Diversity and Multicultural
Management
#2
Primary Dimension 1:
Race and Ethnicity
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1 Define Race and Ethnicity 3
Identify The Impact of Race
and Ethnicity
2 Understand the Historical 4 Coping with Racial and
context and evolution of race Ethnical Issues
and ethnicity in the labor
force
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LEARNING DOCUMENTS
Main textbook:
[1]. Hays-Thomas, R. (2017). Managing Workplace Diversity and Inclusion a Psychological Perspective. New
York, NY Routledge, p.277-306
[2]. Triana, M. (2017). Managing Diversity in Organizations: a Global Perspective. 1st ed. Routledge, p.65-93
Other documents:
[3]. Harvey, C.P. and M June Allard (2015). Understanding and Managing Diversity : readings, Cases and
Exercises. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, p.98-106
[4]. Kirton, G. and Greene, A.-M. (2015). The Dynamics of Managing Diversity. [online] Routledge, pp.29-40
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Opening Case - The Starbucks Racial Bias Incident
In 2018, two Black men were arrested at a Philadelphia
Starbucks for sitting in the store without purchasing anything.
The incident went viral, sparking accusations of racial bias.
Starbucks’ Response:
• Closed over 8,000 stores for racial bias training.
• Updated policies to allow anyone to use their spaces
without purchase.
• Launched diversity and inclusion initiatives to rebuild trust.
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
#Definition of Race
• Race as a Social Category: The term “race” refers to social categories based on national
origin and sociocultural groups, not genetic or biological categories. (Gilroy, 1998; U.S. Census
Bureau, 2015a)
• Race is a social construct used to categorize people based on physical traits such as skin
color, facial features, and hair texture. It has no biological basis but plays a significant role in
shaping social and cultural identities.
Source: Triana (2017, p.67)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
#The main racial categories
• Five major racial groups are typically recognized: Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid, and
Amerindian.
• Human genetic variation is complex and cannot be neatly packaged into specific racial categories.
• Most genetic diversity occurs within racial and ethnic groups rather than between them.
Source: Vasundhra (2023)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
#The main racial categories
• The U.S. Census Bureau collects racial data based on self-identification. The racial categories
used by the U.S. Census reflect social definitions of race recognized in the United States.
Black or African- American Indian or Native Hawaiian or
White Asian
American Alaska Native Other Pacific
Islander
Source: Triana (2017, p.67)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
# Definition of Ethnicity
• Ethnicity refers to a social group that shares characteristics such as language, religion, and
culture.
• The differences among groups of people according to cultural expression and identification.
Source: Triana (2017, p.67)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
# Differences between Race and Ethnicity
Source: Triana (2017, p.67)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
# Problems With Categorizing Race vs. Ethnicity
• People who have similar physical attributes aren’t as similar genetically as
some people think.
• People Don’t Always Fit Into Categories: Many individuals identify with several
racial and ethnic backgrounds.
• The difference between race and ethnicity is not always clear-cut.
Source: Triana (2017, p.67)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
# Ethnicity in USA
• U.S. Census Categories:
▪ Two main categories: Hispanic
or Latino, and not Hispanic or
Latino.
• Hispanics and Latinos may be of
any race.
Source: Triana (2017, p.67)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
# Ethnicity in Vietnam
• Vietnam is a multi-nationality country with
54 ethnic groups.
• The Viet (Kinh) people account for 87% of
the country's population
• The other 53 ethnic minority groups,
totaling over 8 million people, are scattered
over mountain areas (covering two-thirds of
the country's territory) spreading from the
North to the South.
Source: GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE (2019)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
# Ethnicity in Vietnam
Source: GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE (2019)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
# Ethnicity in Vietnam
Source: GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE (2019)
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I. What is Race and Ethnicity?
# Affirmative action
• Affirmative action refers to a policy aimed at
increasing workplace and educational
opportunities for people who are
underrepresented in various areas of our society
Do you think Affirmative action is fair?
Source: GENERAL STATISTICS OFFICE (2019)
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II. Historical context and evolution of race
and ethnicity in the labor force
• The word race itself is modern and was used in the sense of
"nation, ethnic group" during the 16th to 19th century, and only
acquired its modern meaning in the field of physical
anthropology from the mid 19th century.
• In the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that
the human population can be divided into biologically
distinct races.
• Some of the earliest sociological work on racism was
conducted by W. E. B. Du Bois, the first African American to
earn a doctoral degree from Harvard University. In 1903 Du
Bois wrote:
▪ "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the
colour line – the relation of the darker to the lighter races of
men in Asia and Africa, in America and in the islands of the
sea” (The Souls of Black Folk).
Source: Mathew Cole (2022)
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II. Historical context and evolution of race and
ethnicity
• 1965 UN International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination:
• The term "racial discrimination" shall mean
any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or
preference based on race, color, descent, or
national or ethnic origin that has the purpose
or effect of nullifying or impairing the
recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an
equal footing, of human rights and
fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social, cultural or any other field of
public
Source: Mathew Cole (2022)
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II. Historical context and evolution of race and
ethnicity
• Meeting at Paris at its twentieth session, from 24
General Conference of the United, Nations Educational, October to 28 November 1978.
• It asserted that a number of public policies and laws
Scientific and Cultural Organization
needed to be implemented.
1. "All human beings belong to a single species."
2. "All peoples of the world possess equal faculties
for attaining the highest level in intellectual,
technical, social, economic, cultural and political
development."
3. "The differences between the achievements of
the different peoples are entirely attributable to
geographical, historical, political, economic,
social and cultural factors."
4. "Any theory which involves the claim that racial
or ethnic groups are inherently superior or
inferior, thus implying that some would be
entitled to dominate and eliminate others,
presumed to be inferior, or which bases value
judgements on racial differentiation, has no
scientific foundation and is contrary to the moral
and ethical principles of humanity."
Source: Mathew Cole (2022)
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II. Historical context and evolution of race and
ethnicity
Institutional Racism
• Term was coined by Stokely Carmichael, an American
Black Power activist, in 1967 and has been championed
subsequently in Britain by the Institute of Race Relations.
• Reminds us that:
• “to thrive, racism does not require overtly racist
individuals, and conceives of it rather as arising
through social and cultural processes” (Parekh
2000: 71).
Source: Mathew Cole (2022)
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II. Historical context and evolution of race and
ethnicity Income by race before housing costs
• 32% of Asian households were in the lowest
income quintile (before housing costs), followed by
29% of Black households, 28% of households
from the Other ethnic group, 24% of Mixed
households, and 19% of White households
• the Black ethnic group had the smallest
percentage of households in the highest income
quintile (at 8%), while the Other White group had
the largest percentage (at 25%)
• the Black ethnic group had the largest percentage
of households in the lowest 2 income quintiles (at
55%), while the White British and Other White
ethnic groups had the smallest percentages (at
38%) https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-
• There were more than twice as many Asian and-benefits/pay-and-income/income-distribution/latest
households in the lowest income quintile (32%) as
in the highest income quintile (15%)
Source: Mathew Cole (2022)
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II. Historical context and evolution of race and
ethnicity Income by race after housing costs
• White households had the largest percentage of
households in the highest income quintile (21%);
they also had the smallest percentage of
households in the lowest income quintile (18%)
• Black households had the smallest percentage of
households in the highest income quintile (7%)
• the Other ethnic group had the largest percentage
of households in the lowest income quintile (42%)
• the ethnic groups with the largest percentage of
households in the two lowest quintiles were the
Black (62%), Other (61%) and Asian (58%) ethnic
groups; in comparison, 37% of White British
households fell into the two lowest income
quintiles. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-
and-benefits/pay-and-income/income-distribution/latest
Source: Mathew Cole (2022)
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III. Impact of Race and Ethnicity
# Outcomes of Racial Discrimination
• Negative Feelings: Individuals who perceive
discrimination are more likely to experience
distress and other negative emotions.
• Health Effects: Stress from discrimination can
lead to physical issues like headaches, high blood
pressure, and chest pain, as well as psychological
issues like anxiety, depression, and low self-
esteem.
• Psychological/mental health effects can include
lack of self-confidence, mental distress, low self-
esteem, anxiety, depression, lack of cooperation,
insecurity, and a feeling of helplessness
Source: Triana (2017)
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III. Impact of Race and Ethnicity
# Outcomes of Racial Discrimination on Workplace
• Several large-scale studies (meta-analyses) have concluded that discrimination has
negative effects on victims, impacting work outcomes, helpful behaviors, and mental
and physical health (e.g., Jones et al., 2016; Lee & Ahn, 2011, 2012; Pascoe & Richman,
2009).
• Workplace discrimination has costs associated with it including a decrease in employee
attitudes and increased turnover intentions (King, Hebl, George, & Matusik, 2010;
Madera, King, & Hebl, 2012).
• The new and subtle form of racial discrimination is called “modern racism”
• Examples of Subtle Racism:
• Avoiding contact with someone.
• Not sharing information.
• Not volunteering to mentor or help.
• Not inviting to social outings.
• Monitoring someone.
• Showing subtle signs of disrespect (e.g., undermining authority, interrupting).
Source: Triana (2017)
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IV. Coping with Racial and Ethnical Issues
# Coping Strategies:
• Social Support: A network of people who
help individuals cope with challenges.
• Social Coping: Reaching out to one's social
support network for advice.
• Active/Problem-Focused Coping:
Emphasizing ways to resolve the problem is
most effective.
• Emotion-Focused Coping: Involves eating or
using alcohol/drugs, which may alleviate
immediate stress but can lead to long-term
issues like addiction or obesity.
Source: Triana (2017)
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IV. Coping with Racial and Ethnical Issues
# Identity Strategies:
• People cope with discrimination through strategies like identity switching and identity
redefinition.
• Identities are the group memberships that define us and contribute to our self-esteem.
• Redefining Identity: This can protect self-esteem from discrimination's harmful effects.
• Study by Madera et al. (2012): Found that group identity management is linked to
perceived discrimination, which is associated with lower job satisfaction and higher
intentions to quit.
Source: Triana (2017)
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Case Study Analysis
# The Coca-Cola Company
Source: Triana (2017)
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THE END #2
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