual monitoring reports and submit to ADB. ADB
will post the environmental monitoring reports on its website. These reports will
describe the progress of the implementation of the EMP, any compliance issues and
corrective actions.
13. Conclusion and Recommendations. Overall the potential impacts of the
project will be very positive, benefitting both the environment and the people. Some
negative impacts are anticipated during implementation, but in specific areas and for
a short duration (e.g., dust, noise, traffic problems, erosion, sedimentation, etc.). It is
expected that these environmental impacts of the project will in general not be
significant and can be reduced and/ or prevented through adequate mitigation
measures and regular monitoring during the design, construction, and operation
phases of the project. Based on the findings of the IEE, there are no significant
environmental impacts, and the classification of the project as category B is
confirmed, and no further special study or detailed environmental impact assessment
(EIA) needs to be undertaken to comply with ADB SPS (2009).

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 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Purpose of the Report

1. The Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project (KVWMP) will support the
ongoing efforts of the Government of Nepal toward improving the wastewater services in
Kathmandu Valley. The main urban concentration within the valley consists of the two twin
cities of Kathmandu and Lalitpur followed by Bhaktapur, and Madhaypur.

2. The project has the ultimate objectives of:

(i) rehabilitating and expanding the sewerage networks and connecting to

wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs); and
(ii) Supporting operational and financial improvements and capacity building.

3. The purpose of this initial environmental examination (IEE) is (i) to provide information
on existing geographic, ecological, social and temporal context including associated
facilities with the package (IS-01) area of influence, (ii) to find out the likely positive and
negative direct and indirect impacts to physical, biological, socioeconomic and physical
cultural resources in the package area of influence, (iii) identify mitigation measures and
any negative impacts that should be mitigated during planning, implementation and
operation, (iv) to establish Grievance Redress Mechanism for resolving environmental
issues, (v) to describe the monitoring measures and reporting procedures to ensure early
detection conditions that require particular mitigation measures, (vi) to describe the
process undertaking during project design to engage stakeholders and affected persons
and the planned information disclosure measures and the process of carrying out
consultation with affected people and facilitating their participation during project
implementation, (vii) to identify who is responsible for carrying out the mitigation and
monitoring measures.
4. The mitigation measures are then carried forward into the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP). The EMP assigns responsibilities, time frames, and
performance indicators or standards for each mitigation measure to make sure that it is
implemented. An environmental monitoring plan is also prepared. This monitoring plan
identifies methods and responsibilities for checking the operation of the project against a
range of relevant and agreed performance indicators.

B. Basis and Scope of the IEE

5. Both Nepal’s law and the ADB policy require that the environmental impacts of
development projects are identified and assessed as part of the planning and design
processes, and that action is taken to reduce adverse impacts to acceptable levels. This is
done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of
project development and implementation worldwide. This IEE is updated for Interceptor
Sewer line facilities along the both banks of the Manohara River. The sewers which collect
the wastewater from the designated service areas and conveys and discharge the
wastewater to the proposed wastewater treatment plants Kodku (proposed as TP-02). The
Manohara interceptor sewer (IS) line will be implemented as IS-02.

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 II. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. ADB Policy

6. The Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) of ADB stipulates addressing

environmental concerns, if any, of a proposed activity in the initial stages of project
preparation. For this, ADB categorizes the proposed components into categories (A, B, or C)
to determine the level of environmental assessment required to address the potential
impacts. The project has been categorized as B. This IEE has been prepared to address the
potential impacts, in line with the recommended IEE content and structure for category B
projects. Stakeholder consultation was an integral part of the IEE. An EMP outlining the
environmental measures to be adhered to during implementation of the project has also
been prepared. The EMP will form part of the bidding and contract documents for civil work.

B. ADB Safeguards policy

7. ADB’s environmental safeguards policy principles are defined in SPS, 2009,
Safeguard Requirements 1 and the IEE is intended to meet these requirements, Table II-1:.

Table II-1: ADB SPS, 2009 Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment

SPS 2009 - Safeguard Requirements Remarks

Use a screening process for each proposed REA has been undertaken (Annex A),
project, as early as possible, to determine indicating that subproject is NOT: (i)
the appropriate extent and type of environmentally critical; and (ii) adjacent to
environmental assessment (EA) so that or within environmentally sensitive/critical
appropriate studies are undertaken area.
commensurate with the significance of
potential impacts and risks.
SPS 2009 - Safeguard Requirements Secondary influence areas. Significant
adverse impacts during construction will be
temporary and short-term, can be mitigated
without difficulty. There is no adverse
impact during operation. Hence, IEE is
sufficient. The IEE including specific
description of the environment and corridor
of impact will be updated as necessary
based on the final design and alignments.
Conduct EA to identify potential direct, IEE has been undertaken to meet this
indirect, cumulative, & induced impacts and requirement. (Section VI). No trans
risks to physical, biological, socioeconomic boundary & global impacts, including
(including impacts on livelihood through climate change.
environmental media, health and safety,
vulnerable groups, and gender issues), and
physical cultural resources in the context of
the project’s area of influence. Assess
potential trans boundary global impacts,
including climate change.
Examine alternatives to the project’s Analysis of “with-subproject “or “without
location, design, technology, and subproject” is presented in Section III.
components and their potential
environmental and social impacts and
document the rationale for selecting the

2
SPS 2009 - Safeguard Requirements Remarks
particular alternative proposed. Also
consider the no project alternative.
Avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, An EMP has been prepared to address this
minimize, mitigate, &/or offset adverse requirement. Section IX
impacts and enhance positive impacts by
means of environmental planning &
management. Prepare an EMP that
includes the proposed mitigation measures,
environmental monitoring and reporting
requirements, related institutional or
organizational arrangements, capacity
development and training measures,
implementation schedule, cost estimates,
and performance indicators.
Carry out meaningful consultation with Key informant and random interviews have
affected people & facilitate their informed been conducted (Annex C). A grievance
participation. Ensure women’s participation. redress mechanism for the resolution of
Involve stakeholders, including affected valid project- related social and
people & concerned NGOs, early in the environmental issues/concerns is presented
project preparation process & ensure that in Section VIII.
their views & concerns are made known to
& understood by decision makers and taken
into account. Continue consultations with
stakeholders throughout project
implementation as necessary to address
issues related to EA. Establish a GRM to
receive & facilitate resolution of affected
people’s concerns & grievances on
project’s environmental performance.
Disclose a draft IEE (including the EMP) in The draft IEE will be disclosed on ADB’s
a timely manner, before project appraisal, in website prior to project appraisal. Copies of
an accessible place & in a form & both SPS- compliant IEE and Government
language(s) understandable to affected of Nepal- approved IEE will be made
people & other stakeholders. Disclose the available at the offices of the PMO, Project
final EA, & its updates if any, to affected Implementation Support Unit (PISU) and
people & other stakeholders. Water Users’ and Sanitation Committee
(WUSC)for public consultation. For the
benefit of the community, the summary of
the IEE will be translated in the local
language and made available at (i) offices
of executing and implementing agencies, (ii)
area offices, (iii) consultant teams’ offices;
and (iv) contractor’s campsites. It will be
ensured that the hard copies of IEE are
kept at places which are conveniently
accessible to people, as a means to
disclose the document and at the same
time creating wider public awareness. An
electronic version of the IEE will be placed
in the official website of executing and
implementing agencies and the ADB
website after approval of the IEE by ADB.

3
SPS 2009 - Safeguard Requirements Remarks
Implement the EMP and monitor its EMP implementation, reporting and
effectiveness. Document monitoring results, disclosure of monitoring reports are in this
including the development and IEE.
implementation of corrective actions, and
disclose monitoring reports.
Do not implement project activities in areas The subproject does not encroach into
of critical habitats, unless (i) there are no areas of critical habitats.
measurable adverse impacts on the critical
habitat that could impair its ability to
function, (ii) there is no reduction in the
population of any recognized endangered
or critically endangered species, and (iii)
any lesser impacts are mitigated. If a
project is located within a legally protected
area, implement additional programs to
promote and enhance the conservation
aims of the protected area. In an area of
natural habitats, there must be no
significant conversion or degradation,
unless (i) alternatives are not available, (ii)
the overall benefits from the project
substantially outweigh the environmental
costs, and (iii) any conversion or
degradation is appropriately mitigated. Use
a precautionary approach to the use,
development, and management of
renewable natural resources.
Apply pollution prevention and control This requirement is only minimally
technologies and practices consistent with applicable to the subproject in the aspect of
international good practices as reflected in waste generation, e.g., effluent from septic
internationally recognized standards such tanks and generated sludge and sludge
as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, disposal from water supply and sanitation
Health and Safety Guidelines. Adopt structures. The subproject will not involve
cleaner production processes and good hazardous materials subject to international
energy efficiency practices. Avoid pollution, bans/phase outs.
or, when avoidance is not possible,
minimize or control the intensity or load of
pollutant emissions and discharges,
including direct and indirect greenhouse
gases emissions, waste generation, and
release of hazardous materials from their
production, transportation, handling, and
storage. Avoid the use of hazardous
materials subject to international bans or
phase-outs. Purchase, use, and manage
pesticides based on integrated pest
management approaches and reduce
reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.
Provide workers with safe and healthy EMP provides measures to mitigate health
working conditions and prevent accidents, and safety hazards during construction and
injuries, and disease. Establish preventive operation.
and emergency preparedness and

4
SPS 2009 - Safeguard Requirements Remarks
response measures to avoid, and where
avoidance is not possible, to minimize,
adverse impacts and risks to the health and
safety of local communities.
Conserve physical cultural resources and The subproject will not affect any physical
avoid destroying or damaging them by cultural resource. The EMP recommends
using field- based surveys that employ the measure/s to mitigate adverse impact
qualified and experienced experts during on physical cultural resources (PCRs) in
environmental assessment. Provide for the case of chance find.
use of “chance find” procedures that include
a pre-approved management and
conservation approach for materials that
may be discovered during project
implementation.

B. National Law and Rules

8. The requirement for environmental assessment in Nepal is established by the
National Environment Protection Act (1997). The procedures are defined in the Environment
Protection Rules, as amended. These rules require IEE for sewerage projects costing more
than NRs. 50 lakhs. The Government’s Urban Environmental Management Directive (2011)
sets the standards for wastewater effluents (Annex 3).

9. The legal provisions for environmental protection in Nepal are found in different laws
and regulations (Annex 4). Nepal is also a signatory to many international agreements and
conventions related to environmental conservation such as

(i) Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and the Pacific Region, 1956
(ii) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973
(iii) Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural
Heritage (World Heritage Convention), 1972
(iv) International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
(v) Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992

C. Policies and Legal Framework of KUKL

10. The Government of Nepal remains fully committed to providing safe drinking water
and sanitation services--considered as a fundamental human need and a basic human right-
-for all of its citizens. The Government is committed to providing improved water supply and
sanitation services of medium and higher levels commensurate to the capacity to pay of the
served populations. In the 1990s, political liberalization and a focus on decentralization saw
important new actors in the sector emerge, namely the community groups, local
governments, and the private sector, including nongovernment organizations (NGOs).
However, the ever-growing urban population and increasing water demand has been placing
a strain on the existing urban water supply and sanitation services. There have been a
number of efforts to streamline planning and investment in the sector. Some of the major
efforts are examined below.

11. The National Urban Policy (2007) highlights the historical imbalances and haphazard
nature of urban development in Nepal. It views urban centres as catalysts of economic
development linked to north-south and east-west access corridors. The policy also flags poor
sanitation, environmental degradation, and lack of services by the urban poor as requiring
urgent attention. It proposes the building of capacity of municipalities to plan and manage
integrated local development activities, including the preparation of urban master plans to be

5
moderated by central and regional authorities. Private sector involvement and investment in
infrastructure development is specifically sought.

12. The National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy (2009) was
formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance toward achieving equity in
service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the service
areas are mainstreamed as valid customers through the design and implementation of
financial incentives, where required.

13. The Local Governance Operationalization Act, 2074 (2017) provides the legal basis
for the devolution of responsibilities and authorities for social, economic, institutional, and
physical infrastructure development, including water and sanitation systems, to the local
government. While periodic district plans have been formulated in 52 districts, a decade-long
political conflict, including the absence of locally elected officials for most of this period, have
frustrated implementation plans.

14. The Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act (2007), as amended, Water Supply
Management Board Act (2006), and Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act (2006)
have facilitated the improved management of Kathmandu Valley’s water and sanitation
services. They established the legal basis for private sector management of water supply
and independent tariff setting and regulations that are applicable to all urban areas.

15. The Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1991) states the rights and duties of the
Government to make arrangements for the protection of historically and archaeologically
important areas and monuments by preventing any misappropriation and misuse.

16. Nepal’s procedures for environmental assessment of development projects are

described in the Environment Protection Act (1997) and the Environment Protection Rules
(1997), as amended). Projects that need EIA and IEE are identified in the rules. Accordingly,
the responsibility for undertaking an IEE for this proposed project lies with the Kathmandu
Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL/Project Implementation Directorate (PID) as the project
proponent, on behalf of the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board
(KVWSMB). Public involvement, including notification of stakeholders, dissemination of
information, and consultation, is a requirement, particularly during the review and approval of
the IEE report.

17. Public Notice of HPCIDBC about RoW of River: -The High-Powered Committee
for Integrated Development of The Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC) had also published
prohibition notice of construction of any structures on the Right of Way (Row) of the Rivers of
Kathmandu Valley. The notice was published on 19 Asadh 2063 (3 July 2012) in the
government daily newspaper (Gorkhapatra). This prohibition notice covers construction of
any structures within the Right of Way (RoW) on the following banks of rivers in Kathmandu
Valley:
(i) Bagmati, Bishnumati, and Manohara rivers –20 m from either side of the
banks of the rivers.
(ii) Hanumante Rivers—20 m from either side of the banks of the rivers.

18. Public Notice of HPCIDBC about RoW of River published in newspaper is

attached in Appendix 14.

6
 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

A. Existing Infrastructure Modernization and Expansion

19. In May to September 2011, a mapping exercise of the existing sewer systems in
the five municipalities under KUKL/DSC/02 was carried out. A sewer asset management
survey was carried out by KUKL Project Implementation Directorate (PID) on 2016. The
exercise showed the approximate location and length of the sewers based on desktop
analysis. However, the conditions of the sewers including the diameter, gradient, material
type, joint details, and condition of manhole details were not covered by the study. Table III-1
shows the summary of existing sewer network length of project districts.

Table III-1: Approximate length of existing sewer network.

SN Municipality Approximate length of existing sewer (Km)
1. Bhaktapur 47.51
2. Kageshwori Manohara 23.69
3. Kathmandu 658.74
4. Lalitpur 166.09
5. Mahalaxmi 20.05
Total 916.09
Source: Sewer asset management survey, PID 2016

20. The wastewater service area is smaller than the KUKL water service area as it
only includes the municipalities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. The water service
area covers a number of municipalities within the valley. Wastewater services will logically
be required in all urban areas of municipalities. There is strong correlation between this
study area and the zones adopted in the Bagmati Action Plan. Based on the population
census in 2011, the adopted population for the urban wastewater area was 2,510,788
million, inclusive of the permanent and other population categories.

A. Project Rationale
21. Improvement of wastewater systems are urgently needed in Kathmandu Valley
because it is currently suffering from the lack of properly functioning sewerage systems. This
project has been designed to raise the quality of the infrastructure and services of selected
areas of Kathmandu Valley, thereby increasing the quality of life of the people.

22. Kathmandu Valley has gone through a phase of rapid and unplanned
urbanization and industrialization without adequate infrastructure development. To improve
the present conditions of the wastewater services in Kathmandu Valley, the Government,
with the assistance of ADB, has embarked on a two-pronged improvement strategy that
includes capital investments for infrastructure development, i.e. supply augmentation and
system improvement, and institutional reforms.

23. Kathmandu Valley is the most densely populated region in Nepal whose
population has been increasing rapidly, especially in Kathmandu, the centre of
administration, commercial, social, and economic activities. During the last 3 decades,
growth in population has been significantly driven by in-migration. The in-migration is largely
due to better employment and business opportunities and better educational and medical
facilities, but also countrywide insurgency and security concerns in the recent years.

24. The rapid urbanization of Kathmandu Valley has brought negative impacts to its
overall development. Water has become scarce as demand exceeds supply. Lack of

7
operational wastewater system facilities has converted the holy Bagmati River including its
other tributaries and sub-tributaries such as Hanumante, Manohara, Khasangkusung River
into a highly polluted watercourse. Congested and crowded roads have brought hardship to
travellers and road junctions have become garbage dumping sites. Despite these negative
impacts, the urbanization of the valley has continued at a similar rate over the past 10 years.
According to urban planners, from urban basic service management and disaster relief
management aspects, Kathmandu Valley has a carrying capacity of only 5 million people.

25. Interceptor Sewer networks will be constructed improved and expanded. Septage
from individual septic tanks for 30% of the households not having access to the sewerage
system will be pumped out, transported, and treated together with the sludge from the
WWTPs for the production of energy.

26. KUKL, which legally commenced operation in February 2008, established a

Project Management Unit. The Government and ADB in April 2009 have restructured the
unit into a Project Implementation Directorate (PID) to manage and implement ADB-assisted
projects. The PID includes a Safeguards Unit to monitor and evaluate all social and
environmental aspects of ADB projects.

B. Description of Proposed Project

27. The proposed project includes (i) rehabilitation and expansion of sewerage
network including property connections; (ii) rehabilitation and construction of interceptors
along the streamsetc. The following Metro/sub-metro/municipalities will be targeted:

(i) Kathmandu Metropolitan - The laying of interceptor sewer on the both bank
of Manohara River will be started near from theSun City Colony Town Planning
area situated in the right bank. The starting point is ward 32 of Kathmandu
Metropolitan city.
(i) Madhyapur Thimi Municipality –The left bank of Manohara River from the
beginning of the interceptor sewer comprises some wards of Madhyapur Thimi
Municipality of Bhaktapur District.
(ii) Lalitpur Sub- metropolitan –The proposed interceptor sewer line traverse
through the Mahalaxmi Municipality on the left bank at the Hanumante and
Manohara confluence. Whereas the last section of the proposed sewer line will
be situated within the Lalitpur Metropolitan City ward 9.

Table III-2:Project municipalities and wards

Sn Municipality Wards District

1. Madhyapur Thimi 7,8, 2,1 Bhaktapur
2. Kageshwori Manohara M 9, 7 Kathmandu
3. Kathmandu Metropolitan City 32
4. Mahalaxmi M 5,3,2, Lalitpur
5. Lalitupur Metropolitan City 9

8
Figure III-1: Proposed Interceptor locations and existing natural drainages within the valley.

28. Due to the lack of information of the drainage network, it is difficult to identify the
existing drainage network and expansion of sewerage network in the valley. The length of
the sewer is estimated on the basis of desktop analysis and the road location. So, the project
thus recommended an Assets Condition Survey to know the exact locations and conditions
of the sewer network in the valley so that the cleaning of existing sewer and sewerage
expansion can be made possible.

29. The above rehabilitation and expansion of sewerage network will be within the
government owned land and right of way (ROW).

30. High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization
(HPCIDBC) has recently published a public notice regarding the construction prohibition for
any structures within the RoW fixed for different rivers of Kathmandu Valley which was
decided by the Government of Nepal (2065/08/01-2008/11/06) (Appendix 1). The pipeline
alignments will be on existing RoWs. GoN has defined 20 meters on both banks of rivers in
Kathmandu as ROWs and so the interceptors will be laid within the RoWs.

31. The Septage from individual households will be accepted and managed in the
Kodku, Guheswori, Sallaghari, and Dhobighat WWTPs along with the sludge produced from
the wastewater treatment process, for energy production. Approximately a combined
capacity of 910 kW will be generated through sludge digestion and/ or gasification.

32. Sewer package IS02 includes extension and construction of intercepting sewer
system along both banks of Manohara River from Sun City Colony upstream up to Manohara
and Hanumante confluence and further up to Kodku WWTP downstream. The total length of
interceptor sewer on the both banks is 11.36 km. Other major components included in the
system are 284 nos. of manhole, 6 nos. of river crossing.

9
Table III-3: Interceptor Sewer components and features of the project IS-02
Sn. Particulars Description
1. Project Extension and Construction of Intercepting
Sewerage System along Manohara River
2. Total Length of Interceptor 11.36 km
Sewer
3. Major Work Hume pipe laying: 11.36 km
Manholes: 284 nos.
Aqueducts/crossings: 4
River Training works: 6,976 m
Overflow/outfall structures: 33/33
4. Contract Amount NRs. 3,160,623,000 (US$ 30,015,414)
5. Contract Period 720 Days (24 months)
Source: Detailed Design and Construction Supervision of Manohara Interceptor, October
2015

33. The schematic layout plans of the proposed interceptor sewers are presented
inFigure III-3. Whereas Figure III-2shows the overall proposed locations.

10
Figure III-2: Project components and schematic layout of Kathmandu Valley with proposed Treatment plants and interceptor alignments

11
Figure III-3:Layout of Sewer Interceptor-IS02

12
 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
A. Kathmandu Valley

34. Kathmandu Valley (Error! Reference source not found.) lies between latitudes 2
7035’ to 27°48’N and longitudes 85012’ to 85°33’E. The altitude of the district ranges
between 1, 372 m and 2,732 m above mean sea level. The major rivers flowing in the district
are the Bagmati River, Bishnumati River, and Manohara River. The length of Bagmati River
within Kathmandu Valley is 28 km. The Bishnumati, Manohara, Dhobikhola, Nagmati, and
Balkhu rivers are the main tributaries of the Bagmati River. The Bagmati River is important
both for water consumption and for religious purposes. One of the most famous temples of
the Hindus (Pashupati Nath Temple) is located in the banks of the Bagmati River.

Figure IV-1: Kathmandu Valley and project area.

35. This project IS02 passes through three districts of Kathmandu Valley and they are
Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktpur.

36. Bhaktapur, one of the adjoining cities of Kathmandu, is located between latitudes
27°37’ to 27°44’N and longitudes 85°02’ to 85°32’E. The average elevation ranges from
1,372 m to 2,166 m above mean sea level. Rivers and streams are the predominant water
resource in the Bhaktapur district. The main rivers are the Hanumanate and Manohara
rivers. Manohara and Hanumante rivers are the major tributaries of the Bagmati River.
37. Lalitpur is another adjoining city of Kathmandu and is located between latitudes 27°
22 to 28°50’N and longitudes 85°14’ to 85°26’E. It is bounded by Kavrepalan chowk in the
east, Makwanpur in the west and south, and Bhaktapur and Kathmandu in the north.
Bagmati River serves as boundary between Lalitpur and Kathmandu. The major tributary of
the Bagmati River in the Lalitpur district is the Nakkhu Khola.
38. The Lalitpur sub-metropolitan city, popularly known as Patan, is located about 5
kilometers southeast of Kathmandu. Lalitpur is extremely rich in arts and architecture and
boasts of the largest community of artisans, especially metal and wood workers. It has a
large number of sacred buildings, temples, pagodas, Stupas and Shikharas, monasteries,
maaths and Chaityas.

13
B. Physical Environment

1. Topography
39. Kathmandu Valley is about 1,300 manging from 1200 to 2300 m above mean sea
level with an area of about 340 km2. The valley has a bowl-like structure surrounded by high
hills. The altitudes from the Valley floor vary between 500 m and 1,400 m. It lies between the
Himalayas in the north and the Mahabharat range in the south. The prominent boundary
features of the Valley are Phulchowki Hill (3,132 m) in the southwest, Shivapuri (2,713 m) in
the north, Chapa Devi (2,400 m) in the southwest, and Nagarjun (2,100 m) in the west. The
major rivers flowing into the district are the Bagmati River, Bishnumati River, Dhobi khola
and Manohara River.

Figure IV-2: Topography of the Kathmandu valley

a. Geology and Soil

40. Kathmandu Valley is a synclinal tectonic basin consisting of fluvio-lacustrine deposits

from the Pleistocene age resting on top of Precambrian metamorphic bedrock. In
Kathmandu Municipality, the Gokarna (to the northeast) and Kalimati (to the southwest)
formations are predominant. Bhaktapur City is located on a hill that is part of the Kalimati
formation. In Latitpur Municipality, the Kalimati and Chapagaun formations are predominant.
The Gokarna formation typically consists of light to brownish-grey fine laminated and poorly
graded silt sand with intercalation of clay of variable thickness. Shallow SP sandy soils,
which are highly prone to liquefaction even under small to moderate intensity earthquakes
(MMI = VII-VIII), are often found within the Gokarna formation.
41. The Kalimati formation is grey-to-dark silt clay and clayey silt. Organic clay, fine sand
beds, and peat layers are commonly found. SM silty-sand soil layers intercalated with silt or
clay layers are often found from 5 to 15 meters down. Such layers are prone to liquefaction
under moderate to high intensity earthquakes (MMI = VIII-IX).

14
Figure IV-3: Geological map of Kathmandu Valley

b. Climate and precipitation

42. The climate of Kathmandu Valley is sub-tropical cool temperate with maximum of
35.6°C in April and minimum of –3°C in January. The annual average humidity is 75%. The
temperature in general is 19°C to 27°C in summer and 2°C to 20°C in winter. The monthly
average maximum temperature is 28.9 °C and monthly minimum temperature is 13.8 °C.
The average rainfall is 1465 millimeters, most of which falls during June to September.

43. Rainfall occurs from the months of June through September due to the southeast
monsoon. The humid monsoon air stream blowing from the Bay of Bengal is forced to rise as
it meets the Himalayas. As a result, heavy rainfall occurs in some sections of the southern
Himalayan slopes. Rainfall is also high along the Chure range. Regions close to the Indian
border receive about 1,500 mm rain in a year, while at the foothills of Chure the annual
rainfall reaches 2,000 mm. In the northern side of Chure, the rainfall diminishes again. In the
lee-ward side, rainfall is reduced due to rain shadow effects. Orographic effect is
pronounced and governs the rainfall pattern.

C. Hydrology
Manohara River System
44. The catchment area of Manohara River varies from the elevation 1450m to 1300 m
above MSL. It consists of mostly hilly terrain with steep to moderate slope and most of the
catchment area is covered by forest followed by cultivated area.

45. Major tributaries of Manohara River are: Salinadi, Ghatte Khola, Manomatta Khola,
Mahadevi Khola and Hanumante Khola. The high flood in this river is noticed within 3-4
hours after the rainfall.

15
46. The river changes their path more frequently and hence the river banks are not
permanent. As rivers descend to the plains, they start depositing boulders and gravels and
start eroding the bank with the formation of bends. The bed material remains same almost
over the river length. Several river banks problems are observed due to the over extraction
of sand from the river bed along the entire reach of the river. The river system is shown in
Figure 1.

Figure IV-4: River System of Kathmandu Valley

Figure IV-5: Manohara River System

16
High Flood Discharge
47. The high flood discharge values at different river sections of Hanumante and
Manohara rivers were calculated by the Modified Dicken’s method, WECS/DHM method and
the Rational Method for 20 years return period. The summary of the results is shown in
Table IV-1.

Table IV-1:Comparison of High Flood Discharges

River Section Method
Modified WECS/ Rational
Dicken’s DHM
Qp (m3/s)
Brahmayani u/s of Hanumante 70.2 55.0 48.4
Brahmayani d/s of Hanumante 105.8 79.5 62.4
Hanumante Khola at Sallaghari 150.2 109.1 68.5
Hanumante Khola at Katunje 242.6 168.9 84.1
Hanumante Khola d/s to Godavari Confluence 344.9 233.4 98.2
Hanumante Khola u/s to Manohara Confluence 425.6 283.4 95.7
Manohara Khola u/s of Hanumante Khola Confluence 241.8 168.4 60.9
Manohara Khola u/s of Shankhamul Confluence 678.6 436.9 117.6
Source: Design Report Volume I

48. The Modified Dicken’s method is developed by the UPIRI for Upper Pradesh and the
Himalayan basins of Uttranchal state of India. One of the critical parameters in the Modified
Dicken’s method is permanent snow-covered area. Since there is no permanent snow-
covered area in the catchment of Hanumante and Manohara, this method is not particularly
suitable for estimating flood flow values of the rivers in this project. Also, the resulting flood
flow values from the Modified Dicken’s method are unreasonably high for the rivers in the
Kathmandu Valley.

River Training Stretches

49. The banks of the Manohara River were investigated in detail for the necessity of the
river training works. On the basis of the field survey, analysis and economy, the various
types of river training works have been depending upon the nature of severity of flood
damage and possible threats from floods. Some stretches of the river have exiting river
training works made of gabion or stone masonry wall. Minor improvements have been
recommended in the existing river training structures. The river training will not be required in
some stretches such as river crossings, road crossings, kholsis and bridge location. The
description of the proposed and existing river training works in the various stretches along
the both banks of the Manohara River is shown in the following table.

Table IV-2: Proposed and Existing River Training Works

SN Centre Chainage Bank Chainage Length Proposed River Remark

From To From To (m) Training Work
Structure
Manohara River Right Bank – Phase I
1 7+770 7+790 0+000 0+021 21 RCC Steps
2 7+800 7+950 0+021 0+171 150 RCC Crib Wall
3 7+960 7+960 0+171 0+192 21 RCC Steps
4 7+960 8+000 0+192 0+224 32 RCC Retaining Wall

17
SN Centre Chainage Bank Chainage Length Proposed River Remark
From To From To (m) Training Work
Structure
5 8+000 8+140 0+224 0+361 137 RCC Retaining Wall
6 8+140 8+190 0+361 0+427 67 RCC Retaining Wall
7 8+230 8+230 0+427 0+448 21 RCC Steps
8 8+240 8+280 0+448 0+486 38 RCC Retaining Wall
9 8+280 8+300 0+486 0+604 118 Existing Gabion
Wall
10 8+300 8+400 0+604 0+613 9 Existing Stone
Masonry Wall
11 8+400 8+500 0+613 0+713 100 Existing Stone
Masonry Wall
12 8+500 8+570 0+713 0+802 90 Existing Stone
Masonry Wall
13 8+570 8+610 0+802 0+818 16 Existing Gabion
Wall
14 8+610 8+690 0+818 0+961 143 Existing Gabion
Wall
15 8+690 8+690 0+961 0+972 12 RCC Crib Wall
16 8+760 8+810 0+972 1+011 39 RCC Crib Wall
17 8+820 8+820 1+011 1+032 21 RCC Steps
18 8+820 8+830 1+032 1+074 42 Gabion Wall
19 8+820 8+830 1+074 1+115 41 Gabion Wall
20 8+830 8+860 1+115 1+129 14 RCC Retaining Wall
21 8+860 8+900 1+129 1+168 38 RCC Retaining Wall
22 8+900 8+990 1+168 1+258 90 RCC Retaining Wall
23 8+990 9+020 1+258 1+278 20 RCC Retaining Wall
24 9+020 9+090 1+278 1+356 78 RCC Retaining Wall
25 9+090 9+160 1+356 1+431 75 RCC Retaining Wall
26 9+170 9+260 1+431 1+531 100 RCC Crib Wall
27 9+270 9+270 1+531 1+552 21 RCC Steps
28 9+280 9+360 1+552 1+652 100 RCC Crib Wall
29 9+360 9+390 1+652 1+692 40 RCC Retaining Wall
30 9+390 9+460 1+692 1+725 34 RCC Retaining Wall
31 9+460 9+500 1+725 1+779 53 RCC Retaining Wall
32 9+530 9+630 1+779 1+879 100 RCC Crib Wall
33 9+640 9+640 1+879 1+900 21 RCC Steps
34 9+660 9+740 1+900 2+000 100 RCC Crib Wall
35 9+750 9+840 2+000 2+088 88 RCC Retaining Wall
36 9+840 10+200 2+088 2+277 188 RCC Retaining Wall
37 10+020 10+020 2+277 2+297 21 Gabion Wall
38 10+030 10+030 2+297 2+315 18 Gabion Wall
39 10+030 10+050 2+315 2+330 15 RCC Crib Wall
40 10+060 10+060 2+330 2+351 21 RCC Steps
41 10+070 10+150 2+351 2+451 100 RCC Crib Wall
42 10+150 10+180 2+451 2+484 33 RCC Crib Wall
43 10+180 10+230 2+484 2+526 43 Existing Gabion
Wall

18
SN Centre Chainage Bank Chainage Length Proposed River Remark
From To From To (m) Training Work
Structure
44 10+230 10+270 2+526 2+571 45 Existing Gabion
Wall
45 10+270 10+340 2+571 2+629 58 RCC Retaining Wall
46 10+340 10+440 2+629 2+745 116 RCC Retaining Wall
47 10+460 10+480 2+745 2+795 50 RCC Crib Wall
48 10+500 10+500 2+795 2+816 21 RCC Steps
49 10+510 10+710 2+816 2+997 181 RCC Crib Wall
50 10+740 10+740 2+997 3+018 21 RCC Steps
51 10+750 10+760 3+018 3+064 46 RCC Crib Wall
52 3+064 3+064 0 Bridge
53 10+790 10+870 3+064 3+139 75 Existing Gabion
Wall
54 10+870 10+891 3+139 3+160 21 RCC Steps
55 10+891 10+897 3+160 3+166 6 Gabion Wall
56 10+897 11+130 3+166 3+396 230 Existing Gabion
Wall
57 11+130 11+151 3+396 3+417 21 RCC Steps
58 11+151 11+398 3+417 3+669 252 Existing Gabion
Wall
59 11+402 11+685 3+669 3+927 258 Existing Gabion
Wall
60 11+685 11+790 3+927 4+027 100 Gabion Wall
61 11+790 11+915 4+027 4+151 124 Existing Gabion
Wall
62 11+915 11+940 4+151 4+172 21 RCC Steps
63 11+940 11+948 4+172 4+180 8 Gabion Wall
64 11+948 12+094 4+180 4+329 149 Existing Gabion
Wall
65 12+094 12+177 4+329 4+408 79 RCC Retaining Wall
66 12+177 12+229 4+408 4+458 50 RCC Crib Wall
67 12+229 12+253 4+458 4+479 21 RCC Steps
68 12+253 12+461 4+479 4+688 209 RCC Retaining Wall
69 12+461 12+734 4+688 4+969 281 Existing Gabion
Wall
70 12+734 12+737 4+969 4+975 6 Gabion Wall
71 12+737 12+760 4+975 5+002 27 RCC Retaining Wall
72 12+760 12+793 5+002 5+023 21 RCC Steps
73 12+793 12+855 5+023 5+075 52 RCC Retaining Wall
74 12+884 13+000 5+075 5+181 106 RCC Retaining Wall
75 13+000 13+021 5+181 5+202 21 RCC Steps
76 13+021 13+057 5+202 5+240 38 RCC Crib Wall
77 13+057 13+078 5+240 5+268 28 Gabion Wall
78 13+078 13+251 5+268 5+440 172 Existing Gabion
Wall
79 13+251 13+259 5+440 5+451 11 Gabion Wall
80 13+259 13+280 5+451 5+472 21 RCC Steps

19
 SN Centre Chainage Bank Chainage Length Proposed River Remark
From To From To (m) Training Work
Structure
Manohara River Left Bank – Phase I
1 7+770 7+810 0+000 0+041 41 RCC Crib Wall
2 7+810 7+850 0+041 0+080 39 RCC Retaining Wall
3 7+850 7+960 0+080 0+177 97 RCC Retaining Wall
4 7+960 8+000 0+177 0+216 39 RCC Retaining Wall
5 8+000 8+140 0+216 0+359 143 RCC Retaining Wall
6 8+140 8+190 0+359 0+416 56 RCC Retaining Wall
7 8+190 8+230 0+416 0+464 49 RCC Retaining Wall
8 8+230 8+300 0+464 0+533 69 RCC Retaining Wall
9 8+300 8+400 0+533 0+620 86 RCC Retaining Wall
10 8+400 8+500 0+620 0+717 98 RCC Retaining Wall
11 8+500 8+570 0+717 0+793 76 RCC Retaining Wall
12 8+570 8+610 0+793 0+831 38 RCC Retaining Wall
13 8+610 8+690 0+831 0+962 131 RCC Retaining Wall
14 8+760 8+850 0+962 1+062 100 RCC Crib Wall
15 8+860 8+860 1+062 1+083 21 RCC Steps
16 8+860 8+900 1+083 1+114 31 RCC Retaining Wall
17 8+880 8+880 1+114 1+114 Bridge
18 8+900 8+990 1+114 1+201 87 RCC Retaining Wall
19 8+990 9+020 1+201 1+240 39 RCC Retaining Wall
20 9+020 9+090 1+240 1+300 60 RCC Retaining Wall
21 9+090 9+160 1+300 1+371 71 RCC Retaining Wall
22 9+160 9+260 1+371 1+469 98 RCC Retaining Wall
23 9+260 9+330 1+469 1+525 56 RCC Retaining Wall
24 9+330 9+390 1+525 1+589 64 RCC Retaining Wall
25 9+390 9+460 1+589 1+662 73 Existing Gabion
Wall
26 9+460 9+500 1+662 1+705 43 Existing Gabion
Wall
27 9+500 9+540 1+705 1+742 37 Existing Gabion
Wall
28 9+540 9+540 1+742 1+748 6 Gabion Wall
29 9+540 9+610 1+748 1+854 106 Existing Gabion
Wall
30 9+650 9+650 1+854 1+875 21 RCC Steps
31 9+650 9+670 1+875 1+892 16 Existing Gabion
Wall
32 9+680 9+710 1+892 1+931 39 Gabion Wall
33 9+710 9+750 1+931 1+988 58 Existing Gabion
Wall
34 9+750 9+840 1+988 2+126 138 Existing Gabion
Wall
35 9+840 9+940 2+126 2+229 103 RCC Retaining Wall
36 10+000 10+050 2+229 2+279 50 RCC Crib Wall
37 10+060 10+060 2+279 2+300 21 RCC Steps
38 10+070 10+130 2+300 2+350 50 RCC Crib Wall

20
SN Centre Chainage Bank Chainage Length Proposed River Remark
From To From To (m) Training Work
Structure
39 10+130 10+190 2+350 2+402 51 RCC Retaining Wall
40 10+190 10+230 2+402 2+439 38 RCC Retaining Wall
41 10+230 10+270 2+439 2+480 41 RCC Retaining Wall
42 10+270 10+340 2+480 2+556 76 RCC Retaining Wall
43 10+340 10+440 2+556 2+655 98 RCC Retaining Wall
44 10+440 10+470 2+655 2+684 29 RCC Retaining Wall
45 10+470 10+520 2+684 2+725 41 RCC Retaining Wall
46 10+520 10+600 2+725 2+848 123 RCC Retaining Wall
47 10+640 10+730 2+848 2+893 45 RCC Retaining Wall
48 10+740 10+740 2+893 2+914 21 RCC Steps
49 10+750 10+770 2+914 2+979 65 RCC Retaining Wall
50 10+770 10+790 2+979 2+979 Bridge
51 10+800 10+889 2+979 3+064 85 Existing Gabion
Wall
52 10+889 10+910 3+064 3+085 21 RCC Steps
53 10+910 11+130 3+085 3+308 223 Existing Gabion
Wall
54 11+130 11+151 3+308 3+329 21 RCC Steps
55 11+151 11+236 3+329 3+417 88 Existing Gabion
Wall
56 11+236 11+400 3+417 3+576 159 Existing Gabion
Wall
57 11+400 11+400 3+576 3+576 Bridge
58 11+400 11+521 3+576 3+691 115 Existing Gabion
Wall
59 11+529 11+609 3+691 3+774 83 Existing Gabion
Wall
60 11+609 11+640 3+774 3+806 32 Existing Stone
Masonry Wall
61 11+640 11+670 3+806 3+806 River Crossing
62 11+670 11+732 3+806 3+875 69 Existing Gabion
Wall
63 11+732 11+811 3+875 3+950 75 Gabion Wall
64 11+811 11+922 3+950 4+061 111 Existing Gabion
Wall
65 11+922 11+941 4+061 4+082 21 RCC Steps
66 11+941 12+033 4+082 4+177 95 Existing Gabion
Wall
67 12+033 12+157 4+177 4+303 126 RCC Retaining Wall
68 12+157 12+210 4+303 4+353 50 RCC Crib Wall
69 12+210 12+227 4+353 4+374 21 RCC Steps
70 12+227 12+275 4+374 4+424 50 RCC Crib Wall
71 12+275 12+389 4+424 4+537 113 RCC Retaining Wall
72 12+389 12+393 4+537 4+543 6 Gabion Wall
73 12+393 12+650 4+543 4+795 252 Existing Gabion
Wall
74 12+650 12+660 4+795 4+795 River Crossing
75 12+660 12+666 4+795 4+820 25 Gabion Wall

21
 SN Centre Chainage Bank Chainage Length Proposed River Remark
From To From To (m) Training Work
Structure
76 12+666 12+810 4+820 4+971 151 RCC Retaining Wall
77 12+810 12+830 4+971 4+992 21 RCC Steps
78 12+830 12+840 4+992 5+004 12 RCC Retaining Wall
79 12+840 12+890 5+004 5+004 Bridge
80 12+890 13+015 5+004 5+130 126 RCC Retaining Wall
81 13+015 13+119 5+130 5+230 100 RCC Crib Wall
82 13+119 13+140 5+230 5+251 21 RCC Steps
83 13+140 13+208 5+251 5+316 65 RCC Retaining Wall
84 13+208 13+229 5+316 5+337 21 RCC Steps
85 13+229 13+285 5+337 5+390 53 RCC Retaining Wall
Source: DPR, IS02

1. Surface Water
50. Nepal has many small to large size rivers, which flow from north to south. It has over
6,000 rivers with a combined length that exceeds 45,000 km. About 1,000 of these rivers are
more than 10 km long and 100 are more than 160 km long. The surface water available is
estimated to be around 224.7 billion cubic meters (m3) per annum. The flow rate is around
7,125 cusecs. Nepal receives a yearly average precipitation of more than 1,500 mm.

51. The major tributaries of the Bagmati River inside the Kathmandu Valley are
Bishnumati, Balkhu, Tukucha, Dhobi Khola, Manohara, Kodku, and Nakhu Khola. These
tributaries are highly polluted. The municipal wastes and industrial effluents are directly
discharged into these rivers and have made the water unusable for human and ecological
needs along most of the course. In addition, Kathmandu Valley is facing a severe shortage
of water due to rapid urbanization. The annual groundwater use for domestic and industrial
purposes in the valley is almost two times the annual rechargeable groundwater available.
The Bagmati River has a high religious value. It also adds to the aesthetics of the valley as it
passes through, along with its tributaries, the major three cities of the valley.

52. Kathmandu Valley (As the project area passes through Kathamndu, Lalitpur and
Bhaktapur districts) has a chronic water shortage. The sole water utility operator, Kathmandu
Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) has not been able to meet water demand of rapidly
growing population of urban and semi urban areas of KV within its service area. There is
thus a large disparity between demand and the supply. KUKL is adapting intermittent supply
to cope with this shortage and customers are sometimes supplied with drinking water for
only about an hour once every six days during wet season, and as little as 1-2 hours once
every eight days during dry season in some locations. The demand for drinking water is
increasing annually.

53. Tanker water supply is a flourishing business in Kathmandu Valley and is

complementing the meagre supply of water by the utility. Their supply areas are mainly
urban core and newly developed semi-urban areas where there is high density of hotels,
hospitals and other institutions. There are 700-800 water tankers in operation being operated
by about 216 water tanker entrepreneurs. Most tanker companies have their own water
sources and use both surface as well as groundwater source, but predominantly
groundwater source.

54. The shallow wells are a common source of water used to supplement inadequate
public supply for domestic use. Most houses in Kathmandu Metropolitan City have either dug

22
well or shallow tube-well (Rower pump). In 2009, the number of houses possessing a private
well was about 74.3 % in Kathmandu Metropolitan City and 20.2% in Bhaktapur Municipality.

55. The other sources commonly used are bottled water, stone spouts, rainwater
harvesting arrangement and other springs and rivers.

56. The present consumption of water in Kathmandu Valley varies between

municipalities and the availability of water. The population of KMC and LMC has higher
water demand than other smaller municipalities. The population with private tube-wells has
significantly higher consumption than people without them. The consumer survey carried out
in 2009 showed that every house in Kathmandu with a private tube-well consumed 98 lpcd in
average whereas a house without private well consumed only 47 lpcd. The analysis of data
from the baseline survey showed that the total water consumed for domestic purposes (from
all sources) in Kathmandu valley is about 107.43 MLD. Table 4-2 presents the breakdown of
water consumption in five municipalities and the VDCs (Consumer Survey, 2009).

57. The unconstrained water demand in the five municipalities and the VDCs is
estimated by the baseline survey study to be in the range of 100-120 lpcd for fully plumbed
connections, 50 lpcd for yard taps and 25 lpcd for public stand post. These demand values
have been used for forecasting post-Melamchi water demand (year 2020 water demand)
while preparing the Capital Investment and Asset Management Program for Kathmandu
Valley. The CIAMP has assumed the water demand to grow with economic growth and
availability of water. The water consumption in the year 2025 in Metropolitan Kathmandu is
expected to be 135 lpcd for fully plumbed, 70 lpcd for yard tap and 45 lpcd for public stand
post. The total water demand within the service area in Kathmandu Valley is estimated in
CIAMP to be 445 MLD and 685 MLD in the year 2020 and 2025 respectively.

Table IV-3: Water Consumption by consumers in Kathmandu Valley from all sources
Municip Popn Popn Popn Popn with private well in Popn with private tube well in the Total
ality (2011) serve Served compound compound water
name d by consump
KUKL tion
Perce Numbe Percent Per Total Percent Per Total (MLD)
nt r age capita consump age capita consump
consump tion consump tion
tion (MLD) tion (MLD)
(lpcd) (lpcd)
Kathma 1,006,6 84.9 854,65 74.3 97.7 62.04 25.7 46.9 10.30 72.34
ndu 56 1
Lalitpur 223,28 87..9 196,26 59.4 86.2 10.05 40.6 49.6 3.95 14.00
5 8
Bhaktap 83,893 63.0 52,853 20.2 67.4 0.72 79.8 29.1 1.23 1.95
ur
Total 1,313,8 1,103,7 72.81 15.48 88.29
34 72
Source: Consumer survey, 2009

2. Groundwater

58. The groundwater aquifers of Kathmandu Valley are divided into three districts:
Northern (157 km2 with 59 km2 recharge area), Central (114 km2 with about 6 km2
recharge area), and Southern (55 km2 with about 21 km2 recharge area) (Dixit and Upadhya
2005). The heavy extraction of groundwater to meet the domestic as well as commercial
demands is alarming because it depletes the groundwater level. There is haphazard
extraction of water from both shallow and deep aquifers in Kathmandu Valley at present.
According to the hydro-geological conditions of Kathmandu Valley and the recharge rate of
the basin, only 15 MLD of groundwater can be safely extracted in a day (JICA 1990). This

23
rate is being exceeded by more than 70% by the Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC)
tube wells alone. Due to the increase of built-up areas, groundwater recharge is reduced
with the rerouting of the natural drainage. The unsustainable extraction of groundwater
causes land subsidence, which is already evident in many cities in Asia (e.g., Bangkok).

59. It is estimated that the groundwater of Kathmandu Valley is decreasing at an average

rate of 2.5 meters per year. The depletion varies by location as the geological structure
within the Kathmandu Valley is diverse. If the current rate of groundwater extraction
continues, water will be sufficient for the next 90 years only (http://guthi.net).

60. Many households have installed rower pumps to extract groundwater from the
shallow aquifer when NWSC could not meet their demand, but the bacteriological quality of
the water poses some concern and has to be looked into. Due to the necessity of stopping
groundwater mining, it is urgent to enact a law and formulate rules and regulations on the
extraction of groundwater in Kathmandu Valley.

61. The chemical quality of most of the water is within the World Health Organization
(WHO) guidelines.
Table IV-4: Water Quality of Different Water Sources in Kathmandu Valley

Parameters Water Sources WHO GV

PTW PUTW Well SS
pH 6.5-8.2 6.5-7.5 7.5 7.5 6.5-8.5
o
Temp ( C) 13-18 12-15 15-18 15-18 25
Iron (mg/l) ND-0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3=3.0

Chlorine (mg/l) ND ND ND ND 0.2

Chloride (mg/l) 10-30 22-45 22-45 23-45 250
N-NH4 (mg/l) ND-0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.04-0.4
PO4–P (mg/l) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4-5.0
Coliform bacteria (source) +/- + + + -
Coliform bacteria (consumption) + -
E.colicfu/100 ml 10-131 3-20 48-200 58 0
Note: PTW = private tap water, PUTW = public tap water, SS = stone spout, WHO GV = World Health
Organization guideline value. Source: Pradhan et al. 2005.
3. Melamchi and Other Water Supply Projects

62. Major infrastructural development works are on-going in Kathmandu Valley for
augmentation of water supply, and expansion and rehabilitation of distribution network.
Melamchi Water Supply Project (Melamchi Water Diversion Subproject 1), which will bring
in170 MLD water from Melamchi River to Kathmandu Valley in the first phase, is under
implementation. The subsequent phases of Melamchi project would bring in 170 MLD water
from Yangri Khola in the second phase and 170 MLD water from Larke Khola in the third
phase. The Melamchi water diversion project involves construction of about 27.5 km tunnel,
river intake and a de-silting basin. The water treatment plant proposed at Sundarijal is under
construction. The construction work of the project has been on-going since April 2009.
Although the originally scheduled completion date of tunnel construction is September2013,
it is now expected that the project will be completed by April 2016.

24
63. KUKL is currently implementing Kathmandu Valley Subproject 2 of Melamchi Project
(Loan 1820). It has completed some works for immediate improvement of water supply
service in Kathmandu Valley. KUKL PID is now implementing distribution network
improvement works and other related activities.

D. Existing Wastewater System

1. Introduction
64. This section provides an overview of the wastewater services. It covers issues
relating to the wastewater collection network and conveyance system. It includes the
neighborhood system, main collectors and interceptors which ultimately convey wastewater
to the treatment plants. The issues concerning the wastewater treatment systems have been
dealt in the separate reports under different packages.

2. Development of Sewer System in Kathmandu Valley

65. The first sewers in the Kathmandu valley were constructed around 1800 AD during
Malla period for surface drainage and kitchen sullage and the sewerage system of the core
areas of the valley between 1898 and 1950 during Rana regime. These were combined
sewers. These Rana sewers were brick sewers typically 600 m circular sections or 1050 x
1050 mm ovoid sections. These were constructed with a flushing system using gates to
allow sudden release of flows.

66. After the widespread introduction of the water flush household toilets in the beginning
of 1950, the houses of adjoining sewers started discharging domestic sewage into these
sewers. Under the three IDA projects, the first project undertaken during (1976 - 1983) and
second (1980 – 1985) were constructed as separate sanitary and storm water systems. The
first IDA project during 1976-83 laid down approximately 26 km of sanitary sewers including
cleaning of some Rana sewers. Also, in the IDA projects two wastewater treatment plants
(WWTPs) were constructed at Balkumari (now known as Kodku) and Sundarighat (now
known as Dhobighat). The most recent WWTP constructed is the Guheshwori WWTP under
Bagmati Area Sewerage Project (BASP). Since then, many agencies have constructed
sanitary sewers and storm water conduits in the valley. During the course of time majority of
households were connected indiscriminately to both storm water conduits and sanitary
sewer pipes.

67. The Nepal Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) also constructed about
35km of trunk sewer from 1983 to 1990. Municipalities also initiated a Public Private
Partnership (PPP) model to accelerate the construction of sewers. Under the PPP model a
large quantity of sewer pipelines was constructed during the recent time in the city core
areas and surrounding urban clusters of Kathmandu valley. Such sewers under PPP model
were laid haphazardly without any proper planning and design.

68. Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL), a public company, established in

February 2008, estimated that by February 2014 all existing wastewater treatment plants are
to be functional and run each plant to at least 90% of its hydraulic capacity. Also, KUKL
stated that by the beginning of the fifth year after the commissioning of Melamchi Project,
wastewater services in the form of sewer or on-site sanitation should be made accessible to
90% of the population in the service area. KUKL is not currently responsible for the operation
and maintenance of Guheshwori WWTP (commissioned in November 2006). This is under
the control of the High-Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati
Civilization (HPCIDBC).

25
Wastewater Quantity generation
Kathmandu valley wastewater management Project – DSC 04

26
27
Table IV-5: Existing Outfalls Details, Manohara River Right Bank

SN Manhole Pipe Diameter Invert RL Remark

(mm) (m)
1 MH-MR-77 600 1310.957 Phase II
2 MH-MR-83 300 1308.511 Phase II
3 MH-MR-180 1000 1297.429 Phase II
4 MH-MR-183 450 1297.510 Phase I
5 MH-MR-188 600 1296.488 Phase I
6 MH-MR-190 300 1297.624 Phase I
7 MH-MR-192 900 1295.197 Phase I
8 MH-MR-201 600 1296.940 Phase I
9 MH-MR-204 600 1297.065 Phase I
10 MH-MR-209 5.0 m x 2.5 m 1296.002 Phase I
11 MH-MR-211 900 1296.671 Phase I
12 MH-MR-237 2.0 m x 1.3 m 1293.603 Phase I
13 MH-MR-239 1293.011 Phase I
14 MH-MR-242 1293.036 Phase I
15 MH-MR-256 600 1291.437 Phase I
16 MH-MR-257 600 1290.847 Phase I
17 MH-MR-262 450 1289.070 Phase I
18 MH-MR-263 450 1289.601 Phase I
19 MH-MR-280 600 1287.092 Phase I
20 MH-MR-283 300 1286.636 Phase I
21 MH-MR-285 300 1289.449 Phase I
22 MH-MR-287 450 1287.793 Phase I
23 MH-MR-292 450 1286.768 Phase I
24 MH-MR-298 600 1285.593 Phase I
25 MH-MR-304 900 1286.389 Phase I
26 MH-MR-305 900 1283.687 Phase I

Table IV-6: Manohara River Left Bank Upstream

SN Manhole Pipe Diameter Invert RL Remark

(mm) (m)
1 MH-ML-194 1000 1290.708 Phase I
2 MH-ML-195 600 1291.729 Phase I
3 MH-ML-206 900 1289.016 Phase I

Table IV-7: Manohara River Left Bank Downstream

SN Manhole Pipe Diameter Invert RL Remark

(mm) (m)
1 MH-MLD-01 1288.069 Phase I
2 MH-MLD-06 1289.681 Phase I
3 MH-MLD-09 1000 1286.829 Phase I
4 MH-MLD-12 900 1287.764 Phase I
5 MH-MLD-31 1200 1285.458 Phase I
6 MH-MLD-33 1285.018 Phase I
7 MH-MLD-036 1500 1283.947 Phase I

28
3. Collection System
69. Sewage collection networks have been developed in the core of metropolitan and
municipality areas. Most previous planning reports recommended adopting separate
systems. However, the emphasis has been, and continues to be, using combined sanitary
and storm water drains. In areas where storm water drains were constructed, it is very
common to connect sanitary drainage into these drains. It is common to use pipes
constructed to convey sanitary sewage for storm water – either direct from roofs or from
lanes and roads. The system is very entrenched and thus nearly all drains are considered as
combined sewers.

70. The sewer lines, especially the tertiary networks, have generally not been laid with
proper gradient and sizes. Asset records (either plans or asset condition) are for all practical
purposes, non-existent. The actual condition of existing sewers is not known as even
manhole covers are hard to locate in many locations.

71. In absence of good operational data, complaint and maintenance logs, good and
widespread asset condition survey, it is difficult if not impossible to determine the real
operational status of the existing collection system. The sewers are often clogged with solid
waste and street dusts and silts and plastics. KUKL’s experience is that silt from road
cleaning is regularly placed in sewers and is a major cause of such blockages. As these
clogged sewers have not been cleaned routinely, they tend to overflow in rainy season. This
is aggravated by the poor construction quality control of new sewers. Since many sewers
have been designed as water drains with larger diameter and low gradient, they are often
unsuitable as sewers in dry season, as there is insufficient self-cleaning flow. The asset
condition survey of the existing sewer network in the service areas of KUKL has been
carried out by Lama – Aviyan – Soiltest – Genesis – DAN - NESS under contract no
KUKL/WSI/01/04.

4. Sewer Materials
72. Existing sewer materials are mostly concrete pipes, with collar jointed pipes and brick
manholes. In a recent project at Buddhanagar, concrete rubber ring jointed pipes have been
used. This is in line with the recommendations of the CWWMP.

5. Construction Standards
73. The PPTA (2012) has raised serious concerns about the current construction
standards of the sewerage network, especially based on inspections in Buddhanagar and
Minbhawan areas. From other observations, the poor standard of work is found widespread.
Pipes are laid with little attention to gradient, and bedding joints are not water-proof. The
implications of the poor construction practices include:

• high infiltration and inflow of storm water and groundwater into sewerage network
• potential contamination of adjacent water pipes (especially as the water network is
intermittent in operation)
• hydraulic capacity is impossible to determine due to the uneven grades between
manholes
• blockages are likely to be more common
• poor covering leads to broken pipes
• poor bedding leads to settlement which leads to infiltration/leakage of
• sewage from the pipe or excessive inflow/infiltration into the sewers
• poor quality of construction including that of manholes leads to depression in road
surfaces
• little attention is paid on the impact of construction to local residents and customers,
and to workers’ health and safety.

29
6. House Connections
74. KUKL is the only authority responsible for house connections in the valley. However,
many private land developers and house owners have been connecting to the city sewer
network illegally without due procedure. As per PPTA report, this practice is widespread –
e.g. the house owner approaches to the KUKL for legal permission only if there is a
necessity of black-topped road cutting for connection to nearby manhole. KUKL has not
been updating the house connection figures and the official figure of 93,000 is considered to
be outdated.

7. Sewer Network Systems

75. In the past the Kathmandu valley used to have two different sanitary systems: the
conservation system where wastes are collected, conveyed and disposed of without water
and water carriage system where collection, conveyance and disposal using water borne
system. The conservation system is no more in use.

76. The Kathmandu Valley has three separate systems to collect domestic sewage. They
are separate, combined and partially combined/separate system. The combined system is
designed to collect and convey both sanitary and storm water with storm relief (overflow)
structures so that treatment plant is not overloaded during rainy season.

77. The first sewers in the Kathmandu Valley were constructed around 1800 AD (Malla
period) for surface drainage and kitchen sullage. In the Rana period (about 100 years ago)
combined sewers were built. Such sewers were typical brick sewers and were constructed
with a flushing system using gates to allow sudden release of flows (SMEC, 1990).

78. After the widespread introduction of the water flush toilets in 1950, the houses of
adjoining sewers started discharging domestic sewage into these sewers converting them
into combined sewers. Under the IDA Project, approximately 26 km of sanitary sewer
network were laid to collect and convey domestic sewage during 1976-83. In this period
also, some of the old sewers of Rana period were thoroughly cleaned (SMEC, 1990). Since
then, many agencies have constructed sanitary sewers and storm water conduits in different
locations of the Kathmandu valley. During the course of time both sanitary sewers and storm
water conduits are being used as combined sewers. The IDA projects I and II have
constructed both separate sanitary and storm water systems. Since then, many agencies
have constructed sanitary sewers and storm water conduits in the valley. However, over the
time, many household sanitary wastes have been connected indiscriminately to both storm
water drainage and sewer pipelines.

79. There are no reliable records of existing sewers of all five municipalities and their
adjoining surrounding semi urban areas. According to the Conceptual Wastewater Master
Plan 2010, the expected total length of sewers is of the order of 700 to 800 km, but this
figure is not based on any measurement from the field or maps. The master plan has only
presented a wastewater service area with existing sewer pipe network of Kathmandu valley.
But no field verification of existing sewer network with details such as their sizes, grades and
condition were carried out during preparation of conceptual master plan. The service areas
adopted for master plan include all 5 municipalities and 17 surrounding VDCs (Tinthana,
Sitapaila, Syuchatar, Gongbu, Manamaiju, Dhapasi, Mahankal, Gothatar, Mulpani, Jorpati,
Gorkana, Kapan, Budhanilkantha, Khadka Bhadrakali, Imadol, Dhapakhel and Saibu).

8. Branch and Tertiary Systems

80. Branch and Tertiary Systems collect sewage directly from households and transfer to
the larger main collector system. The total length of branch and tertiary sewer network is
reported as 192 km (KVEO, 2007). The sewers usually used are 150 mm diameter
reinforced concrete pipes with collar joints. The laying of sewer pipes as branch and tertiary
network is rapidly expanding in newly developed urban areas. Municipalities have also

30
initiated a Public Private Partnership (PPP) model to accelerate the construction of branch
and tertiary sewer networks in the municipality’s core urban areas. Municipalities and local
communities have jointly connected a large number of households involving reinforced
concrete sewer pipes under a public private participation (PPP) model in mostly core urban
areas. The emphasis of these schemes is on solving local drainage problems. According to
KUKL, the sizing of sewers appears to be haphazard and grading of sewer pipes is poorly
controlled and quality of construction is found poor due to less supervision and monitoring by
the technical teams.

81. The IDA implemented Phase I and II sewers are the most heavily blocked sewers as
considered by the KUKL’s sewerage operation and maintenance staff. Regarding the jointing
of pipes in branch and tertiary networks, KUKL had carried out investigations on adopting
spigot and socket joint types (with rubber ring). At that time, such types of joint were not
available in the market place.

9. Main Collector Sewers

82. The records on main collector sewers, which combine flows from upstream system
and discharge it to the trunk or interceptor sewer, are not available as many agencies
especially municipalities are also involved in their design and construction. The main
collector sewers are also constructed from reinforced concrete pipe with collar joints.

10. Interceptors
83. Interceptor sewers are the main trunk sewers which collect sewer from collector
systems and they are usually laid along the river banks leading to the treatment plants or
sites. If the sewer network connecting to the interceptor is a combined sewer, a
predetermined flow only will be conveyed to the interceptor or trunk sewer during high flows.
There is about 40 km of interceptors as per ICIMOD (2007) reports. The Nepal Water Supply
and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) also constructed about 35km of trunk sewer from 1983
to 1990.

84. As reported in the conceptual wastewater master plan and additional information
received from the agencies involved in wastewater sector, the existing interceptors along the
major rivers are shown in Figure IV-6.

Figure IV-6: Existing Interceptors

31
85. The details of exiting interceptors along the major rivers are as follows:

A) IDA Interceptors
86. In the IDA first phase project (c1980), the following interceptors were constructed.

• Right bank of Bagmati River (from Tukucha Khola confluence to Sundarighat

pumping station)
• Left bank of Bishnumati from Dhalko to Teku.
87. Meanwhile, the interceptor from Teku to Dhobighat has not been functioning for
several years. In addition, a pressure main with 800 mm. dia. DI pipe from Sundarighat
pumping station to Dhobighat WWTP (1.76 km.) was constructed but breached many years
ago (early 1980s) and is not functioning.

B) HPCIDBC Interceptors
88. HPCIDBC has constructed around 22 km sewer network in the upstream catchment
area of Guheshwori WWTP in recent years. HPCIDBC has been continuing the construction
of interceptors from upstream of Bagmati River and planning laying down to Sundarighat
pumping station. Although the construction of interceptors along Bishnumarti and Dhobi
Khola are included in this package originally, HPCIDBC has intended to construct these
interceptors. Hence, these interceptors have not been included in this package.

89. At present, HPCIDBC is also engaged with river improvement work of Bagmati River.
Its works include laying of interceptors and construction of 8m wide roads and 15 m green
belts on both sides of Bagmati Rver from Jorpati to Dhobighat. Table IV-8provides summary
of interceptors under HPCIDBC program.

Table IV-8: Summary of Interceptors under HPCIDBC Program

Location Length (m) Status
Gokarna – Guheshwori 6,000 × 2 Under operation
Tilganga – Minbhawan 4,000 × 2 Construction completed
Minbhawan - Shankhamul Bridge on both sides Under construction
Shankhamul Bridge - Sundarighat on both sides Under construction

C) GTZ Interceptors
90. GIZ (previously GTZ) designed and constructed combined sewer and two WWTPs in
Bhaktapur Municipality. With some minor deficiencies, the sewer network is still functioning.
The south collector which used to feed wastewater to Sallaghari WWTP was out of operation
for many years due to pumping breakdown. As an alternate to that collector, GIZ designed a
new collector with gravity system in 2002 but this has not materialized to date. The PPTA
proposed two Interceptors along both banks of Hanumante River. The GIZ designed
collector cannot be used as right bank interceptor as new settlements have been developed
along the proposed route. Besides, this interceptor cannot collect sewage from the whole
catchment.

11. Existing Storm Water Disposal System

91. The storm water in Kathmandu Valley is drained to rivers through road side drains,
storm sewers and combined sewers. The old sewers in Kathmandu Valley were constructed
mainly for surface drainage and kitchen sullage. These brick sewers of 1050 x 1050
mmovoid sections or 600 mm circular sections were constructed with a flushing system
using gates to allow sudden release of flows to clean the system. These storm water sewers
wereconverted to combined sewer after water flushed toilet system was introduced, and
domestic sewage discharged into these sewers.

32
92. There has been large number of storm water drains and combined sewers
constructed in urban areas of Kathmandu Valley by NWSC/KUKL and the municipalities.
Many sewers have also been constructed under the community participation program where
the beneficiaries contribute as much as 20 to 65% of the development cost and the rest is
borne by either the municipalities or NWSC/KUKL. The ownership of these sewers is not
fully identifiable and the maintenance of such sewers is either done by KUKL, the
municipalities or by the community itself. In case of sewers where the maintenance is done
by the community themselves, they have refrained from paying sewerage charges to KUKL.

93. In most parts of urban areas of the valley, there is no separation of sanitary sewers
and storm water drains. Most households are connected to either one or both forms of
drainage depending on what type of sewer is closer or most convenient, which means that
almost all sewers in Kathmandu Valley are presently operating as combined sewers. They
have adopted this since the early stage of development. The sewerage system constructed
later has been used mainly as a sanitary sewer.

94. There is no clear demarcation about which agency is responsible for development
and maintenance of the storm water system. Although the Department of Roads is primarily
responsible for development and management of storm water drains, a lot of the
responsibility also rests with KUKL as it is operating and maintaining many combined
sewers. The management of combined sewers therefore by default also includes
management of some storm water. As the local roads inside the municipality come under the
jurisdiction of municipalities, the municipal authorities are also responsible. The
municipalities complain that this additional responsibility has been given to them without
allocating additional financial resources to manage it.

95. The responsibility for development and maintenance of the storm water drainage
system will become more important when a policy of separation of sanitary sewer and storm
sewer is implemented. KVWSMB and KUKL will be responsible for development and
operation of sanitary sewers while new arrangements will be required to be put in place for
development, operation and maintenance of storm water system.

12. Existing Solid Waste Disposal System

96. The PPTA (2012) has roughly estimated that about 20% of solid waste generation is
spread to open water ways. The five municipalities in the valley generate approximately
650tonnes of solid waste daily of which more than 70% comes from the Kathmandu
Metropolitan City. The final disposal sites are always controversial and opposed by the local
people and much of the solid waste is disposed at the river banks and in open areas. The
current location of disposal is located at Sisdol - 25 km west from Kathmandu. However, this
landfill site was designated for three years that have already passed. A new municipal waste
disposal site has been identified and is in the process of being developed.

97. The daily solid waste generation is assumed to be 0.25 kg/p/d. Studies have
revealed that the composition of solid waste in Kathmandu is mainly organic (58 to 66%)with
5% plastics. The use of plastic bags has increased over the years. Since plastic bags are
not-bio-degradable their use should be discouraged or even banned.

98. Sewers collect considerable solid wastes which contribute to blockages. Dumping
ofsolid waste along river banks also affects the quality of river water.

13. Air quality, traffic management, and noise pollution

99. The emissions of the increasing number of vehicles (274,000 as of 2004−2005)

account for about 38% of the air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Industrial emissions also

33
contribute substantially to air pollution (KVEO 2007).

100. Kathmandu Valley is particularly vulnerable to air pollution because of its bowl-
shaped topography that restricts air movement. The situation is worse during the winter
when temperature inversion during the night and early morning traps a layer of cool air under
a layer of warmer air, trapping pollutants close to ground level for extended periods. Besides
the topography, the relatively high elevation of the Valley also results in increased vehicular
emissions.

101. Vehicular emissions have become the main source of air pollution in Kathmandu
Valley. An inventory of emission sources by the then Ministry of Population and Environment
(MoPE) indicated that exhaust fumes had increased more than four times in the 8 years
between 1993 and 2001. According to a more recent inventory, vehicular emissions are
responsible for 38% of the total particulate matter < 10µm (PM10) emitted in Kathmandu
Valley, compared to 18% from the agricultural sector and 11% from brick kilns (Gautam
2006; Table 1). Increase in emissions is mainly due to the increase in the number of
automobiles, as well as poor transport management and poor vehicle maintenance.

102. Recently, a study on traffic noise in Kathmandu Valley was carried out. The noise
levels in Kathmandu City range from 79 decibels (dB) to 112 dB, higher than those of the
major cities in India. The rate of increase of noise level in Kathmandu City was found to be 1
dB per year.

103. Three different types of noise areas were identified for Kathmandu Valley, although
there is no data available on the noise levels produced from the existing WWTPs:

(i) Low noisy areas: Noise levels below 70 dB.

(ii) Moderate noisy areas: Noise levels between 70 dB and 80 dB; include Hotel Shangrila,
Gairidhara, Galkhupakha, Gausala, Satdobato, Balkhu, Swoyambhu, Pulchwok, and
Maitidevi.
(iii) Hazardous areas: Noise levels were beyond 80 dB; include Putalisadak, New
Baneshwore, Kalanki, Narayan Gopal Chowk, Tripureshwor, Kalimati, and
Koteshwore.
104. A survey showed that the frequency of health problems arising from noise pollution
increases with the degree of noise levels. About 95% of tested affected people come from
hazardous areas, 88% from moderate noisy areas, and 62% from low noisy areas.

E. Ecological Resources

1. National Parks
105. The ShivapuriNagarjun National Park is the only national park near Kathmandu
Valley. Shivapuri is the second highest peak among the hills surrounding the valley. It is
2,732 m high with numerous sharp ridges radiating to all sides. Due to its strategic location
and convenience, being situated toward the north of Kathmandu Valley, Shivapuri was
proclaimed as a watershed area supplying natural spring water to the city. After Shivapuri
had experienced several problems concerning soil erosion as a result of deforestation, over-
grazing, cultivation on steep slopes, etc., which reduces the quality and quantity of the water,
the Government initiated a program to protect Shivapuri and its adjoining areas as a
watershed and wildlife reserve in 1975. In 2002 Shivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve
was officially given the national park status. In 2009, Nagarjun was annexed to the Shivapuri
National Park and renamed the ShivapuriNagarjun National Park. The proposed sewer
network is situated within the core city area of LMC and hence no any National Park is
existed.

34
2. Forests
106. The valley has 20,945 ha of forests, which constitutes 32.7% of its total area. The
natural vegetation, except in a few conservation areas, has been under intense pressure.
The area under natural forest cover, excluding shrubs, is 9,580 ha (45.7% of the total forest
land), of which only about 22% has good forest cover with more than 50% of crown
coverage. Mature hardwood forests are now confined to parks and sacred areas such as
Nagarjun (Raniban), Gokarna, Shivapuri National Park, and Bajrabarahi forest. Shrubland
occupies nearly 34% of the total forest area. The forests in the Valley are not in good
condition; most are in the regenerating stage. The crown coverage of Rhododendron and
Quercus is more than 70%, while those of PINUS ROXBURGHII and SCHIMA-CASTONOPSIS are
less than 40%. About 1,312 plant species belonging to 162 vascular families are found in the
Valley, representing 26% of the total number of plants recorded in Nepal. About 7 species of
gymnosperms, 170 species of ferns, and 97 species of orchids are found in the Valley.
About 250 species of birds have been reported in the Phulchowki area and many birds are
found in Nagarjun, Shivapuri, Tuadaha, Tokha, and Bajrabarahi. Many migratory birds are
sighted at Taudaha pond. About 33 bird species have disappeared from the Valley due to
habitat destruction. Some patches of forest exist in Bajrabarahi, Hattiban, Balkumari, Karya
Binayak, Mhaipi, Pashupatinath, Raniban, and Bansbari. These are mostly of eucalyptus,
PROTEA SP, JACARANDA SP, and camphor. Green belts are found in some cities. POPULUSSP
and Eucalyptus sp are mostly found along the Ring Road.

107. The Nagarjun National Park (area: 15 km2) was annexed in 2009 to the Shivapuri
National Park (area: 144 km2) and called the ShivapriNagarjun National Park. The intension
was "to provide extended habitat for the wildlife population and as a representation of intact
midhill forest ecosystems whose representation is comparatively low in the protected area
system. The ShivapuriNagajun National Park is one of the primary sources of freshwater for
Kathmandu Valley, providing about 40% of the drinking water to the Valley” (Department of
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation 2009).

108. However, no any forests, national parks and protected area is existed within the
proposed project locations.

3. Flora
109. Since Shivapuri lies in the transition zone between a subtropical and a temperate
climate, the vegetation consists of a variety of natural forest types, depending on altitude and
aspects. Most of the areas below 1,800 m are covered with Schima castanopsis forest in
which pines (Pinus roxburghii) appear on the southern dry ridges, with utis (Alnus
nepalensis) along the streams. A forest of oak species such as Quercus semicarpifolia and
Quercus lamelosa mixed with rhododendron and a variety of orchids flourish in the northern
slopes. There are more than 2,122 species of flora; 16 of them are endemic flowering plants
found in the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. A variety of medicinal herbs are found at
higher altitudes. About 130 species of mushrooms have been so far identified and
catalogued from the Shivapuri National Park.

4. Fauna
110. The Shivapuri National Park is home to 311 species of birds, 21 species of
mammals, and more than 102 species of butterflies, some of which are endemic and rare.
This is out of the 800 species of birds, 130 species of mammals (of which 11 are threatened
species), and 600 species of butterflies found in Nepal, thus making the National Park a
paradise for flora and fauna. The threatened wildlife found are wild boar (Sus scrofa),
barking deer (Muntiacusmuntijak), rhesus monkey (Macacamulata), porcupine
(Hystrixindica), goral (Naemorhedus goral), Himalayan black bear (Ursusthibetanus),

35
leopard (Panthera pardus), pangolin (Manis spp.), cloded leopard (Pardofelisnebulosa),
leopard cat (Primailurusbengalensis), and jungle cat (Felis chaus).

F. Socio-economic Profile
1. Social and Household Profile
111. Social classification. The majority of the people living in the valley are Hindus
followed by Buddhist. The number of people with other religions is minimal. Households are
divided into different ethnic groups such as Newars, Brahmins, Chettris, Tamangs, and
Magars. Newars are the prominent inhabitants followed by Brahmins, Chettris, Tamangs,
and Magars. These ethnic groups are not of the same level of socio-economic development.
In Kathmandu Valley, Newars are considered as advanced indigenous people’s group.
Besides Newars, Brahmins and Chhetris are the major ethnic groups. Similarly, Tamangs
and Magars comprise a small percentage of the total population of the Valley.

112. The Kathmandu Valley is bowl cup shaped which is surrounded by the mountains. Its
administrative boundary has not been defined. The boundary of the Kathmandu Valley
developed from the map study along with the municipalities within the Kathmandu Valley are
shown in Figure IV-7.

Figure IV-7: Kathmandu Valley Boundary

113. A detail Socio-economic survey was conducted to investigate affected households

income, crop loss, livelihood options, structures and other assets. Total 6 affected
households, socio-economic survey was carried out with consistence of 27 populations. The
Table 1 provides summary of the affected households. Socio economic survey of affected
households was carried out in January 2018.

36
Table IV-9: Summary of Affected Households by the Subproject

SN Details Affected HHs

1 Interviewed Household 6
2 Affected Population 27
a Male 9(33.33%)
b Female 18(66.67%)
3 Household By Ethnicity
3a Janajati Household 5(83.33%)
3b Brahmin/Chhetri Household 1 (16.67%)
4 Female Headed Household 1
5 Average HHs Size 4.5
Source: Household Survey: January 2018

Demographic Composition

114. The construction of sewer line affects six households. Details are included in
Appendix 2. Altogether, 27 family members will be affected in which the number of female is
higher than male. The average family household size is 4.5.

Table IV-10: Population of affected Households

Affected HHs Male Female Total HHs Size

6 9 18 27 4.5
Source: Household Survey: January 2018

115. The project construction site is located in mainly Bhaktapur and some parts in
Kathmandu and Lalitpur District of Nepal. Among the affected families the Janajati (83.33%)
are high in number in compare to Brahmin/Chhetri. The table below shows the ethnic
composition.

Table IV-11: Ethnic Composition

Caste/Ethnicity HHs/No Percentage

Brahmin/Chhetri 1 16.67
Janajati 5 83.33
Source: Household Survey: January 2018

Age Distribution

116. Among the project affected population, majority (77.78%) are economically active
and about 22.22% populations are dependent which indicates that these age group
populations are economically inactive and dependent for their livelihood.

Table IV-12: Age Group

Age Group Male Percentage Female Percentage Total Percentage

Below 5
6-15yrs 1 11.11 3 16.67 4 14.81
16-60yrs 7 77.78 14 77.78 21 77.78
Above 60 1 11.11 1 5.56 2 7.41
9 100.00 18 100.00 27 100.00
Source: Household Survey: January 2018

37
Education and Literacy Status

117. Regarding the educational status of population aged 5 years and above, the socio-
economic survey data reveals that about 77.78 percent are literate except infant. By level of
education, 14.81 percent of total household population is literate without formal school
education. Almost 14.81 percent of population has attained primary level education, 18.52
percent population with lower secondary level, 25.93 percent with secondary level and 3.70
percent of population is found with Intermediate. The distribution of household population by
educational status for each ward is outlined in table below.

Table IV-13: Literacy Status

Education Number Percentage

Illiterate 6 22.22
Literate 4 14.81
Primary 4 14.81
Lower Secondary 5 18.52
Secondary 7 25.93
Intermediate 1 3.70
Bachelor degree 0 0
Master degree 0 0
27 100
Source: Household Survey: January 2018

Occupation of Affected Household

118. The households were asked the major sources of income of the affected households.
They depend in multiple source of income. Among them, business and pension is the main
source of income.

Table IV-14: Occupation of Affected Household

Occupation No of population Percentage

Services 0
Business 12 52.17
Labor 0
Agriculture Labor 0
Pension 1 4.35
Student 9 39.13
Agriculture 0
Household work 1 4.35
23
Source: Household Survey: January 2018

Level of Income

119. Business is the major sources of income among the affected HHs. The range of
income shows that they have sufficient income level. 50% affected households earn in
between 200000-300,000 per year. No households fall below district poverty level. The
poverty line for Nepal, in average 2010-11 prices, has been estimated at Rs.19261.00 and
for Kathmandu it has been estimated at Rs 40933.00. An individual in Nepal is considered
poor if his /her per capita total annual consumption is below Rs. 19261.The table below
shows the income level of affected households.

38
Table IV-15: Level of Income

Income Range Households Percentage

Below 50000
50000-100000
100000-150000
150000-200000 1 16.67
200000-300000 3 50.00
Above 300000 2 33.33

Source: Household Survey: January 2018

Source of Water

120. The major source of water is pump water in project area. 4 HHs have access to
pump water. 2HHs consume Jar water for drinking purpose. The table below shows the
source of water.

Table IV-16: Source of Water

SN Type No of HHs Percentage

1 Boring/pump 4 66.67
2 Tap water
3 Private Tanker
4 Govt. Tanker
5 Jar water 2 33.33
6 Open Well
7 Close Well
6
Source: Household Survey: January 2018

Toilet Facility

121. Open defecation can pollute the environment and cause health problems. All affected
HHs have toilet Facility in their houses. The table below shows the toilet facility.

Table IV-17: Toilet Facility

Toilet No of HHs Percentage

Yes 6 100.00
No 0 0
6
Source: Household Survey: January 2018

122. Religion.Kathmandu’s present demography is very cosmopolitan in which Newars;

the indigenous people of Kathmandu still comprise a large segment of the population
followed by Bramhin and Chhetri. Other ethnic groups like Sarki, Damai, Dalit, etc. are in
minority. But now many ethnic groups are migrating from other districts of Nepal and found
mixed ethnic groups in Kathmandu valley. Kathmandu’s culture has been inspired by the
convergence of Hindu and Buddhist. Hindu and Buddhist are the main religion with Christian
and Muslims as minors.

2. Employment

123. The economy of Kathmandu Valley is based on trade, commerce, and manufacturing
industries (e.g., carpets and garments). Other important sectors are agriculture, education,

39
transport, and hotels and restaurants. Tourism is also a key component of the Valley’s
economy. However, in the rural areas, the economy is still based on agriculture.

124. The following table summarizes the economic activities in the urban areas of
Kathmandu Valley. About 34% of the households are engaged in small-scale non-farm
activities. The Lalitpur Municipality has the highest percentage (50%). Among the
households engaged in non-farm activities, nearly 45% are engaged in trade and business
followed by services (32%) and manufacturing (9%).

Table IV-18: Household in Non-Farm Economic Activities in Kathmandu Valley

Municipalities Share of Type of Activities
Households
Engaged in Manufacturing Trade/ Transport Service Other
Non-Farm Business s s
Activities (%)
Lalitpur 50.18 13.25 33.22 4.29 42.37 6.86
Bhaktapur 40.83 13.24 38.55 4.26 26.54 17.40

MadhyapurThim 35.02 11.39 41.88 4.48 23.26 18.98

i
Kathmandu 31.57 6.86 49.49 3.49 30.26 9.90

Total 34.43 9.02 44.66 3.76 32.41 10.14

Source: CBS, 2003

125. According to the 2001 Census and the Nepal Human Development Report 2004, the
poverty status and human development index of Kathmandu Valley was lower than the
national level (Table IV-19).

Table IV-19: Kathmandu Valley Development Indicators

District Human Development Human Poverty Index Gender-related
Index (HDI) (HPI) Development Index
(GDI)
All Nepal 0.471 39.6 0.452
Kathmandu 0.652 25.8 0.635
Lalitpur 0.588 25.0 0.569
Bhaktapur 0.595 29.9 0.578
Source: Census 2001; UNDP. 2004. Nepal Human Development Report.

3. Slums and Squatter Settlements

126. The rapid population growth has created a number of slums and squatter settlements
in Kathmandu Valley. Table IV-20 summarizes the findings of a survey conducted by LICSU,
KUKL in 2008. There were 39 squatter settlements and 137 slums in the valley with 40,237
population and 8,846 households. Of these, 22% have no access to piped water supply and
none have adequate sanitation.

Table IV-20: Slums and Squatter Settlements in Kathmandu Valley

Type of Residence No. of Total Average Share of Households
Households Population Household Without Piped Water
Size Supply
Slums
Bhaktapur Municipality 754 3274 4.34 32
MadhyapurThimi 382 1981 5.19 85
Municipality

40
Type of Residence No. of Total Average Share of Households
Households Population Household Without Piped Water
Size Supply
Lalitpur Sub - 391 1,866 4.77 62
Metropolitan
Kathmandu 3,784 16,575 4.38 58
Metropolitan
Squatters
Kathmandu 1,861 8,774 4.71 95
Metropolitan
Source: Mapping of Slums, Squatters and Stand Posts in Kathmandu Valley updated by LICSU, KUKL, June 2008,
AVIYAAN Consulting (P) Ltd.

4. Economic Development and Prospects for Growth

127. Compared to the rest of Nepal, Kathmandu Valley fares better because it has basic
facilities such as water supply, sanitation, electricity, bottled gas, telecommunications, roads,
education, security, and transportation. The valley is also the centre for several major
industries such as textile, food & beverage, non-metallic mineral products, publishing, and
printing. Such facilities and opportunities are a huge attraction to the rural poor resulting in
high migration rates into the Valley; hence the rapid population growth and demand for
urban services, especially water supply, within the Valley.

128. The valley’s annual industrial output is estimated to be NRs.14.6 billion ($190
million), which is nearly 9.4% of the total national industrial output. The industrial sector
employment in the valley is about 37,500, which is 22.1% of the national employment in the
sector. Similarly, indirect employment in the industrial sector is about 38,900, which is about
21.9% of the national figure.

129. Being the capital city and a commercial centre for the country, Kathmandu and its
surrounding valley is developing and urbanizing fast, compared to the rest of Nepal. It is the
most important urbanized area in Nepal. New products and services are first introduced in
the Valley, giving the inhabitants access to modern equipment and technology. An indication
of confidence in economic growth is the high demand for new housing real estate and the
number of new vehicles on the roads, which is rising rapidly. In addition, there are plans for
major transportation improvements such as the Kathmandu outer ring road and the new link
road to India via Terai.

5. Land Use
130. The land use and land cover statistics (Table IV-21) derived from the 1992
topographical sheet show that almost 50% of the Bagmati watershed is occupied by forests.
The Midlands and the Mahabharat Ranges are characterized mainly by deciduous and
coniferous forests, while hardwood and mixed hardwood forests characterize the Shiwaliks
and the low-lying areas of the Midlands and the Mahabharat Range. Next to the forests are
cultivated lands, which cover about 37% of the total area. Agricultural activities are confined
mainly in the river valleys and the gentle slopes of the hilly region. The metropolitan city of
Kathmandu, sub-metropolitan city of Lalitpur, and municipal cities of Bhaktapur and
Madhyapur Thimi are the major built-up areas in the watershed.

Table IV-21: Land Use and Land Cover in the Bagmati River Basin
Land Use/Land Cover Area (ha) Percent
Forest 186,340 49.6
Cultivation 141,986 37.8

41
Land Use/Land Cover Area (ha) Percent
Sand 18,118 4.8
Bush 13,367 3.6
Grass 5,241 1.4
Channel 4,441 1.2
Built-up area 2,378 0.6
Barren land 1,264 0.3
Orchard 785 0.2
Scattered tree 551 0.1
Nursery 360 0.1
Pond or lake 141 0.0
Others 628 0.2
Source: DWIDP/SILT/ERMC/TECHDA. 2005. Preparation of Water-Induced Hazard Maps of Bagmati River Basin.

Figure IV-8: Land use map of Kathmandu district

42
Figure IV-9: Land use map of Bhaktapur district

G. Infrastructure
1. Transportation
131. Long-distance bus services from Kathmandu provide services to the people
throughout the country. Private transport includes buses, microbuses, vans, cars, jeeps, and
three- wheelers operated by petroleum, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and batteries. The total
length of roads in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur is 813,337 and 181 km, respectively,
or a total of 1,331 km of roads within the Kathmandu Valley (Department of Roads 2004).

132. The Tribhuvan International Airport is just 30 minutes away from the town centre.
There are numerous daily flights from Kathmandu to international destinations as well as
regular flights to many areas of the country. Many international airlines fly to the Kathmandu
international airport.

43
 2. Drinking Water Supply

133. Not all households and people in the Valley receive safe drinking water. Various
sources of drinking water for households are shown in Table IV-22.

Table IV-22: Sources of Drinking Water

Types Kathmandu Lalitpur Sub- Bhaktapur MadhyapurThimi
Metropolitan City metropolitan city Municipality Municipality
HHs % HHs % HHs % HHs %
Tap 163,339 64.2 33,378 61.2 15,998 90.7 13,431 66.2
Tube well 18,574 7.3 801 1.5 107 0.6 1,412 7.0
Covered 10,890 4.3 6,045 11.1 444 2.5 2,085 10.3
well/kuwa
Uncovered well 1,341 0.5 940 1.7 217 1.2 602 3.0

Spouts 4,830 1.9 2,708 5.0 350 2.0 1,389 6.8

River/stream 52 0.0 38 0.1 4 0.0 2 0.0

Others 53,275 21.0 10,242 18.8 425 2.4 1,263 6.2

Not stated 1991 0.8 429 0.8 94 0.5 118 0.6
Total 254,292 100.0 54,581 100.0 17,639 100.0 20,302 100.0
Source:CBS, 2011.

134. Based on the 2005 data of the Department of Drinking Water and Sewerage, the
number and percentage of the population receiving water by district and for the Kathmandu
Valley are shown in Table IV-23. It shows that less than 75% of the population receives
piped drinking water supply from the then Nepal Water Supply Corporation (now KUKL).

Table IV-23: Population Receiving Drinking Water

District Estimated Population in Beneficiary Population Percentage
2005 in 2005
Kathmandu 1,246,110 947,630 76.05
Lalitpur 366,010 286,250 78.21
Bhaktapur 244,130 152,270 62.37
Total 1,856,250 1,386,150 74.67
Source: NWSC. 2005.

3. Surface Drainage, Sanitation, and Sewerage

135. Stormwater drainage systems function in the valley through side drains but not well
enough. The sewers of Kathmandu are largely a combined sewer/drainage system. For
many years, reports on Kathmandu sewerage have highlighted the value of separating
stormwater and sanitary sewage, but the process has not yet started. The increased use of
plastic bags has also worsened the problem as plastics frequently clog the drains.

4. Electricity

136. Not all households in the valley have electricity, but the overall proportion of
households connected to electricity is high at roughly 95%. Based on the Nepal Human
Development Report 2001 (UNDP 2002), about 96.81%, 87.64%, and 96.41% of households
in Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur, respectively, have electricity.

44
 5. Educational Institutions

137. Kathmandu Valley has long been considered the centre for higher education in
Nepal. In 2007, it had 6,106 high schools and 474 higher secondary, college, and university-
level educational institutions. The number of students enrolled during the period at in high
school and higher education level was 573,779 and 156,828 respectively (ICIMOD, MOEST,
UNEP 2007).
138. Education has been progressing continuously, specifically in the Kathmandu Valley
and as a result, educational institutions, levels of education, and fields of study have been
increasing. Table IV-24shows the number of schools by level for the three districts.

Table IV-24: Total Number of Schools by Grade and Level

Districts Primary Lower Secondary Higher
Secondary Secondary
Kathmandu 920 671 514 148
Lalitpur 277 147 108 47
Bhaktapur 243 137 85 9
Total 1,440 955 707 204
Source: Compiled from NIDI 2006; ICIMOD, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MOEST), United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 2007.

139. Tribhuvan University, the national university, has five institutes (Engineering,
Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Medicine, Forestry Science, and Science and Technology)
and four faculties (Law, Management, Education, and Humanities and Social Sciences),
which offer almost all the popular disciplines at different academic levels, including master’s
and doctorate.
140. There are 3 medical and more than 12 engineering colleges offering up to master’s
level education. The Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training is another
regulatory body monitoring the curriculums for technical and vocational training as well as
diploma courses in different subjects to produce skilled manpower.
6. Health Facilities

141. Kathmandu is the centre for all types of health services (general medicine, surgery,
heart care, orthopaedic care, kidney care, dental care, children’s care, eye care, mental
care, neurology, etc.). The number of health facilities owned by the Government or provided
by local and international NGOs and the private sector is relatively higher (and with better
services) in Kathmandu than in Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts. However, the ratio of health
institutions to the population served is higher in Kathmandu at 1: 9,574 compared to 1: 5,637
in Bhaktapur or 1: 4,119 in Lalitpur.

7. Communications
142. There are 3,991 post offices in Kathmandu Valley, including the general post office,
regional postal directorates, district post offices, area post offices, and other post offices. A
number of private postal care companies provide a wide range of postal services (ICIMOD,
MOEST, WNEP, 2007).

143. The telecommunication system in Kathmandu Valley is excellent. As of 2005-2006,

the Nepal Telecommunications Authority had issued basic telephone service license to two
agencies, cellular mobile service license to two agencies, and internet licenses to 38
agencies (more than 50,000 customers) (ICIMOD, MOEST, UNEP, 2007).

45
H. Economic Characteristics

1. Industries
144. Kathmandu Valley has many traditional cottage industries: textile weaving or
handlooms, brick and tiles, pottery, handicrafts, precious ornaments, traditional food
processing and preservation (e.g., rice milling, beaten rice, oil milling, sweetmeats, and
traditional dairy products), wooden furniture and carving, bamboo crafts, traditional textile
printing and dyeing, traditional art and paintings, copper and brass metal utensils, herbal
medicines, forges, and leather crafts.

145. Kathmandu Valley has three industrial districts, namely, Balaju Industrial District,
Patan Industrial Estate, and Bhaktapur Industrial Estate. Public sector brick factories, leather
tanning, and shoe manufacturing are also found in the valley. Food and beverages, plastic
products, construction materials, carpets, and readymade garment industries have
flourished. However, the number of industries and employment provided by them has
decreased drastically over the last decade. Industries are concentrated along the
Kathmandu-Bhaktapur and Kalanki-Thankot roads. Most of the polluting industries such as
textile dyeing, tanning, and distilling have been closed or transferred to places outside the
Valley.

146. Of the remaining industries in the valley, the main polluting industries are only small
scale. These include brick kilns, wool dyeing and carpet washing, textile dyeing, pottery,
polyurethane and rubber foam, beaten rice, dairy products, metal casting, metal craft
industries and gold plating; and alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.

147. With the worsening industrial pollution and rising awareness of the general public
about the adverse impact of pollution, complaints have increased and measures have been
taken to address them. The Industrial Promotion Board formulated an industrial location
policy. There have been revisions to the policy and the latest location policy for industries
specifies the following:

(i) List A: Types of industry that can be established in municipal areas of the
Valley
(ii) List B: Types of industry that are not allowed in the Valley
(iii) All types of industry that have pollution prevention and safety measures can
be established inside any designated industrial district (ICIMOD, MOEST,
UNEP, 2007)

2. Agricultural Development

148. Rice is the main crop in the rural areas of Kathmandu and Bhaktapur, whereas maize
is the prominent cereal crop of Lalitpur. The other cereal crops in the project districts are
millet, wheat, and barley. Other agricultural produce such as lentil, soya bean, pea, and
black gram are the main pulses grown, as well as potato and oil seeds.

149. Raising livestock is the second most important activity. Most of the households in the
rural areas rear animals for income, food, or draft power. Goats are the most common,
followed by cattle and buffaloes; their products have a ready market in the city area.

150. The population growth in Kathmandu Valley is bringing considerable changes to

farming. Rapid urbanization and the introduction of new agricultural technologies have
encouraged farmers to change their cropping patterns from traditional (low-value crops) to
new crops (high- value crops). Land under cultivation of green leafy vegetables is increasing
rapidly in the urban and semi-urban areas.

46
151. The increasing population growth and haphazard housing construction have resulted
in the rapid decline of agricultural lands. If the current trend continues, there will be no more
lands left for agriculture in the Valley. According to the District Agricultural Office, agricultural
lands in Kathmandu will be reduced from 64% in the year 2041 to 41% in
2066(http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/rising.detail.php?article id=28619&cat id=27).

3. Development Organizations

152. The Social Services’ National Coordination Council regulates and supervises NGOs,
while the Social Welfare National Coordination Council (SWNCC) deals with most of the
funding agencies. There are 7,004 active NGOs in Kathmandu Valley registered with the
Social Welfare Council (SWC). Kathmandu has 5,969, Lalitpur 856, and Bhaktapur 179
NGOs. According to SWC, there are 157 international NGOs across the country; of these,
almost all have head office in Kathmandu Valley and more than 80% are working in the
Valley (ICIMOD, MOEST, UNEP 2007).

153. There are also various NGOs working in the water and sanitation sector in the Valley.
These organizations have focused mostly in slums and squatter settlements and rural areas.
They have constructed water tanks of 5 m3 capacity and a number of latrines/toilets with
drains for the communities. The major NGOs working in the water and sanitation sectors are:

(i) Lumanti Support Group for Shelter

(ii) NGO Forum for Urban Water and Sanitation
(iii) Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO)
(iv) Nepal Water forHealth (NEWAH)
(v) Action Aid
(vi) Water Aid
(vii) Plan International
(viii) UDLE (Urban Development through Local Efforts)
(ix) Red Cross.
4. Cultural Heritage
154. Kathmandu Valley is known for its ancient art, culture, craftsmanship, and numerous
monuments of historic and archaeological importance that have been described by
UNESCO as a "living heritage site.” There are many temples, palaces, monasteries, and
stupas that are centuries old. UNESCO has classified seven sites as world heritage sites.
There are more than 360 ‘vihars,’ ‘chaityas,’ and monasteries and many important religious
and cultural sites on the river banks. The Patan Darbar Square and the Kathmandu Darbar
Square, both declared as world heritage sites, are within the project area. However, no any
installation of sewer will be carried out in the heritage sites by these construction packages.

I. Major Environmental Problems

155. The environmental problems of Kathmandu Valley are many.

156. Air quality, traffic management, and noise pollution. The emissions of the
increasing number of vehicles (274,000 as of 2004-2005) account for about 38% of the air
pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Industrial emissions also contribute substantially to air
pollution (KVEO 2007).

157. Kathmandu Valley is particularly vulnerable to air pollution because of its bowl-
shaped topography that restricts air movement. The situation is worse during the winter
when temperature inversion during the night and early morning traps a layer of cool air under
a layer of warmer air, trapping pollutants close to ground level for extended periods. Besides
the topography, the relatively high elevation of the Valley also results in increased vehicular
emissions.

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158. Vehicular emissions have become the main source of air pollution in Kathmandu
Valley. An inventory of emission sources by the then Ministry of Population and Environment
(MoPE) indicated that exhaust fumes had increased more than four times in the 8 years
between 1993 and 2001. According to a more recent inventory, vehicular emissions are
responsible for 38% of the total particulate matter < 10pm (PM10) emitted in Kathmandu
Valley, compared to 18% from the agricultural sector and 11% from brick kilns (Gautam
2006; Table IV-25). Increase in emissions is mainly due to the increase in the number of
automobiles, as well as poor transport management and poor vehicle maintenance.

Table IV-25: Comparison of Emission Inventories in 1993, 2001, and 2005

Sources TSP PM10
(tons/year) (tons/year)
1993 2001 2005 1993 2001 2005
Mobile Sources
Vehicle exhausts 570 1971 NA 570 3,259 4,708
Road dust re- 1,530 7,008 12,239 400 1,822 3,182
suspension
Subtotal 2,100 8,979 12,239 970 5,081 7,890
Stationary Sources
Industrial/commercial 582 NA NA 292 NA NA
Domestic fuel 2,328 NA 630 1,166 NA 347
Brick kilns 5,180 6,676 1,850 1,295 1,688 1,437
Himal cement 6,000 3,612 0 800 455 0
Stone crushers NA NA 1,720 NA NA 372
Industrial boilers NA 28 28 NA 15 15
Fugitive Emissions
Refuse burning 385 687 172 190 339 172
Agricultural sector NA NA NA NA NA 2,337
Cremation NA NA NA NA NA 79
Total 16,575 19,982* 16,797 4,712 7,580 12,649
NA = not available, PM = particulate matter, TSP = total suspended particles.
* In original report 19,884
Source: Shah and Nagpal 1997; Gautam 2006; MOEST 2005; and
http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/sundaypost/2003/mar/mar16/2ndpage.htm

159. Recently, a study on traffic noise in Kathmandu Valley was carried out. The noise
levels in Kathmandu City range from 79 decibels (dB) to 112 dB, higher than those of the
major cities in India. The rate of increase of noise level in Kathmandu City was found to be 1
dB per year.

160. The permissible level for road traffic noise is 70 dB. An earlier study listed Kupondol
Height, Thapathali, Sahidgate, Koteshwor, Gwarko, Gongabu, and Gyaneshwor as
hazardous areas because their noise levels were found to be beyond 80 dB. The present
study indicated that noise levels in Kathmandu were beyond the permissible values.

161. Three different types of noise areas were identified for Kathmandu Valley, although
there is no data available on the noise levels produced from the existing WWTPs:

(i) Low noisy areas: Noise levels below 70 dB.

(ii) Moderate noisy areas: Noise levels between 70 dB and 80 dB; include Hotel
Shangrila, Gairidhara, Galkhupakha, Gausala, Satdobato, Balkhu, Swoyambhu,
Pulchwok, and Maitidevi.

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 (iii) Hazardous areas: Noise levels were beyond 80 dB; include Putalisadak, New
Baneshwore, Kalanki, Narayan Gopal Chowk, Tripureshwor, Kalimati, and
Koteshwore.

162. A survey showed that the frequency of health problems arising from noise pollution
increases with the degree of noise levels. About 95% of tested affected people come from
hazardous areas, 88% from moderate noisy areas, and 62% from low noisy areas.

163. Settlement patterns. Kathmandu Valley is developing haphazardly with the rapid
increase of its population. It was estimated that by 2025, its population will be nearly 4.0
million, from only about 1.3 million in 2001. The valley’s fertile lands are getting fragmented
and residential houses are being constructed unabatedly. This kind of growth has created
problems on transportation, electricity supply, drinking water supply, and river pollution.
164. Water resources. Extensive deterioration of river water quality (Annex 2) and
quantity in urban areas due to excessive pollution loads has already taken place. Increasing
demand for drinking water has placed a heavy strain on already insufficient supply and has
created water scarcity. Almost all major rivers have been tapped at source for drinking water.
The currentwater supply is only about 131 MLD during the rainy season and 94 MLD during
dry season of the estimated daily demand of 350 MLD. In the dry season, 60%-70% of the
water supply comes from groundwater.
165. Waste management. The main policy for waste management in Nepal is stated in
the Solid Waste Management National Act enacted in 2011. The daily solid waste generation
is assumed to be 0.25 kilogram per person per day (kg/p/d). Studies have revealed that the
composition of solid waste in Kathmandu is mainly organic (58% to 66%) with 5% plastics.
The use of plastic bags has increased over the years and since they are non-biodegradable
(taking 400 to 1,000 years to biodegrade fully), its use should be discouraged or even
banned. These plastics litter the streets and rivers, clog the drains, fill up landfill sites, get
stuck on trees, and ultimately spoil the aesthetics of the natural environment. Animals
mistake them for food and eat them and die as they obstruct the digestive systems. People
even burn them, unaware of the effect of the toxic fumes. Furthermore, they are made from
polyethylene, a product of petroleum, a non-renewable resource
(www.reusablebags.letseegreener.co.uk,www.natural-environment.com).
166. A major issue in Kathmandu Valley is the accumulation of huge amounts of solid
wastes due to the various demands of the people near the landfill site who obstruct the
trucks carrying the solid waste. Another major issue is the dumping of hazardous and
infectious wastes from hospitals and nursing homes together with domestic solid wastes.
167. Most of the plastics and reusable materials like bottles, metals etc. are picked up by
scavengers daily who are helping the municipality by reducing the waste volume. Tourism is
Nepal’s topmost industry and if it is to thrive, solid waste management should be tackled well
in all the municipalities and be given top priority.
168. The PPTA Team has estimated that nearly 25% of the generated solid waste is
spread to open water ways. The five municipalities generate approximately 650 tons of solid
waste daily, of which more than 70% comes from the Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The final
disposal sites are always controversial and opposed by the local people and most of the
solid waste is disposed of at the river banks and in open areas.
169. Natural disaster preparedness. Earthquakes and landslides are identified as the
two most prominent potential natural disasters in Kathmandu Valley. The Valley is located in
a seismic zone; lack of public awareness about earthquakes, lack of adequate planning, and
lack of coordination are the main factors that impact negatively on disaster preparedness.
Excavation of slopes, deposition of loads on slopes, deforestation, irrigation, mining, and
water leakage are the main human activities causing landslides.

49
170. Water quality. Deterioration of water quality during transmission is a problem in
almost all urban areas due to the ingress of polluted water into the pipes (intermittent
supply), leakage, absence of chlorination, and absence of monitoring of water quality.
Almost all available reports on drinking water quality of Kathmandu reveal that most of the
urban water supply has bacterial contamination (Table IV-26). The chemical quality of most
of the water is within the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.

Table IV-26: Water Quality of Different Water Sources in Kathmandu Valley

Parameters Water Sources WHO

PTW PUTW Well SS GV

PH 6.5-8.2 6.5-7.5 7.5 7.5 6.5-8.5

Temp (oC) 13-18 12-15 15-18 15-18 25
Iron (mg/l) ND-0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3=3.0
Chlorine (mg/l) ND ND ND ND 0.2
Chloride (mg/l) 10-30 22-45 22-45 23-45 250
N-NH4 (mg/l) ND-0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.04-0.4
PO4 - P (mg/l) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4-5.0
Coliform bacteria (source) +/- + + + -
Coliform bacteria (consumption) + -
E.colicfu/100 ml 10-131 3-20 48-200 58 0
Note: PTW = private tap water, PUTW = public tap water, SS = stone spout, WHO GV = World Health Organisation
guideline value.Source: Pradhan et al. 2005.

171. Health and sanitation. Individual septic tanks and soakpit systems and some pour
flush latrines and pit latrines do exist in urban areas (the pollution of groundwater due to the
leachate does exist but has not yet been quantified), but most of the effluent reaches the
municipal drains, and ultimately the rivers or agricultural lands. People without toilets
defecate in open fields and river banks. Public latrines hardly exist in urban towns and if they
do, they are so poorly maintained (personal observation). There are only 18 public toilets in
Kathmandu City, which has a population of around 2 million. They are ill-maintained as well
and far below standards thereby turning the main town areas into open defecation places
(Sedhai, R. 2012).
172. The Bagmati River is the main river system with tributaries that drain the Kathmandu
Valley. The visible pollution of the Bagmati and its tributaries within the city reaches due to
discharge of untreated domestic sewage, dumping of solid wastes, washing of vehicles,
sand quarrying, and discharge of untreated industrial and hospital wastes, is severe
(Bagmati Action Plan 2009-2014, 2008, Annex 2).
173. Sanitary conditions within Kathmandu Valley are hazardous (Halcrow Fox and
Assocites, 1991). A visual tour of the valley is sufficient to conclude that rivers, drains, and
streams are highly polluted with sewage and industrial wastes. The use of septic tanks, pit,
or pour-flush latrines is common. Bhaktapur and Greater Kathmandu have sewerage
systems and sewage treatment plants, but the treatment plants in Greater Kathmandu are
not functional. Many sewers overflow as there is no regular cleaning and maintenance. This
report adopts the findings of UN-Habitat (2009) that overall, 30% of houses have a septic
system. UN-Habitat estimated that there are 77,000 septic systems in the Valley. Only 35%
have a soak-pit associated with a septic tank. The remaining tanks presumably discharge
septic tank effluent directly to surface flows.

174. Storm water drains that were constructed more than 60 years ago in the core areas
of Kathmandu are being used as combined sewers (Many reports, including the 2010
Conceptual Wastewater Master Plan mention this). Furthermore, the Asset Condition Survey
in Buddhanagar and Kalopul also confirmed this. It is found that storm water drains laid by
the municipality are now working as combined drains. Sanitary sewers have been added to
some areas of Greater Kathmandu and there are about 93,000 sewer connections registered

50
with KUKL (KUKL Annual Report, 2008). The rest discharge the effluent ultimately to the
holy Bagmati River.

175. The majority of households in the valley districts have toilet facilities: about 81% in
Lalitpur, 90% in Bhaktapur, and 92% in Kathmandu (CBS 2001). Most of the households’
toilets do not have septic tanks and they are directly connected to the sewerage lines that
discharge waste to the nearby river. For households with septic tanks, a municipal service is
available for emptying the septic tanks on request. The Ministry of Environment Science and
Technology is mandated to regulate unauthorized dumping. Domestic wastewater makes up
approximately 93% of the total wastewater generation by the cities; the remaining 7% is
industrial wastewater.
176. The existing sewage treatment plants are not functioning, except for the Guheswari
treatment plant. The newly expanded residential areas are usually devoid of sewers. In a few
cases, however, sewage is channelled through hume pipes connecting to nearby rivers. Due
to the direct discharge of untreated sewage and wastewater into the rivers, all the rivers in
the Valley have been turned into open sewers. It is estimated that about 50,000 kg of BOD 5
per day is produced in the Valley. An average of 20,846 kg BOD/day has been recorded for
the Bagmati River at the outlet, constituting 42% of the total BOD load produced (CEMAT
2000).

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 V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

177. The Rapid Environmental Assessment is in Annex 1.

178. Environmental impacts on the physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural
environments during design, construction, and operation phases are discussed here in detail
together with the mitigating measures. Most of the impacts will be localized, not greatly
significant, and relatively small during construction and operation. All the WWTPs lie on
government-owned land and the laying of sewers will be done in the RoWs of existing roads
and river banks, thereby land acquisition will not be required and will not directly impact the
existing biodiversity values.
A. Design Phase

1. Environmental impacts due to project design

179. One of the most important activities before construction is the identification of the
likely adverse impacts and their mitigation measures before construction works commence.
180. Identification of erosion-prone areas prior to construction is important to prevent or
minimize soil erosion, sedimentation, and slope instability. To mitigate these adverse
impacts, it is necessary to incorporate drainage plans into the project design, identify
measures and sites for handling excessive spoil materials, and stabilize unstable areas. In
particular, geotechnical investigations need to be carried out prior to conducting design of
interceptors to identify areas that are fragile. The design and specifications should consider
minimum vegetation clearance and avoid piling of excavated materials close to river or along
the river banks and to the adjacent private lands affecting cultivation.
181. During the preparation phase, the land areas required by the project should be
demarcated and sign posted accordingly. Ongoing consultation with affected communities
should be conducted and due notifications to any interruptions as a result of construction
should be provided in a timely manner.
182. Haphazard construction of camps for workers without basic amenities could result in
social stress and the degradation of the local environment. Therefore, it is very important
that these camps be provided with sanitary amenities at designated areas. As Nepal has no
standards regarding the number of ablution blocks to be constructed in temporary labor
camps, the 2009 IFC Guidelines (Annex 10), that is, 1 toilet for every 15 persons (separate
for men and women) will be followed. In Kathmandu, most of the labor will be local people
who will not stay in the camps.
183. An employment policy that avoids depriving the local communities of opportunities
should be prepared to prevent tensions and dissatisfaction. The local people, especially the
project-affected families and women above the age of 16 (Children’s Act 1992), should be
given first preference in employment. Wages should be settled based on the District Wage
Evaluation Committee resolution or guidelines and the list of employees submitted to the
Design and Supervision Consultant.
184. Letters of approval and agreements should be obtained for the following: (i)
temporary acquisition of land and properties for use by contractors, (ii) digging of roads from
the Department of Roads and the concerned municipalities. This advice has been carried
over for this project as the location of proposed project sites are the same as on Loan 2776.
However, during the preparation of detailed design the PID will consult with UNESCO to
provide them with more detailed information. However, the interceptor sewer alignments not
proposed within any archaeological and cultural heritage sites. Chance find protocol will be
provided to contractors prior to the commencement of activities. Additional precautions in
these sites include the following:

52
 (i) photographing all sites within the heritage area if existed to enable before and after
comparison (all roads are to be reinstated to original character, especially in heritage
areas, and buildings are to be left untouched);
(ii) avoiding disturbance to any historic or heritage buildings or structures by taking
necessary precautions (working away from heritage buildings, hand digging, no
heavy equipment, etc.); and
(iii) adopting the following measures for sewer works in roadways within dense
settlement and narrow road width and congestion areas: (a) only hand digging will be
allowed, (b) informing the community prior to daily construction of sections, (c)
ensuring no blockage to tourist areas, (d) putting up clear signage related to KUKL
works, (e) ensuring reinstatement of roads to original condition, (g) ensuring extra
measures (fencing and/or barriers) to protect tourists and the public from construction
site, and (h) ensuring that a construction supervisor is onsite at all times.
185. Baseline photographs of the construction areas and water quality of streams and
rivers that would be impacted will help the project in identifying/justifying/verifying the
adverse impacts due to construction activities (e.g. cracks in houses, restoration of
temporary sites to their original condition, water quality deterioration, etc.).
186. Detailed traffic plans should be prepared to help in mitigating traffic congestions and
disturbance to pedestrians and businesses. A traffic management planning document that
can be easily used by contractors to develop detailed plans should be formulated. Refer to
Appendix 10 of the IEE prepared for NEP: Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Improvement
Project (http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-docs/34304-043-nep-ieeeab.pdf).
187. The training manual should be written in Nepali (or local languages) with notes and
sketches on community health and safety and occupational health and site safety.

B. Construction Phase

1. Environmental impacts due to project construction

a. Physical Environment

Soil erosion and slope stability due to excavation

188. Impacts likely to occur from the improvement and construction of sewerage systems
will include trench excavations and topsoil stripping, which may induce soil erosion and
slope instability. This is will be an issue particularly near the rivers where interceptors will be
constructed. Haphazard disposal of spoil materials may create erosion problems,
disturbances to the existing drainage lines, and changes to the existing land use practices.
Mitigating measures to be used are separate stockpiling of topsoil in a safe yard for further
use, spoil disposal at designated and stabilized sites, compaction of the backfill of excavated
areas including replacement of topsoil, avoiding work during the rainy season as much as
possible, mulching to stabilize exposed areas, use of bioengineering techniques (e.g., re-
vegetating areas promptly), providing channels and ditches for post-construction flows, lining
of steep channels and slopes (e.g., use of jute matting), preventing off-site sediment
transport using settlement ponds, and silt fences. Prior to the construction of interceptors
along the rivers, erosion and sedimentation control such as blankets, geofabrics and/ or
vegetation need to be completed including the installation of appropriate drainage systems.

189. Impacts of surface water discharges on the local drainage from trench excavation
should be mitigated by the use of settling tanks before discharging the water to waterways.

190. Excavation and laying of pipelines/siphons at river crossings could have adverse
impacts on the river water quality and the aquatic ecosystem. Mitigation measures to be
used include construction to be done in the dry season only, use of river diversions with

53
bundings, and prior notification to temple and religious ghat officials of construction activities.

191. Deep excavations can intercept and interfere with the local groundwater thereby
affecting flows from irrigation canals, springs, and wells and causing water shortages.
Mitigation measures to be used include the following: (i) local wells, springs, and irrigation
canals to be bunded from temporary spoil dumps; (ii) local wells and spring fed spouts or
kuwas to be monitored, particularly downhill of excavations plus temporary supply provided if
flow is affected; and (iii) permeable base and side backfill required at deep excavated sites
or an alternate source of drinking water provided at the existing location. (iv) shoring along
the deep excavated trenches to be applied during the time of laying of interceptor sewer
pipes.

Change in river hydrology and morphology

192. The construction, rehabilitation, and operation of the sewerage system could have
impacts on the river hydrology and morphology due to quarrying from river beds for sand
and gravel, particularly during the dry season. Water pollution problems could occur because
of the dumping of spoil materials into the river, excavation of boulders from the river channel,
direct disposal of liquid wastes, and leakage of oil and lubricants. Quarrying/mining activities
in river/streams for extraction of construction materials shall not be done to avoid changing
the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles and should be done in approved sites only.

Water and land pollution

193. Dumping of wastes or discharging wastewater effluents from toilets into the river can
pollute the river water, making it unhealthy for downstream users. Mitigation measures to be
used include avoiding construction of labor camps facilities within the drainage area,
providing designated areas with collection of bins for wastes, providing toilet facilities and
prohibiting open defecation, and prohibiting washing of vehicles next to rivers and streams.

194. Pollution of land and water could also be mitigated by observing proper storage of
construction aggregates, hazardous toxic materials, lubricating oils, used tyres, and
exhausted batteries; and segregating and disposing of chemical containers, packaging
materials, plastic bags, etc. Used oil and lubricants should be recovered and reused or
removed from the sites. Storage areas for fuels and lubricants should be away from any
drainage leading to water bodies. All fuel use areas (e.g., generator) must have drip basins
installed to prevent any leakages and recycled. All fuelling, repair, and maintenance work
should be done on a concrete surface provided with a catch tank that can be cleaned and all
spilled fuel recovered and recycled. Provision of training on the safe handling of toxic
materials and occupational health and safety measures during construction could help in
mitigating many of the adverse impacts mentioned above.

Pollution due to air, noise, and vibrations

195. Earth excavation, construction materials stockpiling, aggregate crushing, drilling,

quarrying, and plying of vehicles will produce dust (TSP, PM10), hydrocarbons (CO, CO2,
CH4), SO2, NOX, H2S, etc.), noise, and vibrations. Plying of trucks on non-metallic roads will
produce huge amounts of dust that can deteriorate the air quality and increase the noise
levels to above 90 dB. Annex 5 gives the national ambient air quality standards for Nepal.

196. Mitigating measures to be employed include the following: (i) dust suppression on
roads or at open sites by sprinkling water as required at regular intervals; (ii) covering earth
stockpiles using plastic sheets or cement jute bags; (iii) routine monitoring of sound and
vibrations at regular intervals; (iv) limiting vehicle speeds and banning power horns; (v)
seeing that vehicles comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission Standards, 2056 BS;
(vi) fitting of mufflers in vehicles to control noise; (vii) regular maintenance of vehicles; (viii)
compensating the damages caused by vibrations to buildings, and (ix) providing ventilation

54
in confined working areas. Annex 7 gives the recommended standards for vibration in
construction sites. Similarly, Noise should be monitored as provided for in Annex 6.

b. Biological Environment
197. Although most of the construction and improvement works will take place in urban
areas, there will be some impacts on the ecological resources (loss of trees and vegetation,
damages to fisheries and riverbed aquatic ecology) due to construction of project structures
vegetation clearance for construction activities, and construction activities at pipeline
crossings over riverbeds.

198. Mitigation measures consist of the following: (i) cutting only the trees that are marked
and will be agreed with contractor in a piece meal approach for removal and planting and
rearing tree saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each cut tree; (ii) providing LPG/kerosene
to the workforce; (iii) stockpiling the cut trees and obtaining permission from concerned
authorities for their use; and (iv) compensating all the affected private trees. To save the
fisheries and riverbed aquatic ecology, disposal of construction materials and solid wastes
generated from the camps into the rivers shall be avoided and river diversions and bunding
of sections should be carried out.

c. Socio-Economic and Cultural

Environment compensation
199. The contractor’s temporary land use and housing acquisition and compensation to
affected people are two of the most important aspects of any construction project. The
mitigation measures include the following: (i) compensation for crops destroyed along the
sewer alignment according to the Government’s rules; (ii) establishment of a "grievance
redress committee”; (iii) restoration of temporary sites to their natural or stable conditions as
agreed with the land owners; (iv) planting endemic vegetation in exposed areas of temporary
sites; (v) making sure that the proponent reports in writing that temporary areas have been
vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works; (vi) provision
of disturbance and rehabilitation costs to local businesses; (vii) protection of the traditional
rights of the local people; (viii) compensation for any loss of crops, trees and other natural
resources; and (ix) establishment of a technical committee to assess the compensation for
damages caused by vibrations of construction equipment and vehicles (photographs of the
damaged structures should be taken and compared to the baseline photographs taken
before construction).

Reinstatement of damaged community services and infrastructure

200. Construction activities could have adverse impacts on community services and
infrastructure. Any adverse impacts (e.g., cracks in buildings and structures during trenching,
use of rollers for compaction and pneumatic drills, and unusable access roads) on
community assets such as, temples, bridges and irrigation channels, electricity poles,
telephone lines, drinking water pipes, sewerage lines, roads, etc. will be mitigated,
compensated, reinstated, or relocated to the satisfaction of the community.

Influx of outside workers, money, and unwanted activities

201. Alcohol abuse, gambling, prostitution, and other social disharmony are likely to occur
in the construction site. There will be an influx of workers to the project site with their
immediate family members. This can increase crime and social stress, create unwanted
congestion, and exert pressure on the limited local resources. The mitigation measures to be
carried out consist of prohibiting gambling and alcohol consumption in construction camp
sites; instructing the outside workforce to respect the local cultures, traditions, rights etc.;
and providing security in the camps.

55
 Health and safety
202. There could be adverse impacts on the health and hygiene of the workers due to
unsafe working conditions, accidents, fire hazards, transmission of communicable diseases
etc. To mitigate these adverse impacts, these should be undertaken: (i) provide regular
health checkups, sanitation and hygiene, health care, and control of epidemic diseases to
the workforce; (ii) launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the
possibility of spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS using brochures,
posters, and signboards; (ii) make available first aid kits, ambulance, and fire extinguishers
in camp sites; (iii) provide personal protection equipment to all construction workers and
compensation for the loss of life (a zero tolerance to loss of life policy should be developed
and implemented) or for any type of injuries; and (iv) provide insurance to the workers.
Health and safety training for all site personnel is very important and must be mandatory.
Another significant impact is the effect on people and communities, particularly health, if
water supply is interrupted for extended periods during works on the sewer networks. If
water supply has to be stopped, notice should be given to the affected people and
alternative provisions of potable water arranged.

d. Occupational Health and Safety

203. The potential occupational health and safety impacts or hazards and mitigation
measures for the laying of drinking water pipes and sewers in trenches are given in Table
16. Before construction begins, the contractor will inform and provide training to its workers
on occupational health and safety and mitigation measures to be used during construction.
The training must be done in Nepali (or local language of the workers) with handouts
distributed and information posted in conspicuous places. As most of the workers would be
uneducated, pictorial presentations depicting the hazards and the mitigation measures
should be used during the training. Appropriate signage providing safety messages including
restrictions to public access need to be erected at construction sites.

e. Community Health and Safety

204. The contractor should be aware of the adverse health and safety impacts of the
construction works on communities along the construction areas.

Traffic management
205. Traffic congestion and temporary disruption to local access due to open trenches,
excavation across roads, or road closures due to construction could have impacts on
pedestrians, vehicles, and businesses. To mitigate these, traffic management plans should
be developed for key areas along the construction site. There should be a traffic
management planning document that can be easily used by contractors to develop detailed
plans. Refer to (Annex 10). Advance local public notifications of construction activities,
schedules, routings, and affected areas including road closures should be made. Erect
signage in Nepali and English languages. Use steel plates or other temporary materials
across trench facilities in key areas such as footpaths or livestock routes; arrange for
pedestrian access and sidewalks and parking areas; and arrange for night-time construction
for activities in congested or heavy day-time traffic areas. Arrange for onsite "grievance
handling.” Undertake trench closure and facilitate rehabilitation as quickly as feasible.
Coordinate with the Kathmandu Metropolitan Traffic Police Division, the authority in charge
of traffic management. Obtain permission from the Department of Roads for digging in the
main urban roads and from the municipalities for digging in inner urban roads.

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 B. Operation Phase
206. All Interceptor Sewerage safety plans will need to be submitted to ADB for review
and endorsement prior to plant commissioning. Interceptor Sewerage will also need to
employ programmable logic controllers for plant operation.
207. Hazards to public health due to overflow flooding and groundwater pollution due to
failure of the sewerage system could have adverse impacts on human health and the
environment. The system will have to be carefully designed and operated. The project
design should include stand-by generators (the diesel generator is the second backup
power). The first source is the power generated from the gasification plant. In Dhobighat
WWTP, the existing solar plant of 680 kW capacity will also be used, so that the WWTP will
not be operated for long hours using diesel generators. The constant source of electricity
supply, if available, will also be used. An emergency response plan (ERP) that includes
notification and reporting protocols will need to be developed. The ERP is important for
managing wastewater systems during emergencies as pipe breaks, equipment malfunctions,
power outages takes place, and leakage or spills of hazardous materials happen. Floods,
earthquakes, and storms can also damage collection systems and equipment. Having
emergency response procedures can save lives, prevent diseases, and minimize
environmental and property damage. The ERP should be developed in coordination with all
the key stakeholders, including the Executing Agency (EA), project implementation units,
consultants, contractors, and other key government organizations. A modified ERP Template
(www.rcap.org) is attached in Annex 12.
208. Health and safety hazards to workers could occur from toxic gases and hazardous
materials which may be contained in sewage flow and exposure to pathogens in sewage and
sludge. The workers should be trained in the management of occupational health and safety
hazards and provided with personal protective equipment. Inoculations should be
administered on a regular basis.
209. Discharge of hazardous materials and illegal disposal of industrial waste discharges
into sewers could damage the wastewater system and be dangerous to workers. It is
important to ensure that the existing industries do not illegally discharge their effluents into
the sewer system. Regulations should be developed and enforced by the Ministry of Forest
and Environment, to control illegal waste discharges into the sewers. A trade waste policy,
including setting discharge criteria from industries, needs to be developed.
210. Sewer cleaning staff will be at risk of communicable diseases. KUKL should ensure
that the operation and maintenance staff of sewerage system are fully aware of the hazards
by training them in hygiene procedures to avoid infection from wastewater, sludge handling,
and health and safety procedures against exposure to hazardous gases. Workers should be
inoculated against infectious diseases and kept under medical supervision. Emergency
procedures need to be developed by KUKL and protective clothing to sewer cleaning
workers should be provided.
211. Improper operation will lead to the accumulation of wastewater along some
manholes that may cause smell and nuisance to the surrounding residential areas. To
address this, the project should prepare and strictly follow standard operating procedures
(SOP) and provide regular training to staff.
212. Hazards may occur due to blockage of sewer lines causing overflows and nuisance
to people, serious health and sanitation problems, and contamination of soil and
groundwater. Workers and operators stationed at sewers and confined spaces should be
provided with safety equipment or gas detectors and awareness and safety training. Fire
extinguishers should be readily available and in place to maintain safety. Workers who come
in contact with raw or partially treated sewage and sludge should be provided with protective
wear (e.g., gum boots, gloves and face masks). To avoid sewer blockages, catchment
management is important. Avoid root intrusion, create public awareness, educate the public

57
on the types of waste to be disposed of to the sewer system, provide sufficient staff and
equipment for cleaning, and establish a system for registering public complaints (grievance
redress mechanism) and urgent clearance of system blockages.
Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures
213. Potential environmental measures that shall be taken by KUKL before the project
commences are training and awareness programs on health, occupational health and safety
measures, and community health and safety to the general public.
214. Sufficient human resources should be trained in maintaining the sewerage systems
and treatment plants. The efficiency level of the treatment plants should be recorded by
regularly monitoring the wastewater characteristics.
215. There are many environmental youth clubs in Kathmandu Valley. They should be
mobilized to observe the sewer system in their areas and report problems like overflows to
KUKL. By 2010, there were 4,321 youth services affiliated or registered with the Social
Welfare Council: 697 were from Kathmandu, 43 from Bhaktapur, and 130 from Lalitpur. Out
of theregistered 30,284 NGOs working in the environmental protection sector, 514 were from
Kathmandu, 69 from Lalitpur, and 9 from Bhaktapur. They include
BatabaranSamrachahanTathaDigoBikaskoLagi Yuba Sakti, Bishnumati Yuba Club,
BuddhanagarYuwaSamuh, BatabaranSamrachhanSamudaya, Nepal Batabaran Club,
Friends of Environment, SwachaPaniTathaBatabaranSamuha etc.
Cumulative Impacts
216. The valued components identified in the IEE are air quality, water (surface and
groundwater) quality, noise, traffic management, socio-economic, cultural resources, and
human health.
217. Air quality will be affected during construction. Emissions of common air
contaminants and fugitive dust may increase near the construction sites but will be short
term and localized. Greenhouse gas emissions may increase due to vehicle and equipment
operation, disposal of excavated material, concrete production, etc. But their contribution
during construction will not be very significant.
218. Noise levels near the construction sites will increase but the duration will be short.
Ground vibrations due to concrete mixers, rollers, and excavators may be annoying, and
damages may occur especially to older buildings, but mitigation measures if implemented as
proposed in the environment management plan (EMP), will minimize these problems.
219. Traffic management during construction will be very important. Site-specific
mitigation measures will be implemented to see that disruptions are minimized and are
temporary. After the project is over, the improvements made will have a long-term
cumulative benefit to the people.
220. Although there will be temporary increase in the noise levels, fugitive dust, and
common air emissions near the construction areas, no adverse residual effects to human
health will occur because the impacts are short-term, localized, and not significant.
Cumulative Impacts
221. There will be no environmental cumulative impacts with respect to air pollution and
loss of habitat. It can be seen from Annex 2 (Figure 2.6 Bagmati Pollution) that the BOD
level increases from the source (Sundarijal) and keeps on rising as it traverses through the
Kathmandu Cityand starts decreasing at TekuDovan (where the Bagmati River meets the
second biggest tributary, the Bishnumati river). As the Bagmati river leaves the Kathmandu
Valley at Chovar gorge, the BOD is still above 60 mg/l. The BOD then keeps on decreasing
downstream where the area is less habited and the Bagmati River gets bigger as it is fed
with numerous tributaries. The WWTPs will contribute to reducing the current level of water
pollution.

58
222. The project will help develop employment opportunities and enhance the local skills
in sewer pipe laying and construction and overlaying of sewer pipelines for future works in
Nepal. Concrete sewer pipes can be manufactured locally, which can boost the local
construction industries.

59
 VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION

200. As part of the feasibility studies, an extensive consultation program with key
stakeholders was carried out, in line with the requirements pertaining to environment and
social considerations of ADB. The tools used for consultations were stakeholder workshops
and meetings, interviews, structured questionnaires, and focus group discussions (FGD).
These consultations provided inputs for identification of the felt needs of the communities,
and the relevant stakeholders.

201. During the business survey, business/shops of different core areas of cities were
informed about the project activities such as replacement, rehabilitation, cleaning of sewer,
separation of storm water drain and sewer, new laying of sewer etc. in the main road and
inner roads of the cities. They were informed about the possible impacts such as disruption
to the local inhabitants, and pedestrians during construction. During the business survey, the
business owners and the shop keepers were informed about the possibility of disruption to
the business and the survey was a preliminary activity to determine possible profit losses if
full closure of the road was required during construction. They were informed that future
public consultations and disclosures would be held regarding possible disruption to
businesses and issues of compensation modality would be discussed. They were also
informed that they will get more information about the project activities during topographical
survey.

202. The Project Affected People of Kathmandu Valley have been informed about the
rehabilitation/modernization of existing and new construction of WWTPs and laying of new
interceptors and collectors; rehabilitation and cleaning of existing interceptors/collectors and
replacing existing brick sewers. Discussions were held with the participants in a closed circle
and the details of the dates, number of participants are given in Table VI-1and in Annex 9.

Table VI-1: Meetings, workshops, consultations and focus group discussions held
SN Date Topic No. of Institutions
participants
1 26 March Scope and objectives of PPTA - 6 Project Manager and
2012 7936 and PPTA-43448; Deputy Project Manager
ongoing activities of HPCIDBC; HPCIDBC; PPTA Team
BAP implementation
2 19 April Scope and objectives of PPTA - 4 Environment Section Chief
2012 7936; ongoing activities and and Drainage Section Chief
problematic areas of Lalitpur Lalitpur Municipality; PPTA
Municipality Team
3 19 April Scope and objectives of PPTA - 4 Division Chiefs, PPTA
2012 7936; ongoing activities and Team
FGD on problematic areas of
Kathmandu Metropolitan City
4 20 April Scope and objectives of PPTA - 5 Ex-Mayor and Engineers,
2012 7936; ongoing activities and PPTA Team
FGD on problematic areas of
Bhaktapur Municipality; vision
on wastewater management
5 20 April Scope and objectives of PPTA - 4 Engineer and Community
2012 7936; ongoing activities and Development Officer of
FGD on problematic areas of Municipality, PPTA Team
MadhyapurThimi Municipality
6 31 May Ongoing activities of CBP 6 CBP Team Leader, GIS
2012 Team, status of sewer expert, PPTA Team
networks, GIS activities in
KUKL

60
 7 22 June Meeting on coordination on the 13 MoWSS, HPCIDBC, PID,
2012 wastewater sector KUKL, Kathmandu
Metropolitan City,
KVWSMB, PPTA
8 29 June Ongoing activities of DSC 15 PID, KUKL, BDA,
2012 under HPCIDBC, design criteria Stakeholders
of sewer lines
9 9 July 2012 FGD in Ta DhokaPurnchandi, 12 Local people
Lalitpur
10 14 August Consultative Stakeholders 53 PID, ADB, MOWSS, KUKL,
2012 Workshop on Interim Report HPCIDBC, PPTA Team,
Municipalities

203. In addition, the Resettlement Team undertook a random survey of 90 households

(vendors, hawkers businesses and shops to obtain information on the loss of income due to
temporary disruption of business during laying/rehabilitation/cleaning of sewerage pipeline in
different problematic areas of the Municipalities. Results of the survey are included in the
Resettlement Plan.

204. PID will make copies of the IEE report and any other project reports available to
interested people in the Nepali language (if required) to ensure that stakeholders understand
the objectives, policy, principles and procedures. These reports will be made available at
public places, including the offices of PID, KUKL main office and branch offices, and the
Kathmandu Metropolitan city, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan city and MadhyapurThimi, Bhaktapur
Municipalities Offices.

205. The PID will extend and expand the consultation and disclosure process during the
detailed design stage and construction period of the project. A community awareness firm
will be recruited to ensure ongoing consultations and public awareness during project
implementation. The CASSC firm will continue the consultations with the affected
communities through distribution of leaflets, about the project activities and entitlement
matrix and the project contact persons for outreach and queries. Intensive consultations will
be made on those sewer pipeline areas where people have different opinion for the
installation of sewer pipelines.

206. The community awareness consultant (CASSC)will further coordinate with the PID,
design and DSC, and contractors to ensure that communities are made fully aware of project
activities in all stages of construction. A community awareness and participation plan were
also prepared for the project and will be implemented by the recruited firm in coordination
with the PID and DSC safeguards staff. Community groups such as tole committees and
vendor associations will be consulted and made aware of the civil works and project
activities prior to construction and even during the time of construction.

207. Further, public consultation program with key stakeholders has been carried out
during the year of 2016/17 in line with the requirements pertaining to environmental and
social considerations of ADB. During the detailed design of WWTPs and Interceptors,
discussions and consultation meetings were held with Bhaktapur Municipality, Mahalaxmi
Municipality and Madhyapur Municipality. During the consultation information about the
project including project alignment and location of WWTPs and Interceptors has been
discussed with the participants. Informal discussions and consultations were held with
farmers present in the field and disclosed project information. They were also informed the
possibilities of some disturbances and crop losses that might take place during construction
works.

Figure VI-1: Summary of Public Consultations

61
SN Date/M Location No.ofParticipant TopicsDiscussed IssuesRais
onth Male Female Total ed/
1. May Madhyapur Thimi 14 - 14 Coordination Meeting N/A
31, Municipality for IS
2016 02.
2. July 5, Meeting with 33 3 36 Coordination Meeting N/A
2016 Municipal
Authorities
(MadhyapurThimi,
Bhaktapur and
Suryabinayak) for
TP-02, IS-01
3 Februa Lokanthali, 14 0 14 Information dissemination N/A
ry 21, Bhaktapur for IS- of the project
2017 02
4. March Bhaktapur 32 3 35 Information dissemination N/A
1,2017 Municipality Ward of the project to the all
No 17 for IS-02 interested stakeholders of
the Municipality
5 May Madhyapur Thimi 30 2 32 Information dissemination N/A
28,201 Municipality Ward of the project to the all
7 No,9 for IS-02 interested stakeholders of
the Municipality
6. June Bhaktapur 50 21 71 Information dissemination
7,2017 Municipality Ward of the project to the all
No 17 for IS-02 interested stakeholders of
the Municipality
7. June Bhaktapur 17 1 18 Information dissemination N/A
14,201 Municipality Ward of the project to the all
7 No 8 for IS-02. interested stakeholders of
the Municipality ward
people
8. June Mahalaxmi 10 4 14 Coordination Meeting N/A
29,201 Municipality
7

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 VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

208. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been established to receive, evaluate,
and facilitate the resolution of affected people’s concerns, complaints, and grievances about
the social and environmental performance of the project. The GRM aims to provide a trusted
way to voice and resolve concerns linked to the project, and to be an effective way to
address affected people’s concerns. The GRM for the project is outlined below and consists
of four levels with time-bound schedules and specific persons to address grievances. The
minutes of GRC formation at local level is presented in Appendix 14.

209. First level of GRM. The first level and most accessible and immediate contact for
the fastest resolution of grievances are the contractors and supervision consultants on site.
Prior to construction of any works, the community awareness consultants, DSC, and
contractors are to hold local community meetings to notify the local residents and
businesses of the temporary disturbance, and to inform them of the project. If a local area
committee (LAC) exists, they should also be informed. If any complaints arise, the
contractors, DSC, and PID can immediately resolve the complaints on site. The PID branch
offices can also be involved in grievance redress at this stage. The KUKL hotline and PID
office phone numbers will be posted in public areas within the project area and construction
sites. Any person with a grievance related to the project can contact the project to file a
complaint. The PID branch offices are staffed with a consumer relations officer to field and
resolve complaints. The consumer relations officer or branch manager will document the
complaint, and immediately address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2
days, if the complaint remains unresolved at the field level. The branch manager may seek
the assistance of the DSC safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social
safeguards specialist) to help resolve the issue. The consumer relations officer or branch
manager will notify the PID safeguards unit that a complaint was received, and whether it
was resolved. The branch manager will fully document the following information: (i) name of
the person, (ii) date complaint was received, (iii) nature of complaint, (iv) location, and (v)
how the complaint was resolved.

210. Second level of GRM. Should the grievance remained unresolved, the branch
manager will forward the complaint to the PID safeguards unit. The person filing the
grievance will be notified by the consumer relations officer or Branch Manager that the
grievance was forwarded to the PID safeguards unit. For resettlement issues, the
resettlement officer will address the grievance; for environmental issues, it will be the
environmental officer. Grievances will be resolved through continuous interactions with
affected persons, and the PID will answer queries and resolve grievances regarding various
issues, including environmental, social, or livelihood impacts. Corrective measures will be
undertaken at the field level by the PID safeguards staff within 7 days. The relevant
safeguards unit staff will fully document the following information: (i) name of the person, (ii)
date complaint was received, (iii) nature of complaint, (iv) location, and (v) how the complaint
was resolved.

211. Third level of GRM. Should the grievance remain unresolved, the PID’s Project
Director will activate the third level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written
documentation) to the local Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) of KUKL, who will, based
on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the PID safeguards unit,
Project Director, and affected persons. The local GRC will consist of members of PID,
affected persons, and local area committee, among others determined to provide impartial,
balanced views on any issues. The GRC should consist of around 5 persons. A hearing will
be called with GRC, if necessary, where the affected person can present his or her
concern/issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The local
GRC will meet as necessary when there are grievances to be addressed. The local GRC will
suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign clear responsibilities for

63
implementing its decision within 15 days. The functions of the local GRC are as follows: (i) to
provide support to affected persons on problems arising from environmental or social
disruption, asset acquisition (if necessary), and eligibility for entitlements, compensation, and
assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected persons, categorize and prioritize them, and
provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to report to the aggrieved parties developments
regarding their grievances and decisions of GRC. The PID safeguards officers will be
responsible for processing and placing all papers before the GRC, recording decisions,
issuing minutes of the meetings, and taking follow-up action to see that formal orders are
issued and the decisions carried out.
212. Fourth level of GRM. In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the
contractor, DSC, branch office, PID, or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of
the grievance in the appropriate courts, the fourth level of the GRM, which is the formal legal
court system. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure VIII-1.
213. GRC Composition. Below is the GRC members composition under the project:
(i) GRC Chairman - PID Director
(ii) GRC Members:
(iii) Concerned municipality representative
(iv) Tole Community representative as AP’s representative
(v) Appointed NGO representatives as independent party
KUKL/ KVWSMB/DSC (as relevant)
214. ADB Accountability Mechanism. In the event when the established GRM is not in a
position to resolve the issue, Affected Person also can use the ADB Accountability
Mechanism (AM) through directly contact (in writing) to the Complain Receiving Officer
(CRO) at ADB headquarters or to ADB Nepal Resident Mission (NRM). The complaint can
be submitted in any of the official languages of ADB’s DMCs. The ADB Accountability
Mechanism information will available in the PID to distribute to the affected communities, as
part of the project GRM.

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DSC= design and supervision consultant, PID=project implementation directorate.

Figure VII-1: Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

65
 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

A. Environmental Management Plan and Objectives

215. The basic objectives of the EMP are to:

(i) to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements will
actually be carried out at different stages of project implementation and
operation - preconstruction, construction and operation and maintenance;
(ii) recommend a plan of action and a means of testing the plan to meet existing
and projected environmental problems;
(iii) establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the project’s
environmental management;
(iv) describe mitigation measures that shall be implemented to avoid or mitigate
adverse environmental impacts and maximizing the positive ones;
(v) ensure implementation of recommended actions aimed at environmental
management and its enhancement; and
(vi) ensure that the environment and its surrounding areas are protected and
developed to meet the needs of the local people and stakeholders.

B. Mitigation and monitoring

216. Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures have been dealt in detail
in Section D and Table16.
217. A detailed self-explanatory environmental management and monitoring program is
presented in Table VIII-1. The Table lists the environmental impact, its mitigating measures;
the parameters to be monitored (including location, measurement and frequency) and the
cost. The program will evaluate: (i) the extent and severity of the adverse environmental
impacts as compared to what was predicted, (ii) how effective the mitigating measures were
and compliance with the regulations and the (iii) overall effectiveness of the EMP.
218. The environmental monitoring of the Wastewater System includes field supervision
and reporting of project activities prior to and during the project construction and operation in
order to ensure that the works are being carried out in accordance to the approved design
and that the environmental mitigation measures are fully implemented in accordance with
the EMP.
Table VIII-1: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan of IS-02

Project Activity Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost

Impacts Responsibility (NRs.)
Construction phase
Earthworks Soil erosion and slope instability Separate stockpiling of topsoil for further use; spoil disposal at Contractors/DSC Contractor
due to topsoil stripping and designated and stabilized sites; compact the excavated areas” backfill cost
excavation for trenches and include replacement of topsoil; adopt cut and fill approach; avoid
work during the rainy season as much as possible; do mulching to
stabilize exposed areas; use bioengineering techniques (e.g., re-
vegetating areas promptly); Provide channels and ditches for post-
construction flows; line steep channels and slopes (e.g. use of jute
netting); prevent off-site sediment transport using settlement ponds, silt
fences. Dispose of excess materials in designated areas.
Surface water discharges to Use settling basins at reservoir sites; use straw to filter small Contractors/DSC Contractor
local drainage from trench discharges; do routine inspection and monitoring of larger discharges to cost
construction water courses, Excavation dewatering to use settlement tanks.
Runoff from construction areas Contractors/DSC Contractor
including stockpiled materials Use temporary bunds and catchment basins. Grade soil/sand stockpiles cost
to prevent erosion.
Contractors/DSC Contractor
Excavation and laying of Do construction in the dry season only; use river diversions with cost
pipeline/ siphons, aqueduct and bundings; give prior notification of construction activities, schedule and
overflow wire at river crossings affected areas including anticipated effects in river sections.
could impact the river water
quality and ecosystem
Interception and interference Bund local wells, springs, and irrigation canals from temporary spoil Contractors/DSC Contractor
with localized groundwater dumps; monitor local wells and spring fed spouts or kuwas particularly cost
flows due to deep excavations. downhill of excavation of trench, including temporary supply provided if
flow is affected; provide permeable base and side backfill at deeply
excavated sites or an alternate source of drinking water at the existing
location.
Quarrying from river bed Change in river hydrology and Do now allow quarrying/mining activities in river/streams to extract Contractors/DSC Contractor
morphology construction materials and change the river cross sections and cost
longitudinal profiles.
Construction Phase
Dumping of waste in the Water and land pollution Provide designated areas with collection bins for wastes. Provide toilet Contractors/DSC Contractor
river. Construction of toilets facilities and prohibit open defecation. Prohibit washing of vehicles next cost
in the camps Storing of to rivers and streams. Ensure site is well-signed indicating the
materials and dumping of restrictions. Store construction aggregates, hazardous and toxic
excess materials in the materials, lubricating, oils and used batteries in safe areas and away
project area. from any drainage leading to water bodies; have designated bounded
Handling of toxic materials areas for storage. Dispose of any wastes generated by construction
activities in designated areas. Provide training to workforce on safe

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 Project Activity Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost
Impacts Responsibility (NRs.)
handling of toxic materials and occupational health and safety
measures during construction. Use personal equipment at all times
while on site.
Quarry operations Air quality deterioration Dust suppression on roads or at open sites by sprinkling water as Contractors/DSC Contractor
Movement of vehicles required at regular intervals. cost
Operation of crusher Cover earth stockpiles using plastic sheets or cement jute bags. Use
Earthworks Stockpiling of tarpaulins to cover sand and other loose materials during transport.
construction waste and Cover stockpiling materials with tarpaulin sheets during rainy and windy
construction materials season in order to prevent runoff and erosion of stockpiling materials.
Limit speed to 10-15 km/hr for construction vehicles; site to be signed
specifying speed limits.
Ensure that vehicles comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission
Standards, 2056 BS.
Do regular maintenance of vehicles. Provide ventilation in confined
working areas.
Movement of vehicles Noise and vibration Monitor noise levels regularly at site to meet the noise standards; fit Contractors/DSC Contractor
Operation of crusher mufflers in vehicles to control noise, limit the speed of vehicles. cost

Constructionof project vegetation clearance Cut only trees that are marked and have been approved by the DSC. Contractors/DSC Contractor
structures Solicit instruction from DSC before cutting any trees and removing any cost
Damages to fisheries and vegetation. Plant and rear tree saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for
aquatic ecology of riverbeds each felled tree at identified plantation sites along the river bank.
and avian habitats.
Do construction during dry season only and use diversions and bunding
work sections.
Reinstatement of damaged Reinstatement of community Compensate or reinstate/relocate community assets that are disturbed KVWSMB/KUKL/Contractor/D Contractor
community services and services and infrastructures by the construction work such as electricity poles, telephone lines, SC cost
infrastructures. drinking water pipes, road lengths etc. to the satisfaction of the people.
Coordinate with concerned utilities, local people, design maps of the
area with utilities and emergency response plans (develop and include
an emergency response plan/template that includes notification and
reporting protocols).
Influx of outside workforce, Increase in crime and Prohibit gambling and alcohol consumption in labour “camp sites”. KVWSMB/KUKL/Contractor Contractor
and unwanted activities. community stress Instruct the workforce to respect the local cultures, traditions, rights, etc. cost

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 Project Activity Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost
Impacts Responsibility (NRs.)
Project activities relating to Health and hygiene Provide regular health check-ups, sanitation and hygiene, health care, Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
health and safety issues at (Unsafe working conditions, and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. UKL cost
work areas accidents, fire hazard, Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the
transmission of communicable possibility of spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and
diseases, etc.) HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and signboards.
Provide insurance to workers and training in occupational health and
safety.
Give importance to community health and safety:
• Provide alternate potable water supply during maintenance works
and notify the public in advance
• Prevent pollution of air in agricultural land, vegetation, and human
settlements due to dust and vehicular emissions.
• Avoid wastewater pollution on land, humans, receiving waters,
and the environment.
• Minimize nuisance due to traffic noise and vibrations.
• Prevent nuisance from odors and noise
• Avoid traffic accidents and traffic jams.
• Prevent the possibility of accidents to the people of the
community due to trench excavations.
• Make available first aid kits, ambulance and fire extinguishers in
camp sites. Make available protection gears to all construction
workers and compensate for the loss of life or any type of injuries.

Injury to a member of the public Provide fencing and/or barricades as per site risk assessment. Apply Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
during pipe delivery signage and pedestrian control. UKL cost
Devise and implement system for site inspection and security.
Ensure security and equipment necessary to minimise vandalism.
Traffic can cause personal Develop a traffic control plan and keep areas clean and clear of Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
injury to the public, contractors, obstacles. UKL cost
and employees; and vehicle
accidents.
Slips, trips and falls, strains and Conduct site inspection to ensure access/space is adequate for the task Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
sprains; manual handling of activities. UKL cost
injuries such as back damage
Existing underground services Inform site in-charge before digging/excavation; check relevant Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
can cause explosion, authority (e.g. power, water, telephone) records for existing location of UKL cost
electrocution, and damage services.
If in doubt use the experienced service of people in the locality.
Excavation by plant and Operations of plant by licensed personnel. Use personal protective Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
equipment will create noise, equipment–hardhat, high visibility vest, hearing protection etc. UKL cost
falling objects, damage to Maintain a safety working area clear of any clutter etc. Around the

69
Project Activity Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost
Impacts Responsibility (NRs.)
existing surfaces, material moving plant.
spillage, and injuries by moving Protect surfaces from plant movements. Ensure plant noise control.
parts. Maintain clean-up equipment on site.
Maintain (specified) spillage control equipment. Employ observers
where possible.
Falling objects during storage of No materials to be placed or stacked near the edge of any excavation. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
materials during excavation. No load to be placed or moved near the edge of the excavation where it UKL cost
is likely to cause collapse of side of work. No load handling/movement
across excavation. No rollable objects stored uphill from excavation.
Overhead and underground Determine location of underground services. If underground power Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
power cables can cause cables are located in the vicinity, exercise extreme care while UKL cost
electrocution during excavation. excavating. Consider any restriction on kinds of tools and equipment
that may be required and comply with the requirements.
Liaise with relevant authority.
Sloping ground can cause the Maintain good housekeeping (remove debris, trip hazards, site Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
falling of rolling objects. tidiness). UKL cost
Select locations to minimize potential for movement. Stack materials at
level below excavation.
Secure/retain potential falling/rolling objects.
Trench collapse and falling Support / bench / batter excavation. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
objects. Keep safe distance from edge of trench (at least 0.6 m away from sides UKL cost
of trench depending on soil type and conditions to be decided by DSC
during detailed design and to be barricade/fenced to debar the public).
Materials not to be placed or stacked near the edge of trench.
No load to be placed or moved near the edge of trench where it is likely
to cause collapse of the trench.
All trenches to have safety barricades when left open for a period of
time.
Water logging and pounding in Provide submersible pump to dewater trenches where ground is water- Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
the excavated trench and as a charged. UKL cost
mosquito breeding site Use personal protective equipment. No load/personnel movement
across trench. Avoid mosquito breeding in the excavated trench.
Falling into trenches Install shoring system. Where possible backfill trenches where possible Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
to avoid falling into it or any accidents. UKL cost
Erect 1.8-meter (min) security fence if open excavation is to be left
unattended or cover open excavation with steel plating if left
unattended. Erect safety signage boards to prohibit into the area and to
avoid personnel movement across trench.
Other risks associated with Where trench/conduit is considered to be a confined space, use Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
confined spaces. experienced trained personnel. UKL cost
No smoking and use of mobile phone use and avoid sparking.
Trip hazard; dust–eye injury; Provide necessary environmental protection measures: Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
environmental damage due to Secure fill stockpile. Provide a dedicated area for fill. UKL cost
storage of fill. Watering of material.

70
Project Activity Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost
Impacts Responsibility (NRs.)
Provide necessary personal protective equipment to workers.
Cover /fill when unattended or unable to be watered.
Manual handling Correct manual handling techniques. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
(shovelling) can cause strains Provide adequate rest periods, allowed job rotation, minimize UKL cost
and sprains, injuries such as repetitious twisting and shovelling.
back damage, injuries due to Use mechanical aids where possible. Maintain control of loads when
lifting pipes and swinging loads lifting and moving.
Carry pipes close to ground while moving if mechanical aid is used.
Contaminated soil can cause Use protective clothes/shoes/gloves. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
impact on health of persons. UKL cost
Defective materials can cause Visual inspection of materials by experienced persons/ engineers. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
injuries. UKL cost
Storage of hazardous materials Handling and storage to be done carefully under guidance. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
can cause injuries and UKL cost
illnesses.
Earth mounds can cause Control operation of mobile plant by competent person. Watering of Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
engulfment and dust can cause material. Control slopes, Delineate earth mounds. Put up warning UKL cost
eye injuries. signage. Cover earth mounds when unattended or unable to be
watered.

Personal injury due to working Maintain a safe distance from working plant. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
plant and equipment. Wear personal protective equipment including high visibility clothing UKL cost
and hard hat, etc. Put up perimeter fencing.
Place trained personnel on the look-out.
Firstaid kit shall be in place at the site.
Public hazards due to Compaction to specified international standard (backfill shall be Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
inadequate compaction, compacted to a dry density of not less than 90% of the maximum dry UKL cost
construction refuse, and density); clear site of debris and refuse; re-surface without leaving gaps
inadequate re-surfacing during or uneven surfaces and erect fence around hazardous areas until they
site restoration. are safe and restored.
Inadequate training, All personnel on-site should be trained and kept aware and should be Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
consultation, planning and suitably qualified. Provide competent supervision to be on-site. UKL cost
improvisation can cause task-
specific injuries due to
inexperience, inadequate
consultation or failure to provide
required equipment.
Weather conditions (e.g. hot, Supply adequate drinking water in the work area. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
cold, wet, flooding/inundation, UKL cost
high winds) can cause
dehydration and dizziness.
Slippery surfaces can cause Wear non-slip safety footwear in all work sites. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
slips and falls. Ensure extreme care when working in wet and slippery areas. UKL cost
Personnel should never run on worksite.

71
 Project Activity Potential Environmental Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost
Impacts Responsibility (NRs.)
Untidy site can cause slips and Keep worksite clean and tidy at all times, free from clutter and rubbish. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
fall, particularly when site is Store materials in designated areas as specified in site plans. UKL cost
unattended.
Public safety make be at risk All materials to be secured by blocks or wedges, sandbags or other Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
due to pipes or drums means. UKL cost
accidentally rolling onto the All pipes not laid during the course of a day are to be returned to the
roadway causing an accident or stockpile and secured.
may be rolled by unauthorised
persons particularly when site is
unattended causing injury to
persons.
Public safety may be at risk due Store/park plant and equipment off site and in a secure area. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
to improper storage of plant. UKL cost
Nuisance due to excavated soil. Provide for safe disposal and re-use of excavated soil. Remove waste Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
Deterioration of air quality due soil as soon as it is excavated. Sprinkle water to avoid dust. UKL cost
to dust.
Soil erosion, silt runoff, and Precautionary measures should be taken during construction such as Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
settling of street surfaces. backfilling of excavated trenches maintaining slope and drainage for UKL cost
Water could get polluted; land surface runoff. Construction activities should be, as far as possible and
values degraded and are a avoided during the rainy season. Provide temporary diversions and sign
nuisance to pedestrians. Street boards for pedestrians.
surfaces would settle, bringing
about pounding of water.
Local residents and sites of Carry out the work as quickly as possible to minimize disturbances. Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
social/cultural importance may Consult residents; inform them of work in advance. Erect “work to UKL cost
be disturbed by noise, dust and commence” and “work in progress” signage.
impede access
Pollution of water distributed Place water distribution pipes away from sewers to avoid infiltration of Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
can cause health hazards. sewage (the bottom of the water service pipe must be at least 0.3 m UKL cost
above the top of the sewer line to avoid seepage with the water pipe
above the sewer)
Dislocation of Loss of archaeological and Protect archaeological and cultural sites, use manual digging, and avoid Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/K Contractor
archaeological cultural sites. Finding of any heavy equipment during the digging of trenches for the laying of pipes UKL cost
artefacts, if any archaeological artefact during in sensitive areas.
excavation works. Inform DSC and to theChief District Officer who has to report the
findings in writing to the Department of Archaeology within 35 days,
according to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1956 and Rules,
1989. Arrange for onsite “grievance handling” through the use of liaison
officers. Undertake trench closure and facilitate surface rehabilitation or
pavingas quickly as feasible.
DSC = Design and Supervision Consultant, DWEC = District Wage Evaluation Committee, KUKL = Kathmandu UpatyakaKhanepani Limited, KVWSMB = Kathmandu Valley Water
Supply Management Board, MOPE = Ministry of Population and Environment, PID = Project Implementation Directorate, WWTP = Wastewater Treatment Plant.

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 A. Implementation Arrangements

1. Environmental Procedures and Institutions

219. The Ministry of Forest and Environment (MoFE) is in charge of environmental control
and management for all sector agencies. The Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation
(MoWSS) has the overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of all water supply and
sewerage projects. In case of an EIA, it has to be finally approved by MoPE. In case of an
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), the final approval lies with MoWSS.

220. The MOWSS will be the executing agency responsible for overall strategic planning,
guidance, and management of the project, and for ensuring compliance with loan covenants.
As part of institutional reforms under the ongoing loans, three water and wastewater
organizations were created - Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board
(KVWSMB), the asset owner; KUKL, the asset operator and service provider; and Water
Supply Tariff Fixation Commission (WSTFC), the regulator. KVWSMB will continue to
discharge its responsibilities as asset owner of water supply and wastewater systems and
monitoring of performance of KUKL as provided in the lease and license agreement between
KVWSMB and KUKL. KUKL will be the implementing agency, and the existing PID in KUKL
will be responsible for (i) project planning, implementation, monitoring, and supervision; (ii)
reporting to KUKL Board of Directors, MoWSS, and ADB; and (iii) coordination of all
activities. The experience of PID, KUKL in implementing Kathmandu Valley Water Supply
Improvement Project (ADB 2776-NEP) will be useful in taking advance actions for the
Project.

221. Some clearances are required to be taken before the Project commences:
• In the forest regulations, if the project "will result in clear cutting of national forest” or "falls
within protected area”. The Forest Act, 1993 Article 68 mentions that in order to implement
any project with "priority status” and "with no other alternatives than to use the forest”, "only
in such situation and conditioned that there will not be any adverse environmental effect by
implementing such schemes”, the Government of Nepal may give permission to use some
part of forest (organized forest/conserved forest/community forest/lease hold forest) to
implement such projects. The Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (2009) also requires
that all the costs related to the clearing off the forest, its transportation to the approved
location and works related to environmental mitigation shall be borne by the project itself. It
is mandatory to plant 25 saplings for every tree cut and maintain/nurture them for 5 years. If
the proponent cannot nurture the saplings, the proponent will provide the total cost involved
to the National Parks and Wildlife who shall rear/nurture the saplings for 5 years. The
clearance is sought from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Laying of the new
sewers will be aligned to avoid the cutting of trees. If during the detailed design, it is found
that tree cutting is unavoidable, then the above procedures will be followed. However, the
proposed sewer alignments do not fall under any national and government forest area,
conservation area, protected area and national parks. Similarly, the proposed treatment
plants area also does not fall under any such protected and conservation area. All the lands
of treatment plants belong the project and no any private land partials are existed within the
boundary of those treatment plant. Some of the trees existed within the boundary shall be
considered as private trees and the project will provide appointed contractor to cut the
required trees in piecemeal basis. The contractor will be responsible to plant tree saplings in
the ratio of 1:25 and will also be responsible to protect it at list for 5 years.

73
222. Table VIII-2 defines the roles of different organisations and groups in environmental monitoring:

Table VIII-2: Institutional/organizational responsibilities in environmental monitoring

SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities
Pre - construction phase Construction phase Operation phase
1 Ministry of Water Supply • Review IEE document and submit to donors; • review EMP Report review bi-annual
and Sanitation (MoWSS) approve IEE report, • to ensure EMP implementation monitoring reports,
• review design and tender documents in order to • effectiveness of the implementation and
examine whether or not mitigation prescriptions are measures and annual site inspection.
included and instruct KUKL. • compliance
2 Kathmandu Valley Water • review final design and tender documents and • conduct frontline monitoring on ensure smooth
Supply Management forward them to MoWSS, mitigation implementation operation of water
Board (KVWSMB)/ • instruct PID to update RAP and get it approved, • effectiveness supply and sewerage
Kathmandu • establish ‘Safeguard Unit/Utility Management • enhancement programs systems
UpatyakaKhanepani Coordination Subcommittee /appoint Design and • appoint monitoring team
Limited (KUKL) and Supervision Consultant (DSC) • ensure public participation
Projection Implementation • obtain all necessary permissions and permits, notify, • RAP implementation
Directorate (PID) carry out land acquisition (if required), and crop • Environmental compliance and
compensation evaluation • prepare quality monitoring report to
• select contractor, award and review EMEP submit to MoWSS.
document prepared by the contractor and approve
it.
3 Design and Supervision • incorporate all provisions of EMP in the final design, • approval of construction works
Consultant (DSC) • incorporate all mitigation measures in the tender • monitoring of the contractor’s
documents, performance on EMP implementation/
• assist in site inspection during land intake, and mitigation effectiveness / impact
• Baseline monitoring of air and receiving water monitoring
quality, noise level and vibrations and overall • labour employment as per regulations
environmental status of the project area. • instruct contractor for corrective
actions
• impose fine/or null payment in case of
noncompliance and
• prepare monthly monitoring report/
participate in inspection
• periodic monitoring of air quality,
receiving water quality and noise and
vibration levels at the project area
• monitoring of impacts on physical,
biological and socioeconomic
environment in the project area

74
SN Organization Roles and Responsibilities
Pre - construction phase Construction phase Operation phase
• conduct trainings and Community
Awareness and periodic meetings with
stakeholders and
• submit monthly and bi-annual progress
reports, including monitoring results
and mitigation activities.
4 Construction Contractor • prepare EMEP for contracts, • get permission to start work from DSC
• select temporary land use sites, and • ensure that all prescriptions of EMP
• assist the supervising engineer in joint site are included in the work activities
inspection of KVWSMB/ KUKL for approval. • ensure employment opportunities for
the locals and maintain records of
employment, and submit to the
Supervising Engineer
• carry out corrective measures as
recommended by DSC
• participate in monitoring and inspection
• prepare an operational manual to
submit to DSC
• provide training to the monitoring
personnel, and
• submit monthly reports on EMP
compliance to DSC.

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 2. Monitoring and Reporting Procedures
223. The Construction Contractor should develop a construction environmental
management plan (CEMP) based on the EMP. The CEMP should be approved by PID/KUKL
and DSC. Contractors are to submit monthly CEMP implementation status reports to DSC.
DSC should submit quarterly reports to PID which should be reviewed by the Safeguard Unit
of PID. PID should submit semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB in a similar format
provided in Annex 13. The reporting system should be based on site supervision to see
whether mitigation measures are carried out according to the Monitoring Plan. DSC is
responsible for checking the monthly progress reports submitted by the Contractor and field
verified whether or not the Contractor has complied with the approved conditions as stated in
the CEMP.
224. DSC should then prepare a quarterly environmental monitoring report based on the
monthly report submitted by the Contractor and submit to PID/KUKL for review. The report is
developed based on field inspection, investigation, consultation and information given in the
monitoring report. 10 copies of the reports should be submitted to PID/KUKL every month,
which should be distributed to the responsible agencies for review. The Environmental
Specialist of DSC should then review the comments and suggestions from the various
authorities and act accordingly.
225. Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the
implementation of EMP should be produced on a regular basis. The monthly progress report
should contain information on the works carried out and the results of all monitoring and
investigation works performed during that particular month. The report should also include
cases of compliance and non-compliance and the corresponding further mitigation measures
to be adopted to correct the non-compliances and also include the outcome of the
monitoring, important issues identified and the measures to be undertaken to ameliorate
them.
3. Procurement plan and cost estimates

226. The EMP will be incorporated into the bidding and contract documents and the
contractors will make available a budget for all such environmental mitigation measures.

227. A domestic Community Awareness and Safeguard Support Consultant (CASSC) firm
will facilitate community awareness and participation programs over the 5-year period. The
cost for the public awareness specialist, support team, and IEC (Information, Education and
Communication) materials has been estimated as $600,000.
228. The Contractors and their supervisory staff should be made aware on the importance
of meeting environmental safeguard standards in the contracts, and the importance of
preparing, submitting and getting the Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) (to be
prepared for each subproject, according to the EMP) approved before construction starts. A
one-day orientation programs will be provided to construction contractor as and when
required. The orientation program will consist of (i) environmental issues in interceptor sewer
construction and laying of sewer pipes, (ii) implementation of mitigation measures, (iii)
monitoring of implementation and (iv) preparation of the Environmental Mitigation Execution
Plan.
229. Costs for the operation and maintenance phase trainings of KUKL staff, including
monthly monitoring.
230. All the costs related to cutting of trees (if there are any and which will be known once
the final alignment of the pipelines have been fixed by DSC), their transportation to an
approved location and works related to environmental mitigation shall be borne by the
project itself. The new sewers will be laid so as to avoid the cutting of trees. If during the

76
detailed design, it is found that tree cutting is unavoidable, it is mandatory to plant 25
saplings for every tree cut and maintain them for 5 years. The cost for the cutting and
nurturing of 1 tree for 5 years has been estimated as $600 that will be borne by the project.

The EMP cost included in BOQ is as presented below.

Table VIII-3: EMP cost

Rate Cost Cost

Particulars Stages Unit Quantity covered
(NRs.) (NRs.)
by
A. Mitigation Measures
Compensatory
plantation measures
1 including seed sowing Construction Number 3200 553 Project
1,769,600.00
on embankment slope
(average estimate)
B. Administrative Costs
These
consents
Permit for excavation, are to be
Legislation, permits,
1 tree-cutting permits, Lump sum LS obtained by
and agreements 25,000.00
etc contractor
at his own
expense.
Environmental
assessment and
environmental
clearances as per
2 Lump sum 1 PMO cost
EPA 1997 and EPR, 10,000.00
IEE presentation at
review committee
related expenses Preconstruction
Information disclosure
and consultations
covered
Public consultations during preconstruction
As per Lump under
3 and information and construction
requirement sum 150,000.00 DSMC
Disclosure phase, including public
contract
awareness campaign
through media
Costs involved in PMO cost
resolving complaints
(meetings,
GRM Lump
4 consultations,
implememntation sum 170,400.00
communication, and
reporting/inform ation
dissemination)
Mitigation of any
Any unanticipated
unanticipated impact Lump Civil works
5 impact due to project
arising during sum 250,000.00 contract–
Implementation
construction phase
Costs involved in
resolving complaints
Social Safeguard and (meetings, As per Lump Civil works
6
GESI activities consultations, requirement sum contract
communication, and
reporting/ informing 125,000.00
Reinstatement of
relocation of public
utilities within land
services. Ie. Electric Construction
10,000,000.00
pole, transformer,
telephone poles,
C. underground water

77
 Rate Cost Cost
Particulars Stages Unit Quantity covered
(NRs.) (NRs.)
by
supply pipe, street
lignting, etc as per
instruction of
engineer. (Spec.
12.5.8)

Total
12,500,000.00

4. Implementation Schedule
231. Detailed design of interceptor packages and sewer network began in third quarter of
2013. Construction is scheduled to commence in the mid of 2014 to be completed by mid of
2018.

232. The project implementation schedule is given in Table VIII-4for a period of 5 years.
Most of the activities have been scheduled on a continuous basis.

233. Under the General Manager of KUKL, there is a Technical Division (headed by a
Deputy Technical Manager). Under the Technical Division, there are 10 Branch Offices in
the Valley headed by a Deputy Manager each. Before operation, KUKL/PID/DSC, with the
help of the Safeguards Unit and the Technical Division of KUKL will develop detailed work
plans for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on the EMP. These
plans will be incorporated into the project contracts which will then be submitted to the
relevant Branch Offices to help in supervising the works.

234. Before construction, KUKL/PID will develop detailed responsibilities and

requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures
and environmental monitoring in the construction contracts. KUKL/PID will also detail the
responsibilities of their environmental management offices and prepare their work
schedules.

235. Before operation, KUKL/PID will develop detailed work plans for environmental
management and monitoring during operation based on the EMP. These work plans will be
submitted to the concerned persons to help them supervise implementation.

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Table VIII-4: Project Implementation Schedule

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Activity
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
OUTPUT 1: Sewerage Network Rehabilitated and Expanded

WW/IS-01: Hanumante Interceptor

WW/IS-02: Manohara Interceptor

WW/IS-03: Kashyang Khusung Collectors

WW/SN-01: Sewer cleaning and

rehabilitation in core areas of KMC
WW/SN-03: Sewer cleaning and
rehabilitation in core areas of LMC
OUTPUT 2: Wastewater Treatment Plants Modernized and Expanded

WW/TP/01: Guheshwori WWTP

WW/TP/02: Sallaghari, Kodku and Dhobighat
WWTPs
WW/TP/03: Dhobighat WWTP

WW/DCTP-01: Dewats - Hanumanghat

WW/DCTP-02: Dewats - Gokarna

OUTPUT 3: Capacities Strengthened and Operational and Financial Reforms Institutionalized

WW/EG-01: O&M Equipment

Project Implementation Assistance and Capacity Building

DSC-04: Project Management & Design
Supervision Consultant
DSC-06: Project Management & Design
Supervision Consultant
CASSC-02: Community Awareness & Social
Safeguards Consultant

Project Completion Report (PCR)

Contract Period Likely Extension Period

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 IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

236. Overall the impacts of the Project will be very positive, benefitting the environment
and the people. Some impacts are anticipated during implementation but in specific areas
and for short duration (dust, noise, traffic problems, erosion, sedimentation etc.). It is
expected that the adverse environmental impacts of the planned project for will in general
not be significant and can be reduced and/ or prevented through mitigation measures and
regular monitoring during the design, construction and operation phases.

237. This IEE is updated for Interceptor Sewer line facilities along the both banks of the
Manohara River. The sewers which collect the wastewater from the designated service
areas and conveys and discharge the wastewater to the proposed wastewater treatment
plants at Kodku. The Manohara interceptor sewer (IS) line will be implemented as IS-02.

238. The project is unlikely to cause significant adverse impacts. The potential adverse
impacts associated with design, construction, and operation can be mitigated to standard
levels without difficulty through proper engineering design and the incorporation or
application of recommended mitigation measures and procedures as detailed in the EMP.

239. Based on the findings of the IEE, the classification of the project as category - B is
confirmed, and no further special study or detailed EIA needs to be undertaken to comply
with ADB SPS (2009).

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Appendix 1: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist Kathmandu Valley
Wastewater Management Project

1. The Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project (KVWMP) will support the
ongoing efforts of the Government of Nepal toward improving the wastewater services in
Kathmandu Valley.
2. The proposed infrastructure components of this project includes (i) rehabilitation and
expansion of sewerage network including property connections; (ii) rehabilitation and
construction of interceptors along the streams; (iii) rehabilitation and construction of 5
wastewater treatment plants of 90.5 MLD capacity; and (iv) energy generation of
approximately 910 KW through sludge digestion and gasification, etc.
Categorization (Environment) - Category B. No significant impacts. Potential impacts are
site specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can
be designed readily. An IEE with EMP was prepared.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

B. Project Siting
Is the project area.
a) Densely populated? x Rehabilitation of sewerage network
will be in urban areas. Extension of
interceptors will be in non-populated
areas. WWTPs will be rehabilitated/
b) Heavy with development activities? x In established residential areas
c) Adjacent to or within any environmentally
sensitive areas?
x Sewer will be laid on the streets of
the Heritage sites. Prior to
Cultural heritage site approval will be sought from
of Archaeology in accordance to The
Ancient Monuments Preservation
Rules 2046 (1989) Section 4.1.1
• Protected Area x
• Wetland x
• Mangrove x
• Estuarine x
• Buffer zone of protected area x
• Special area for protecting biodiversity x
• Bay x
Potential Environmental Impacts
Will the Project cause.
■ impairment of historical/cultural x If there are any chance finds, work
monuments/areas and loss/damage to these will be stopped immediately, the
sites? Chief District Officer contacted
immediately, and the findings
reported in writing to the Department
of Archaeology within 35 days,
according to the Ancient Monuments
Protection Act, 1956 and Rules,

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
■ interference with other utilities and blocking of x
Detailed surveys will be conducted of
access to buildings?
all services and as constructed
drawings obtained where possible to
locate existing services and to
prevent disruption during
construction. Budget for
restoration/replacement of damaged
utilities will be made available and a
contingency plan in case of
disruption prepared and
implemented.
x Not anticipated.
■ nuisance to neighboring areas due to noise,
smell, and influx of insects, rodents, etc.?
■ dislocation or involuntary resettlement of x No displacement of communities
people? required in this project.
■ disproportionate impacts on the poor, women x Not applicable.
and children, Indigenous Peoples or other
vulnerable groups?
■ impairment of downstream water quality due to x Project involves construction of
inadequate sewage treatment or release of WWTPs designed to allow for
untreated sewage? expansion as wastewater flows
increase in the future. WWTPs to be
operated using WWTP safety plans
that use a risk based approach to
operation.
■ overflows and flooding of neighboring x Sewers will be designed to meet
properties with raw sewage? peak flow to ensure no overflows of
raw sewage. provide stand-by
generators for pumping stations.
Train operators for regular
inspection, cleaning, and
maintenance of plant and sewers.
■ environmental pollution due to inadequate x Sludge will be treated and managed
sludge disposal or industrial waste discharges to produce energy at 4 WWTPs via
illegally disposed in sewers? gasification, anaerobic digestion etc.
■ noise and vibration due to blasting and other x No blasting activities. Restrictions on
civil works? operational hours of crushing plants
and construction vehicles etc will be
applied.
■ risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational x Use of PPE at all sites will be applied
health and safety due to physical, chemical, and strictly. The EMP ensures
biological hazards during project construction and occupational health and safety
operation? measures are included. No
hazardous chemicals will be used
during construction and operation.

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
■ discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, x Not anticipated. Sewerage to be
resulting in damage to sewer system and danger collected from residential areas.
to workers? Some commercial connections are
anticipated. Waste from these
industries discharged to the sewer
network will be restricted through the
implementation of appropriate
■ inadequate buffer zone around pumping and x Establishment and maintenance of
treatment plants to alleviate noise and other environmental buffer zones in
possible nuisances, and protect facilities? WWTP along with secure fencing.
Design of pumping stations will
include appropriate housing for
pumps for noise proofing and
protection of the facility.
■ road blocking and temporary flooding due to x Not anticipated. Construction
land excavation during the rainy season? activities to be conducted during
non-rainy season.
■ noise and dust from construction activities? x
Anticipated during construction
activities. However impacts are
temporary and short in duration. The
EMP ensures measures are included
to mitigate the impacts.
■ traffic disturbances due to construction material x Anticipated during construction
transport and wastes? activities. However impacts are
temporary and short in duration. A
traffic management plan will be
developed and implemented by the
contractor. Contractors will also
coordinate with the local traffic
police.
■ temporary silt runoff due to construction? x
Run-off during construction is
anticipated. However impacts are
temporary and short in duration. The
EMP ensures measures are included
to mitigate the impacts. Spoil
disposal will be immediate and any
stockpiling will be away from drain
channels etc.
■ hazards to public health due to overflow x
flooding, and groundwater pollution due to failure Not anticipated. Sewer system to be
of sewerage system? designed to accept future flows and
peak flows. Design to also include
stand-by generators for pumping
stations.

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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
■ deterioration of water quality due to inadequate x Not anticipated. The EMP ensures
sludge disposal or direct discharge of untreated measures are included to manage
sewage water? the sludge. Design of plants include
management of sludge for energy
generation. Design to include plant
to accept future flows. Water safety
plans for the plants will be developed
and implemented to ensure effluent
complies with government standards
and minimize operational failure.
■ contamination of surface and ground waters x Not anticipated. Sludge to be
due to sludge disposal on land? managed and used for energy
generation.

■ health and safety hazards to workers from toxic x Not anticipated. The EMP ensures
gases and hazardous materials which maybe measures are included to mitigate
contained in confined areas, sewage flow and the impacts. Occupational, health
exposure to pathogens in untreated sewage and and safety training provided to all
unstabilized sludge? personnel. PPE to be worn at all
times. Emergency response plans to
be developed and implemented.
■ large population increase during project x Personnel will also be provided with
construction and operation that causes increased Priority in employment will be given
burden on social infrastructure (such as sanitation to local residents. Contractors will
system)? provide workers camps with sanitary
amenities that meet the IFC 2009
guidelines.
■ social conflicts between construction workers x Priority in employment will be given
from other areas and community workers? to local residents.
■ risks to community health and safety due to the x Not anticipated. Construction will not
transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of use explosives and chemicals. The
materials such as explosives, fuel and other EMP ensures measures are included
chemicals during construction and operation? to manage storage, use and disposal
of fuel for construction equipment.
Storage will be in designated areas
away from water bodies. Fuel use
areas to have drip basins/ catch tank
(for fuelling) to prevent leakage and
catch spills. Fuel to be recycled
where possible or disposed in
designated areas.
■ community safety risks due to both accidental x Operation area will be clearly
and natural hazards, especially where the demarcated and restrict public
structural elements or components of the project access.
are accessible to members of the affected
community or where their failure could result in
injury to the community throughout project
construction, operation and decommissioning?

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Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No Remarks
The following questions are not for environmental
categorization. They are included in this checklist
to help identify potential climate and disaster
risks.
■ Is the Project area subject to hazards such as x Kathmandu Valley is located in a
earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone seismic zone.
winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic
eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I)?
■ Could changes in precipitation, temperature, x Not applicable.
salinity, or extreme events over the Project
lifespan affect its sustainability or cost?
■ Are there any demographic or socio-economic x The project will improve the socio-
aspects of the Project area that are already economic conditions of both, the
vulnerable (e.g. high incidence of marginalized poor and non-poor populations of
populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal Kathmandu valley.
settlements, ethnic minorities, women or
children)?
■ Could the Project potentially increase the x Improved wastewater services could
climate or disaster vulnerability of the potentially attract migrants to the
surrounding area (e.g., increasing traffic or area.
housing in areas that will be more prone to
flooding, by encouraging settlement in
earthquake zones)?

85
Appendix 2: Bagmati River pollution

Waiter quality parameters

Parameters Sundarijal Khokana
TSS mg/1 5 70
Chloride mg/1 1 24
Ammonia mg/1 0.03 11
BOD mg/1 1.3 65
Coliforai counts per 100 ml 1000 1.000.000
DO mg/l S.9 1.7

Source: MWSP (2000)

Source: BAGMATI ACTION PLAN (2009-2014), DRAFT REPORT,

March 31, 2008 Submitted to: National Trust for Nature Conservation
Submitted by Joint Venture of Astra Development Network Pvt. Ltd, GeoSpatial Systems
Pvt. Ltd, Innovative Solution Pvt. Ltd

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 Appendix 3: Tolerance limits for wastewater to be discharged into inland surface
watersfrom combined wastewater treatment plant (generic standards)

Characteristics Tolerance Limit

Total Suspended solids, mg/L, Max 50
Particle size of total suspended particles Shall pass 850-micron Sieve.
pH 5.5 to 9.0
Shall not exceed 40 degree C in any section of the stream
Temperature within 15 meters down-stream from the effluent outlet.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 5 days at 20
degree C, mg/L, Max 50

Oils and grease, mg/L, Max 10

Phenolic compounds, mg/L, Max 1

Cyanides (as CN), mg/L, Max 0.2

Sulphides (as S), mg/L, Max 2

Radioactive materials:

a. Alpha emitters, c/ml, Max 7-Oct

b. Beta emitters, c/ml, Max 8-Oct

Insecticides Absent

Total residual chlorine, mg/L 1

Fluorides (as F), mg/L, Max 2

Arsenic (as As), mg/L, Max 0.2

Cadmium (as, Cd), mg/L, Max 2

Hexavalent chromium (as Cr), mg/L, Max 0.1

Copper (as Cu), mg/L, Max 3

Lead (as Pb), mg/L, Max 0.1

Mercury (as Hg), mg/L, Max 0.01

Nickel (as Ni), mg/L, Max 3

Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max 0.05

Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, Max 5

Ammonia nitrogen, mg/L, Max 50

Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L, Max 250

Silver, mg/L, Max 0.1

Source: Urban Environment Management Framework 2068 (2011), GON

Note:
This generic standard applies to discharge of wastewater into inland surface waters from combined
wastewater treatment plants. The municipal wastewater treatment plants in the proposed project will collect
and treat only domestic wastewater from Kathmandu Valley. Therefore, in the absence of generic standards
for domestic wastewater to be discharged into inland surface water from municipal wastewater treatment
plants, this standard will only be applied as a guide. The project will assist in the development and
implementation of domestic sewage discharge standards.

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Appendix 4: Environment Related Acts and Regulations in Nepal

Acts

1) Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1991

2) Aquatic Animals Protection Act, 1960
3) Plant Protection Act, 1964
4) National Parks & Wild Life Conservation Act, 1987
5) Public Road Act, 1974
6) Trust Corporation Act, 1976
7) Tourism Act, 1978
8) Soil & Watershed Conservation Act, 1982
9) Nepal Petroleum Act, 1983
10) Nepal Electricity Authority Act, 1984
11) Mines & Mineral Act, 1985
12) Pashupati Area Development Trust Act, 1987
13) Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization) Act, 1987
14) Town Development Act, 1988
15) Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act, 1988
16) Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989
17) The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990
18) Pesticides Act, 1991
19) Municipality Act, 1991
20) Water Resources Act, 1992
21) Forest Act, 1992
22) Electricity Act, 1992
23) Motor Vehicle & Transportation Management Act, 1992
24) Labour Act, 1992
25) The Local Governance Operationalization Act, 2074 (2017)
26) Industrial Enterprises Act, 1992
27) Nepal Tourism Board Act, 1996
28) Environment Protection Act, 1996
29) Children’ s Act, 1992

Rules

1) National Parks & Wild Life Conservation Rules, 1973

2) Plant Protection Rules, 1974
3) Wild Life Reserve Rules, 1977
4) Himalayan National Park Rules, 1979
5) Mountaineering Rules, 1979
6) King Mahendra Nature Conservation Trust Rules, 1984
7) Petroleum Rules, 1984
8) Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization) Rules, 1989
9) Water Resources Rules, 1993
10) Pesticides Rules, 1993
11) Labour Rules, 1993
12) Electricity Rules, 1993
13) Forest Rules, 1994
14) Buffer Zone Management Rules, 1995
15) Royal Bardiya National Park Rules, 1996
16) Conservation Area Management Rules, 1996
17) Vehicle & Transportation Management Rules, 1997
18) Environment Protection Rules, 1997

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 Appendix 5: National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 2012 for Nepal

Averaging Concentration
Parameters Units in Ambient Test Methods
Time
Air, maximum
TSP (Total Annual -
Suspended
Particulates) µg/m3 24-hours* 230 High Volume Sampling
Annual -
PM10 µg/m3 24-hours* 120 Low Volume Sampling
Diffusive sampling based on
Annual 50 weekly averages
Sulphur To be determined before
Dioxide µg/m3 24-hours** 70 2005.
Diffusive sampling based on
Annual 40 weekly averages
Nitrogen To be determined before
Dioxide µg/m3 24-hours** 80 2005.
To be determined before
Carbon 8 hours** 10,000 2005.
Monoxide µg/m3 15 minute 100,000 Indicative samplers ***
Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry, analysis of
Annual 0.5 PM10 samples****
Lead µg/m3 24-hours -
Diffusive sampling based on
Annual 20 weekly averages
Benzene µg/m3 24-hours -
PM10 µg/m3 24-hours 40
Ozone µg/m3 8-hours 157

*Note: 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per
calendar year the standard may be exceeded but not on two consecutive
days

**Note: 24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO
are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate test
methodologies. This will be done before 2005
***Note: Control by spot sampling at roadside locations: Minimum one
sample per week taken over 15 minutes during peak traffic hours, i.e. in the
period 8am - 10am or 3pm - 6pm on a workday. This test method will be re-
evaluated by 2005
****Note: If representativeness can be proven, yearly averages can be
calculated from PM10 samples from selected weekdays from each month of
the year.

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Appendix 6: Recommended noise exposure limits for the work environment (adopted
from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

S.No NoiseExposure(dBA) Permissible exposure (Hours and Minutes)

1. 85 16 hrs.
2. 87 12 hrs. -18 min.
3. 90 8 hrs.
4. 93 5 hrs - 18 min.
5. 96 3 hrs.-30 min.
6. 99 2 hrs. - 18 min.
7. 102 1 hr. - 30 min.
8. 105 1 hr.
9. 108 40 min.
10. 111 26 min.
11. 114 17 min.
12. 115 15 min.
13. 118 10 min.
14. 121 6.6 min.
15. 124 4 min.
16. 127 3 min.
17. 130 1 min.
Source: Marsh, 1991
Recommended Average Equivalent Sound Levels for Protecting the Public Health and
Welfare
S.No Land Use Measure To Protect Against Activity Interference and
Hearing Loss Effects (dBA)
1. Residential Leq (24) 55
including farm
residences
2. Commercial Leq (24) 70
3. Hospitals Leq (24) 55
4. Industrial Leq (24) 70
5. Educational Leq (24) 55
Recreational Leq (24) 70
6.
Areas
7. Farmland and Leq (24) 70
general
unpopulated land

Source: U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 1974

Note: Leq (24) = Equivalent Sound Level in decibels for 24 hours.

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Appendix 7: Source: Vibration Regulation Law 64 of 1976, Japan

Type of Restriction Area Classified

Standard Value I & II 85 dBA
Work Prohibited Time I 7.00 P.M. - 7.00 A.M.

II 10.00 P.M. - 6.00 A.M.

Maximum Working Duration I 10.00 hrs. per Day

II 14 hrs. per Day
Maximum Consecutive Working I & II 6 Days
Days
Working Prohibited Days I & II
Saturdays & Holidays

Recommended Standards for Vibration from Construction Sites

Notes: 1. Area I, stands for areas to which one of the following descriptions applies:

• Areas where maintenance of quiet is particularly needed to preserve the residential

environment.
• Areas which require maintenance of quiet since they are need for residential purposes.
• Areas need for commercial and industrial as well as residential propose which are in
need of measures to prevent vibration pollution since a considerable number of houses
are located.
• The neighbourhood of schools, hospitals and the like.
• Area II stands for areas where there is a need to preserve the living environment of in
habitants and other than Area I.
2. Vibration level shall be measured at the boundary line of the specified
construction work site.

Recommended Limits for Road Traffic Vibration

Area Day Night Applicable areas

time time
I 65 dB 60 dB Areas where maintenance of quiet is particularly
needed to preserve a good living environment and
where quiet is called for us as they are used for
residential purpose.
II 70 dB 65 dB
Areas need for commercial and industrial as well
as residential purposes where there is a need to
preserve the living environment of local inhabitants
and areas mainly serving industrial proposes which
are in need of measures to prevent the living
environment of local residents from deteriorating.

Source: Vibration Regulation Law 64 of 1976, Japan

Note: Vibration level shall be measured at the boundary line of the road.

91
Appendix 8: Focus Group Discussions, Stakeholders Consultations/Workshops and
Meetings

Consultations/ Focus Group Discussion with the stakeholders of proposed Gokarna

wastewater treatment plant
Venue of discussion: Private house, Gokarneshowr VDC, ward
no. 6 No. of participants: 12 Issues raised

• At present more than 90 % of the HHs discharge wastewater into the Bagmati river.
• The coverage of the present reed bed treatment plant is very low (only for HHs of
ward no. 1.
• Focus should be given to other wards also-1,2,3,4,5,6,and 8.
• Sewage disposal is the main problem in different wards.
• The proposed land for wastewater treatment is not sufficient. There should be a
provision of roads on both sides of the bank of the river as it has been proposed in
other wards also. The people of ward no 6 should have access to the river bank.
• There are more than 3 drinking water pipes and cables under the existing road.
There will be no space for laying sewers in the existing road unless the road is
widened further.
• The population growth is very high in this VDC. More than 500 houses will be
constructed during the next five years. Land has been fragmented in very small
pieces. So the population will reach more than 9,000 by 2020.
• The community is going to form a committee in the near future to look into the basic
needs of the community like roads, sewage treatment, water supply, and drainage
etc..

Basically, the stakeholders agreed on the following agenda:

1. Wastewater treatment should be done using the Vetiver system and should be
community based.
2. Another option of treatment of sewage is to divert the sewage to the existing
Guheshowri WWTP.
3. Due to lack of space, a large WWTP is not feasible.
4. Active participation of the local community is a must for the management of the
wastewater treatment system.

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 Consultation with the stakeholders at Shantinagar (New settlement)
Venue: Dirghayu Tole,
Shantinagar No. of
participants: 10 Date: 18 July
2012 Issues/ discussion:

• Formed a Tole SudharSamittee (Community Improvement Committee) for the

development of community. Dirghayu Tole is a new settlement
• They have initiated to construct the sewerage pipeline.
• The settlement adjoining the squatters area which is located in the west bank of
Bagmati River
• All the squatters are settled here almost 10 years ago and discharge their residential
waste directly into the river
• The Dirghayu Tole (settlement) has about 680 households including squatters in the
area
• Bagmati High Powered Committee (project) has constructed sewerage pipeline of
about 36 " diameter in the west side of Bagmati River (interceptors?) recently (about
4 months ago) but has not functioned yet.
• The existing sewerage pipeline is very small. It could not cope with the increased
population.
• The committee strongly demanded that the government should look these new areas
and manage the sewerage and drainage system immediately.

93
 Minutes of Focus Group Discussion
on identification of project intervention areas

A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was held with an objective of involving key
stakeholders and receiving their input in identification and prioritization of the project
intervention areas in relation to the sewerage network improvement.
Date: 26th April 2012 (Thursday)
Time: 11:00 - 14:00
Venue: Falcha/SAP Nepal, Babarmahal,
Kathmandu Presence:
SN Name Designation Institution
1 Krishna Bhola Maharjan Engineer Kirtipur Municipality
2 Rudra Prasad Adhikari Civil Engineer Lalitpur SubMetropolitan City
3 Prabin Shrestha Arch. Infrastructure ”
Planner/PWD
4 Narayan Kumar B.C. Sr. Finance Officer KVWSMB
5 Shree Krishna Nyaichyai Civil Engineer Bhaktapur Municipality
6 Satya Narayan Sah Sr. Engineer MadhyapurThimi Municipality

7 Sudan Raj Panthee Deputy Project Director KUKL/PID

8 Richard H. Pope Vice General Manager KUKL
9 Shekhar Adhikari Deputy Manager KUKL
10 Noor Kumar Tamrakar DTL PPTA
11 Himesh A. Vaidya Sr. Engineer PID/KUKL
12 Carlo Pandolfi GIS Expert PPTA
13 Darryl Jackson Wastewater Engineer PPTA
14 Raja Ram Pote Shrestha Wastewater Engineer ”
15 Susheela Chand Office Manager ”

16 Abadh Kishor Mishra Project Director PID/KUKL

17 Chandra Lal Nakarmi Manager KUKL

Deputy Project Director of KUKL/PID Mr. Sudan Raj Panthee opened the FGD with brief
introduction of the programme. It was followed by brief introduction of all the participants.
Wastewater Engineer (Int.) Mr. Darryl Jackson made a power point presentation and briefed
on the background and scope of PPTA and the selection criteria for identification of project
intervention areas. Wastewater Engineer (Nat.) Mr. Raja Ram Pote Shrestha recalled the
meeting with all five municipalities in respective municipality before the FGD and requested
to make a presentation on problematic areas based on maps and tables provided to them by
PPTA team earlier. He informed that the identified areas from this FGD will be considered for
further detailanalysis and will be screened through technical and other criteria for inclusion in
project development. He also facilitated the FGD.
A. Bhaktapur Municipality

Er. Shree Krishna Nyaichyai briefed about the existing sewerage system in Bhaktapur
Municipality. He informed that the municipality has two different problems in core area and in
new developed urban areas. GTZ developed sewerage system with combined system in
core area, which has been running till date. The major problem in core area is related with
overflow of pipes during rainy season due to clogging of pipe in some places. The north

94
collector is a gravity run system and has been running to some extent but south collector
which consisted of pumping system is out of order due to problems in pumping system.
The new settlements have been developed in north and both sides of Arniko Highway in
south. Although the municipality prohibits disposal of sewage into Hanumante river, they
have been discharging on their own. The sewage discharge from these areas and
surrounding VDCs causes pollution of Hanumante and KhasyangKhusung river.
The major problematic areas in the municipality are Kamal Vinayak (Ward No. 4) and other 3
newly developed land pooling areas.
The municipality is planning to implement land pooling project with 75 Ha, which will include
sewerage network as well.
The major areas of concern/priority for the municipality is to rehabilitate/relay north collector
to make it operable without pumping system and rehabilitate existing south collector and
sewer lines in core area, lay interceptor sewers along Hanumante and Khasyangkhusung
river to intercept sewer.

B. Lalitpur Municipality

Mr. Prabin Shrestha and Mr. Rudra Prasad Adhikari joined the discussion with elaboration
on geographical structure of municipality. The city has been surrounded by KodkuKhola
(east), Bagmati (north) and Nakhu (west). They informed that the municipality can be divided
into several catchment areas and wastewater management plan has to be prepared for each
of the catchment considering decentralization of wastewater disposal. The municipality has
three type of sewer lines, one constructed during Rana period, second constructed by IDA
project (Bhandari Builders) in 1988 and the last constructed by the municipality and
NWSC/KUKL after the year 2000. All these sewers have been converted into combined
sewer although some of them (IDA sewers) have been designed as sanitary sewer and old
sewers have been designed as storm water sewer. They informed that old Rana period
sewers and new sewers constructed after year 2000 are still functional but sewers
constructed under IDA project are mostly clogged and non-functional.

C. Madhyapur Municipality

Er. Satya Narayan Sah informed that the municipality consists of 4 valleys. Although
urbanization process has accelerated along Arniko Highway in recent years, the large
portion of the municipality still remains unorganized. Considering this, on site sanitation
system has been practiced in these areas. Although the septic tank is mandatory for new
house construction, many people tend to avoid this. The Natural Resources Committee of
the Parliament has suggested to construct community septic tank in the municipality, which
is also being considered. As per people’s demand, the municipality has been laying sewer
lines in urban areas. Municipality feels that there is a need to construct four interceptor
sewers. .
The most problematic areas are Lokanthali and Garkhu. In Garkhu, the Rajkulo has been
converted into a drain but the problem of flooding is still recurring each year. The
municipality has been laying main sewer lines of 1200 mm. to 1500 mm diameter. These
sewers have been designed as combined sewer..
As the Supreme Court prohibited discharge of wastewater into rivers, the municipality does
not allow discharge of sewage into river. It is also considering laying Interceptor along left
bank of Manohara to protect the river. The municipality has also discussed about laying
Interceptor along Hanumante river.
The local community has been successfully operating Sunga WWTP designed for 200 HHs.
Such type of DEWATS is feasible and easily manageable. Considering topography of the
municipality, at least 4 DEWATS can be constructed in the municipality.

95
Since the municipality is newly developed, the possibility of separation of sanitary sewer and
storm water line is still possible in the MadhyapurThimi municipality. Similarly, the
wastewater can be managed through DEWATS in this area.
D. KUKL:

Er.Shekhar Adhikari, Chief of Sewerage Operation Department (SOD)/KUKL highlighted the

role played by SOD in managing wastewater in the valley. He raised the necessity of south
collector in Bhaktapur and informed that other problematic areas in the Bhaktapur are Byasi
to Kamal Vinayak and Bhaktapur Industrial Area.
The problematic areas in Lalitpur are Kumaripati and Mangalbazar, where Jetting machine
has to be used every week because of clogging and small size pipes. The other areas are
Lagankhel to Batukbhairav and Jawalakhel to Ekantakuna. The sewer lines in this area are
clogged with fatty materials because of haphazard disposal by restaurants.
He briefed that there are several problematic area in Kathmandu. The most problematic
areas are Jamal area, Kamalpokhari-Putalisadak and Tripureshwor. The SOD has been
managing these areas through diversion of wastewater into nearby other sewer lines. The
Thamel area is suffering from clogging due to small pipe size and fatty materials.
Mr. Richard Pope, Vice GM of KUKL appreciated the PPTA efforts and informed that
improvement in wastewater sector is very necessary. He stressed on the synchronization of
works between water supply and wastewater works especially in DNI areas. He also
emphasized to give due attention to rehabilitate sewer lines in narrow lanes.

Mr. Carlo Pandolfi briefed the meeting about asset condition assessment survey and the
preparation of GIS of sewerage network which the PPTA is preparing to carry out. He
informed that the survey work will start by the end of May 2012 and requested for the
cooperation of municipalities and KUKL in conducting this survey.
Mr. Darryl Jackson concluded the FGD and informed that the suggestions will be considered
to identify and prioritize areas for intervention. He thanked all the participants for positive
feedback and informed that similar interaction will be conducted in future to finalise the
areas.

96
 Minutes of Meeting on Coordination on Wastewater Sector
A meeting was organized with an objective of coordinating activities of different stakeholders
working on wastewater management sector in Kathmandu Valley.

Date: 22nd June 2012 (Friday)

Time: 15:00 - 16:00
Venue: Meeting Hall, Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Singh Durbar,
Kathmandu Presence:
S.N. Name Designation Institution
1 Mr. Tana Gautam Secretary MoUD
2 Mr. Gajendra Thakur Project Manager HPCIDBC
3 Mr. Abadh Kishore Mishra Project Director PID
4 Mr. Anil Bhadra Khanal Deputy Project Director ,,
5 Mr. Sanjeev Bikram Rana ,, ,,
6 Mr. Himesh A. Vaidya Eng. Section Chief ,,
7 Mr. Prayag Lal Joshi Chairman KUKL
8 Mr. Kiran Amatya General Manager ,,
Mr. Narayan B. Bhattarai Division Chief Kathmandu Metropolitan
9
City
10 Mr. Narayan Kumar B.C. Sr. Finance Officer KVWSMB
11 Mr. HannuPelkonen Team Leader PPTA Team
12 Mr. Noor Kumar Tamrakar DTL ,,
Wastewater Engineer
13 Mr. Raja Ram Pote ,,
Shrestha

Mr. Tana Gautam, Secretary of MoUD chaired meeting and initiated it briefing on the
objective of organizing this coordination meeting. He requested an active participation to
make the meeting success. Thereafter, Mr. Abadh Kishore Mishra, PID Director elaborated
the agendas of the meeting.
Mr. Noor Kumar Tamrakar made a power point presentation and briefed on the background
and scope of the PPTA. He also informed the expected outputs of the project and requested
the participants to express their opinion on the several coordination issues like scope of
work, design parameters, ongoing & planned programmes of different stakeholders,
coordination mechanism etc. The presentation was then followed by discussion.

Major Issues Discussed:

1. Several agencies like KUKL/PID, High Powered Committee for Integrated Development
of Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC), Municipalities are working on wastewater sector in
Kathmandu valley. There are some other stakeholders like Kathmandu Valley
Development Authority (KVDA), Department of Roads (DoR), Department of Survey,
Town Development Fund (TDF) and some other agencies working in this sector and their
activities should be coordinated to have better results.
2. Kathmandu Municipalities has gradually decreased laying of sewer lines. In recent years,
it has been supplying hume pipes to some limited local users committees.
3. The design parameters used by various agencies are different and there must be

97
 common understanding to apply uniform design guidelines to sewer network
improvement work.
4. HPCIDBC intends to be river basin management organization. It is not interested to
operate Guhyeswari WWTP and if KVWSMB comes with suitable proposal, it is ready to
handover. The issue of wastewater tariff collection in Guhyeswari WWTP area has also
been discussed.
5. The HPCIDBC is planning to lay Interceptors along banks of all nine rivers in the valley.
It is expected that the contract will awarded to lay Interceptor uptoBalkhu within three
months. The necessity of coordination of these activities with PPTA team was discussed.
6. There are several sewer network problems in the valley and KUKL alone cannot improve
the whole situation. The proposed ADB project is an opportunity, which will not come
again and again. Considering this, the fund should be utilized not only for WWTP and
Interceptor construction but also for neighborhood network improvement. But before that,
asset condition survey should be carried out to propose improvement projects.
Implementation should be realistic and not very ambitious.

Decisions:

1. It was agreed to form two committees on coordination issues. One Coordination

Committee will be formed to oversee all coordination issues, which will be headed by
MoUD. Another will be technical coordination committee, where KUKL/PID, HPCIDBC,
KVDA, Municipalities and both ADB PPTA will represent. The meeting will be conducted
at least once in a month.
2. There will be uniform design guidelines on sewerage works carried out by various
agencies, which will be proposed by technical committee.
3. The Chairperson of the meeting thanked all the participants for fruitful discussion and
informed that the suggestions will be considered to improve the working modalities of
different agencies.

Summary of Proceedings

Consultative Stakeholders Workshop on Interim Report

Background:
The consulting team (FCG in association with TMC and ERMC) is working under PPTA 7936 funded
by Japanese Fund for Poverty Reduction and executed by the Asian Development Bank to prepare a
project for wastewater service improvement in Kathmandu Valley for a project grant from Asian
Development Bank and other development partners.

The proposed wastewater service improvement investment has focussed on: a) neighbourhood sewer
rehabilitation, improvement and expansion; b) construction of new interceptor and collector sewers to
convey sewage from neighbourhood network to WWTPs; c) Modernisation, expansion and
construction of new WWTPs to treat sewage before discharge into river system and d) institutional
development and capacity-building programs for efficient and effective management of wastewater
sector. The consultants have prepared an interim report on the project feasibility study and Project
Implementation Directorate (PID)/KUKL has organised a consultative stakeholder‟s workshop.

Objectives:
The objectives of the meeting are to discus and obtain a broad consensus on the range of necessary
improvement works on wastewater management of Kathmandu Valley and to develop investment
programs for ADB financial assistance for a period of 2013-18.

Time: 09:00am –16:25 pm

Date: 14th August 2012 (Tuesday)
Venue: Hotel Everest, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal

98
PROGRAMME
9:00 - 9:30 AM : Registration and Tea
9:30 – 9:45AM : Informal Opening Session
9:30 AM : Call on Dignitaries to Dais by the MC/Moderator
: Welcome Remarks Mr. Abadh Kishore Mishra, Project Director, PID
: Opening Remarks Mr. Kenichi Yokoyama, Country Director, ADB
: Opening Remarks Mr. Tana Gautam, Secretary MoUD
9:45 – 10:05 AM : Presentation on Project Overview, components and implementation by Mr.
HannuPelkonen, Team Leader, PPTA
10:05 – 10.25 AM : Presentation on Existing Wastewater Management in KV Mr. Tirtha Raj Poudel
Manager, Sewerage Operation Department, KUKL
10:25 – 10:40 AM : Discussion
10:40 – 11:05 AM : Refreshment (Light)
11:05 – 11:35 AM : Presentation on Sewer Network by Mr. Raja Ram Pote Shrestha, Wastewater
Expert, PPTA, including: issues related to combined/separate sewers operation and maintenance of
sewerage network issue of synchronization and/or double excavation of water pipeline networks and
sewerage networks;
11:30 – 11:45 PM : Discussion Session11:45 – 12:15 AM : Presentation on Wastewater Treatment
Plants and related Issues, Sludge Management and Energy Generation by Mr. Ari Niemela,
Wastewater Treatment
Plant Expert, PPTA, including: comparative analysis of various wastewater treatment technologies
and the
Recommendations applicability of and recommendations for decentralized wastewater treatment
systems (DEWATS) in KV.

12:15 – 12:30 PM : Discussion Session

12:30 – 12:45 PM : Institutional and Capacity Building Issues, by Mr. Rajendra Giri, Institutional
Expert, including: suggestions for proper institutional structure and capacity building of institutions
responsible for O&M of wastewater systems in KV; demarcation of role and responsibilities among
various institutions involved in wastewater management in KV
12: 45 – 1:00 PM : Discussion
1:00 – 2:00 PM : Lunch
2:00 – 2:25 PM : GIS Development on Sewerage and Water Supply Infrastructure in KUKL, by Mr.
Carlo Pandolfi, GIS Expert, including recommendations to develop sewerage GIS and the action plan
by the CBP team to develop such GIS;
2:25 – 2:40 PM : Discussion
2:40 – 3:00 PM : Resettlement, Gender and Social issues, by Ms. Gita Adhikari, Social
Development Specialist, including important concerns and recommendations to make the project
more inclusive focusing on social and gender aspects and ensuring community participation

3:00 – 4:00 PM : Main Discussion Session, opening by Mr. Noor Tamrakar, DTL, including
O&M and sustainability of wastewater management with special emphasis on
availability of personnel, uninterrupted power and O&M budget – key issues
4:00 – 4:10 PM : Conclude/Remarks on Discussion, by Mr. Noor Tamrakar, DTL
4:10 – 4:25 PM : Closing Remark by Mr. Prayag Lal Joshi, Chairperson, KUKL

Meeting Proceedings:
The Workshop was conducted in two sessions namely Opening Session and Technical Session.

A. Opening Session:
Mr. Abadh Kishore Mishra, Project Director of Project Implementation Directorate (PID) made
first welcome remarks. He welcomed all the participants and briefed about the background of
KVWMP. He informed the activities carried out by PPTA and the objectives of the present workshop.
He emphasized on the improvement of waste water network, upgrading of existing wastewater
treatment plants and construction of new plants. He expressed his view that the water supply and
sewerage system will be more effective in the Valley after the completion of Melamchi Water Supply
Project by the end of 2015. He requested all invitees to actively participate in the discussion.

99
Mr. Kenichi Yokoyama, Country Director of Asian Development Bank (ADB) highlighted the
role of this PPTA to improve urban environment of Kathmandu Valley and asked to coordinatewith
other similar projects especially with another ADB funded Bagmati River Basin Improvement Project.
He emphasized two key issues which should be considered seriously by the government. There is a
need to enhance project readiness for smooth implementation of the project. The disbursement rate is
less than 9 % out of 25% targeted in most of the on-going ADBs projects. So it needs to expedite and
implement the projects without any delay. Second issue is related with operation and maintenance of
wastewater management system including sewerage network and WWTP. He asked to consider an
uninterrupted power supply as a key challenge in implementing the proposed project. He asked to
complete PPTA works resolving all pending issues by taking advanced actions in coordination with
KUKL, HPCIDBC, PID, DSC and other agencies. He also requested the strong commitment of the
government for successful completion of this project.

Mr. Tana Gautam, Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) informed that the
Government of Nepal has considered this project very seriously. He informed that the KVWMP is the
priority project for Kathmandu Valley and expected that the project will contribute to government
policy of providing sanitation to all by 2017. He highlighted the present status of waste water and
emphasized the need to treat the waste water before discharging into the river. He lauded the role of
ADB in implementation of projects on water and sanitation. He concluded his remarks asking all
participants to contribute from their sides to make the project a successful.

Speaking from the Chair, Mr. Prayag Lal Joshi, Chairman, KUKL mentioned that the sewerage and
drainage are the complicated issues in the valley. He requested to consider some critical issues like
land availability for WWTP, social problems and synchronization of sewerage works with DNI
activities. There are multiple actors involved in this sector which had made the system more
complicated. There is no coordination between and among them and the work has been done
haphazardly. He closed the opening session requesting all for active participation and contribution in
the discussion.

B. Technical Session: Interim Report Findings Presentation

Mr. HannuPelkonen, Team Leader of PPTA made first presentation and elaborated on the overall
Project overview, components, scope and magnitude of the project and implementation. He also
introduced the objective and the development of the interim report, prepared by the PPTA and
submitted to MoUD, KUKL, PID and ADB.

Thereafter, Mr. Tirtha Raj Poudel, Manager of Sewerage Operation Department, KUKL made
presentation on Existing Wastewater Management in Kathmandu Valley. He briefed about the existing
wastewater management system of Kathmandu and role of KUKL in managing it. He informed that
KUKL activity at the moment is limited to cleaning and repairing some sewer lines due to limited
budget, human resources and other technical constraints.

Mr. Raja Ram Pote Shrestha, Wastewater Expert of PPTA presented on Sewer Network,
Interceptors and Related Issues. He briefed the existing condition on network informing that the actual
condition is not known. He highlighted some key issues in managing sewer network like issues related
to combined/separate system, O & M of sewerage network and issue of synchronization and/or
double excavation of water pipeline networks and sewerage networks. He then presented proposed
projects on network and interceptors with justification and limitation. He raised some major
coordination issues which are very important for successful implementation of the proposed project.

Mr. Ari Niemela, Wastewater Treatment Plant Expert of PPTA made presentation on Wastewater
Treatment Plants and related Issues, Sludge Management and Energy Generation. He briefed on the
existing wastewater treatment system in the valley and informed the operational condition of existing
WWTPs. He elaborated the proposed WWTP projects with comparative analysis of various
wastewater treatment technologies and the recommendations. He alsodiscussed on applicability of
and recommendations for decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) in KV.

Mr. Rajendra Giri, Institutional Development Expert of PPTA presented on Institutional and
Capacity Building Issues. He elaborated on existing institutional issues in KUKL on wastewater sector
and roles played by various agencies in this sector. He suggested a list of manpower and capacity
building activities required to implement and sustain this project.

100
 Mr. Carlo Pandolfi, GIS Expert of PPTA made presentation on GIS Development on Sewerage and
Water Supply Infrastructure in KUKL. He briefed the current situation and ongoing activities of KUKL
in relation to GIS. He presented on proposed structure and recommendations of the PPTA team to
develop sewerage GIS and action plan to be taken by CBP team to develop such GIS.

Mr. Sushil BabuAryal, Social Safeguard Specialist of PPTA presented on Resettlement Issues.
He briefed about the potential resettlement issues in project implementation and proposed some
mitigation measures.

Ms. Gita Adhikari, Social Development Specialist of PPTA made presentation on Gender and
Social Issues. She informed the findings of the FGD and other consultation meetings with the
community people. She highlighted some important concerns and recommendations to make the
project more inclusive focusing on social and gender aspects to ensure community participation.

Mr. Noor Tamrakar, Deputy Team Leader of PPTA presented on Operation and Maintenance of
Sewerage System. He elaborated on the existing O & M issues in this sector in KUKL with due
consideration of financial issues. He highlighted key issues on O&M and sustainability of wastewater
management with special emphasis on availability of personnel, uninterrupted power and O&M
budget.

C. Discussion:
The presentation has been followed by floor discussion, where the following remarks/issues were
raised.

Mr. Prayag Lal Joshi, Chairman, KUKL

He commented on the involvement of multiple agencies in the construction of sewerage and drainage
system without proper design. This has created a serious problem in the functioning of the system.
Such haphazard system of construction should be discouraged.
Ms. Laxmi Sharma, Project Officer, ADB/NRM
She raised the issue on the involvement of different organization in the construction of drainage and
sewerage system. Since, KUKL has been given the mandate for the management of sewerage, why
permission is given to different organizations to connect the storm water into sewerage system. She
also raised the issues of quality work and insufficient manpower for the project implementation. She
requested to have better coordination with the Department of Urban Development and Building for
implementation of provision of construction of septic tank while issuing building permit for new house
construction.

Mr. Gajendra K. Thakur, Project Manager, HPCIDBC

Mr. Thakur mentioned the deterioration of water quality in the river due to the approval of new house
plan/construction by the Municipality without mandatory construction of Septic Tank. Prior to 2050 BS
(1993), one could not construct a new house without constructing Septic Tank. After 1993, the
Municipality did not administer strict rule of compulsory construction of Septic Tank. People started to
discharge wastewater from their house directly into the river. He also requestedto mention
expenditure done by HOCIDBC in managing wastewater system, which is about NRs. 30 million per
year.

Mr. Ganesh Thapalia, Kathmandu Metropolitan City

Mr. Thapalia defended the existence of the policy of compulsory construction of Septic tank when one
seeks approval of housing plan from Kathmandu Metro. He argued that there is a problem in the
upstream of river. The river is being polluted from the upstream. Further, he mentioned the problem of
sludge management in Kathmandu Metro. He asked the audience where to dispose the sludge which
comes from the Septic tank. The present coordination problems with different organization involved in
waste water sector has made the wastewater management in the valley more difficult. He requested
that Kathmandu Metro should be informed about the project activities and the assistance required
from the Metro to solve the problem. He also requested all to cooperate in the awareness programs
launched by Kathmandu Metro for cleaning the rivers of Kathmandu Valley.

101
Mr. Satya Narayan Shah, Engineer, MadhyapurThimi Municipality
Mr. Shah opined that the centralized system of wastewater treatment will not be practical in Nepal.
He gave the example of the failure of Bhaktapur Wastewater Treatment Project constructed in 1970s.
He recommended decentralized wastewater management system through local community based
small treatment plant. He informed that the Municipality used to have only on-site sanitation system in
the past, which later on polluted dug wells. As a result they now emphasized on sewerage system.
He suggested the need of good relationship between KUKL and Municipality in solving the problem.
He also raised the issue of tariff on the sewerage. The Municipality does not have any taxation
system on the sewerage management. For the effectiveness of Septic tank, sufficient water should be
available which we do not have.
Mr. Mahesh Bdr. Basnet, Chairman, HPCIDBC
Mr. Basnet opined that the pollution of river increased dramatically after the starting of PPP model
program for laying of sewer by Municipalities which discharged raw sewage directly into the river. If
small WWTP had been constructed, the present problem would not have come. He attributed
deteriorating river water quality on not following the rule and regulations of the government. He
requested the concerned organization/authority to implement the restriction or prohibition of
discharging waste water into the river. He also commented on the recent amendment of reducing right
of way in Dhobikhola bank corridor from 12 meter to 9 meter. He pointed out that the PPP model
started by Municipality encouraged people to lay sewer and drain lines haphazardly.
Mr. Tirtha Raj Poudel, Manager, KUKL
Mr. Poudel opined that there may a need to dig the same road many times unless proper
coordination of DNI works and Sewerage network construction is done. He asked for synchronization
of DNI activities and proposed network improvement works. He commented on proposed laying of
interceptor sewers on both side of the Tukucha River since there is no space to construct. Mr. Poudel
also stressed on the importance of land acquisition for the proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant at
Khokana. He urged implementation of different rules and regulations to manage wastewater system in
the valley.

Mr. Richard Popes, Vice General Manager, KUKL

Mr. Popes expressed the view that since there is not much space for locating WWTPs and not much
expertise in design and management of wastewater treatment plant and so Kathmandu should have
centralized system of WWTP and not isolated many treatment plants. Every treatment plant will be
different based on quality of raw sewage and has to be designed differently. So having centralized
WWTP simplifies both the design and the operation and maintenance of the plant. He emphasized
that the interceptor sewers should be designed at right level and proper technology should be
adopted for laying it.

Mr. Rammani Bhattarai, Executive Officer, Bhaktapur Municipality

Mr. Bhattarai requested the workshop organizer to conduct such workshop on government holidays,
so that everybody can participate whole day in the workshop.
The Workshop was concluded with closing remarks by Mr. Prayag Lal Joshi, Chairman of
KUKL. He summed up the discussion and presented his views on the proposed project. Mr. Joshi
opined that the project has covered everything but left out some policy aspects in planning,
formulation of laws, regulations, organizations responsibility, and enforcement mechanism for
separate system (i.e. storm water and sewerage). He suggested the consultant to look on the
decentralized wastewater treatment system in the valley. He requested the consultant to recommend
some specific training programs to the KUKL staff. He further requested to recommend scientific tariff
structures and collection procedure for the sewerage.
At the end, he thanked all the experts for presenting different technical papers and the participants in
actively participating in the discussions and providing very useful inputs.

102
Appendix 9: IFC/EBRD | Guidance on Workers’ Accommodation Sanitary and toilet
facilities

It is essential to allow workers to maintain a good standard of personal hygiene but also to
prevent contamination and the spread of diseases which result from inadequate sanitary
facilities. Sanitary and toilet facilities will always include all of the following: toilets, urinals,
washbasins and showers. Sanitary and toilet facilities should be kept in a clean and fully
working condition. Facilities should also be constructed of materials that are easily cleanable
and ensure privacy. Sanitary and toilet facilities are never shared between male and female
residents, except in family accommodation. Where necessary, specific additional sanitary
facilities are provided for women.
Benchmarks
1. Sanitary and toilet facilities are constructed of materials that are easily cleanable.
2. Sanitary and toilet facilities are cleaned frequently and kept in working condition.
3. Sanitary and toilet facilities are designed to provide workers with adequate privacy,
including ceiling to floor partitions and lockable doors.
4. Sanitary and toilet facilities are not shared between men and women, except in family
accommodation.
Toilet facilities
Toilet arrangements are essential to avoid any contamination and prevent the spread of
infectious disease.
Benchmarks
1. An adequate number of toilets is provided to workers. Standards range from 1 unit to
15 persons to 1 unit per 6 persons. For urinals, usual standards are 1 unit to 15
persons.
2. Toilet facilities are conveniently located and easily accessible. Standards range from
30 to 60 metres from rooms/dormitories. Toilet rooms shall be located so as to be
accessible without any individual passing through any sleeping room. In addition, all
toilet rooms should be well-lit, have good ventilation or external windows, have
sufficient hand wash basins and be conveniently located. Toilets and other sanitary
facilities should be ("must be” in cold climates) in the same building as rooms and
dormitories.
Showers/bathrooms and other sanitary facilities
Hand wash basins and showers should be provided in conjunction with rooms/dormitories.
These facilities must be kept in good working condition and cleaned frequently. The flooring
for shower facilities should be of hard washable materials, damp-proof and properly drained.
Adequate space must be provided for hanging, drying and airing clothes. Suitable light,
ventilation and soap should be provided. Lastly, hand washing, shower and other sanitary
facilities should be located within a reasonable distance from other facilities and from
sleeping facilities in particular.
Benchmarks
1. Shower/bathroom flooring is made of anti-slip hard washable materials.
2. An adequate number of hand wash facilities is provided to workers. Standards range from
1 unit to each 15 persons to 1 unit per 6 workers. Hand wash facilities should consist of a tap
and a basin, soap and hygienic means of drying hands.
3. An adequate number of shower/bathroom facilities is provided to workers. Standards
range from 1 unit to 15 persons to 1 unit per 6 persons.
4. Shower/bathroom facilities are provided with an adequate supply of cold and hot running
water.
Source:http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/9839db00488557d1bdfcff6a6515bb18/workers
accomodation.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

103
List of other consultation carried out along the IS02
Date Subproject Municipality Total Male Female Issue and decision
/Settlement No
2074/0 IS02 Kathmandu 13 12 13 Information to local people
5/06 about construction
2074/0 IS02 Kathmandu 12 9 3 Meeting about pipe laying and
5/03 information
2074/0 IS02 Kathmandu 25 24 1 Start pipe laying work,
7/11 coordination with concern
agency for compensation
2074/1 IS02 Kageshwori 22 22 Women group orientation
1/28 , program
Kathmandu
2074/1 IS02 Kageshwori 36 36 Women group orientation
2/18 , program
Kathmandu
2074/1 IS02 Kageshwori 18 18 Women group orientation
2/19 , program
Kathmandu
2074/1 IS02 Kathmandu 18 5 13 Wastewater management
2/20 orientation
2075/0 IS02 Kathmandu 19 19 Wastewater management
1/09 orientation for women group
2075/0 IS02 Kathmandu 38 5 33 Wastewater management
1/25 orientation
2075/0 IS02 Kadaghari, 33 6 29 Wastewater management
2/02 Kathmandu orientation
2075/0 IS02 Kageshwori 43 43 Wastewater management
2/03 , orientation for women group
Kathmandu
2075/0 IS02 Kathmandu 37 2 35 Wastewater management
2/04 orientation for women
2075/0 IS02 Mahalaxmi, 20 11 9 Extending pipe laying work
2/16 Lalitpur and compensation distribution
2075/0 IS02 Bhaktapur 30 5 25 Wastewater management
2/25 orientation for women group
2073/0 IS-02 Bhaktapur 10 9 1 Focus group discussion on
8/21 project issues with stakeholder
2075/0 IS-02 Bhaktapur 23 18 5 Meeting affected people about
2/20 reconstruction of affected
structure
2074/0 IS-02 Site office 8 6 2 Continuation of the work
6/02

104
Appendix 10: Traffic Management Planning (TMP)

A. Principles for TMP around the Sewer Construction Sites

1. One of the prime objectives of this TMP is to ensure the safety of all the road users
along the work zone, and to address the following issues:
(i) the safety of pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorists travelling through the
construction zone;
(ii) protection of work crews from hazards associated with moving traffic;
(iii) mitigation of the adverse impact on road capacity and delays to the road
users;
(iv) maintenance of access to adjoining properties; and
(v) addressing issues that may delay the project.

B. Operating Policies for TMP

2. Figure A12.1 illustrates the operating policy for TMP of the sewer works.

C. Analyse the impact due to street closure

3. Apart from the capacity analysis, a final decision to close a particular street
and divert the traffic should involve the following steps:
(i) approval from the ward office or community to use the local streets as
detours;
(ii) consultation with businesses, community members, traffic police, Department
of Roads, etc, regarding the mitigation measures necessary at the detours
where the road is diverted during the construction;
(iii) determining of the maximum number of days allowed for road closure, and
incorporation of such provisions into the contract documents;
(iv) determining if additional traffic control or temporary improvements are
needed along the detour route;
(v) considering how access will be provided to the worksite;
(vi) contacting emergency service, school officials, and transit authorities to
determine if there are impacts to their operations; and
(vii) developing a notification program to the public so that the closure is not a
surprise. As part of this program, the public should be advised of alternate
routes that commuters can take or will have to take as result of the traffic
diversion.
4. If full road-closure of certain streets within the area is not feasible due to inadequate
capacity of the detour street or public opposition, the full closure can be restricted to
weekends with the construction commencing on Friday night and ending on Sunday morning
prior to the morning peak period.
D. Public awareness and notifications

5. As per discussions in the previous sections, there will be travel delays during the
constructions, as is the case with most construction projects, albeit on a reduced scale if
utilities and traffic management are properly coordinated. There are additional grounds for
travel delays in the area, as most of the streets lack sufficient capacity to accommodate
additional traffic from diverted traffic as a result of street closures to accommodate the
works.

105
Steps Review Review construction schedule and methods

1. Traffic Re-Circulation Identify initial traffic recirculation and control policy

2. Traffic Diversion Identify routes for traffic diversions.
Analyse adverse impact and mitigation at the detours
3. Full Road Closures Begin community consultation for consensus.
Finalize or determine alternate detours

4. Temporary Parking Identify temporary parking (on and off-street)- Discuss with
ward, owner, community for use

5. Police Coordination Coordinate with the Traffic Police to enforce traffic and
diversions

6. Install Control Install traffic control device (traffic cones, signs, lightings,
Devices etc).
7. UMC Sub-committee Coordinate with the UMC sub-committee to reconcile with
the future plans of utility agencies

8. Awareness Conduct campaigns, publicity, and notify public about

street closure
9. Public Redness Develop a mechanism to address public grievances
disruptions (traffic, utilities, and diversions.

7. The awareness campaign and the prior notification for the public will be a continuous
activity which the project will carry out to compensate for the above delays and minimize
public claims as result of these problems. These activities will take place sufficiently in
advance of the time when the roadblocks or traffic diversions take place at the particular
streets. The reason for this is to allow sufficient time for the public and residents to
understand the changes to their travel plans. The project will notify the public about the
roadblocks and traffic diversion through print, TV, and radio media. In addition, the project, in
collaboration with the utility management coordinator, will also seek the assistance of the
ward office, local clubs, and others to post the public notice regarding street closure and
traffic diversions in the future.

8. The utility management coordinator will also conduct an awareness campaign to

educate the public about the following issues:

(i) traffic control devices in place at the work zones (signs, traffic cones,
barriers, etc.);
(ii) defensive driving behaviour along the work zones; and
(iii) reduced speeds enforced at the work zones and traffic diversions.
9. It may be necessary to employ a road safety education specialist to design an
appropriate program for road safety, and to conduct the awareness programs.
10. The campaign will cater to all types of target groups i.e. children, adults, and drivers.
11. Therefore, these campaigns will be conducted in schools, civic centres and
community centres. In addition, the project will publish a brochure for public information.
These brochures will be widely circulated around the area and will also be available at the
KUKL Project Directorate, Office of both the contractor and consultant, and the contractor's
site office. The text of the brochure should be concise to be effective, with a lot of graphics. It
will serve the following purpose:

106
 (i) explain why the brochure was prepared, along with a brief description of the
project;
(ii) advise the public to expect the unexpected;
(iii) educate the public about the various traffic control devices and safety
measures adopted at the work zones;
(iv) educate the public about the safe road user behaviour to emulate at the work
zones;
(v) tell the public how to stay informed or where to inquire about road safety
issues at the work zones (website, name, telephone, mobile number of the
contact person; and SMS service or traffic information on FM radio, e.g.
Ujyalo FM Station); and
(vi) indicate the office hours of relevant offices.
E. Install traffic control devices at the work zones and traffic diversion routes

12. The purpose of installing traffic control devices at the work zones is to delineate
these areas to warn, inform, and direct the road users about a hazard ahead, and to protect
them as well as the workers. As proper delineation is a key to achieve the above objective, it
is important to install good traffic signs at the work zones.
13. Procedures for installing traffic control devices at any work zone vary, depending on
road configuration, location of the work, construction activity, duration, traffic speed and
volume, and pedestrian traffic. Work will take place both at both minor streets and major
streets. As such, the traffic volume and road geometry vary, with the latter requiring more
elaborate settings. However, regardless of where the construction takes place, all the work
zones should be cordoned off, and traffic shifted away at least with traffic cones, barricades,
and temporary signs (temporary "STOP” and "GO”). The work will closely follow the
guidelines outlined in the DOR Traffic Sign Manual 1997 (which includes DOR 1996
document "Safety at Roadwork”) and other literature available in this respect.

14. Figure A12.3 illustrates a typical set-up for installing traffic control devices at the work
zone of the area.
Figure A12.3: Basic Layout for Delineation of a Work Zone (small area)

Source: DOR Traffic Sign Manual; Volume I; August 1997; Kathmandu, Nepal.

107
15. The work zone should take into consideration the space required for a buffer zone
between the workers and the traffic (lateral and longitudinal) and the transition space
required for delineation, as applicable. For the works, a 30-cm clearance between the traffic
and the temporary STOP and GO signs should be provided. In addition, at least 60 cm is
necessary to install the temporary traffic signs and cones. Figure 5 clarifies that the "ROAD
NARROWS" warning-sign is only necessary at the works zones where high traffic speeds
are likely during the off-peak hours and at night. All the temporary traffic signs should be
reflectorized, especially for the works to be conducted during nighttimes, as per the DOR
Traffic Sign Manual 1997.
16. All the traffic diversions should be properly delineated through proper "DIVERSION
AHEAD" and "ROADWORK AHEAD" signs as indicated in Figure A12.4. In addition, the
"B46" temporary warning sign for sharp bends used at the temporary diversion should be in
place after the start of the taper of the traffic cones. Flashing beacons should be installed at
the entry to the work zone and traffic diversion for night construction, or if backfilling of the
sewer trench does not take place after the completion of a day shift.

Figure A12.4: Basic Layout for Delineation of a Work Zone (small area)

Source: DOR Traffic Sign Manual; Volume I; August 1997; Kathmandu, Nepal.

17. Traffic police should regulate traffic away from the work zone and enforce the traffic
diversion result from full street closure in certain areas during construction. One person is
necessary at each entry to the diversion from both directions. These personnel should be
equipped with reflective jackets at all times and have traffic control batons (preferably the
LED type) for regulating the traffic during night time.

18. In addition to the delineation devices, all the construction workers should wear
fluorescent safety vests and helmets in order to be visible to the motorists at all times. There
should be provision for lighting beacons and illumination for night constructions. In light of
the ongoing load-shedding problem in Nepal, it is practical to use solar-powered LED lights,
which are energy efficient, wherever feasible.

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Appendix 11: Emergency Response Plan Template

Section 1.
System Information
Keep this basic information easily accessible to authorized staff for emergency
responders, repair people, and the news media.
System information
System Name and Address

Directions to the System

Basic Description and Location

of System Facilities
Population Served and Service
Connections
people connections
System Owner

Name, Title, and Phone Number Phone

of Person Responsible for
Mobile
Maintaining and Implementing the
Emergency Plan

109
Section 2.
Chain of Command - Lines of Authority

The first response step in any emergency is to inform the person at the top of this list, who is
responsible for managing the emergency and making key decisions.
Chain of command - lines of authority

Name and Title (as

Examples of Responsibilities During an Emergency Contact Numbers
required)

Responsible for overall management and

Mr/Ms .............. Phone:
decision making for the wastewater system. The
Wastewater System System Manager is the lead for managing the Mobile:
Manager emergency, providing information to regulatory
agencies, the public and news media. All
communications to external parties are to be
approved by the wastewater system manager.

In charge of operating the wastewater collection

Mr/Ms ..................... Phone:
system, performing inspections, maintenance
Wastewater System and
sampling and relaying critical information, Mobile:
Operator facilities, and providing recommendations to the
wastewater system manager.

In charge of running wastewater treatment plant,

Mr/Ms Phone:
performing inspections, maintenance and
Wastewater sampling
and relaying critical information, assessing
Treatment Plant Mobile:
and providing recommendations to the
Operator system manager.

Responsible for administrative functions in the

Mr/Ms ........... Phone:
office including receiving phone calls and keeping
Office events. This person will provide a standard Mobile:
Administrator pre-scripted message to those who call with
general questions. Additional information will be
released through the wastewater system
manager.
Mr/Ms ......... Delivers door hangers, posts notices, and Phone:
supports wastewater system operator.
Field Staff Mobile:

110
Section 3.
Events that Cause Emergencies

The events listed below may cause wastewater system emergencies. They are
arranged from highest to lowest probable risk.

Events that cause emergencies

Type of Event Probability or Risk (High-Med-Low) Comments

111
 Section 4.
Emergency Notification
Notification call-up lists - Use these lists to notify first responders of an emergency.
Emergency Notification List

Organization or Name & Position Telephone Night or Cell Email

Department Phone
Local Law
Enforcement
Fire Department

Emergency
Medical
Services
Wastewater
Operator
(if contractor)
Primacy Agency
Contact
Interconnected
Wastewater
System
Neighboring
Wastewater
System (not
connected)
KUKL Contact

Priority Customers

Organization or Name & Position Telephone Night or Email

Department Mobile Phone

Hospitals or
Clinic(s)

Public or
Private
Schools

Public Water
System

112
 Notification List

Organization or Name & Telephone Night or Email

Department Position Mobile Phone

Police

Regulatory
Agency

Authorized
Testing
Laboratory

Service / Repair Notifications

Organization or Name & Telephone Night or Email

Department Position Mobile Phone

Nepal Electricity
Authority

Electrician

Gas Supplier

Water Testing Lab.

KUKL

Nepal
Telecommunications

Plumber

Pump Supplier

“Call Before You Dig”

Rental Equipment
Supplier

Polymer Supplier

Pipe Supplier

113
 Media Notification List

Organization or Name & Position Telephone Night or Email

Department Mobile
Phone

Newspaper - Local

Radio

Radio

TV Station

Notification procedures
Notify wastewater system customers
Who is
Responsible:

Procedures:

Alert local law enforcement, or regulatory officials, and local health agencies
Who is
Responsible:

Procedures:

Contact service and repair contractors

Who is
Responsible:

Procedures:

114
Contact neighbouring wastewater systems, if necessary
Who is
Responsible:

Procedures:

Contact downstream water systems, if necessary

Who is
Responsible:

Procedures:

Procedures for issuing a health advisory

Who is
Responsible:

Procedures:

Other procedures, as necessary

Who is
Responsible:

Procedures:

115
Section 5.
Effective Communication

Communication with customers, the news media, and the general public is a critical
part of emergency response.
Designated public spokesperson
Designate a spokesperson (and alternate) and contact regulatory agency for
delivering messages to the news media and the public.

Spokesperson Alternate

Designate a spokesperson and alternates _____________________________________

Section 6.
The Vulnerability Assessment
This is an evaluation of each wastewater system component to identify weaknesses
or deficiencies that may make them susceptible to damage or failure during an
emergency. It also assesses facilities for security enhancements that may guard
against unauthorized entry, vandalism, or terrorism.

Facility vulnerability assessment and improvements identification

System Description and Improvements or Mitigating Security
Vulnerability
Component Condition Actions Improvements

Collection
System

Sewage
Pumping

Effluent
Disposal

Computer
and
Telemetry
System

116
Section 7.
Response Actions for Specific Events

In any event there are a series of general steps to take:

1. Analyse the type and severity of the emergency;
2. Take immediate actions to save lives;
3. Take action to reduce injuries and system damage;
4. Make repairs based on priority demand; and
5. Return the system to normal operation.
The following tables identify the assessment, set forth immediate response
actions,define what notifications need to be made, and describe important follow-up
actions.

A. Power outage __________________________________________

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

B. Collection system blockage or line break

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

117
C. Collection system pumping facilities failure

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

D. Treatment system failure

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions
E. Effluent disposal failure

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions
F. Chemical contamination

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

118
G. Vandalism or terrorist attack

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

H. Flood

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions
I. Earthquake

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions
J. Hazardous materials spill into collection system

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

119
K. Electronic equipment failure

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

Cyber attack

Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

M. Other
Assessment

Immediate
Actions
Notifications

Follow-up
Actions

120
Section 8.

Returning to Normal Operation

Action Description and Actions

121
Section 9. Plan Approval

This plan is officially in effect when reviewed, approved, and signed by the following people:
Name/Title Signature Date

Section 10.
Certificate of Completion
I certify to the Government of Nepal that this wastewater system has completed an
Emergency Response Plan (ERP).
I certify that this document was prepared under my direction or supervision.

Wastewater Systems: ____________________________________

System Name: _____________________________________________________________

Address: _________________________________________________________________

Print Name of Person Authorized to Sign this Certification on behalf of the System:

Title:

Signature:

Phone: Fax: Email:

Completion of the following:

□ Security Vulnerability Assessment
□ Emergency Response Plan

Source: www.rcap.org (modified)

122
 Appendix 12: Sample Semi-Annual Environmental Monitoring Report Template

This template must be included as an appendix in the EIA/IEE that will be prepared
for the project. It can be adapted to the specific project as necessary.

1. Introduction
• Overall project description and objectives
• Description of sub-projects
• Environmental category of the sub-projects
• Details of site personnel and/or consultants responsible for environmental monitoring
• Overall project and sub-project progress and status
Status of Sub-Project
Sub-Project List of Progress of
No. Design Pre Construction Operational
Name Works Works
Construction Phase
□ □ □ □
□ □ □ □
□ □ □ □

2. Compliance status with National/ State/ Local statutory environmental requirements _

No. Sub-Project Name Statutory Environmental Action Required
Requirements Status of Compliance

3. Compliance status with environmental loan covenants

No. (List schedule and Covenant Status of Compliance Action Required
paragraph number of Loan
Agreement)

3. Compliance status with the environmental management and monitoring plan

• Provide the monitoring results as per the parameters outlined in the EMP. Append
supporting documents where applicable, including Environmental Site Inspection
Reports.
• There should be reporting on the following items which can be incorporated in the
checklist of routine Environmental Site Inspection Report followed with a summary in the
semi-annual report send to ADB. Visual assessment and review of relevant site
documentation during routine site inspection needs to note and record the following:
• What are the dust suppression techniques followed for site and if any dust was noted to
escape the site boundaries;
• If muddy water was escaping site boundaries or muddy tracks were seen on adjacent
roads;
• Adequacy of type of erosion and sediment control measures installed on site, condition
of erosion and sediment control measures including if these were intact following heavy
rain;
• Are their designated areas for concrete works, and refuelling;Are their spill kits on site
and if there are site procedure for handling emergencies;
• Is there any chemical stored on site and what is the storage condition?
• Is there any dewatering activities if yes, where is the water being discharged;
• How are the stockpiles being managed;
• How is solid and liquid waste being handled on site;
• Review of the complaint management system;
• Checking if there are any activities being under taken out of working hours and how that
is being managed.

123
Summary Monitoring Table
Impacts (List from IEE) Parameters Monitored (As a Method of Location of Date of Name of Person Who
Mitigation Measures minimum those identified in the IEE Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Conducted the
(List from IEE) should be monitored) Conducted Monitoring
Design Phase

Pre-Construction Phase

Construction Phase

Operational Phase

124
Overall Compliance with CEMP/ EMP
No. Sub-Project CEMP/ EMP Action Proposed and
Name Being Status of Implementation Additional Measures
EMP/ CEMP Part of Implemented (Excellent/ Satisfactory/ Required
Contract Documents (Y/N) Partially Satisfactory/ Below
(Y/N) Satisfactory)

Approach and methodology for environmental monitoring of the project

• Brief description on the approach and methodology used for environmental monitoring
of each sub-project

Monitoring of Environmental Impacts on Project Surroundings (ambient air, water

quality and noise levels)
• Brief discussion on the basis for monitoring
• Indicate type and location of environmental parameters to be monitored
• Indicate the method of monitoring and equipment to be used
• Provide monitoring results and an analysis of results in relation to baseline data and
statutory requirements

As a minimum the results should be presented as per the tables below.

Air Quality Results

Parameters (Government Standards)

Site No. Date of Testing Site Location
PM10 SO2 NO2
pg/m3 pg/m3 pg/m3

Water Quality Results

Parameters > Government Standards)
Site No. Date of Sampling Site Location pH Conductivity BOD TSS TN TP
pS/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

Noise Quality Results

Site No. Date of Testing Site Location LAea (dBA) (Government Standard)
Day Time Night Time

Summary of Key Issues and Remedial Actions

• Summary of follow up time-bound actions to be taken within a set timeframe.

Appendices
• Photos
• Summary of consultations
• Copies of environmental clearances and permits
• Sample of environmental site inspection report
• Other
•

125
SAMPLE ENVIRONMENTAL SITE INSPECTION REPORT

Project Name
Contract Number
NAME: ________________________________________ DATE: _
TITLE: ________________________________________ DMA: _
LOCATION: ____________________________________ GROUP:
WEATHER CONDITION:

INITIAL SITE CONDITION: _______________________________________________

CONCLUDING SITE CONDITION:

Satisfactory ____ Unsatisfactory ____ Incident _____ Resolved______ Unresolved

INCIDENT:
Nature of incident:

Intervention Steps:

Incident
Issues
Survey

Design
Resoluti Project Activity
on Stage Implementation

Pre-Commissioning
Guarantee Period

Emissions Waste Minimization

Air Quality Reuse and Recycling

Noise pollution Dust and Litter Control
Hazardous Substances Trees and Vegetation
Yes No
Site Restored to Original Condition

Signature

Sign off

Name
Position

126
Appendix 13: Public Notice of HPCIDBC about RoW of River published in newspaper

127
Appendix 14: Minutes of GRC formation at local level

128
129
130
SOUTH ASIA REGIONAL DEPARTMENT
SAFEGUARDS INFORMATION LOG FOR SAUW PROJECTS

Project: NEP: Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project (Interceptor Sewer- IS-01) of L-3000
Loan No.: 3000 Package No.: KUKL/WW/IS-02 Interceptor Sewer – IS-02
Components: This IEE is updated for Construction of Intercepting Sewerage System along the Manohara interceptor sewer (IS) line which will be implemented
as IS-02. Total Length of Interceptor Sewer is 11.36 km. Major works include; Hume pipe laying of 11.36 km, Manholes: 284 nos.;
Aqueducts/crossings: 4; River Training works: 6,976 m and overflow/outfall structures: 33/33.
Contract Type: NCB
Date of IEE: Updated January 2018
Draft IEE Updated/Revised IEE Others
Additional information required A draft IEE has been prepared based on preliminary design. The draft IEE is
disclosed on ADB website (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-
documents/43524-014-nep-ieeab.pdf ) which included interceptors. The civil
works contract is on-going. No records of final IEE submitted. The
revised/updated IEE has been submitted to ADB for review and clearance on
XXX.

Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated

(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
1. Environmental Yes No KVWMP Cat B project. IEE is required. Draft IEE Baseline chapter has been
assessment X was prepared during project preparation. revised and updated with proper
report referencing and with potential
(EIA/IEE/envi Environmental assessment for this updated/revised site specific impact as far as
due diligence) IEE is based on outdated information (>7 years data) possible.
has been and sources are not properly cited in the IEE.
prepared? Environmental assessment conducted is not site-
specific and not chainage-wise.

Action required:Update baseline environmental

conditions and provide proper referencing on
sources of information. Identify and assess potential
impacts based on site-specific conditions.
2. EIA/IEE/envi Yes No Cover page shows “Updated IEE dated January Updated, Table IV 2: Proposed
due diligence Additional 2018” however the section on subproject description and Existing River Training
based on information lacks the necessary information based on detailed Works
project required engineering design
components Information is present in Chapter
 Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated
(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
and detailed Action required:Provide information based on 2, Para 18
engineering detailed engineering design and consistent with the
design? works as specified in the bid and contract Project area is free of vegetation
documents. Include a table showing chainage-wise
information:
- Length
- Diameter
- Width required for excavation
- Width of available ROW
- Vegetation to be cleared? (Y/N)
- Number of trees to be cut
- Utilities to be shifted
- Area for materials storage
- Amount of excess materials to be disposed
Include location and photographs of disposal sites.
3. Statutory Forest Clearance Package-specific information not provided. Not required.
Requirements No Objection Certificate
Site Location Clearance Action required:Specify all statutory clearances and
Environmental Compliance no-objection letters to be obtained for this package.
Certificate Provide status of application. If already obtained,
Permit to Construct (or include as appendix to the IEE.
equivalent)
Permit to Operate (or
equivalent)
Others
5. Policy, legal, Adequate Not Adequate Discussions are very generic and do not provide Updated
and X package-specific information. It is not clear which are
administrative EIA/IEE/envi due diligence included discussion applicable to the subproject.
framework on:
incomplete National regulation/law on EIA Action required:Revise section to reflect package-
incomplete Environmental agency wise information and status of environmental
clearances.
none Relevant international No discussion. Updated in Chapter 2
environmental agreements
To be Environmental standards ADB SPS requirements are not discussed. Updated Chapter 2
confirmed (IFC’s EHS Guidelines) Insufficient information that contractor’s measures
and practices are in line with internationally-accepted
 Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated
(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
practices (as required by ADB SPS).

Action required: Include ADB SPS requirements

and highlight contractor’s responsibilities on
environment and community health and safety.
Confirm contractor’s site-specific EMP satisfactorily
meet ADB SPS requirements (provide as appendix
contractor’s current practices to support
confirmation).
6. Anticipated EIA/IEE/envi Mitigation measures provided? Impacts and risks are generic and not package- Updated and present in Chapter
environmental due diligence specific. Information in the IEE is not adequate to IX
impacts and satisfactorily assess applicability of mitigation measures
mitigation discussed
measures impacts and Action required:Construction already started. Site-
risks on: specific EMP should have been prepared by now.
Please send as part of the IEE.
Yes No
Partial information provided
Biodiversity n/a Endangered species and Sub project does not have any
conservation habitats not present in Endangered species and
subproject area. habitats
Pollution Additional Section IV provides activities Updated, Chapter V
prevention and information that should be completed way
abatement required ahead of the construction (i.e.
paras 132-141).

Action required:revise to
provide status of design and
pre-construction activities.
Describe how environmental
impacts were avoided thru
design. Provide details of
contractor’s pre-construction
activities to ensure they will
comply with ADB SPS
requirements.
Health and Additional information required Discussion on health and safety Updated, Chapter IX
 Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated
(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
safety impacts and risks are generic
and not package-specific.

Action required:revise
according to contractor’s site-
specific EMP and health and
safety measures being
implemented on-site.
Physical Presence / absence to be No information provided if Updated, Chapter IV
cultural confirmed. presence/absence of PCR in
resources subproject alignment.
(PCR)
Action required:Revise to
confirm presence/absence of
PCR along the IS-02 alignment.
If present, provide detailed
information, impacts and
mitigation measures.
X Cumulative No mitigation measures Agreed
impacts required.
Transboundary Not applicable Updated
impacts
7. Impacts from Addressed Not Not applicable No associated facilities. WWTPs Updated
Associated Addressed where wastewater will be
Facilities X conveyed and treated are part of
L3000.
8. Analysis of Yes No Not required for Cat B and no need to include in IEE. Chapter removed.
Alternatives Action required:Delete.

9. EMP budget Yes No The environmental cost related to public awareness EMP budget as per BOQ
included campaign and IEC and contractors training is included.
included (Annual cost USD 34000). The EMP
implementation cost details is not provided. It is not
clear if this cost relates to specific package or all
packages under IS/TP together.
X
10. EMP Yes No Included in PAM during loan processing. Included in EMP included
 Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated
(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
implementation Section 8 of bid documents.
integrated in Action required:Confirm in IEE
PAM, and in bid X
and contract
documents
11. Consultation Yes No Preliminary consultations have been conducted.
and Consultations Summary post-detailed design has
Participation been included in the updated IEE.

Action required: Confirm consultations conducted

meet ADB SPS requirements for “meaningful
consultations”. Provide breakdown of Male/Female.
Include photographs, minutes of
meetings/consultations, environmental
issues/concerns raised and details on how the
subproject address these issues/concerns.
X
12. Grievance Yes No GRM mechanism included in IEE. GRC committee formation at
Redress local level and PID level. Minutes
Mechanism Action required:Confirm GRM is notified and GRC attached in Appendix 14.
members have the capacity to address project-
related grievances/complaints. Confirm contractors
are given instructions and orientation on GRM.
Attach GRM notification as appendix to IEE.
X
Description of GRM Included in IEE (main text) Included in chapter and in
appendix.
Identification of GRC members Done.
13. Disclosure Endorsement to disclose on ADB website Pending. This will be requested when the IEE has
been cleared by ADB.
Disclosed on project website Pending. This will be requested when the IEE has
been cleared by ADB.
Relevant information available to stakeholders Pending. This will be requested when the IEE has
and affected people in language and form they been cleared by ADB.
understand
14. Mobilized PID Yes No Action required:Update the IEE on status of Safeguard unit chief appointed
Environment To be included appointment PID Envi Officer
 Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated
(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
Officer
15. Mobilized PIU Yes No Not applicable. NO PIU in L3000
Environment
Specialist
16. Mobilized DSC Yes No Action required:Update the IEE on status of DSC
Environment To be included Environment Specialist as of time of writing this IEE. DSC environment specialist
Specialist If he/she is not available, provide reasons and mobilized and report updated by
include corrective actions with timeframe to appoint him.
DSC Environment Specialist.
17. Confirm bid and Yes No Action required:Update the institutional
contract To be included arrangement regarding requirements on contractors. EMP included in Bidding
documents Specify contractors’ detailed responsibilities to document and contractor has
and/or EMP ensure EMP implementation informed.
include
requirement for
the contractor to
appoint EHS
supervisor
and/or nodal
person for
environmental
safeguards
18. If contract Yes No Action required: provide information in the IEE Updated
awarded To be included
already, confirm
contractor’s
appointment of
EHS supervisor
and/or nodal
person for
environmental
safeguards
19. Awareness Yes No Action required: This should be package-specific. Updated, Table VII-1
training on Details to be Provide information in the IEE on dates, topics
compliance to included discussed and attendance sheet.
safeguard
requirements
 Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated
(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
20. Monitoring and Yes No Updated
Reporting To be included Action required: This should be package-specific.
Provide information on frequency of report
submission by contractor to DSC, DSC to PMU, and
PMU to ADB. Attach as appendix the checklists or
templates or forms used in documentation and
reporting.

21. Others/Remarks Specific comments:The updated IEE needs to be further revised.

Para 18, population figure to be corrected. Please correct the present value given as was Updated
2,510,788 million.
Para 27 mentions that “the project has Please provide details of such survey if completed. The text was copied from earlier
recommended an Assets Condition Survey to Based on findings of this survey, please elaborate IEE report. However, that
know the exact locations and conditions of the section on existing condition of the sewerage document is not available to us
sewer network in the valley so that the cleaning network. now.
of existing sewer and sewerage expansion can Page 22 mentions’The asset condition survey of the
be made possible” existing sewer network in the service areas of KUKL
has been carried out by Lama – Aviyan – Soiltest –
Genesis – DAN - NESS under contract no
KUKL/WSI/01/04’ –

Please include findings from this survey if available.

The schematic layout plans of the proposed Please provide section / pipe dia. and length details Chapter IV, Table IV-5, Table IV-
interceptor sewer is presented in Figure III 3. based on detailed design. 6 and Table IV-7
Whereas Figure III 2 shows the overall proposed
locations. – Project description should also
include the details relating to the pipe dia; cross-
section; length of each of these pipes and areas
where they would be laid down.
Para 46 & 49 are repeated. Kindly correct updated
Para 31 ‘The total length of interceptor sewer on The locations are provided on the Map, however, Updated
the both banks is 25.331 km with 400 mm to please elaborate more on the environmental
1000 mm diameter of sewer. The system conditions of the specific locations of the manholes,
includes 648 nos. of manhole, 166 nos. of outfall outfalls and overflow structures, river crossings and
and overflow structures, 6 nos. of river crossing river protection works including design details.
and 8.7 km of river protection works’.
Page 26; Issues and Implications for this Project. Please update the section with the latest information. Updated
Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated
(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
Para 134 “Air quality dispersion modelling for all This may be included in the IEE for WWTPs. Was Updated
WWTP sites need to be conducted as part of the such modelling conducted?
design phase to determine appropriate odor
management measures that will need to be
established. Since the WWTPs to be established
will employ activated sludge process, odors will
already be minimal in comparison to odors
emitted from waste stabilisation ponds. However,
since all the WWTPs will be established <100m
from the nearest dwelling additional odor
management measures will need to be
implemented”
Para 138 “Letters of approval and agreements Please include a list of all such clearances obtained No UNESCO site within the
should be obtained for the following: (i) and provide in the updated IEE. project area. Clearance not
temporary acquisition of land and properties for required.
use by contractors, (ii) construction in UNESCO
recognized areas, from the Department of
Archaeology, and (iii) digging of roads from the
Department of Roads and the concerned
municipalities. Permission will have to be
obtained from the Department of Archaeology as
stated in The Ancient Monuments Preservation
Rules 2046 (1989), Section 4.1.1 (paragraphs
190 to 192). The permission is granted by the
Department of Archaeology as per advice
provided by UNESCO in March 2010 during the
preparation of Loan 2776, Kathmandu Valley
Water Supply Improvement Project and not
UNESCO (discussions were held with UNESCO
in the earlier TA 4893-NEP, Annex 8). This
advice has been carried over for this project as
the location of proposed project sites are the
same as on Loan 2776. However, during the
preparation of detailed design the PID will
consult with UNESCO to provide them with more
detailed information”
Para 141 “The training manual should be written Please confirm if this has been prepared. Training manual is under
Section Status Comments/Remarks Comments incorporated
(include date accomplished or obtained, if
applicable)
in Nepali (or local languages) with notes and preparation
sketches on community health and safety and
occupational health and site safety”
Para 152. “Mitigation measures consist of the Based on detailed design, latest status on the No loss of tree
following: (i) cutting only the trees that are number of trees expected to be impacted – location
marked and will be agreed with contractor in a for tree plantations – to be included in the IEE.
piece meal approach for removal and planting
and rearing tree saplings at the rate of 25
saplings for each cut tree”
Para 155. “Mitigation is to be done through Please include details on the identified sensitive No sensitive area identified
coordination with concerned utilities personnel areas and geotechnical test results – based on
and the local people, detailed design drawings, detailed design in the IEE.
geotechnical testing in sensitive areas”
Page 21: Section D- Existing Waste Water This section provides information on the existing Updated
System waste water system in the Kathmandu Valley
including challenges posed by the non-availability
and operational deficiency of the present system.
Please include a section on how the subproject
activities will help in overcoming the existing
challenges and the different measures undertaken to
resolve the existing issues with the help of the
subproject implementation.
Section IV: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL Please elaborate this section particularly in reference Updated
IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES: to impacts on nearby community from dust / air
Construction Phase impacts – e (Community pollution during construction. Please provide more
Health and Safety) details on the mitigation measures planned for
reducing these impacts. Kindly also provide
reference to the measures as laid out in the EMP.
Appendix 9: Focus Group Discussions, Please add the details / pictures
Stakeholders Consultations/
Workshops and Meetings
Implementation Schedule Kindly update the IEE as per the latest available Updated implementation
implementation schedule. schedule attached.