RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Paranasal sinuses (frontal, sphenoid) - Warm, moisten, and filter air; enhance voice resonance.
2. Nasal cavity - Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air.
3. Nasal conchae - Increases surface area to improve air filtration and humidification.
4. Nasal vestibule - Entrance of the nasal cavity; traps dust and debris.
5. Epiglottis - Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
6. Thyroid cartilage - Protects the vocal cords; forms the "Adam's apple."
7. Cricoid cartilage - Supports the trachea and ensures an open airway.
8. Vocal folds - Produce sound through vibration.
9. Trachea - Main airway; conducts air to the bronchi.
10. Carina of trachea - Divides airflow into the right and left bronchi.
11. Main bronchi - Conducts air to each lung.
12. Lingular division bronchi - Supplies air to the lingula of the left lung.
13. Right lung - Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
14. Superior lobe - Part of the lung involved in gas exchange.
15. Horizontal fissure - Separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung.
16. Oblique fissure - Separates lobes within both lungs.
17. Middle lobe - Central region of the right lung for gas exchange.
18. Inferior lobe - Lower region of the lung for gas exchange.
19. Oral cavity - Secondary airway; assists in breathing and speaking.
20. Esophagus - Transports food from the throat to the stomach.
21. Capillary beds (connective tissue) - Facilitate oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in tissues.
22. Alveolar sacs - Contain alveoli for gas exchange.
23. Alveolar duct - Connects respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs.
24. Mucous gland - Produces mucus to trap dust and pathogens.
25. Mucosal lining - Protects airways and helps trap particles.
26. Pulmonary artery - Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
27. Pulmonary vein - Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
28. Alveoli - Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
29. Atrium - Receives blood entering the heart.
30. Tracheal and bronchi rings - Keep airways open during breathing.
31. Left lung - Facilitates gas exchange with two lobes for efficient function.
32. Apex of left lung - Uppermost part of the left lung.
33. Cardiac notch - Indentation for the heart's placement in the left lung.
34. Lingula of lung - Tongue-like projection on the left lung; aids gas exchange.
35. Inferior lobe (left lung) - Lower region of the left lung for gas exchange.
