Mini Project name:

Subject Name: Advanced Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis

SUBMITTED BY

Name:
Roll No:

Computer Science & Engineering

Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology
(Autonomous)

Course Coordinator

Dr.C.Sasikala
Associate Professor
Computer Science & Engineering
Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology
(Autonomous)
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Overview.................................................................................................1
2. Origin of Tower of Hanoi.......................................................................2
3. Application…………………………………………………………….
4. Source code….........................................................................................3
5. Output………………………………………………………………….
6. Explanation of coding…........................................................................4
7. Conclusion…..........................................................................................5
8. Bibliography….......................................................................................6
Overview

The Tower of Hanoi also called the Tower of Brahma or Lucas is a mathematical game or
puzzle. It consists of three rods, and a number of disks of different sizes which can slide onto
any rod. The puzzle starts with the disks in a neat stack in ascending order of size on one rod, the
smallest at the top, thus making a conical shape.

The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following
simple rules:
 Only one disk can be moved at a time.
 Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks and placing it on top
of another stack i.e. a disk can only be moved if it is the uppermost disk on a stack.
 No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.
 With three disks, the puzzle can be solved in seven moves. The minimum number of
moves required to solve a Tower of Hanoi puzzle is 2n - 1, where n is the number of
disks.

The puzzle can be played with any number of disks, although many toy versions have around
seven to nine of them. The minimum number of moves required to solve a Tower of Hanoi
puzzle is 2n - 1, where n is the number of disks.

Origin
The puzzle was invented by the French mathematician Édouard Lucas in 1883. There is a story
about an Indian temple in Kashi Vishwanath which contains a large room with three time-worn
posts in it surrounded by 64 golden disks. Brahmin priests, acting out the command of an ancient
prophecy, have been moving these disks, in accordance with the immutable rules of the Brahma,
since that time. The puzzle is therefore also known as the Tower of Brahma puzzle. According to
the legend, when the last move of the puzzle will be completed, the world will end. It is not clear
whether Lucas invented this legend or was inspired by it.

If the legend were true, and if the priests were able to move disks at a rate of one per second,
using the smallest number of moves, it would take them 264-1 seconds or roughly 585 billion
years or 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 turns to finish, or about 127 times the current age of the
sun.

Applications :

1. The Tower of Hanoi is frequently used in psychological research on problem solving.

2. It is also used as a Backup rotation scheme when performing computer data Backups
where multiple tapes/media are involved.
3. Tower of Hanoi is popular for teaching recursive algorithms to beginning programming
students.
4. The Tower of Hanoi is also used as a test by neuropsychologists trying to evaluate frontal
lobe deficits.

An Example Arrangement of Disks for the Tower of Hanoi

Here is a high-level outline of how to move a tower from the starting pole, to the goal pole, using
an intermediate pole:
 Move a tower of height-1 to an intermediate pole, using the final pole.
 Move the remaining disk to the final pole.
 Move the tower of height-1 from the intermediate pole to the final pole using the original
pole.

As long as we always obey the rule that the larger disks remain on the bottom of the stack, we
can use the three steps above recursively, treating any larger disks as though they were not even
there. The only thing missing from the outline above is the identification of a base case. The
simplest Tower of Hanoi problem is a tower of one disk. In this case, we need move only a
single disk to its final destination. A tower of one disk will be our base case.

Here is the algorithm to move the disc from source to

destination. def moveTower(height,fromPole, toPole, withPole):

if height >= 1:
moveTower (height-1,
fromPole,withPole,toPole)
moveDisk(fromPole,toPole)
moveTower(height-1,withPole,toPole,fromPole)
def moveDisk(fp,tp):
print("moving disk
from",fp,"to",tp)
moveTower(3,"A","B","C")

output :-

moving disk from A to

B moving disk from A
to C moving disk from B
to C moving disk from
A to B moving disk
from C to A moving
disk from C to B moving
disk from A to B
Source code of Tower of Hanoi

// Program To Implement Tower Of Hanoi Algorithm Using Recursion.

This program shows the movements of disk from one tower to another when a key is pressed.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

class tower
{
int *t1,*t2,*t3;
int x,y,z;
public:
void disp_tower();
void move_disk(int tx,int ty);
void toh(int n,int a,int b,int c);
tower(int no);
~tower();
};

tower :: tower(int no)

{
t1 = new int[no+1];
t2 = new int[no+1];
t3 = new int[no+1];
x = no;
y = z = 0;

for(int i=0,j=no ; i<no ; i++,j--)

{
t1[i] = j;
t2[i] = t2[i] = 0;
}
t1[no] = t2[no] = t3[no] = 0;
}

tower :: ~tower()
{
delete []t1;
delete []t2;
delete []t3;
}
void tower :: disp_tower()
{
clrscr();
 cout<<"

X :: ";
for(int i=0;i<x;i++)
{
cout<<" "<<t1[i];
}
cout<<"

Y ::
"; for(i=0;i<y;i++)
{
cout<<" "<<t2[i];
}
cout<<"

Z :: ";
for(i=0;i<z;i++)
{
cout<<" "<<t3[i];
}
getch();
}

void tower :: toh(int n,int tx,int ty,int tz) //x to y using z

{

if(n>=1)
{
toh(n-1,tx,tz,ty);
move_disk(tx,ty); //x to y
disp_tower();
toh(n-1,tz,ty,tx);
}
}

void tower :: move_disk(int tx,int ty)

{
switch(tx)
{
case 1:
{
if(ty==2)
t2[y++] = t1[--x];
else
t3[z++] = t1[--x];
 }
break;
case 2:
{
if(ty==1)
t1[x++] = t2[--y];
else
t3[z++] = t2[--y];
}
break;
case 3:
{
if(ty==1)
t1[x++] = t3[--z];
else
t2[y++] = t3[--z];
}
break;
}//end of switch
}
// beginning of main function

int main(void)
{
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter the no. of disks::";
int no;
cin>>no;
tower obj(no);
obj.disp_tower();
obj.toh(no,1,2,3);
getch();
return 0;
}

Output:
Explanation of coding

This program uses recursion this program shows the movement of disk from one tower to
another .In this program of Tower of Hanoi.
we first create a class tower and in this class we create three pointer variable ie. T1,t2,t3 for
three rods and correspondingly we can take three variables as c,y,z. here we take three
methods:-

Void disp_tower();
Void move_disk();
Void toh();

Here we also use the constructor and destructor. In the constructor we initializes the values of
each variable. In the destructor we use the delete method to freethe allocated memory.
In the disp_tower() method we display the values of the respective t1,t2 & t3 variables.
In the toh() method , it checks the condition whether the input size is greater than 1 or not . &
then we call the toh(), move_disk(),disp_tower() and again the toh() method.
In the move_disk() method , we can use the switch case to move the disk between source , dest.
And intermediate nodes.

At last in the main method , we enter the number of disks to move the disks to destination point ,
then the constructor is automatically called as we create the object of the tower class , then we
call the disp_tower() method and toh() method .
 Conclusion

From the proper analysis , this project tells that we can move the number of discs from source to
destination rod with the help of one intermediate rod in such a way that smallest disc is placed at
the top of the rod. And largest one is placed at the bottom, thus making a conical shape.

This is used in psychological research on problem solving.

This concept is also used in the development of the TURF framework for the representation of
human computer Interaction.

Bibliography

Books :- c++ programming by E.balagurusamy

Data structure by t.schaum series

Website :- happycoding.com
Codingfox.com