AS Edexcel Chemistry 1 hour 8 questions

Structured Questions

1.5 Structure
1.5.1 Electronegativity / 1.5.2 Intermolecular Forces / 1.5.3 Hydrogen Bonding /
1.5.4 Intermolecular Forces & Physical Properties / 1.5.5 Metallic Bonding / 1.5.6
Giant Lattices / 1.5.7 Covalent Structures / 1.5.8 Predicting Structures

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Easy (1 question) /7

Medium (7 questions) /62

Total Marks /69

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Easy Questions
1 (a) This question is about crystalline solids.

Iodine and diamond are crystalline solids at room temperature.

Explain why diamond has a much higher melting temperature than iodine.

(5 marks)

(b) Graphite is also a crystalline solid at room temperature.

Unlike diamond, graphite conducts electricity.

Describe the key feature of the bonding of the carbon atoms in graphite that results in it
being an electrical conductor.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) This question is about methanol, CH3OH.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of methanol.

Show outer shell electrons only.

(2 marks)

(b) Predict which bond has the shortest bond length in a molecule of methanol.

(1 mark)

(c) Methanol is soluble in water.

i) State the strongest type of intermolecular force that occurs between molecules of
methanol and water.
(1)

ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the interaction named in (c)(i) between one
molecule of methanol and one molecule of water.
Include any relevant lone pairs and dipoles in your diagram.
(3)

(4 marks)

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2 (a) This question is about some halogens and their compounds.

The intermolecular attractions between halogen molecules are London forces.

i) Describe how London forces form between halogen molecules.

(3)

ii) The boiling temperatures of chlorine and bromine are shown in the table.

Boiling temperature
Halogen
/ °C
chlorine −34
bromine 59

Explain why bromine has a higher boiling temperature than chlorine.

(2)

(5 marks)

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(b) A student carries out experiments to determine the order of reactivity of three halogens:
bromine, chlorine and iodine.
The student is provided with aqueous solutions of the following five substances:

bromine
iodine
potassium chloride
potassium bromide
potassium iodide.

The student has no access to chlorine gas or chlorine water.

The student uses cyclohexane, an organic solvent, to identify the halogen present at the
end of each experiment.

The student carries out the smallest number of experiments required to determine the
order of reactivity of the halogens.

Describe the experiments and the expected observations.

Include in your answer ionic equations for any reactions that occur.

State symbols are not required.

(5 marks)

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3 (a) This question is about compounds of Group 5 elements.

Phosphorus forms two chlorides with the formulae PCl3 and PCI5.

i) Explain the shape of the PCl3 molecule. The bond angle is not required.
(3)

ii) Draw a diagram to show the three-dimensional shape of the PCI5, molecule in the
gas phase.
Include bond angles and the name of the shape.
(3)

iii) Explain why phosphorus forms PCI5, but nitrogen does not form NCI5.
(2)

(8 marks)

(b) Nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, has a boiling temperature of 344 K, and nitrogen trifluoride,
NF3, has a boiling temperature of 144 K.

Explain this difference in boiling temperatures, by referring to all the intermolecular

forces present.

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 (5 marks)

(c) Which of these compounds produces hydrogen chloride when it reacts with PCl5?

☐ A propanal

☐ B propan-1-ol

☐ C propanone

☐ D propyl propanoate

(1 mark)

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4 (a) Compound X is a component of synthetic oils used as lubricants, for instance in the
gearboxes of ships.

Name the three functional groups present in compound X.

(2 marks)

(b) The effectiveness of this synthetic oil is much reduced if it is contaminated with water.

Give, in terms of a chemical reaction, a possible reason for this.

(1 mark)

(c) An alternative to synthetic oil is known as mineral oil and consists solely of hydrocarbons
separated from crude oil.

i) What is the name of the process used to separate different hydrocarbons from
crude oil?
(1)

☐ A cracking

☐ B reforming

☐ C fractional distillation

☐ D heating under reflux

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ii) Explain why compound X is likely to have a higher boiling temperature than
hydrocarbons of a similar molecular mass and shape.

A detailed description of how the intermolecular forces arise is not required.

(2)

(3 marks)

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5 (a) This question is about the solubility of some alcohols.
The table shows the solubility in water of the first six alcohols in a homologous series.

Alcohol Solubility / g dm–3

methanol soluble in all proportions

ethanol soluble in all proportions

propan-1‐ol soluble in all proportions

butan-1‐ol 632
pentan-1‐ol 22

hexan-1‐ol 5.9

State what is meant by a homologous series.

You may use the alcohols in the table to illustrate your answer.

(1 mark)

(b) Explain why methanol and water are ‘soluble in all proportions’.

You must include a diagram in your answer.

(3 marks)

6 The compounds hydrogen fluoride, water and methane, all have simple molecular
structures, but they have significantly different boiling temperatures.

Discuss the reasons for the differences in the boiling temperatures of the three
compounds, using the data in the table and the Pauling electronegativity values in the
Data Booklet.

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 Number of
Compound Boiling temperature / oC
electrons
CH4 -161.5 10
H2O 100.0 10
HF 19.5 10

(6 marks)

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7 (a) The table shows some information about a selection of elements and compounds.

Magnesium Potassium
Graphene Graphite Diamond Iron
oxide bromide
Melting
temperature > 4000 3950 3820 3125 1007 1808
/K
Density not
2.2 to 2.8 3.51 3.58 2.75 7.86
/ g cm−3 measured
Compressive
not 2.3 and
strength / 443 152 15 170
measured 15.3
GPa

Explain the difference in the melting temperatures of magnesium oxide and potassium
bromide.

(3 marks)

(b) Explain why the electrical conductivity of solid potassium bromide is poor but an
aqueous solution of potassium bromide is a good electrical conductor.

(2 marks)

(c) Graphene, graphite and diamond are all forms of solid carbon.
Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why graphene and graphite are good
electrical conductors but diamond is a poor electrical conductor.

You may include labelled diagrams in your answer.

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 (6 marks)

(d) Deduce two possible reasons why the density of iron (7.86 g cm−3) is much greater than
the density of graphite (2.2 to 2.8 g cm−3).

(2 marks)

(e) The compressive strength is a measure of the energy required to break some of the
bonds within a substance.

Deduce possible reasons why there are two widely different values for the compressive
strength of graphite.
Both the values (2.3 and 15.3 GPa) are valid experimental results.

(2 marks)

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