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biostat 2

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20 views3 pages

biostat 2

Uploaded by

drzaryabdaultan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOSTAT

Learning objectives :

student should

1. understand and calculate the central tendencies and measures of spread.


2. Understand the logic of hypothesis testing and related concepts like
Test statistic and p-value.
3. Should select appropriate test of significance.

CENTRAL TENDENCIES

In biostatistics, central tendency refers to the tendency of data to cluster around a


central value or typical score. The three most common measures of central tendency
are the mean, median, and mode.

Mean

The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of data points, calculated by adding up all
the values and dividing by the total number of observations.

Where
X = Mean

X = Individual time

N = No of observation

Median

The median is the middle value in a set of data, when all data is in order e.g ascending
or descending.

Mode

The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a set of data points.
Measures of Spread

In biostatistics, measures of spread or variability are used to describe how spread out or
dispersed a set of data points is around a central tendency. Some common measures of
spread or variability include:

Range. The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data.

Variance. It measures variability from the mean, calculated by taking the sum of
the squared differences between each data point and the mean, and dividing by
the total number of observations.

We can use the formula;

S = ∑ (x – x ¿ ²

where

∑ = sum of squared differences between each data point ( x )


x = mean
n = total no of observations
2
∑( x – x)
Variance =
n−1

Standard Deviation. The square root of the variance, which provides a


measure of the average distance of data points from the mean.

S.D = √ Variance
or

√
2
S.D = ∑ (x – x )
n−1

To calculate the standard error of means:-

SD
S.E.M =
√n
P value :

In statistical hypothesis testing, P-Value or (probability value) can be defined as the


probability that a particular statistical measure, such as the mean or standard deviation,
of an assumed probability distribution will be greater than or equal to observed results.

P> 0.05 is the probability that the null hypothesis is true and that no effect was
observed. If P< 0.05 means the alternative hypothesis is true and that results were
significant effect exists in population).

Significance Tests :

A test of significance is a procedure for comparing observed data with a claim (also
called a hypothesis), the truth of which is being assessed .

To analyze data we use different methods

 Chi square test


 Student “t” test
 ANOVA test

Chi square test :

It is used to analyze data of attributes (qualitative research).

Student “t” test :

It is used to analyze data of variables (quantitative research) to compare the means


between two groups.

T = MA _ -- _ MB
√ ( S.E.MA) + (S.E.MB)2
2

MA = Mean of group A
MB= Mean of group B
S.E.MA= Standard Error of Mean A
S. E.MB = Standard Error of Mean B

If the value of “t” test is greater than 1.96, this rejects the null hypothesis.

ANOVA Test :

It is used to analyze data of variance (To compare the means among


3 or more groups).

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