ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Quirino Stadium, Zone V, Bantay, ISCC Barangay Demo

Ilocos Sur, Philippines 2727 Farm Campus
e-mail address: Barangay Labnig, San

Department of Agribusiness
ILOCOS SUR COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Zone V, Bantay, Ilocos Sur

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In the Course Agribusiness For the Subject
Entomology (Crop Pro1)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

of
Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum)

Presented to:

Mr. Aldrin Umani

Instructor

Presented by:

Jefferson Friala
Jan Lloyd Sayaboc
BSAB 3B
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page 1

Table of Contents 2

Introduction of the Crop (Cotton) 3-4

Cultivation 4-6

Integrated Pest Management 6-8

Historical Perspective of Cotton IPM 8

Beneficial Insects 9-13

Insect-Pests 13-17

Cultural and Chemical Methods 18-19

Mechanical Practices 19

Biological Method 19-20

References 21
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of

the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is

almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor percentages of waxes, fats, pectins, and water.

Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.

The plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the

Americas, Africa, Egypt and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in

Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old

and New Worlds. (Wikipedia.)

The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable, and

durable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments

of cotton fabric dated to the fifth millennium BC have been found in the Indus Valley

civilization, as well as fabric remnants dated back to 4200 BC in Peru. Although cultivated

since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that

led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.

(Yahoo)

Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes or 110

million bales annually, accounting for 2.5% of the world's arable land. India is the world's
largest producer of cotton. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years.

(Wikipedia)

Types

There are four commercially grown species of cotton, all domesticated in antiquity:

 Gossypium hirsutum – upland cotton, native to Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean

and southern Florida (90% of world production)[3]

 Gossypium barbadense – known as extra-long staple cotton, native to tropical South

America (over 5% of world production)[4]

 Gossypium arboreum – tree cotton, native to India and Pakistan (less than 2%)

 Gossypium herbaceum – Levant cotton, native to southern Africa and the Arabian

Peninsula (less than 2%)

Hybrid varieties are also cultivated. The two New World cotton species account for the vast

majority of modern cotton production, but the two Old World species were widely used

before the 1900s. While cotton fibers occur naturally in colors of white, brown, pink and

green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton have led many cotton-growing

locations to ban the growing of colored cotton varieties.(Wikipedia)

Cultivation

Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a

moderate rainfall, usually from 50 to 100 cm (19.5 to 39.5 in). Soils usually need to be

fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these
conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and

Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas

with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year

usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but

is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern

hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the

United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in

the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region,

consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from

the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an

attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world,

economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental

problems.For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led

to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of

the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and

now salination is widespread.

Cotton can also be cultivated to have colors other than the yellowish off-white typical of

modern commercial cotton fibers. Naturally colored cotton can come in red, green, and

several shades of brown.

Cotton grows best in areas with deep surface soil, high water holding capacity, good internal

drainage and pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.0. B. Planting Schedule Planting dates vary from one

area to another depending on rainfall and existing cropping patterns. Time of planting is

important especially in rainfed areas to optimize available soil moisture. Early planting is

recommended to save on irrigation costs. It also allows a longer vegetative period for the
crop, thereby, increasing the yield potential. On the other hand, late planting can be done in

areas with adequate water source and irrigation facilities.

Recommended planting dates for the various cotton growing provinces are based on rainfall

data, cropping patterns, and results of field trials.

1 Cluster Planting. If applicable, plant within production clusters for a more efficient and

effective farm supervision. A production cluster consists of at least 15 hectares within one

kilometer radius.

2 Synchronized Planting. Planting in a cluster must be done within a 30-day period of the

recommended planting schedule to avoid build up of insect pest population especially in late-

planted cotton.

Prepare the field either through the conventional or minimum tillage method

1. Conventional Tillage. For typical upland and lowland field, plow at least 15 cm deep (6

inches) then harrow two or three times or rotavate once or twice for good soil tilth, weed

control, uniform seed germination and better plant stand. Then make furrows based on

recommended row distances.

2. Minimum Tillage. In lowland field, cut stubble close to the ground immediately after rice

harvest so as not to interfere with cotton seedlings. Hand weed or apply the appropriate

herbicide if weeds are present in the field. In saline areas, make furrow slices at

recommended row distance.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Integrated pest management (IPM) programs use the best selective control methods that

minimize the ecological disruption of the agroecosystem. Every effort is exerted to reduce the
release and the amount of insecticides in the ecosystem to the minimum. There are several

methods to minimize the amount of insecticides applied, e.g., biological control, trap crops,

resistant plants, baited insecticides, synchronized treatments with pest populations, cultural

control, and physical control (Ross et al. 1982; Fields 1992).

Cotton ecosystem provides home to about 1326 species of insects from sowing to maturity in

different cotton growing areas of the world(Hargreaves, 1948). A relatively large number of

pest species that are not susceptible to the Bt toxins expressed in transgenic cottons affect

cotton production worldwide. The sucking pests, including the cotton aphid, thrips, whitefly,

leafhopper, and spider mites, are the major non-target pests in Btcotton fields, which are not

susceptible to the Bt proteins currently used ( Wu and Guo, 2005; Arshad and Suhail, 2010;

Mann et al., 2010). In general, most of these species exhibit the same pest status and continue

to be managed identically in Bt and conventional cotton systems. However, due to the

reduced use of insecticides for bollworms and the change of pest management regimes in Bt

cotton fields, these secondary pest populations have increased and gradually evolved into key

pests during the season in the USA, India, China, Australia, and other countries (Gouse et al.

2004; Williams, 2006; Wilson et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2008; Li et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2011;

Dhawan, 2011, Dhawan et al., 2011, 2012). For example, in Australia, the green mirid

(Creontiades dilutus), green vegetable bug (Nezara viridula), leaf hopper (Austroasca

viridigrisea and Amrasca terraereginae), and thrips (Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella schultzei, and

Frankliniella occidentalis) have become more prominent (Lei et al., 2003; Wilson et al.,

2006). In India, the reduction in insecticide use during flowering phase increased the

incidence of sucking and other pests, such as the mirid bug, mealy bug, thrips and leaf-eating

caterpillar (Karihaloo and Kumar, 2009; Nagrare et al., 2009; Dhawan, 2011). Field surveys

conducted over 10 years in six major cotton-growing provinces in northern China showed
that mirid bugs have progressively increased and acquired pest status in Bt cotton fields (Lu

et al., 2010). In addition, it was also found that spider mites have been observed at higher

levels in Bt cotton during the drought season (Wu and Guo, 2005). These emergent pests

have forced Chinese farmers to use chemical pesticides, however, the increase in insecticide

use for the control of these secondary insects is lower than the reduction in total insecticide

use due to Bt cotton adoption (Wang et al., 2009).

Historical Perspective of Cotton IPM

Insect pests have always limiting factor in cotton production and also governed the socio-

economic status of cotton growers. Economy of many cotton growing countries is based on

the success of cotton crops. This is only source of livelihood for small and medium cotton

growers in developing and underdeveloped countries. Cotton being a commercial crop was

always subjected to intense human interventions to protect it from damage of pests which

damage the crop from sowing to harvest in differ tropical cotton growing. Pests are very

serious in tropical counties due to better environment for survival and development of

different pests. The cotton crop has rich diversity of insects in each cotton agroecosystem in

Africa, Asia, and America and there are more than 100 insect species, but only a dozen of

them are of economic importance. To manage the pests intervention start from sowing to

harvest to manipulate the environment to reduce the damage. However, for the last six

decades the dependence is on use of insecticides to reduce the losses. The pest spectrum on

cotton before 1980 comprised mainly of the cotton jassid, pink bollworm, spotted bollworm

as the major insect pests. The whitefly, Spodoptera litura were pests of less economic

importance. The American bollworm Helicoverpa armigera was mentioned as ‘not a regular

or a serious pest’ of cotton in India.

There are several practices in IPM which can be conducted to reduce or minimize the number

of pest in the area.

These are: 1.) mechanical, 2.) biological, 3.) cultural, 4.) chemical and 5.) physical.

There are also two kinds of insects: 1.) beneficial and 2.) harmful(insect-pest).

Beneficial insects (sometimes called beneficial bugs) are any of a number of species

of insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept

of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human

perspective. In agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the

production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered

beneficial. In horticulture and gardening, beneficial insects are often considered those that

contribute to pest control and native habitat integration.

Encouraging beneficial insects, by providing suitable living conditions, is a pest control

strategy, often used in organic farming, organic gardening or integrated pest management.

Companies specializing in biological pest control sell many types of beneficial insects,

particularly for use in enclosed areas, like greenhouses.

In cotton industry, there are beneficial insects that helps to eliminate or reduce the number of

insect pest in the plant.

1. Trichogramma. Trichogramma chilonis Ishii.

These are insects which parasitize eggs of Lepidoptera

specifically eggs of the cotton bollworm. Parasitized eggs turn

black and do not hatch into larva.

2. Ichneumonid wasps. Campoletis sp. and Campoplex rufigastor

These are ichneumonid larval parasites of the early instars of the

cotton bollworm.

3. Tachinid flies

These are larval-pupal

parasite of the later instars

and pupae of the cotton

bollworm. They lay eggs on

the bollworm larvae and

allow continued development of the host until the parasite is released as a maggot. Some

parasitized larvae reach the pupal stage where the parasite emerges.

4. Goniozus triangulifer.

This is a bethylid wasp which parasitizes the

larvae of the pink bollworm. It has a black

body and transparent wings.

5. Microplitis manilae. This is a braconid

larval parasite of the early instars of the cotton bollworm and cutworm. The parasite emerges

while the host larva remain alive but is weak and eventually die after two days.
6. Braunsia sp. This is a braconid wasp and a larval-pupal parasite of the leaffolder (Homona

coffearia). Signs of parasitization are not discernible until the adult parasite emerge from the

host’s pupa.

7. Brachymeria sp. This is a larval-pupal parasite of spiny bollworm. It parasitize the late

instar larva and the adult emerges from the host’s cocoon.

8. Xanthopimpla sp. This is an ichneumonid wasp which parasitize the larval stage of the

pinkbollworm. Parasitized larvae becomes abnormal from where the parasite emerge.

9. Earwig. Euborellia annulata Fabr.

This is a predator of the eggs and early instar

larvae of the cotton bollworm as well as the grubs

of flowerweevil.

10. Coccinellid beetle (Menochilus sexmaculatus and Coelophora inaequalis.)

These insects prey on the cotton aphids.

11. Syrphid fly. Ischiodon scutellaris.

The larval form of this insect prey on the cotton aphids

12. Spiders
 These arthropods prey on the early instars of the cotton

bollworm and on various insects associated with cotton.

13. Staphylinids 14. Vespids 15. Mycetophilids

16. Lacewing 17. Large Black Ants 18. Geocoris Bug

INSECT PESTS
Insect pests are the main sources of biotic stress on crops. There are hundreds of insects that

can cause serious damage to crops and are controlled by chemical pesticides, which are the

main sources of pollution and cause the development and progression of a number of health

problems in humans and animals. Because of these problems, scientists are always searching

for alternative ways to control pests that impair sustained agriculture.

1. Cotton Leafhopper. Amrasca bigutula Ishida

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae
Both the nymphs and adults are destructive. The

insect rasps the leaf surface and sucks the exuded

sap making the leaves turn yellow. The leaf edges

curl downward making the leaf edges appear

burned.

2. Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

(Hubner)
Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
The larva is the destructive stage of the insect. It feeds on the terminal buds, squares, flowers

and bolls. It bores on bolls, completely or partially destroying them. When it partially bore

into the bolls, the hole serves as entry point for microorganisms which results to boll rotting.

3. Flowerweevil, Amorphoidea lata Motschulsky

Coleoptera, Curculionidae

Both the grub and adult are the

destructive stages of the insect.

The eggs are deposited on the

base of the petals and

immediately after hatching, the

grub bore directly into the ovary, feed on the tissues and completely destroy the ovule.

Infested flowers shed 4 -5 days after infestation.

4. Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

The moth is grayish brown and they live for around 12 days by feeding on flower nectars.

The eggs are laid on the growing tips of the plant but mostly on the fruiting parts especially

the bracts. Eggs laid are white then change to reddish brown to blackish when about to hatch.

5. Cotton aphids. Aphis gossypii Glover

Homoptera: Aphididae
 The insect feed on young leaves by

sucking the plant sap. Infested leaves

curl and ultimately result to stunted

plants. Produce sooty mold that

results to sticky cotton which is of

inferior quality.

6. Spiny bollworm. Earias vitella F.

Lepidoptera: Nolidae

The larva feed on plant tip which cause wilting of the mainstem. It also feed on squares and

young bolls. Affected plants produce lateral branches where fruiting forms develop but may

result to a delay in the growth of the plants.

7. Cotton Semi-looper. Anomis flava F.

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

The larvae feed on leaves and sometimes on

squares.
8. Cutworm. Spodoptera litura (F.)

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

The eggs are laid in mass. The

larvae feed mostly on leaves and

sometimes on fruiting forms.

9. Mealybug Ferrisia virgata (Cockerel)

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

The insect suck the plant sap.

Seriously attacked plants are

stunted or may wither and die.

10. Cotton stainer Dysdercus cingulatus

Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae
 The insect feed on young and older bolls. Young bolls shrivel

while old bolls are deformed and the lint becomes discolored

which

ultimately reduce quality.

11. Spidermites Tetranychus sp.

Class Arachnida, Order Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae

The arthropods suck the plant sap and

especially attack the leaves. Infested

areas are covered with fine red webbing.

The feeding damage result to drying up

of the leaves.

12. Cotton thrips

Thrips tabaci Lindemann

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

The insect rasp and puncture the surface of the leaf and sucks the sap. Few weeks after

infestation, the leaves turn yellow to brown in color and later dry up prematurely.

CONTROL METHODS

The different control methods were in general which can be used in any of the insect-pests:

Cultural Practices and Chemical Practices

 Summer deep ploughing to expose soil inhabiting/resting stages of insects, pathogen and

nematode population.

 In view of increasing incidence of mealybug and soil borne diseases, growing cotton

after cotton should be avoided. Adopt proper crop rotation.

 Select cotton cultivars suitable and recommended as per state government notification.

 Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70% @ 5-7g/kg or thiamethoxan 30% 10g/kg of seeds

for early sucking sucking pest management.

 Acid declining of seed should be done using commercial.

 Seed treatment with thiram 75% WS @ 2-5-3.0 gm/kg seeds for the management of seed

born disease.

 Sowing should be done timely within 10-15 days.

 Adopt proper spacing, irrigation and fertilizer management. Avoid application of high

nitrogenous fertilizers.

 The crop should be maintained weed free for at least 8-9 weeks after sowing until canopy

starts closing in time by time inter-culture. A hoeing is to be given 18-20 days after

emergence of cotton seedlings to control primary perennial weeds.

 Use of trap/border crops like okra, marigold, pigeon pea and maize crops is

recommended. In cotton should should not be grown in and around citrus orchards to

avoid spread of CLCud Disease.

 Do not extend the normal crop period and avoid ratooning.

 Allowing grazing of animals after last picking is recommended for checking the carry

over population of bollworms.

 Shredding of corn stalks after harvest and incorporation of soil.

 Staking the cotton stalks near the field should be avoided.

MECHANICAL PRACTICES

 Hand picking and destruction of various insect stages viz., egg masses and gregarious

larvae of Spodoptera litura, grown up larva of Helicoverpa armigera, affected plant

parts, rosetted flowers due to pink boll worm and rotted bolls.

 Clipping of terminal shoots on 90-110 days in case of conventional hybrids.

 Growing of Setaria as intercrop to serve as live birds perches. Install 8-10 bird perches

per ha after 90 days of crop growth for the benefit of predatory birds.

 Grow maize interspersed with cow pea on border to attract predators and parasitoids.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

 Conservation of predators (lacewings, lady bird beetles, staphylinids, predatory wasps,

surface bugs like Geocoris, Anthocorid, Nabids, Reduviids and Spiders by growing two

rows of maize/sorghum or cowpea along the border.

 HaNPV 0.43% AS @ 2700 ml/ha can be applied during the early infestation of

Helicoverpa.

 Bacillus thuriengiensis var galleriae 1593 sero type H 59 5b @ 2.0-2.5 kg/ha for

Helicoverpa bollworm and Bacillus thuriengiensis var kurstaki H 3a, 3b, 3c. 5% WP @
 0.50-1.00 kg/ha for Helicoverpa and spotted bollworm; Bacillus thuriengiensis var

kurstaki strain HD-1, serotype 3a, 3b, 3.5% ES (Potencyl 17600 IU/mg) @ 750-1000

ml/ha for control of bollworms are recommended.

 Beauveria bassiana 1.15% WP is recommended @ 2kg/ha in 400 lit water for bollworm

control.

 Verticillium lecanii 1.15% WP is recommended @ 2..5 kg/ha in 500 liter water against

white flies.
References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton

https://niphm.gov.in/IPMPackages/Cotton.pdf

https://justagriculture.in/files/newsletter/2022/october/28.%20Integrated%20Pest

%20Management%20in%20Cotton.pdf

https://philfida.da.gov.ph/images/Publications/cottonbrochures/Brochure-Cotton-Pests-

updated-with-cotton-return-and-analysis.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

331630368_Integrated_Pest_Management_in_Cotton