INS2020 Programming 1
Lecture 04: Types, Operators and Expressions
(part 2)
Dr. Ngoc Thanh Pham - Faculty of Applied Sciences,
International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi
1
Plan For Today
Declarations
Operators
Expressions
2
Declarations
<qualifier> <type> <identifier1> = <value1>, <identifier2> = <value2>, ... ;
int lower, upper, step; /* 3 uninitialised ints */
char tab = '\t'; /* a char initialised with ‘\t’ */
char buf[10]; /* an uninitialised array of chars */
int m = 2+3+4; /* constant expression: 9 */
int n = m + 5; /* initialised with 9+5 = 14 */
float limit = 9.34f;
char name[10] = {'c','o','d','e','\0'};
const double PI = 3.1416;
• All variables must be declared before they are used
• A variable may also be initialized in its declaration (optional)
• Qualifier const is added to a declaration → value will not change.
3
Plan For Today
• Declarations
• Operators
• Expressions
• …..
4
Arithmetic Operations
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
float num1 = 10;
float num2 = 7;
printf( "Add %f\n", num1 + num2 );
printf( "Subtract %f\n", num1 - num2 );
printf( "Multiply %f\n", num1 * num2 );
printf( "Divider %f\n", num1 / num2 );
printf( "Modulus %d\n", 10 % 7 ); // Remainder operator
float x = 3.2;
float y = ++x; //preincrement = x is increased to 4.2, and then assigned to y
float z = x++; //postincrement = x is assigned to z, and then increased by 1
printf("x = %f; y = %f; z = %f", x,y,z);
return 0;
}
5
Arithmetic Operations
#include <stdio.h> • The % operator cannot be applied to a float or double
int main( )
• x % y produces the remainder from the division x / y
{
float num1 = 10;
float num2 = 7;
printf( "Add %f\n", num1 + num2 );
printf( "Subtract %f\n", num1 - num2 );
printf( "Multiply %f\n", num1 * num2 );
printf( "Divider %f\n", num1 / num2 );
printf( "Modulus %d\n", 10 % 7 ); // Remainder operator
float x = 3.2;
float y = ++x; //preincrement = x is increased to 4.2, and then assigned to y
float z = x++; //postincrement = x is assigned to z, and then increased by 1
printf("x = %f; y = %f; z = %f", x,y,z);
return 0;
}
6
Arithmetic Operations
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
float num1 = 10;
float num2 = 7;
printf( "Add %f\n", num1 + num2 );
printf( "Subtract %f\n", num1 - num2 );
printf( "Multiply %f\n", num1 * num2 );
printf( "Divider %f\n", num1 / num2 );
printf( "Modulus %d\n", 10 % 7 ); // Remainder operator
float x = 3.2;
float y = ++x; //preincrement = x is increased to 4.2, and then assigned to y
float z = x++; //postincrement = x is assigned to z, and then increased by 1
printf("x = %f; y = %f; z = %f", x,y,z);
return 0;
}
7
Relational Operation
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 6, b = 4;
printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, b, a == b);
printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, b, a > b);
printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, b, a < b);
printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, b, a != b);
printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, b, a >= b);
printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, b, a <= b);
return 0;
}
• Relational operators are used to compare two values in C.
• If relation is true, it returns 1; If the relation is false, it returns 0.
8
Logical Operation
• Logical operators are mostly used for decision making.
• A logical operator returns either 0 or 1 whether the condition is true or false.
9
Logical Operation
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m=40,n=20;
int o=20,p=30;
if (m>n && m !=0)
printf("&& Operator : Both conditions are true\n");
if (o>p || p!=20)
printf("|| Operator : Only one condition is true\n");
if (!(m>n && m !=0))
printf("! Operator : Both conditions are true\n");
else
printf("! Operator : Both conditions are true. " \
"But, status is inverted as false\n");
}
10
Bitwise Operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m = 40,n = 80;
int AND_opr,OR_opr,XOR_opr,NOT_opr ;
AND_opr = (m&n);
OR_opr = (m|n);
NOT_opr = (~m);
XOR_opr = (m^n);
printf("AND_opr value = %d\n",AND_opr );
printf("OR_opr value = %d\n",OR_opr );
printf("NOT_opr value = %d\n",NOT_opr );
printf("XOR_opr value = %d\n",XOR_opr );
printf("left_shift value = %d\n", m << 1);
printf("right_shift value = %d\n", m >> 1);
return 0;
} • These operators are used to perform bit operations.
• Decimal values are converted into binary values which are the
sequence of bits and bitwise operators work on these bits. 11
Bitwise Operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m = 40,n = 80,AND_opr,OR_opr,XOR_opr,NOT_opr ;
AND_opr = (m&n);
OR_opr = (m|n);
NOT_opr = (~m);
XOR_opr = (m^n);
printf("AND_opr value = %d\n",AND_opr );
printf("OR_opr value = %d\n",OR_opr );
printf("NOT_opr value = %d\n",NOT_opr );
printf("XOR_opr value = %d\n",XOR_opr );
printf("left_shift value = %d\n", m << 1);
printf("right_shift value = %d\n", m >> 1);
return 0;
} • These operators are used to perform bit operations.
• Decimal values are converted into binary values which are the
sequence of bits and bitwise operators work on these bits.
12
Bitwise Operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m = 40,n = 80,AND_opr,OR_opr,XOR_opr,NOT_opr ;
AND_opr = (m&n);
OR_opr = (m|n);
NOT_opr = (~m); x = 00101000 = 40 (decimal)
XOR_opr = (m^n); x << 1 = 01010000 (binary) = 80 (decimal)
printf("AND_opr value = %d\n",AND_opr ); x >> 1 = 00010100 (binary) = 20 (decimal)
printf("OR_opr value = %d\n",OR_opr );
printf("NOT_opr value = %d\n",NOT_opr );
printf("XOR_opr value = %d\n",XOR_opr );
printf("left_shift value = %d\n", m << 1);
printf("right_shift value = %d\n", m >> 1);
return 0;
}
• m << k: k means that the bits will be left shifted by k place.
• m >> k: k means that the bits will be right shifted by k place
13
Assignment Operators
sum += 10; //sum = sum + 10
sum -= 10; //sum = sum - 10
sum *= 10; //sum = sum * 10
sum /= 10; //sum = sum / 10
sum %= 10; //sum = sum % 10
sum ^= 10; //sum = sum ^ 10
14
Assignment Operators
#include<stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int x = 10, y = 12;
/* x += y is same as x = x + y */
printf ( " x += y : %d \n", x += y );
/* x -= y is same as x = x - y */ x *= y + 1 means
x = 10; y = 12;
printf ( " x -= y : %d \n", x -= y );
x = x * (y + 1)?
/* x *= y is same as x = x * y */ OR x = x * y + 1?
x = 10; y = 12;
printf ( " x *= y : %d \n", x *= y );
/* x /= y is same as x = x / y */
x = 10; y = 12;
printf ( " x /= y : %d \n", x /= y );
/* x %= y is same as x = x % y */
printf ( " x %= y : %d \n", x %= y );
return 0;
}
15
Conditional Expressions
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
if (x == 1)
{
y = 2;
int x=1, y ;
else
y = (x ==1? 3 : 0) ; y = 0;
printf("x = %d\n", x);
printf("y = (x ==1? 3 : 0) = %d\n", y);
int a=3, b=2;
int z = (a > b) ? a : b; /* z = max(a, b) */
printf("z = max(%d, %d) = %d", a,b,z);
return 0;
}
• Conditional operators return true_value if condition is true and
returns false_value is condition is false.
• Syntax: (Condition? true_value: false_value);
16
Conditional Expressions
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n=53;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%6d%c", i, (i%10==9 || i==n-1) ? '\n' : ' ');
}
• Conditional operators return true_value if condition is true and
returns false_value is condition is false.
• Syntax: (Condition? true_value: false_value);
17
Order of Evaluation [1]
• The arithmetic operators hold higher precedence
than the logical and relational operators.
• E.g.: 10 > 1 + 9 means 10 > (1+9)
• Order of Precedence in Arithmetic Operators:
1. ++ and -- (increment and decrement)
operators hold the highest precedence.
2. Then comes - (unary minus) operator
3. Then comes *, / and % holding equal
precedence.
4. At last, + and - operators hold the lowest
precedence.
• Order of precedence in Relational/Logical
Operators:
1. ! (logical NOT) operator holds the highest
precedence
2. >, >=, <, <= hold the same precedence.
3. == and != operators
4. && (logical AND) operator
5. || (logical OR) hold the lowest precedence
18
Order of Evaluation [1]
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
// arithmetic operator precedence
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30, result;
result = a * b + ++c;
printf("The result is: %d", result);
return 0;
}
• Order of Precedence in Arithmetic Operators:
1. ++ and -- (increment and decrement) operators
hold the highest precedence.
2. Then comes - (unary minus) operator
3. Then comes *, / and % holding equal precedence.
4. At last, + and - operators hold the lowest
precedence.
19
Order of Evaluation [1]
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 20,b = 10,c = 15,d = 5,e;
e = (a+b)*c/d; // ( 30*15)/5
printf("Value of (a+b)*c/d is : %d\n", e );
e = ((a+b)*c)/d; // (30*15)/5
printf("Value of ((a+b)*c)/d is : %d\n" , e );
e = (a+b)*(c/d); // (30)*(15/5)
printf("Value of (a + b)*(c/d) is : %d\n", e );
e = a+(b*c)/d; // 20 + (150/5)
printf("Value of a+(b*c)/d is : %d\n" , e );
return 0;
}
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