Chapter 2: A Summary Paper

A Formal Paper Presented to

Mr. Mark Eduard V. Fernandez

Faculty, La Paz National High School

In partial fulfillment of a requirement

In English 10

Word Literature

Cabasan, Hannah Marie J.

Jaravilla, Donna Jane C.

Macario, Ejay G.

Organia, Chrisa Nicole M.

December, 2024
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies (RRLS)

A Review of Related Literature and Studies (RRLS) serves as a critical

examination of existing research and literature on a specific topic. Its primary purpose is

to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current knowledge base, identify gaps in

the literature, and understand the evolution of the research over time. By reviewing

studies from previous years, researchers can track the progression of ideas, identify key

findings, and recognize how theoretical and empirical knowledge has advanced. This

process helps to establish the context for new research by highlighting areas of consensus

and debate within the field.

The RRLS typically involves summarizing, synthesizing, and critiquing relevant

studies. Summarizing involves presenting the main findings of previous studies concisely,

ensuring that their key points are understood without delving into excessive detail.

Synthesizing goes a step further, combining the results of various studies to draw broader

conclusions or reveal patterns across different works. Critiquing requires assessing the

strengths and weaknesses of the existing research, including evaluating the methodology,

validity of findings, and the relevance of the conclusions drawn. In this sense, the RRLS

does not merely restate what others have done but also provides critical insight into the

quality and implications of prior work.

In an RRLS, researchers also examine the evolution of knowledge within a

specific topic over a defined period, such as the last 5 to 10 years. This historical
perspective helps to contextualize how research on the topic has developed and highlights

the changes in theoretical approaches, methodologies, and findings. For example, a

literature review might show how a specific concept or theory has evolved over the years

and identify emerging trends or new directions for future studies. By focusing on research

conducted in recent years, the RRLS provides a snapshot of current academic thinking

and reveals whether earlier findings are still relevant or have been revised in light of new

evidence.

Lastly, an RRLS also involves an analysis of gaps in the literature. As researchers

synthesize and critique existing studies, they often identify areas that have been

underexplored or require further investigation. This process not only contributes to the

understanding of what has already been discovered but also guides future research by

pinpointing questions that remain unanswered. It is through this iterative process of

summarizing, synthesizing, and critiquing that the RRLS plays a critical role in

advancing knowledge within a field and guiding the direction of future scholarly work.

Purpose of the RRLS

The primary goal of an RRLS is to provide a structured and organized overview

of the current state of knowledge on a particular topic. This serves to support the

researcher’s argument by demonstrating a thorough understanding of existing literature

and showing where their own research fits within the broader academic conversation. A

well-conducted literature review not only establishes the foundation for a research study

but also provides justification for the researcher’s approach, demonstrating how their

work builds upon or challenges the existing body of knowledge.

 By systematically reviewing past research, the RRLS helps to establish the

relevance and significance of the research question being studied. For instance, a

researcher examining the effects of a new teaching method on student performance would

first review studies conducted over the last decade on similar topics. This background

helps to clarify what is already known about the subject and highlights areas where new

insights might be needed. Furthermore, the review helps to ensure that the researcher

avoids duplicating efforts already made in the field, allowing them to focus on

contributing something novel.

Another important aspect of the RRLS is its ability to highlight evolving trends

and theoretical shifts within a particular discipline. Over time, the theoretical frameworks

and methodologies used by scholars can change as new technologies, perspectives, or

data become available. For example, in the field of psychology, the way researchers study

cognitive behavior has evolved significantly over the past few decades, with new

approaches like neuroimaging and genetic research providing deeper insights into human

behavior. Through an RRLS, researchers can trace the shifts in thinking within the

discipline and identify whether new research needs to reconsider or expand upon past

theories.

In summary, the RRLS serves not only as a summary of past research but also as a

tool for advancing the field. By summarizing, synthesizing, and critiquing existing

studies, researchers contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the topic at hand, and

set the stage for new inquiries that move the discipline forward.

The Difference Between Literature and Studies

 Literature and studies serve distinct roles in research, though they are closely

intertwined. A study refers to an original research investigation that generates new

knowledge, typically through empirical methods such as experiments, surveys, or

observations. Its background focuses on justifying the research by identifying a gap or

need in the existing body of knowledge. Researchers conduct studies to test hypotheses,

explore specific questions, or solve problems, providing factual findings that can confirm

or challenge existing theories. The purpose of a study is to contribute new evidence or

insights to a particular field.

In contrast, a literature review involves a critical analysis and synthesis of existing

research on a particular topic. The goal of a literature review is to summarize the current

state of knowledge, identify trends or gaps, and suggest ways to advance the field. Unlike

studies, literature reviews focus more on the theoretical and intellectual aspects of

research, emphasizing the progression of ideas and theories over time. Authors of

literature reviews organize and interpret previous works to guide future research, while

researchers in studies gather new data to expand or refine knowledge. While studies focus

on facts and empirical evidence, literature reviews provide a broader, contextual

understanding of the topic.

What To Find?

Research Design

A research design is the blueprint for how a study is conducted and determines the

methodology and approach to gathering data. Reviewing the design of previous studies

allows researchers to understand what approaches were used to address similar questions
and how these designs shaped the findings. Various research designs, such as

experimental, correlational, or qualitative, have different strengths. For instance, an

experimental design may help establish causal relationships, while a qualitative approach

can provide deep insights into human experiences or behaviors. By analyzing previous

studies, a researcher can determine which design is most appropriate for addressing their

own research question and avoid repeating design flaws or oversights from past studies.

Additionally, understanding the strengths and limitations of past designs helps

researchers refine their methodology for more reliable results.

Population

The population of a study refers to the group of people, objects, or events being

investigated. A critical aspect of reviewing literature is assessing the populations involved

in previous studies. Did they focus on a specific demographic group, such as a certain

age, gender, or cultural background? Were the samples large and diverse enough to allow

generalization of results? Reflecting on the populations studied in related literature can

reveal whether previous studies have successfully captured the diversity of the broader

population or if there are limitations in sample representation. This insight can help

researchers avoid biases in their own sampling strategies and ensure that the results are

more widely applicable. Additionally, researchers may find that past studies have

overlooked certain subgroups, opening the door for future research that fills this gap.

Variables

Variables are the measurable elements that researchers manipulate or observe in

their studies. In the literature review, understanding which variables were examined in
past studies is essential. Researchers should explore how these variables were defined,

measured, and analyzed. For instance, a study might investigate the impact of

socioeconomic status (independent variable) on academic achievement (dependent

variable). Analyzing the operationalization of variables across different studies enables

researchers to see if there are inconsistencies or gaps in how these variables are handled.

This helps to refine the research questions and ensures that the variables are appropriately

defined for the new study. Additionally, it enables the researcher to explore whether other

mediating or moderating variables need to be considered in their study design.

Results

The results section of a literature review highlights the findings of previous

studies, allowing researchers to see what has already been discovered. Reflecting on these

results is crucial for understanding patterns and inconsistencies within the existing

literature. For example, if several studies consistently find that a certain factor influences

outcomes, this suggests a strong relationship that can be further explored in the new

research. Conversely, if studies offer conflicting results, it may indicate that more

research is needed to clarify these discrepancies or explore contextual factors influencing

the results. Reviewing past findings helps researchers identify trends, controversies, or

knowledge gaps that can guide their own research direction. By analyzing how the results

were interpreted and what conclusions were drawn, researchers can design their studies in

a way that builds on past successes and avoids repeating mistakes.

Recommendations
 Recommendations from previous studies often point out areas that require further

investigation, offering valuable insights for future research. These recommendations may

suggest new variables to explore, alternative methodologies to use, or under-researched

populations to consider. Reflecting on these suggestions helps researchers understand

what has yet to be explored in the field and provides guidance on how to move the

research forward. For example, if past studies have recommended using a longitudinal

design to better understand changes over time, this can inspire new researchers to adopt

that approach. By taking into account the recommendations of earlier studies, researchers

can ensure that their own work contributes to the ongoing development of the field.

4 Parts of RRLS

Foreign Literature

Foreign literature refers to literary works that are produced in countries other than

the Philippines, and these works are often written in languages that differ from the

reader’s native tongue. These literary pieces, created outside of the Philippines, offer

unique insights into the cultures, histories, and worldviews of their respective countries.

The study of foreign literature exposes readers to diverse traditions, perspectives, and

writing styles, enriching their understanding of the global literary landscape. This genre

includes works of fiction, poetry, drama, and essays, offering a wide array of topics

ranging from human experiences to social issues and philosophical debates.

 Foreign literature plays a significant role in shaping the literary tastes and

intellectual growth of readers worldwide. Through translations and adaptations, readers in

the Philippines can access these works, which provide an opportunity to compare and

contrast with local literary traditions. The study of foreign literature is also crucial in

developing a global perspective, as it helps readers appreciate the universal themes that

connect humanity, such as love, loss, identity, and conflict. Additionally, the exploration

of foreign texts fosters a deeper appreciation for linguistic diversity and the complexities

of translating cultural nuances across different languages.

While foreign literature may not always reflect local customs and traditions, it

offers valuable insights into the social, political, and historical contexts of other countries.

By reading and analyzing such works, readers can gain a broader understanding of

international issues, such as economic disparities, political struggles, and the impact of

colonization. The diversity within foreign literature also allows readers to explore

different narrative techniques and literary forms, expanding their knowledge of global

literary traditions. In this way, foreign literature contributes significantly to the

intellectual and cultural development of readers in the Philippines.

Local Literature

Local literature refers to written works that originate from within the Philippines

and are often produced in languages commonly spoken in the country. These works may

include novels, short stories, poems, plays, and essays, offering valuable insights into

Filipino culture, history, and societal issues. Local literature is essential for preserving the

nation’s rich cultural heritage, as it reflects the unique experiences, struggles, and

triumphs of the Filipino people. The themes explored in local literature often revolve
around the daily life of Filipinos, their social interactions, their relationships with nature,

and their fight for justice and freedom.

Local literature is typically published in a variety of mediums, including

newspapers, magazines, books, and online platforms. These works may be written in the

national language, Filipino, or in regional languages such as Cebuano, Ilocano, or

Hiligaynon. The presence of local literature in the public sphere helps to raise awareness

of local issues, promote cultural pride, and preserve regional dialects. Furthermore, it

enables Filipino authors to convey messages about the Filipino identity, nationalism, and

the complexities of contemporary life in the Philippines. The growth of local literature

also provides a platform for young writers to express their thoughts and ideas, enriching

the literary landscape of the country.

Even if an author is not originally from the Philippines, a work is considered local

if it is published or widely circulated within the country. This broadens the scope of what

is considered local literature, as it includes works by foreign authors that have been

translated into Filipino or other local languages and distributed in the Philippines. Local

literature is also characterized by its ability to connect with Filipino readers, offering

relatable stories and experiences that resonate with the country’s socio-political context.

Whether it reflects the beauty of the Philippines’ natural landscapes or critiques the

struggles of its people, local literature plays an essential role in shaping the collective

consciousness of the nation.

Foreign Studies
 Foreign studies typically involve research conducted by scholars or researchers

from different countries or cultural backgrounds. These studies offer insights into various

aspects of human society, providing a broader, more diverse perspective on the topic

being investigated. The key characteristic of foreign studies is that they are rooted in the

contexts and environments of their own societies, but they can be applied globally, often

offering comparative data to enhance understanding. In the case of societal or cultural

research, foreign studies are invaluable for showing how different societies approach

similar problems, as well as for highlighting unique issues that may not be immediately

apparent in one’s own society.

Additionally, foreign studies are valuable for fostering cross-cultural

understanding and collaboration in research. They can provide alternative methods of

analysis, innovative solutions to societal issues, and different conceptual frameworks that

may be less recognized or underexplored in local contexts. The diversity in research

methods, theories, and findings allows for a more rounded perspective of global issues,

making foreign studies essential in expanding the depth and breadth of knowledge across

various academic fields. They help bridge knowledge gaps and facilitate international

dialogues in the pursuit of more comprehensive global solutions.

Local Studies

Local studies are characterized by their focus on the specific cultural,

geographical, and socio-economic context of a given region or community. These studies

typically delve deep into the issues, practices, and phenomena that are unique to a
particular locality, offering insights that are highly relevant to the local population. The

scope of local studies can range across diverse topics, from local history and cultural

practices to regional economic or environmental issues, thus contributing to a more

nuanced understanding of the local area. One defining feature of local studies is their

long-term and open-ended nature, as they reflect the ongoing development of both the

research area and the community being studied.

The expansive subject areas and flexible timeframes of local studies make them

particularly important for tracking the dynamic evolution of societies. As regions

continue to grow and develop, local studies provide the necessary documentation and

analysis that support decision-making, policy formation, and community development.

Furthermore, they allow researchers to observe and analyze changes over time, which

helps in understanding long-term trends and challenges that may be specific to that

region. In this way, local studies contribute not only to academic knowledge but also to

the practical improvement of local living conditions and the promotion of sustainable

development.