MODULE 3

Subject: CE 214 – Fundamentals of Surveying

1. Topic
Measurement of Vertical Distances
• Leveling
• Curvature and Refraction
• Leveling Methods
2. Introduction
There are many various ways on how surveying is done. In any way, there
will be a specific tool and/or equipment for it to be done. Some of these tools and/or
equipment were useful on some ways but not on the other. These tools or equipment
has natural imperfections; thus, adjustments have to be done. This module will
enumerate those ways and tools and/or equipment that work together for surveying
to be carried out and how to adjust errors due to natural imperfections.
3. Learning Outcome
1. Students will know different ways on how to survey.
2. Students will be popular to the tools and equipment used in surveying.
3. Students will learn how to use tools and equipment.
4. Students will be able to determine errors and its’ corresponding
adjustment.

4. Learning Content
LEVELING
Leveling is the process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine
the elevation of points or their differences in elevation. It is a vital and important aspect of
surveying since leveling operations are undertaken to provide necessary data for engineering
design and construction, and the production of topographic maps. The suitability of a site for
development can be better determined by using the results obtained from leveling operations.
Through the process of leveling, buildings, roads, canals, and other vertical and horizontal
structures can be designed and laid out to best conform to the configuration of the ground.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To better understand leveling operations, the following basic terms are defined below:
1. Level Surface. It is a curved surface which is at any point perpendicular to the direction
of gravity or the plumb line. It is best represented by the surface of a large body of still
water. However, a level surface is not a plane and does not have a regular form because
of local deviations of the plumb line. To some effect, the direction of gravity depends on
the distribution of the masses of the earth’s crust and on their densities. Such that if a
plumb bob is held vertically at the base of a mountain, it will have the tendency to deflect
toward the mountain. Although the deflection would be small and negligible,
nevertheless it makes the level surface slightly irregular.
2. Level Line. A level line is a curved line in a level surface all points of which are normal to
the direction of gravity and equidistant from the center of the earth.
3. Horizontal Surface. It is a plane that is tangent to a level surface at a particular point. The
horizontal surface is also perpendicular to the plumb line at the same point.
4. Horizontal Line. A straight line in a horizontal plane which is tangent to a level line at one
point. This line is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at the point of tangency. Since
the mean radius of the earth is comparatively large, it is practical for most purposes to
assume that a level line and horizontal line are the same for short distances.
5. Vertical Line. A vertical line at any point is a line parallel to the direction of gravity. It is
exemplified by the direction taken by a string supporting a suspended plumb bob passing
through a point. For ordinary purposes it is convenient to assume that the earth is a true
sphere with a smooth surface, and that plumb line held at any point on its surface is
always directed toward the center of the sphere.
6. Mean Sea Level. Mean sea level is an imaginary surface of the sea which is midway
between high and low tides. It is taken as the reference surface to which most ground
elevations are referred. This surface is determined by averaging the height of the sea’s
surface for all its tide stages over a long period of time which may extend to about 20
years. Readings are usually taken at hourly intervals on various properly distributed
stations. Mean sea level is not a steady frame of reference due to the melting of ice in the
polar regions, the effects of volcanic activity, and many other influencing factors. It is for
these reasons that it is necessary to have a continuing observation of sea level
fluctuations to detect changes. This surface, which is considered to be at zero elevation,
conforms to the spheroidal shape of the earth and is perpendicular to the direction of
gravity at every point.
7. Datum. Datum is any convenient level surface coincident or parallel with the mean sea
level to which elevations of a particular area are referred. Any surface may be used as a
datum when relative elevations over a limited area needs to be established. It is done by
assigning an assumed elevation of other points in the vicinity with regard to this value.
8. Elevation. For a particular point, its elevation is the vertical distance above or below mean
sea level or any of the selected datum. Points on or near the surface of the earth have
 either positive or negative elevations, depending if the point is above or below mean sea
level.
9. Difference in Elevation. The difference in elevation between two points is the vertical
distance between the two-level surfaces in which the points lie.
TYPES OF LEVELS
There are various types of instruments used in leveling work, the basic instrument used,
however, is the spirit level. Other instruments employed in leveling work include the hand level,
alidade transit, theodolite, aneroid barometer, and EDM instruments. Although these
instruments may differ somewhat in design, each can be used to establish a horizontal line of
sight by means of a telescope fitted with a set of cross hairs and a level bubble.

1. Dumpy Level. The dumpy level is the most widely used direct leveling instrument. It
has a long telescope which is rigidly attached to the level bar. The telescope, which
can be rotated through 360 degrees, fixes the direction of the line of sight. Attached
to the level bar is a level vial which always remains in the same vertical plane at the
telescope. A leveling head supports the telescope and permits the bubble in the
tube to be centered by means of leveling screws. The whole instrument is in turn
supported by means of a tripod.

2. Wye Level. The wye level is very identical to the dumpy level. The only difference
between these two instruments is in the manner by which their telescopes are
attached to the supporting level bar. The wye level has a detachable telescope which
rests in supports called wyes. It can be removed from the Y-shaped supports and
turned end for end during adjustment by releasing the two clapping collars which fit
across the tops of the Y’s. curved clips are used to fasten the telescope in place.
The wye level is now almost obsolete and seldomly used since newer levels are
better constructed and satisfactory for most leveling work. Although these leveling
instruments was not as popular as the other levels, many of its older models have
more sensitive bubble tubes than the other types of engineer’s level.
3. Builder’s Level. The instrument is used primarily in the different phases of the
building construction where a high degree of precision is not a primarily requisite.
Engineers, architects, and builders use it in the setting of concrete forms, batter
boards, and in establishing grades for earthworks.
It is often called a construction level or an architect’s level. The level vial is not as
sensitive as in other levels and its telescope has a much lesser magnifying power.
The horizontal circle, which is found between the level vial and the leveling head, is
its special features, the circle is used when measuring or laying out horizontal
angles.

4. Automatic Level. Self-leveling features are incorporated in automatic levels. This

type of level has become popular for conventional leveling work because of the ease
and speed of their operation. It does not use a level vial and its stability to level itself
depends upon the action of a complex pendulum-and-prism device.

5. Tilting Levels. An optical surveying instrument used for leveling. It is characterized

by having a tilting telescope on a pivot.
6. Geodetic leveling. Leveling of a high order of accuracy, usually extended over large
areas, to furnish accurate vertical control for surveying and mapping operations.
7. Transit as a Level. A transit level is an optical instrument, or a telescope, complete
with a built-in spirit level that is mounted on a tripod. Transit levels are used mainly
for surveying and building, but they can be used to determine the relative position
of lines and objects as well. Transit levels are very precise. They are used to establish
a reference line, but they are also used to provide readings of angles in precise
measurements.

8. Laser level. In surveying and construction, the laser level is a control tool consisting
of a rotating laser beam projector that can be affixed to a tripod. The tool is leveled
according to the accuracy of the device and projects a fixed red or green beam in a
plane about the horizontal and/or vertical axis.

9. Hand Level. The hand level consists of a brass tube about 15 cm long having a plain
glass objective and a peep sight eyepiece. On top of the tube is a small level vial
reflecting through a prism which appears to move vertically when viewed through
the eyepiece. When the bubble appears to be on the cross line it is in the center of
the tube and a horizontal line extends across the hand level. During leveling, the
instrument is held in one hand and leveled by raising or lowering the objective end
until the cross line bisects the bubble. To obtain a steady sight, it may be held beside
a vertical staff or by bringing it close to one’s cheekbone. The user of a hand level
takes a backsight or foresight on a rod while standing in one position and then
 moves ahead to repeat the process. There is no magnification by the hand level and
the length of sight is limited by the visibility of rod readings using naked eye.

CURVATURE AND REFRACTION.

The effects of earth curvature and atmospheric refraction are taken into account in
levelling work since the measurements are made in vertical planes and these effects all occur in
the same plane. Due to the earth’s curvature, a horizontal line departs from a level line by 0.0785
m in one kilometre, varying as the square of the length of the line. This expression for earth
curvature is based on the mean radius of the earth which is about 6371 km.
Atmospheric refraction varies with atmospheric conditions. Under ordinary conditions, it
is approximately equal to 0.0110 m in one kilometre, also varying directly as the square of the
length of the line. This is about one-seventh the effect of curvature of the earth. The point
observed through the level appears to be point B but is actually point C. The angular displacement
resulting from refraction is variable. It depends upon the angle the line of sight makes with the
vertical and the surrounding atmospheric conditions.

The combination of the earths curvature and atmospheric refraction causes the
telescope’s line of sight to vary from a level line by approximately 0.0785 minus 0.0110 or 0.0675
m in one kilometer, varying as the square of the sight distance in kilometers. This may be
represented by a mathematical equation as follows

h’ = 0.0675 K2
where h’ is the departure of a telescope line of sight from a level line (in meters) and K is the
length of the line of sight (in kilometers). The value 0.0675 is called the coefficient of refraction.
Its value actually varies to a certain degree for different elevations, but is taken with an average
value of 0.0675.
For surveys of ordinary precision, corrections for the combined effects of curvature and
refraction may be omitted. The correction is only necessary in precise leveling work and where
the difference in length of backsight and foresight distances is great. If the backsight distance
were exactly equal to the foresight distance for each set up of the instrument, the errors caused
by the atmospheric refraction and the earth’s curvature would cancel each other. Since refraction
changes rapidly with changes in temperature, it is advisable to undertake precise leveling during
cloudy days or at mid-afternoon or sunny days when the ground and air are uniformly warm.

Example. A woman standing on a beach can just see the top of a lighthouse 24.140 km away. If
her eye height above sea level is 1.738 m, determine the height of the lighthouse above sea level.

Solution:

hw = 0.0675 K2w or 1.738 = 0.0675 Kw2

1.738
Kw= √0.0675 = 5.074 km (Distance of woman from point of tangency)

since Kw + KL = 24.140 km

KL = 24.140 - Kw = 24.140 – 5.074

= 19.066 km (Distance of lighthouse from point of tangency)

hL = 0.0675 KL2 = 0.0675(19.066)2

= 24.537 m (Height of lighthouse above sea level)

LEVELING METHODS

1. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING is the process of determining the difference in elevation

between two or more points some distance apart.

There should be at least two persons to undertake differential leveling; the rodman who
carries and holds the rod, and the instrument man who sets up the level and determines the
required rod readings. The instrument man can record the data in a field notebook or a third
person may be employed as recorder. If a bigger levelling party could be formed, a chief of party,
a pacer, an axeman and utility men may be added to complete the team.
 The leveling instrument is set up at any convenient location along the level route and a
backsight is taken on a leveling rod held vertically on Bm a. The backsight reading added to the
known or assumed elevation of the initial bench mark gives the height of instrument above
datum or
HI = Elev BMa + BS
The rodman moves forward along the general direction of BMb and holds the rod at a
convenient turning point (TP1). The instrument man takes a foresight on the rod. This foresight
reading subtracted from the height of instrument gives the elevation above datum of the turning
point or
Elev TP1 = HI – FS
The level is then transferred and set up at another convenient location beyond TP 1, but
still in the general direction of BMb. The exact location at which the level is set up is of little
importance. The more important thing to consider is that the level is set up at a location where
backsight and foresight rod readings can be made. A backsight is then taken on TP, to establish a
new height of instrument (HI2). The rodman finally moves forward to the location of BM b and a
foresight is taken on the rod held on it. Since the new HI has already be determined, the elevation
of BMb is computed by subtracting the foresight reading from the height of instrument.
If the terminal point (BMb) is still some distance away such that more turning points have
to be established before it could be foresighted, the procedure of reading a backsight, the
rodman moving ahead to establish another turning point, and reading a foresight is repeated.
This is done as many times as necessary until the elevation of BMb is finally obtained. The four
illustrative problems given in this lesson should provide the student a clearer idea as to how
differential levelling is undertaken, how the notes are kept, and how the customary arithmetic
check is made.
Example. Complete the differential level notes shown below and perform the customary
arithmetic check.
Level Notes from BM1 TO BM4 :

STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 127.133
TP1 1.116 1.886
TP2 1.228 1.527
BM2 1.189 2.246
BM3 1.070 2.017
TP3 1.831 2.656
BM4 2.765
 SOLUTION:
a.) Computation of HI’s and Elevation of Stations:
127.133 ( Elev BM )
+ 1.256_ ( BS on BM1 )
128.389 ( HI1 )
- 1.886_ ( FS on TP1 )
126.503 ( Elev TP1 )
+ 1.116_ ( BS on TP1 )
127.619 ( HI2 )
- 1.527_ ( FS on TP2 )
126.092 ( Elev TP2 )
- 1.228_ ( BS on TP2 )
127.320 ( HI3 )
- 2.246_ ( FS on BM2 )
125.074 ( Elev BM2 )
+ 1.189_ ( BS on BM2 )
126.263 ( HI4 )
- 2.017_ ( FS on BM3 )
124.246 ( Elev BM3 )
+ 1.070_ ( BS on BM3 )
125.316 ( HI5 )
- 2.656_ ( FS on TP3 )
122.660 ( Elev TP3 )
+ 1.831_ ( BS on TP3 )
124.491 ( HI6 )
- 2.765_ ( FS on BM4 )
121.726 ( Elev BM4 )
b.) Determining Backsight and Foresight Sums:
∑ BS = 1.256 + 1.116 + 1.228 + 1.189 + 1.070 + 1.831 + = + 7.690 m
∑ FS = -(1.886 + 1.527 + 2.246 + 2.017 + 2.656 + 2.765) = -13.097 m

c.) Tabulated Solution:

STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.256 128.389 127.133m
TP1 1.116 127.619 1.886 126.503
TP2 1.228 127.320 1.527 126.092
BM2 1.189 126.263 2.246 125.074
BM3 1.070 125.316 2.017 124.246
TP3 1.831 124.491 2.656 122.660
BM4 2.765 121.726
+7.690 -13.097
(∑BS) (∑FS)
 d.) Arithmetic Check:

127.133m ( Elevation of BM1 )

+ 7.690m_ ( ∑BS )
134.823m ( Sum )
-13.097m_ ( ∑FS )
121.726m ( Checks with Elevation of BM1 )

2. DOUBLE-RODDED LEVELING. Double-rodded differential leveling is a method of

determining differences between points by employing two level routes simultaneously. This
method differs from conventional differential leveling in that two turning points are established
such that at each setup of the leveling instrument, two sets of independent backsights and
foresights are taken.
This method has an advantage of providing a continuous check on the process of
determining ground elevations while the work is in progress. It is extremely useful when there is
an urgent need to undertake differential leveling in a short period of time where no established
bench marks are available for checking results. Double-rodded leveling is also useful when
running a long line of levels which do not close back on the initial bench mark.
Although this method of leveling can be run with a single rod and only one rodman, it is
preferable to employ two rods and two rodmen to speed up the process of leveling. When using
the method, It is advisable to use sets of turning points which are near each other and having
elevation differences of at least one-half meter or more. This technique eliminates the possibility
of making the same mistake in reading the meter marks on both rods. It is also advisable to swap
rods on alternate setups of the instrument to minimize systematic errors.
Upon completion of the leveling operation, it will be observed that the two computed
elevations of the terminal bench mark will vary slightly from each other. The discrepancy is due
usually to errors of observation, and the correct elevation is determined by taking the average
value. However, when the discrepancy between two final elevations is sufficiently large, it is
advisable to repeat the leveling process. It should also be expected that the discrepancy will
increase as the length of the line increases.
Just as in conventional differential leveling, there is a need to perform the customary
arithmetic check before leaving the survey site. This arithmetic check is made by adding
separately all the backsight readings and all the foresight readings. It should be noted that the
backsight readings are considered as positive values and foresight readings as negative values.
Since there are two sets of level lines, the algebraic sum of the backsight and foresight readings
is divided by two. The quotient thus obtained is then added algebraically to the elevation of the
initial bench mark. If the resulting sum is equal to the elevation of the terminal bench mark, it
can be safely assumed that the process of adding and subtracting has been done correctly. Again,
it is stressed that the arithmetic check does not provide any measure of verifying mistakes in
observing and recording of data. It does not also tell us if the field observations and techniques
employed were undertaken satisfactorily.
Example. Complete the following differential level notes for a double-rodded line from BM1 to
BM2. Show the customary arithmetic check.

STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.964 205.549m
1.964
TP1H 2.187 1.104
TP1L 2.629 1.549
TP2H 1.393 1.794
TP2L 1.780 2.202
TP3H 0.317 2.991
TP3L 0.741 3.415
BM2 2.634
2.634

Solution:
a.) Route 1 (High points) Route 2 (Low points)
205.549 m (ELEV BM1) 205.549 m (ELEV BM1)
+ 1.964 (BS on BM1) + 1.964 (BS on BM1)
207.513 (HI1H) 207.513 (HI1L)
- 1.104 (FS on TP1H) - 1.549 (FS on TP1L)
206.409 (ELEV TP1H) 205.964 (ELEV TP1L)
+ 2.187 (BS on TP1H) + 2.629 (BS on TP1L)
208.596 (HI2H) 208.593 (HI2L)
- 1.794 (FS on TP2H) - 2.202 (FS on TP2L)
206.802 (ELEV TP2H) 206.391 (ELEV TP2L)
+ 1.393 (BS on TP2H) + 1.780 (BS on TP2L)
208.195 (HI3H) 208.171 (HI3L)
- 2.991 (FS on TP3H) - 3.415 (FS on TP3H)
205.204 (ELEV TP3H) 204.756 (ELEV TP3L)
+ 0.317 (BS on TP3H) + 0.741 (BS on TP3L)
205.521 (HI4H) 205.497 (HI4L)
- 2.634 (FS on BM2) - 2.634 (FS on BM2)
202.887 m (ELEV BM2) 202.863 (ELEV BM2)

b.) Mean elevation of BM2 = (202.887+202.863)/2 = 202.875 m

c.) Determining backsight and foresight sums:

∑BS = 1.964+1.964+2.187+2.629+1.393+1.780+0.317+0.741 = 12.975 m

∑FS = -(1.104+1.549+1.794+2.202+2.991+3.415+2.634+2.634) = -18.323 m

d.) Tabulated solution:

STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM1 1.964 207.513 205.549m
1.964 207.513
TP1H 2.187 208.596 1.104 206.409
TP1L 2.629 208.593 1.549 205.964
TP2H 1.393 208.195 1.794 206.802
TP2L 1.780 208.171 2.202 206.391
TP3H 0.317 205.521 2.991 205.204
TP3L 0.741 205.497 3.415 204.756
BM2 2.634 202.887
2.634 202.863
+12. 975 -18.323
∑BS ∑FS
e.) Arithmetic check
Mean Elev BM2 = 202.875 m
DE1 = (∑BS + ∑FS)/2 = (+12.975-18.323)/2 = -2.674 = 2.674 m
DE2 = Elev BM1 – Mean Elev BM2 = 205.549-202.875 = 2.674 m
Since DE1 = DE2, it can be assumed that the arithmetical computations performed are correct.

3. THREE-WIRE LEVELING. A more precise method of differential leveling can be attained

by the three-wire method of leveling. It is a method of determining differences in elevation
wherein three horizontal hairs (or threads) are read and recorded rather than from a single
horizontal hair. The leveling instrument used should be equipped with stadia hairs in addition to
the regular vertical and horizontal hairs. For each backsight and foresight, all three horizontal
hairs are read to the nearest millimeter and the average of the three readings is taken as the
correct value.
 Since three-wire leveling is employed for high precision work, only precise leveling rods
should be used. It is preferable to employ rods which use graduated strips of invar. To attain fast
and accurate plumbing, the rod should have an attached rod level. It is also important to calibrate
the rod before using them in the field. The backsight and corresponding foresight distances
should always be maintained at equal lengths.
The level is set up at station L and the rod is held vertically at station P.The horizontal
distance between the instrument and the rod is shown as HD, and the vertical distance between
the line of sight and station P is taken as the mean of the three hair readings.
Where:
a= Upper stadia hair reading
b= lower stadia hair reading
c= horizontal cross-hair reading or rod reading on P
s= stadia intercept or the difference between the upper stadia hair
reading and the lower stadia hair reading
m= mean of three hair readings
HD= horizontal distance from the level to the rod held at P
K= Stadia interval factor
C= instrument constant
HI= height of the line of sight above datum or mean sea level
Elev of P= unknown elevation of station P

The following equations are used in three-wire leveling:

𝑠 =𝑎−𝑏
𝑚 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 )/3
𝐻𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐶
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 𝑜𝑓 𝑃 = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝑚
The stadia intercept, s, provides an indirect measure of the distance from the center of
the leveling instrument to the rod sighted. In determining the horizontal distance, the stadia
interval factor, K, and the instrument constant, C, must first be known or given. For most leveling
instruments, K is usually equal to 100 and C is zero.
Example. Complete the differential level notes shown below and perform the customary
arithmetic check.

BS FS
STA HAIR MEAN S HI HAIR MEAN S ELEV
RDGS RDG RDGS RDG
BM1 1.152
0.935 444.242 m
0.718
TP1 2.784 1.117
2.420 0.899
2.057 0.682
TP2 1.713 1.900
1.440 1.537
1.166 1.172
TP3 2.591 1.450
2.094 1.177
1.599 0.904
TP4 0.913 2.210
0.730 1.714
0.547 1.218
BM2 1.593
1.410
1.227

Solution:

a.) Calculating mean hair reading:

Backsights:
m1 = (1.152+0.935+0.718)/3 = 0.935
m2 = (2.784+2.420+2.057)/3 = 2.420
m3 = (1.713+1.440+1.166)/3 = 1.440
m4 = (2.591+2.094+1.599)/3 = 2.095
m5 = (0.913+0.730+0.547)/3 = 0.730
∑BSm = +7.620
 Foresights:
M6 = (1.117+0.899+0.682)/3 = 0.899
M7 = (1.900+1.537+1.172)/3 = 1.536
M8 = (1.450+1.177+0.904)/3 = 1.177
M9 = (2.210+1.714+1.218)/3 = 1.714
M10 = (1.593+1.410+1.227)/3 = 1.410
∑FSm = -6.736
b.) Calculating stadia intercept (s):
Backsights:
S1 = (1.152-0.718) = 0.434
S2 = (2.784-2.057) = 0.727
S3 = (1.713-1.166) = 0.547
S4 = (2.591-1.599) = 0.992
S5 = (0.913-0.547) = 0.366
Foresights:
S6 = (1.117-0.682) = 0.435
S7 = (1.900-1.172) = 0.728
S8 = (1.450-0.904) = 0.546
S9 = (2.210-1.218) = 0.992
S10 = (1.593-1.227) = 0.366
c.) Calculating HIs and Elevations:
444.242 (ELEV BM1) 446.602 (HI3)
+ 0.935 (m1) - 1.177 (m8)
445.177 (HI1) 445.425 (ELEV TP3)
- 0.899 (m6) + 2.095 (m4)
444.278 (ELEV TP1) 447.520 (HI4)
+ 2.420 (m2) - 1.714 (m9)
446.698 (HI2) 445.806 (ELEV TP4)
- 1.536 (m7) + 0.730 (m5)
445.162 (ELEV TP2) 446.536 (HI5)
+ 1.440 (m3) - 1.410 (m10)
446.602 (HI3) 445.126 (ELEV BM2)
d.) Tabulated solution:

BS FS
STA HAIR MEAN S HI HAIR MEAN S ELEV
RDGS RDG RDGS RDG
BM1 1.152
0.935 0.935 0.434 445.177 444.242 m
0.718
TP1 2.784 1.117
2.420 2.420 0.727 446.698 0.899 0.899 0.435 444.278
2.057 0.682
TP2 1.713 1.900
1.440 1.440 0.547 446.602 1.537 1.536 0.728 445.162
1.166 1.172
TP3 2.591 1.450
2.094 2.095 0.992 447.520 1.177 1.177 0.546 445.425
1.599 0.904
TP4 0.913 2.210
0.730 0.730 0.366 446.536 1.714 1.714 0.992 445.806
0.547 1.218
BM2 1.593
1.410 1.410 0.366 445.126
1.227

e.) Arithmetic check:

∑BSm = +7.620 m
∑FSm = -6.736 m
DE1 = ∑BSm + ∑FSm = 7.620+(-6.736) = 0.884 m
DE2 = ELEV BM1 – ELEV BM2 = 445.126-444.242 = 0.884 m OK!

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

Activity 8
Discussion of Module Content
Activity 9
Field Work (Laboratory 2)
 (Upload output in word, pdf or jpeg image via E-mail @ [email protected] or
on designated drop-off / pick up points)

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.

Read also La Putt, J.P., Elementary Surveying (3rd Edition) 2013 Reprint

7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Online(synchronous) through telEducation

8. Assessment Task
Perform Activity 10(QUIZ 3). Submission of required output via E-mail @
[email protected] or on designated drop-off / pick up points.

9. References
1. La Putt, J.P., Elementary Surveying (3rd Edition) 2013 Reprint
2. La Putt, J.P., Higher Surveying (2nd Edition) 2013 Reprint
3. Surveying for Civil and Geodetic Licensure Exam by Bessavilla

ISUE__ __ Syl ___

Revision: 02
Effectivity: August 1, 2020