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Attention

study note for psych 1x03

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views1 page

Attention

study note for psych 1x03

Uploaded by

parsakohzadi7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Difficulty sustaining attention, impulsivity,

and hyperactivity. Attention: The process of selecting


ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity information from the environment for
Disorder): processing.
Treated with behavioral strategies and
medication.
Disorders of Attention Essential for focusing on relevant stimuli
Definition and Importance of
while ignoring irrelevant or distracting
Neglect Syndrome: Damage to one Attention inputs.
hemisphere of the brain leads to
inattention to one side of the environment.
Helps allocate cognitive resources to
effectively interact with the environment.

Example: Texting while driving increases Multitasking: Limited ability to effectively


accident risk. divide attention.
Selective Attention: Focusing on one
Real-World Applications source of information while ignoring Example: Listening to one conversation in
Attention in Education: Strategies to others. a noisy room (cocktail party phenomenon).
minimize distractions and enhance focus.
Types of Attention
Divided Attention: Allocating resources to Example: Driving while talking on the
multiple tasks simultaneously. phone.
Target Identification: Based on a single,
distinct feature (e.g., a red object in a sea
of blue objects).
Attention acts as a filter, selecting
Parallel Processing: All items in the visual important information early in processing.
field are processed simultaneously.
Feature Search: Unattended information is completely
Example: Finding a green circle among red Broadbent's Filter Model: filtered out.
circles.
Limitation: Doesn't explain phenomena
Speed: Fast and automatic. like hearing your name in an unattended
conversation.
Speed: Slower and requires more effort.

Target Identification: Based on a


Instead of complete filtering, unattended
combination of features (e.g., a red square
information is "attenuated" (weakened).
among red circles and blue squares).
Conjunction Search: Treisman's Attenuation Model: two filters, one physical and one semantic
Serial Processing: Items are processed one
at a time. Visual Search: Important or meaningful stimuli (e.g., your
name) can break through.
Example: Finding a blue triangle among
blue circles and red triangles

The number of items in the visual field Attention All information is processed for meaning,
(distractors + target). and selection occurs later in the process.
Set Size: Late Selection Model:
Larger set sizes increase search time, Explains why sometimes irrelevant stimuli
especially in conjunction searches. can still affect performance.

The more similar the target is to


distractors, the harder the search. Target-Distractor Similarity:
Increased Accuracy: Focusing attention
on a specific object enhances the
In feature searches, a distinct target "pops Key Factors Affecting Visual Search: precision of related tasks by reducing
out," making search time independent of
distractions and allowing more cognitive
set size. Pop-Out Effect:
resources to be allocated.

Top-Down: Driven by expectations, prior Cognitive Load: The amount of mental


Decreased Reaction Time: With focused
knowledge, or the task at hand. effort required for a task.
attention, cognitive processing becomes
faster, enabling quicker responses to tasks
Bottom-Up: Driven by sensory input; Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Processing: associated with the attended object.
targets with unique features automatically Attention and Performance
draw attention. Automatic: Requires little attention (e.g.,
tying shoelaces).

Automatic vs Controlled Processing:


Task Difficulty: More difficult tasks require Controlled: Requires full attention and
more attention. effort (e.g., learning a new skill).

Practice: Can make tasks more automatic,


reducing attentional demands. Factors Influencing Attention
efinition: Cueing refers to the use of a
stimulus to direct attention to a specific
Motivation and Arousal: Optimal levels
location or object, influencing task
enhance focus, but too much or too little
performance.
can impair performance.

Valid Cue: Correctly directs attention to the


target.
Demonstrates the difficulty of divided
attention. Cueing Effects: Decreased reaction time (faster
The Stroop Effect response) and increased accuracy.
Reading (automatic) interferes with Task: Name the color of the ink, not the
naming the ink color (controlled). word. Invalid Cue: Misdirects attention away
from the target.
Types of Cueing:
Effects: Increased reaction time (slower
response) and decreased accuracy.

Neutral Cue: Provides no directional


information.

Effects fall between valid and invalid cues.

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