including GATE Examination. ENGINEERING Gee Seren Te ie eee | U.N. DHUR & SONS PRIVATE LTD. | KOLKATA - 7001073 |Suggestions and Comments for improvement of the book are invited with thanks... Whatsapp Ne. 9830169816 and : * E mail: [email protected] Revised 10th Edition as per the Latest Syllabus All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) including GATE Examination. ENGINEERING | MATHEMATICS Volume - I for 1S* year 1S Semester Courses of ALL STREAM “B.K.PAL, nsc.rho. (, N. Banerjee Gold Medalist & Recipient of University Gold Medal) Read of the Department of Mathematics(Retd.) aulana Azad College, Kox..ata ormerly, Reader in Matheriatics " C alyani Government Engin vering G..:eae, Nadia, West Bengal kK, - DAS, 11se..u.E4/,Ph.D. Fettant Professor, A.B.N. Seal College, Coochibehar,’ West Bengal _ ry, tisistant ‘Professor and Hexd of the Depaitinent ‘of Mathematics Mani -Government Enginzering College, Nadia, West Aeggalix Contents CONTENTS {1 5 a Eyouutes & INvoLUuTES 1.1 Introduction. 1 1.2. . Curvature of a curve, t 1.3. Circle of Curvature 2 14 Formulae of Radius of Curvature. B Reduction Formula for other type 15 Formula of Centre of Curvature | Miscelleneous Examples, L6 © Evolute and Involute 5 : TURE OF PLAN 1.7 Rule of finding Evolute ofa curve. 6 QuabRATURE OF F aia 18 Alternative way of finding Evolute. 8 —==— ~ __— 1.9 Method of tracing an Invelute of a enrve 10 Introduction 1.10 Illustrative Examples. 10 2 Theorem, rig ) 6.3, Illustrative Examples (2) Derinive InreGRAL 5? x Bry TION = = : 7 Vo tumes AND SurFAcES Or REVOLUTION 2.1 Introduction 31 , ~ 32. Definition of Definite Integral, a . : Introduction 2.3. Integrable function. 3 Volume of Revolution, the volution being x 24. Additivi and Homogeneity of the Integral. a Volume of Revolution, the a olution heing 2B. Fundamental Theorem of Integral Cz : 38 Surface of Revolution, the « 26 Limit of Sum Tepresented by definite integral. 37 Sur =e ol Revtiation deny 28 Proper ia Definite Integral = Valisnie & Surthge ufovalition tthe auverectv erty 29, Ilustratie Recent by itgPolarequatiou & thepoldrasisis’Axis of Revolution 101 32 Mustrative Examples 162 Improper INTEGRALS 3 Successive DuereRENTLATION 3.1. Basicideas o£improper integral. 69 ~ m2. Evaluation of improper integr i i als of first type. 70 1. Introduction, We Evaluation of improper intogralsof second type, 2 .2. The n-th derivative of some sp 176 3-4. Some standard improper intograls. 75 3. Ilustrative Feamples 181 3.5, Illustrative Examples, 78 | Telbaitee Theo 1pe ; en 185 a GAMMA AND Beta Funcrion Mustrative Examples 4.1. Gamma function, 93 | 4.2. Properties of Gamma 2'unciion, a a. tak - ; 201 | 4.3. Beta Function, -1. Introduction. 301 | 4.4. Properties of Beta Function. a 9.2. Rolle's Theorem. 20% 42. Relation between Beta and Gana Function 98 9.3, Mhustrative Examples. ; 209 46. Illustrative Examples, 99 9.4. Lagrange's Mean Value ‘Theerem. 311 9.5, Mustrative samples eo,9.6. Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem. 9.7. Illustrative Examples. 9.8. Generalised Mean-Value theorem : 9.9. Maclaurin’s Theorem, 9.10. Ihustrative Examples. Inveterminate Forms & L, 'H 10.1 Introduction. 10.2. L' Hospital's theorem 10.3. Other Indeterminate Forms 10.4. [ystrative Examples Taylor's Theorem, ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I 218 219 11.1. Introduction. ; 269 11.2. Maximum and Minimum value of a function. 269 11.3. Necessary condition for maximum or minimum. 27 11.4. Evaluation of Maxima and Minima 272 11.5. Evaluation of Global Maximum/Minimum 273 11.6. Illustrative Examples, 274 DeETERMINANT - Total number of inversion of a permutation. 305 : Determinant ofa Square Matrix. 305 . Properties of ‘Determinant 307 - llustrative Examples 309 4nor of an clement in a Determinant, 313 . Cofactor of an element in a Determinant, 313 . Expansion of Determinant by Co-factors. 314 “nor and Complementary Minor of a Determi : er Algebraic Complement ofa Minor, ‘nai _ f place method of Expan: ie wee pansion of Determinant, 315 12.12. Adjoint or Adjugate Determi = 0 nant. 12.13.Reciprocal Determinant, ay 12.14. Symmetric and Skew. ‘ a2! t Symmetric Determing 2 12.15.Cramer's Rule for Solution of Lincar Fouatnnt ae 12.16 IMustrative Examples mage as 327 CONTENTS INVERSE Introduction. Idempotent Matrix amid kew-Symmoetrie Matrices Orthogonal Matrix Properties of Orthogonal Matrix Conjugate Matrix Hermitian & Skew Hermitian Matrix 3.9, Unitary 3 s 13.10. Singular and Non-3: 13.1 LAdjoint or Adjugate M 13.12. Inverse of a Matrix 13. 13 3.13.Theorems on Inverse-Ma_rix 3.14. Soludon of simultancous Imes. equations by Inatrix aaversion method 13.15 Trace of a Matrix ative Examples. Rank & Sy oF MATRIX corems on Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrix (STEM OF LingAR EQua’?tons xi 381 ISL Sot 1.1. Introduction 1 Elementary Row Operation on a Matix 14.3. Elementary Column Operation ona Matrix 1 Row Equivalent and Column Equivalent Matrix 1.5. Zoro-Row and Non-Zevo Now atic blatray 11.6, Echelon Matrix. M7, Method of Pindiny Iyve: Operation (Cause Jordan : VES. Method of Finding Inverse oF Elimimation Method 11.9. Rank of a Matrix 14.10. Determination of Rank usine Elementary Row/Cohumn Ope 4.1 LSimultaneous Linear Uy Elementary Row a Method) abwanuss My Wis tives. tom of |. near equations 116 120 423 1241 125 428 ABS A37 ixii ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-1 CONTENTS x Sequence & INrinire Serius. Vector Spaces Introduction, 2. Sequence Monotone Sequence . Bounded Sequence. 5. Limitofa Sequence. Convergent, Divergent and Oscillating sequences. - Afew Basic Theorems. - Auseful sequence. Introduction. . Internal and External Compositions . Definition of Vector Space. . Elementary Properties . Subspace. Linear Combination of vectors, . Linear dependence and independence of yectars 15.8. Test of linear dependency and independency by using elementary row operation on Matrix 15.9. Generator or Spanning vectors 15.10.Basis, 15.11 Dimension or Rank of a vector space, 15,12. Basis & Dimension of subspace 15.13 Iustrative Examples, 18.92 Theorems on Limits of Sequences. 18. 1QHllustrative Examples. 18.11 Infinite Series, 18.12. Two Important Infinite Series d 18.13.Some Properties of an Infirtite Serie. 176 18.14,Power series ries 18.15 Interval of Convergence. wT aC ~ 18.16. Properties of power series Eigen VaLurs & Eigen Vectors 18.17. Test of Convergence of Series of non-negative terms. 16.1. Introduction, 508 18.18,Comparison Test. 16.2. Eigen vector and Bi igen value. 508 16.3. Characteristic Equation of 16.4. Cayley Hamilton Theorem, 16.5. Properties of Eigen Vectors for Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric matrix 16.6. Property of Eigen Vector for Orthogon: 16.7. Illustrative Examples 18,19 Illustrative Examples. a Square Matrix, 510 18.20.D'Alembert’s Ratio test. 516 18.21 Illustrative Ex mples. 18,22.Cauchy’s Root test. 1 18.23.Lllustrative Examples. 20 18.24. Raabe's test 20 al Matrix nan Diaconauiasation Or Marricrs 18.25 Mlustrative Examples. 18.26.Altemmating Series. 18.27 Illustrative Examples, 171 Tatroa 18.28 Absoluteand Conditional Cunvergence: -1 Introduction. 597 : 18.29 Tlusurative Examples 53 usurative Example 172 Algebraic Multiplicity and Geometric Multiplicity wt é of hie, 2% 17. 8. Scalar Matrix Seen values ae 17. 4. Similar Mat : we g 17:5 Diagonalisatis Matrix of 1. Introduction’ 5, 65 qa & Mlustrative Example a : - Taylor's Infinite Series Me, “BBE M2 Bomber Product and Novin of Vectors ip R* oe : 19.3. Different Forms of Taylor's infinite Series. - b, Bbe , 5 SOE rete Giagonalisation of square rage “4. Maclaurin’s Infinite Series 4 Oe : 17. 9, Mustrative Examples, a 556 ; . “653 558 See Hlustrative Examples. $6xiv ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS- 1 ‘ Introduction. -20.2. Some Special Funct ions, - 20.3. 'Pypical Waveform Jonditions G60 2 eS on Arbitrary Interval 672 20.7. Half Range Series : Sine or Cosine 678 20.8. Parseval's Theorem - 20.9. Tlustrative Examples, G79 Muttivariare CALCULUS 21.1 Introduction, Ue 21.2. Function of Two or More Variables, * zg 21.3. Geometries 1 Interpretation ofa Function of Two Variables 214. Limit & con: tinuity ofa Punction of Two V: 21.5. Mlustrative Examples 21.6. Repeated Limit 21.7. Partial Derivative, », 21.8. Ilustrative Examples, 7, 21-8. Higher Order Partial Derivatives i * : lustiative Examples, : i : 21.11.Punction of fiinctions « Chain Rule 20.12 Mastrative Examples: p Rule for Functio: “21.14 Mlustiiative Examples, 21.15.Differen, tiation of Implicit Function, ” 21.16.Total Differentiation : » 21.17.Sceond Order Differential. 1.18. Illustrative Examples, ‘ariables, ns of three or nore Variables, ° \. ¢ 22TsJacobians. ‘ +22.2.Mustrative Examples, 22.3. Homogencous F 224, Euler's Theorem. 22.5.Illustrative Examples ‘unctions, CONTENTS xv Maxima & Minima e LaGRANGE MULTIPLIER 23.1. Introduction TO4 23.2. Maximum and Minimum of a function of two variables /. 79. 23.3. [lustretive Examples 79s 2, Method of Undetermined multupher Sh 23.5, Hlustrative Examples. 812 Grapient, DiverGeNce AND CuR L 241 Introduction 2.Sealar and Vector Fields, 21.3. Gradient 244 Directional Derivative af a Scalar Point Function 21.5. Tangent Plane and Normal toa Level Surface 21.6. [Mustrative Examples 24.7, Divergence of a Vector Point Function. 24.8. Curl ofa Veetor Point Function 21.9. The Laplacian Operator v2 24.10. Important Identities 24.11 HMlustrative Example. Introduction, Linear Transformation Null Space or Kernel of a Linear 'l' 1. Nullity ofa linear transformation 25.5 Rank of a Linear Transform: ransformation. auion : 6 Algebra of Linear Transformation 7 Composition of two Imear transfor 25.8. Matrix Representation of Linear Transformation 25.9. Utility of Matrix Representatior, 25.10 Hlustrative Examples mationsxvi ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -= Eicen Ba 26.1 Introduction 920 26.2. Eigen basis of a square matrix 920 26.3. Illustrative Examples : 921 InNeR Prot UCT Space w 1. Introduction - Real Inner-P, 3. Complex Inne 4. Norm of Vi Orthogonal Vectors. - Orthogonal Set of Vectors 27.7.Scalar Component & Projection of a \ ector 27.8. Angle between two vectors 27.9. Orthogonal Basis & Orthonormal B: Product Space ‘or. Wu Ns aa be & sis of . , an inner product space 945 37.10.Extension of Orthogonal set to Orthogonal Basis 945 ; 27-11.Gram-Schinidt Orthogonalisation Process 97 Evotutes & Invo.ures 1.1 Introduction. A particular curve associated with another curve through some mathematical way is Evolute. To know the particular way we need to know some other mathematical items like radius ov curvature, centre of curvature of the curve. Because of this we first introduce these terminologies and then go for dis ussing evolute, involute and their Properties. 1.2. Curvature o! curve Look at the following curve. P is variable point on the curve and so PTis variable tangent of the curve at P. a c of 8 FO ~ —_ 4 ee p We s angent will turn. This rotation “will be higher from B to C than that of within the are AB. We call bending ¢ as P moves on the curve t. of the curve in the portion BC is greater than that of in the portion 4B. Similarly if we compare this amount of bending in the portion CD with the amount of bending within the portion very less as the point P passes from L to F. So, it is natural that we should look for a tool which will measure the bending Property of curve at every point on it, we shall see the bending is Curvature is that measure which is defined as the angle y made by the tangent with y- of are of the curve, Mathematically speaking, if for a curve the rate of change of AXIS With respect to the length With 4 asa fixed Point on it, AP sand WY as the angle made by the tangent of the curve at P with the positive direction of x- Xis (as shown in the adjacent figure) then Curvature of the curve at p-( 44) ds Japp2 NGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1 The curvature of curve is denoted by & Though this definition is very straight forward it is complicated to find it if the equation of the curve is given in cartesian co-ordinate system (x, y+) However before we go for evaluation of k we observe the following results: Theorem 1. Curvature at every point on Proof. Obvious as y is constant, a straight line is 0. Theorem 2. The curvature at every point of equals the reciprocal of the radius of the circle. Proof. The proof is kept beyond the scope of this book, Example. If F be a circle with radius 4 then at every point of [ radius of curvature will be | a circle is constant and 1.3. Circle of Corvatire,” Let I be a curve and P We construct a circle such T have same tangent at P, t same side of the tangent a: be any noint on it, that the circle and ? the circle lies on the S the curve and the circle has same Curvature as T at P. ‘This cirele is called circle of Curvature of T ar the point P. Its centre C ig called Centre of Curvature Tadius of circle of curvature at P is called Radius of Curvature of the curve P at P. Radius of curvature (r.c) of a curve is ir denoted by Obviously circle of curvature and so the centre of curvature and radius of curvature will vary a8 the point P travels on the curve [, Thus ata Point P, the curvature of Is, 4= The curvature of the circle ee 1 ba Serre Radius of the Circle of Curv: ture L ec Radius of the Curvature of F I B 1 Thus x a at any Point on a curve, 3 SS & INVOLUTES EVOLUTES ———————— a : cof ourvawnre This is an important relation between curvature and radius of curvature of a curve. 1.4 Formulae of Radius of Curvature (P). ; In this article we present some formula to find the radius of curvature ofa curve without giving their proots If the equation of curve is given by () v= f(x) or x= f(y) (in Cartesian co-ordinate system) (lear)? (yy #0) and p =}-———(w then p =| | dv dy” r : and x) are taken at the point where 5) concerned. (2) r= /(@) (in Polar co-ordinate system) r= © taken at the point concerned. where 17 = are take he p . . Ay Sage, g Examples. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x3 + y =3xy at 3) tm] nl / the point ( Solution. Differentiating both side of x 4° = 3 XY Wart.x we get or, -() or,Again differentiating wrt x we get " e ( Radius of curvature at | 52 | s 3 1.5 Formula of Centre of Curvature, Let P bea curve, P of the Centre of Curvat be a point on the curve, If (x, ure of T at p then (i) Fox—ll+ y?) 42 ¥) be the coordinate = ).!+¥ Faye 2 oy, 20) Jy Centre of curvature. Example. Find the cent tre of curvature the point (1, 1), of the curve 2xyvtxty=4 at EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES ——— Solution, The curve : Vextved Differentiating both side w.r.t.x we get or, Ww dy (wv) _ 3 or, a ~ 3 dy (2x4 \ de Differentiating both side of (1) warty, hod, ie de So, at (1.1) eee Lda o, 4x43} 22) 26 dy Jay ) a } =4 0) Zo 3 ah at (1,1), centre of curvature (¥, ¥) is given by = -1y 3 x=) I+ (=I) doiyay3 5 at (1,1) the centre of curvature = 5]: 1.6 Evolute ana Involute. Let P be a curve and C(x, ¥) be centre of curvature of T at P. The locus of C’as the point P travels on Fis called the Evolute of the curve T If the curve T, be evolute of T then [ is called Involute of the Curvel, |EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES 7 1,7 Rule of finding Evolute of a curve. If [ be given curve and C(¥.F) be its centre of curvature at P(x. ¥) on T then we have seen before oo ey ley? vexr-— = yoyr V2 Jy (or, there is another alternative formula) ° If we eliminate x and y from the: shall get the equation of evolute, See the following example, Se two and the equation of [> we or, Example. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola 4? = 4uy Solution. If C(¥, ) be centre of curvatui re of the Parabola at P(x av) then we know, - 1+ y7 1 See 4a lL: ”: or yt a MF 2a) on y= (Ze 2a Differentiating both side of y? = 4ax (1) 3 3 d da _ : wat x we get 272 4g or, yee 2a on ws {Mc - 2h uf or, & 2a ie, yo 2t Pulling this in (3) we get ay x Again differentiating both side wrt x we get ay | de or, 4a? » Me. ys = 4 3 x or, = (¥ ~ 2a Oe ag a) 2 . 2e(1 +) : o ¥ey JZ Yo) we yp 4a? ; 5 “the evolute is._y _4a? ¥ age |e aarti, 4a 3 y 2a 2 (replacing ¥, 9 by x, y reg ectively) y 2a y J resp ‘ or, Fa xa 42a Note, it would be more easy if we started with the parametric equation f 2a 2) of the parabola,ING MATHE:! Remark. Now if we are to find the involute from the equation of evolute Pata! awa 274) obtained in the above example we replace x by ¥. y by F inabove and get ¥ = —(F ~ 2a} ‘ Ta ay = 1 (h+ ey 2 where X= ~ 2G) Pape lth : . . ¥2 2 (x ¥) is point on the involute, “ So the involute will be given by the differential equation 2 1+ y? > [>s!s2!) =A mle yy : vj Ba ye In fact it is very di . we understand 2 ey Gifficult to solve this differential equation. However (0 a single evohue. 1.8 Alternative way of finding Evolute. The folowing theorem (giver : 4 n wit ‘I 05 of finding the €quation of volute ora pro) shows a second Process Theorem. 3 curve, The normal i Conversely the tangents to theory, ete are ‘angents to its evolute, Note. The above th ‘Olute are normal to its involute, evolute of a euree abel 8lves the second technique of finding variable normals to the ont P travels on a curve T then the . e at i = say T, which is the ey, P will fontinuously touch a curve . Clute of T, is known as Envelope of the curve T. This type of curve If F(x, y,@)=0 giy ‘amily of normals, nee 8 the fami - . Parameter then elimination of @ between Jirsight lines where a is ‘0 equations FOL Y,00=0 ang F 5 Bives the equation Oa EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES 9 Example. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola (considering evolute as an envelope of family of normals). Solution. For convenience we use Parametric equation, ae, ) ds Differentiating, = =2at, =a a de dy dat Equation of normals at P(x. 4) = Plar?, 2at) is v-lae ae -ar) dy 3 OF y = Qae= 1 (x - at?) Or, ate -axtan or + y= 2at+ar fee (YY This is variable normal; ¢ is Parameter, Differentiating Partially wort ¢ we get x= 2e+3ar? fee QQ) We shall eliminate ¢ trom (1) and (2). From (2) 3ar? = x- 2a on 7s Putting this in qd), 3 x~2a a x-2a)\3 TN + y = 2a, + Vo3q *t¥ 3a of 3a } Afler simplification we shall get the equation 4 vs Te ~2a)* Which is the required evolute. Look for more Examples in "Illustrative Example’ section. Remark, The above theorem not only gives the alternative way of finding Evolute but also it helps to obtain the following result which shows the Way of tracing an involute when its corresponding evolute is given.10 THEM Result. Let T, bea positive number, B is a point taken y curve and 4 bea fixed pointon T.. K be an arbitrary arbitrarily such that |ABl=K Then an involute of YT, say 7 will pass through the point & arbitrary point O on it cuts lQP|=40+Kk , where AO= See the given figure, and ifa tangent of T, at an at P then length of the are AQ. 1.9 Method of tracing an Involute of The above result makes it Possible the following way : a curve. to trace an involute of a curve in Let [, be a curve (follow the above figure), Take a fixed point A on P\. Consider any number K(> 0) the tangent of Ty) at Q. Take a Point P on this 4 lor =AQ+K. ASQ travels on Ty, th involute [ of the curve [, ~ Take the variable point Q on PF, and angent such that ¢ locus of the p Tt would be noted th on I whose distance from Ais k, Thus for every number K we \\y; family of involutes of the dotted curves, int P will trace an ‘at there will exist a point UL get an invol ule. So there exists a @ curve, In the aby there ove figure the family is shown by 1.10 Mlustrative Examples, Example 1. Find the radius Solution. Origin (0,0) is vertex of the parabola yosdy (ly Differentiating both side w.rt.x we get 5 2iy, =4 or, on ys ¥ “i at (0,0), y,=7 (0,0), 9 0 So we go for the alternative formula Differentiating both side of (1) wrt y we get arate og ya act . Q dy dy Saad at (0, 0), x, =0 Differentiating (2) again we get d?x dy weil lhems 1 at (0,0), p= cee 1 The curvature, k = p Example 2. Find the radius of curvature at the Point (7, 0) of the curve a(l—cosO) (this is polar equation of cardioi fe). Prove that it varies as Solution. The polar equation of the curve is r=a(l—cosd) ee Differentiating both side wrt @ we get L dee a = =asin@ and 1 aot =acosé dt “do? | . We know for polar equation of a curve the radius of curvature, at (7, 0), is 2 2y% r+ pol 1? 4 29? =r, + 2a? sin? 0-racosOExample 3. Find the tadius of cur the point where the straight line Solution. Let us solve iS © cuts it, Vendy = va () ™ ao me Q) rom (1), using (2), we get Veidceds “From (2) y= 4. 4 o, Wr=Vg or, x AIR + the point of intersection of (1) and (2) is (s a) Differentiating both side of (1) See zp a} a i Sot 1 P ad 2Ve 2 Tp a9 or, i ature of the curve Vx + Jy =a at Example 4. Find the radius of curvature of the curve v=acos'0, y=asin'@ at 0= Solution. “= ~3acos?0 sind; = 3asin? 0 cosd dO dO dy dy do de dy do z x atO=—, y,=-tan—=-], 40 4 d (dp Naw wy . dk ak d =—(-tand ) de , 2, dod —=sec? de sat == pa gee 3a Example 5. Find the centre of curvature of the curve ya 42x74 x41 at (0,1) ve42x? ted] Solution, dy. or, Sats tay at (0,1), 4, =0+0+1=1 ix 2 ay on Fe sored 2 at (1), yy) =0+4=414 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-1 If (X, ¥) be the centre of curvature of the curve at (0,1) then w+ V2 at (0,1) the required centre of curvature Example 6. Find the equ: =e" at the point where j Solution. ation of the circle of curv: ature of the curve crosses the a) Q) The x axis, Solving (1) and (2) we get x = > v=0, the curve crosses x axis at the point P(l, 0) From(I), y=logy ., & _ 1 at (1,9) =| 3 -1 f ry we If (%,¥) is centre of curvature at P the 7 n = vit yp) yax—Till+ yi) yy (1,0) =) -10+0_, EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES 15 the equation of the circle of curvature is (v-=3)7 +04 or. vo ~6x+4y ‘xample 7. Find the centre of curvature and the equation of circle of curvature of the curve vt vsax+by"+er at (0,0) Solution, The given equation is x+ year +h tex? qd) Differentiating both side Ux we get T+ 3) = ax + 2hyy, + 3ex? ak Q) al (0,0), 1+ 3, =0+0+0 or 4 =-1 Differentiating (2) again My =2a+ 2(4 , 2) + er ~ at (0,0), py = 2a + 26(1+0) +0 (al ay’ 2th) a+b) arb 1 (¥.F) be centre of curvature then at (0. 0) Chasey or ath) ath 1+1 Centre of curvature = (+. =) atb a+b Equation of the circle of curvature, at (0,0) 2 ai (sh) o-sb) tp ath) ath) (a+bp Example 8 Find the equation of the circle of curvature of the curve *=a(cos6 +Osin@), y=a(sin0—@cos6) at the point 0.16 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-1 Si dk Solution. ao oo sind +sin®? +O cos) = al cos ay G9 | 1'088 — cos + Osind) = asin fb _ dy /d& adsing = =tand de d0/ dd ~ ab cosg 7 2 a) dk ad cos0 a 2% a0 sec’ | arg, P —— sec | =a0 . ad If (¥, ¥) be centre of curvature then y+ y?) 3 er TS, = ale0s0 +O sing) ANA tan? 9) 2 sec’ ad =a(cosO + Osingy 22: and sec = a(CosO+ OsinO)~ a0 sind =a cos0 an2 =a(sind ~6 cosa) 1 tan? 0 sec’ @ a0 =a(sind ~0 cos) +40 cos9 a sind Centre of curvature ig (acos@, a sin @) at @ the equation of circle of Curvature is G~ ac0s0) + (y— asin 0) =a? OF, x+y? — 2Gc089 x Example 9, Find the volute *=4(6080+ sing), . Ist Process, 2asind y =a? Gy) y *=a(sin8 ~ 6 cos @) of the curve Riven b Solution. In an earlier Problem we foun, ¥=acoso, 5 its centre of curvature (¢, > Y=asing re (¥, )) as ES 17 EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES —_—_— we have to eliminate 0 from these two. Eliminating @ we get ¥° +57 =a" the evolute is x? + y? = a2, 2nd Process. In an earlier problem we found * = an@ at any point (x, ¥) ieat @ Equation of normals at (x, ¥) He at @ is ¥-a(sin@ -@ cos@) = - (x= a(cos@ +@ sin@)) tan@ cos 0 or, }—asin@ +a0 cos0 = (x -acos@-al sind) sin@ or, sind y~asin® + a0 cos sind . = -cosOx+acos” 0+a0 sind cosd or, cos@x+sin@ y=a ql) This is family of normals to the given curve with parameter @. The envelope of this family is the required evolute. To find the envelope we differentiate (1) partially wrt @ and get 5 -sinOx+cos0y=0 Sout (2) We shall eliminate @ between (1) and (2). Squaring (1) and (2) and adding we get x* +? =a? which is the required evalute Example 10. Find the evolute of the ellipse Solution. Ist Process. For convenience we use parametric equation, x=acos0, \=bsind asin, 2 besge a0 40 .& _ beos@ b =-—cote dx —asing a @y df b b 2, dO Se] =~ =(-cosec?@) ,.£% ae £( eat) af cosec"@) i =- = cosecta. aIf ( ¥) be centre of curvature Of the ellipse at 0 then b i b cor ~"cora] 14? curt a wit yp) Es acosg 7 Y=x- £010 in? 0+ cos? a sin? 9 =acos0 080g = 46080 ~——— (a? sin? 9 4 42 cos" 0) a or, (dy) ine cot?@ = bsind+—_a@ _ boos 2 2 =bsing -—“ +6" co in @tateBn- 422 beosecig = bsing Sn O(a" sin® 4 + 5? cos? 0) 5 b = ESN a sin? 0 ~ 1? sind cos? g 4 = 8n@=a*sin? a 2 oo _ 2? sind ~¢? sin? Sin @=b? sino (\— sin? Q) TU ey Baw == sink b (2) The centre of curvature (® y + Y) veries g i as 8 a8 @ Varies, We From (1), cos@ = (==, 5 3 2 =) or, cos? g (a) a ap ENGINEERING MATHEMATI shall eliminate @ EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES 19 ~ by 3 From (2), 0 = > a -bh 1 Hey BD z = Adding we get_ —— sa MX) FP eb on a 3(R) 4b TF H(a - YS the locus of the centre of curvature, that is the equation of the Evolute is 2nd Process. ta, », (2) = Loot The ellipse is eae! Lae haces, nemay a Equation of normals at this point is v—hbsin@ = (4) —acos0) dy or y-bsind = wean O(x-—acos0) or, by —b?sin@ = atan0x-a? sind or [email protected] = by = (a? —h?)sind OF, asin Ox — beos@ y = (a —b")sin9 cos sos CY) This is family of normals to the ellipse. 2 is parameter, Differentiating partially wrt 0 we get acos6x+bsind y =(a" -b7) cos20 (2) We shall eliminate @ from (1) and (2), Doing (1)xsin@ + (2)x cos we get asin® 0x +acos? 0x =(a? — 5) (sin? @ cos@ + cos@ cos 20) tax =(a? ~b*)(sin? @ cos + cos* 0 — cos sin? 0) cos? @ or, cosd -(Similarly we get_ sind -| (ax)> + (by)3 = (a? —p2y3 which is the required evolute, Squaring and adding, Example 11. Find the evolute of the curve (astroid) 344 og Solution. For convenience we use 3 : *= 400°, y=asin3 g 3 Parametric equation de 7p 734608" 0(~sina) =~3asind cos? 9 dy aa 3asin? 8 cosa, dy f dx 3asin* 0 cos ee __ sing de do! de ~3a sind cos cog ano Ist Process, es _@ de dk ae =, (7 land) 2g dO i a] i de SEC o(- =o I Basin cos 3] Basin cos" 0 If (¥, J) be centre of Curvature of the curve at (yy) th % y) then Ire —2ill+ yf) calnas Y =acos? 9 "nO (1+ tan? gy eee J «> = acos? 0+ 3q5in* oO cos} 9 = a008" 04 3asin? cos* 9 cos = 400° 0 434(1 208") cos = 340080 ~ 240953 g » dd) 1+tan?0 1 3asin@ cos‘ @ 23 Sasin’ 0+ 3 ae 4 = asin’ 0 +sec* 0. 3asin@ cos* @ sind sg . CO: =asin’ 0+3a sO cos” 0 = asin’? 0+ 3asin@ cos* 6 = asin’ @ + 3asin@(1—sin? 6) or, ¥ = 3asind - 2asin’ @ axe (2) We shall eliminate @ (as it represent (x, °)) from (1) and (2) Adding (1) and (2), ¥ +P =3a(cos@ +sin8)—2a(cos* 9 +sin* 0) =a[3(cosd + sind) -2{(cos6 + sin8)' ~ 30050 sinO(cosd + sind)}] = a(cos6 + sin®)] 3 ~2{(c0s0 + sind)? ~ 3cos6 sind} | =a(cos@ + sin 0) (3-2(1 —sin@cos@)) =a(cos@ + sin) (1+ 2sin@ cos@) =a(cosd + sing) 2 2 ; or, (¥+¥)3 =a3(cosé +sind)? : @B) On subtraction (2) from (1), = 3a (cos@ — sin @) - 2a(cos* 0 ~ sin} ) 2 2 % (¥-F) = a3 (cosd -sing)” ee (4) as above, 2 (¥+y)3 +-¥) 2 the locus af the centre of curvature, that is the equation of the 2 22 (x+ y)3 +(x— y)> = 203 ‘Adding (3) and (4) we get Evolute isNN, The equation of normal at (* 9) = (acos? 0, asin’ 9) is 3 3 Y-asin @=- X¥—acos*’ @) 5 ; or, y-asin' @= (x-acos' gy or, y-asin® g = SOS? sind (x-acos* @) oF, sin? y—asin* 0 = cosg y acos* oF, cosO.x~sing, y = alcos! 0 - sin? g) =4(cos 8 + sin? 9)(cos? 9 - =acos 29 or, cosAx—sing y sin* @) 5 : ay Y Of normals to the given curve Partially wrt g we have (1) represents famil Differentiating (1) @ is parameter. @ 9 (058 ¥=sing y) = or, sin 8.x — cos 3 —asin26 2 or, sind x4 cosé y = 2asin29 We shall eliminate 9 from (4) and (2), Doing C086.(1) + sin 9,(2) We get Cos” O.x+ sin? x= Or x= a(cos? 0 ~ sin? = a(cos’ +3(1~ cog? 8) cos@) = Doing sin0.(1) ~cos0.(2) we get ~(sin? 0+008? 0) y=a(sing cos29— 2c0s8 si or, “Y= alsind (cos? O~sin? gy _ 4 ane) ! SiN cog? =a(sing £0870 ~sin3 gg WG =a(-sin? 0~3sing cos? gy %= asin (Sin? 04309529 “ *+ysacosd3_ Sin® cos? a) or, EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES 23 =al 3(cos0 +sin0)~2(cos*@ + sin? 0) =a(cos@+sin@)* (the deduction is as in Ist process) and x- =a 3(cos0 -sin@) — 2(cos’ sin’ @)| =a(cos0=sin@)* (as above) (vey rr sa? [(cos0 + sin) + (cos? -sino)?| = which is the equation of the evolute. Example 12. Prove that the equation of the evolute of the curve by x=acosh, y= psinhu is (ax)§ =(by)3 = (a? +b°7)5 sim In Solution, — x =acos hue ie = asin hu ay y= bsin hu . | = heos hu ne du q 1 b 3 Bh ity cosh = Deora dv du’ dx asinhu a Ist Process. 1 du a2 (cot hu), GE a du dy _b 1 L a/\. sin f?n )asin hu Uf (FY) be centre of curvature of the curve at (ay) then b cothe| 1+ a = acos hu — cot? w| V, 6 ae 3 a sinfru =" neu a 1 2 2 2 = acoshu +—cothu sin hiu(a? +b? cot” hu) a _ 1 coshu = acoshu +———— a sinhu . at . sinh ’w1 963 > 2 = acoshu +—coshu(a? sin? hu +42 cosh*u) a 8 to ed =eosiu (ast sinus b coshiuy] a coshu. 3 = (a +07 sink? u+b? cosh? u) a cos he a a a (cosh?u— +e? cosh*n) Osh 2 Ey Et bP eof, +b? cosh2u) 24 p2 or, ¥=cosh*n, ate) a Bia (1) Re I+ cotr?y 2 and Faye tw = bsinhu+ —s v2 a sin u a ‘sinh? inh" +b? +B’ cosh? u = bsin hu a sinh nhl b @ainhhe @ sink’y = dsin Ing — SIM AUCA* sin? hus. 5? ogg? hu) Rin hi +? c05? hy b _ 2? sinhu- a? sin hey — 42 sinhu cosh?y, SE Si he cS hy aes _b Sinhu(1~cosh?u)~ a sin by be = oO" Sij i 6 or, Fr 1y imi - a om (1) and (2) we shall eliminate u From (1), cosh?y = woe a +e = 4 on coshus (a2) = ate Pu ~ a? sinha = Su ~ a? sink'u EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES th ssS—(Osssa—a— Similarly from (2) we get 4 6b) sinhmu -( > z a +b° Bn I 5 “. cosh™u = sin h°u = ———— a = (a7 +b7)3 -b3y (ax)s 07» | a? +6793 ¥) i.e. the equation of the evolute is or, (ak)3 —(ay)3 ». the locus of (¥ (ax)} —(by3 = (a7 +87)3, 2nd Process. Equations of the normal at (x, y) = (acos/iu, bsinhu) is 1 J—bsinhu = = (x -acoshu) —cothu a asinhu or, y—dsinfu = -——— (x - acoshu) beoshu OF ybcos hu — b? sin hu coshu =-axsinhu+ a* sin hu cos hu O% axsinhu+ bycoshu=(a? + b’) sinhu cos hu or, axsinhu+ by coshu = sinh 2 ie qd) This is family of normals to the given curve. w is parameter. The envelope of this family is the evolute, To get the envelope we differentiate (1) partially wart x 2.22 r a+b" a Cos hu + bysin hy = 2.cosh2u ° axeoshu+ bysinhu = (a? +b?) cosh2u We shall eliminate w from (1) and 2).La» 26 ENGINEERING MATILEMATIC Doing sin hu x (1) —coshux (2) we ger ax(sin hu ~cosh'u) =(a? +52) Siku sinh 2u | 2 From this we shall get 2 ath <= sin hy a Similarly we would get 3 cosh'u, From these, as in Ist Process, we shall get (ax ~ (by) =(a2 + 83 which is the required evolute, Example 13. Prove that the equation of ve +0 =Va is Solution. For convenj the evolute of the curve dy _ 4asin* 0 cos a lin ds —4acos*@ sing 7 0 d*y d =O tan? 0) = ~2tand .sec2g dO de =~2tand sec2g _ 1 1 sing facos* 0 sing a “ ©08° 8” Cost sing => sec®g, If &, yy ‘ (, ¥) be the Centre of Curvature th , € then X=x-Nl+y?) v2 cos hu cosh lu > and 7 EVOLUTES & INVOLUTES 27 ee +). 2atan? (1+ tan* 0) =acos*O+ atan - n sec" 0 sin? 0 oy cos*O+sin* 0 .¢os*O , ————— = cos* 0 4 =acos’ 0+2a =acos* 0+ 2asin® 0(cos* @ + sin* 0) =a{cos! 0 + * | cos? @ + sin? 0)" ~ 2e0s"0 sin* O} | = al cos! 0 + 2sin* 0 (1—2sin* 0 cos? 8)] Or.X =a) cos 0+ 2sin? O-4sin" Oc o| a T+tan* a =asin* 0 +———— sec” @ =asin’ @ + 2acos* 0 (sin’ 0 +cos* 0) = asin" 0 + 2acos* 0(1-2sin?0 cos? @) =asin' @ + 2acos? 0 —4asin? @ cos* 0 or, F = a(sin' d+ 2cos*@—4sin? 0 cos'O) .. @) From (1), (2) : - ¥ =a (cos" 0 -sin* 0) + 2(sin? @ — cos? @) ~4sin* 0 cos" 0 (sin® 0 cos? 0) = al (cos? sin? 8) 2(cos? 9 — sin 0) -4sin? 0 cos? 0 (sin? @ - cos? 9)] =~a[ cos? @~sin? 9 - asin? 0 cos? 0 = ~—a (cos 20 —sin? 20) = al -(cos? @ sin? ) —4sin? @ cos? @ (sin? @ cos? 4) ]