DESIGN OF AN ENERGY DISSIPATER

LECTURE IN CHARGE:

Dr. R.L.H.L. Rajapakshe

GROUP MEMBERS:

170135H – Dilruk G.G.T.

170136L – Dilrukshi Y.D.N.M.
170139A – Dilshan V.G.I.
170148B – Dissanayake I.K.G.T.M.
170151D – Doranepola M.D.R.N
170162L – Fayas Ahamed A.C.
170165A – Fernando S.K.R.D.R
170177L – Ganegoda S.K.R.D.R.
170190U – Gunarathne G.K.U.S.
170194K – Gunathunga H.W.S.
170195N – Gunawardena W.H.M.D.C.K. COURSE MODULE : CE 4022

170198C – Gunawardhana S.K.L. GROUP NUMBER : 03

170705G – Wijekoon W.M.R.T.Y. DATE OF SUB : 31/01/2021

 CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Literary survey

4. Methodology

5. Calculations

6. Results

7. Discussion

8. References

9. Work breakdown
 INTRODUCTION
Earth canals are considered as the most common conveying structure which is used to convey
water for irrigational purposes in Sri Lanka. These canals are laid along the contours and depending
on the filed requirement, incorporate drops to facilitate sudden elevation differences. Design of the
canals and drops should be done accordingly, to ensure a smooth functionality of the water supply
system that facilitates mainly the cultivation as well as the social requirement.

When water release over the spillway energy transmission is take place from potential energy
to kinetic energy. Because of this energy transmission there is high velocity head at the base of the
spillway. Excess energy must be dissipated in order to prevent the possible damages to the downstream.
To dissipate this energy, energy dissipators are used in canals. Converting excess velocity head to other
energies and loss due to eddies formation in the turbulent nature of water.

OBJECTIVES
The canal sections upstream and downstream should be designed as no-scouring non-siting
reaches.

There are two transitions in the in the to upstream and downstream of the structure to facilitate
the follow changing from trapezoidal section to rectangular section and vice versa.

In this assignment, following component of an energy dissipator structures should be designed.

Structure to be designed purpose

Earthen open canal To convey water

Inlet and outlet transitions Minimize the energy loss where the cross sec-
tion is changed.

Sitting basin without baffles Hydraulic jump will occur here and energy will
dissipate
 LITERATURE SURVEY
MANNING EQUATION

The manning equation is an empirical formula estimating the average velocity of an open channel
flow.

𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2
𝑉=
𝑛

𝐴
𝑅= 𝑃

where, V= Velocity (m/s)

n= Manning’s coefficient
R= Hydraulic Radius (m)
S = Bed slop

CONTINUITY EQUATION

A continuity equation in physics in an equation that describes the transport of some quantity. It is
also valid throughout the channel assuming the fluid is incompressible.

Q = AV

where, Q= flow discharge

V= flow velocity

The channel sections upstream should be designed as no-scouring non-siting reaches. In case of free
board, the preliminary estimates could be made from,

F = (C.Y)1/2

where, C= 0.76
Y= Depth of flow (m)

The flow through the channel should be subcritical-critical velocity ratio for non-scouring and non-
silting is within 0.9-1.2.[V/Vc].

Vc = 0.55(d) 0.64

Where, d= Depth of flow

Transitions are used when the channel section is changed. This will minimize the energy loss facili-
tating smooth flow.
 27.5 22.5

Inlet transition
Outlet transition

Guidelines give their maximum angles as shown in above figures.

CHEZY EQUATION

In fluid dynamics, the chezy formula describes the mean flow velocity of turbulent open channel
flow the formula is,

V = C (Ri,)1/2

where, v = average velocity

C = cheezie’s coefficient
R= hydraulic radius
i = Hydraulic gradient

BERNOULI’S EQUATION

The Bernoulli’s equation can be a statement of the conservation of energy. This equation can be
used calculate velocities and flow depth.

𝑉2

𝑉1 𝐴2
𝐴1
𝑃2

𝑃1

𝑃1 1 𝑃2 1
+ 𝑉1 2 + ℎ1 = + 𝑉2 2 + ℎ2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Where,

P
- Available pressure head
𝜌𝑔

1
V2 - Velocity head
2𝑔

ℎ - Elevation head

When a super critical flow converted into a sub critical flow under a short dis-
tance, a hydraulic jump is being created.

And if we know one conjugate depth, it can be calculated the flow depths be-
fore and after the hydraulic jump through the following equation.

𝑦2 1 2
= [√ 1 + 8 𝐹𝑟1 − 1 ]
𝑦1 2

Y2 - Depth after jump

𝑉1
𝐹𝑟1 =
Y1 - Depth before jump √ 𝑔 𝑦1

Fr1 - Approaching Froude’s Number

HYDRAULIC JUMP CLASSIFICATION

1.0 1.7 2.6 4.5 9.0 <

Strong
Undular Weak Oscillat- Steady Jump
Jump Jump ing Jump Jump
 METHODOLOGYL

Literature Review

Trapezoidal section design-

ing

Inlet transition designing

Outlet transition
designing

Apron designing

Identifying the type of Hydraulic Jump

Identifying the Stilling Basin Length

Identifying the Bridge Pier Location

Brief Discussion

Conclusion
 CALCULATIONS
Design Parameters: for Group No: 03

Design flow rate (Q) 40 m3/s

Bed slope (S0) 0.00035
Side slope (S) 1 on 2
Manning’s n 0.026
Drop in bed (D) 1.25 m

Section Properties

B
1
Area of flow (A) = 2 𝑦 (𝐵 + (2 × 2𝑦 + 𝐵))
= 𝑦 (𝐵 + 2𝑦)

Wetted perimeter (P) = 𝐵 + 2√5𝑦

𝐴
Hydraulic radius (R) = 𝑃
𝑦 (𝐵+2𝑦)
= 𝐵+2√5𝑦

Manning’s equation,
2 1
1
V = 𝑛 𝑅3 𝑆 2
2 1
𝑄 1
V =𝐴= 𝑅3 𝑆 2
𝑛
2
1
40 1 𝑦 (𝐵+2𝑦) 3
= ( ) 0.00035 2
𝑦 (𝐵+2𝑦) 0.026 𝐵+2√5𝑦
Trial 1
𝐵
Select = 8.5
𝑦

B = 8.5y and from equation 1,

2
40 1 𝑦 (8.5𝑦 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (8.5𝑦 + 2𝑦) 0.026 8.5𝑦 + 2√5𝑦

Solving above equation,

y = 1.97 m
B = 16.75 m

Taking B = 17 m,
2
40 1 𝑦 (17 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (17 + 2𝑦) 0.026 17 + 2√5𝑦

Solving above equation,

y = 1.95 m

𝑄 40
𝑉= = = 0.982 m/s
𝐴 1.95 (17+2×1.95)

𝑉𝑐 = 0.55𝑦 0.64
𝑉𝑐 = 0.55 × 1.950.64 = 0.8433 m/s

Critical velocity ratio,

𝑉 0.982
= 0.8433 = 1.165 Within the range of 0.9 – 1.2
𝑉𝑐
Trial 2
𝐵
Select = 10
𝑦

B = 10y and from equation 1,

2
40 1 𝑦 (10𝑦 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (10𝑦 + 2𝑦) 0.026 10𝑦 + 2√5𝑦

Solving above equation,

y = 1.862 m
B = 18.62 m

Taking B = 19 m,
2
40 1 𝑦 (19 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (19 + 2𝑦) 0.026 19 + 2√5𝑦

Solving the above equation,

y = 1.842 m

𝑄 40
𝑉= = = 0.957m/s
𝐴 1.842 (19+2×1.842)

𝑉𝑐 = 0.55𝑦 0.64
𝑉𝑐 = 0.55 × 1.8420.64 = 0.813 m/s

Critical velocity ratio,

𝑉 0.957
= 0.813 = 1.177 Within the range of 0.9 – 1.2
𝑉𝑐
Trial 3
𝐵
Select = 9.5
𝑦

B = 9.0y and from equation 1,

2
40 1 𝑦 (9.5𝑦 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (9.5𝑦 + 2𝑦) 0.026 9.5𝑦 + 2√5𝑦

Solving above equation,

y = 1.896 m
B = 18.012 m

Taking B = 18 m,
2
40 1 𝑦 (18 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (18 + 2𝑦) 0.026 18 + 2√5𝑦

Solving above equation,

y = 1.896 m

𝑄 40
𝑉= = = 0.968 m/s
𝐴 1.896 (18+2×1.896)

𝑉𝑐 = 0.55𝑦 0.64
𝑉𝑐 = 0.55 × 1.8960.64 = 0.828 m/s

Critical velocity ratio,

𝑉 0.968
= 0.828 = 1.17 Within the range of 0.9 – 1.2
𝑉𝑐
Trial 4
𝐵
Select = 10.7
𝑦

B = 10.7y and from equation 1,

2
40 1 𝑦 (10.7𝑦 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (10.7𝑦 + 2𝑦) 0.026 10.7𝑦 + 2√5𝑦

Solving the above equation,

y = 1.82 m
B = 19.474 m

taking B = 19.5 m,
2
40 1 𝑦 (19.5 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (19.5 + 2𝑦) 0.026 19.5 + 2√5𝑦

Solving the above equation,

y = 1.82 m

𝑄 40
𝑉= = = 0.950 m/s
𝐴 1.82 (19.5+2×1.82)

𝑉𝑐 = 0.55𝑦 0.64
𝑉𝑐 = 0.55 × 1.820.64 = 0.807 m/s

Critical velocity ratio,

𝑉 0.950
= 0.807 = 1.177 within the range of 0.9 – 1.2
𝑉𝑐
Trial 5
𝐵
Select = 11
𝑦

B = 11y and from equation 1,

2
40 1 𝑦 (11𝑦 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (11𝑦 + 2𝑦) 0.026 11𝑦 + 2√5𝑦

Solving the above equation,

y = 1.80 m
B = 19.8 m

taking B = 20 m,
2
40 1 𝑦 (20 + 2𝑦) 3 1
= ( ) 0.000352
𝑦 (20 + 2𝑦) 0.026 20 + 2√5𝑦

Solving the above equation,

y = 1.79 m

𝑄 40
𝑉= = = 0.948 m/s
𝐴 1.79 (20+2×1.79)

𝑉𝑐 = 0.55𝑦 0.64
𝑉𝑐 = 0.55 × 2.070.64 = 0.798 m/s

Critical velocity ratio,

𝑉 0.948
= 0.798 = 1.188 Within the range of 0.9 – 1.2
𝑉𝑐

PARAMETER SELECTING
Trail no B(m) Y(m) V/Vc
01 17 1.95 1.165

02 19 1.842 1.177

03 18 1.896 1.17

04 19.5 1.82 1.177

05 20 1.79 1.188

Therefore, take values of trail number 5 for the design.

SELECTION OF FREE BOARD
(According to the trial no: 05, B = 20 m, y = 1.79 m, V/Vc = 1.188)

F = √𝑐𝑦

= √0.76 𝑥 1.79

= 1.166 m

Water flowing area;

𝑦
Aflow = 2 x (2B + 4y) = y (B + 2y)
= 1.79 x (20 + 2 x 1.79)
= 42.21 m2

Area of free board;

1.166
Afb = ( ) x {[20 + 4 x 1.79] + [20 + 4 x (1.166 + 1.79)]}
2
= 34.388 m2

Assuming flow through both segments of areas are equal in velocity (𝑣̅ ),
𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 34.39 𝑣̅
= x 100 %
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 42.21 𝑣̅

= 81.47 %
This is considerably very high percentage, hence assuming;
𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝑓𝑏
= = 0.15 > 10 %
𝑄𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐴𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

Afb = 0.15 x 42.21 m2 = 6.33 m2

But, total depth (d) = F + y;

𝑑−1.79
( ) x {[20 + 4 x 1.79] + [20 + 4d]} = 6.33
2
d = 2.019 m
F = 2.019 – 1.79 = 0.229 m
As it’s required to carry 10 % of Qflow, here 229 mm freeboard is provided for considering both
safety & economical approach.
DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS
Freeboard is equal to

0.23m

1.79m

Inlet transition

4.04m

20m
𝑙
4.04m 𝜃

Considering USBR recommendations

𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 27.5𝑜
4.04
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑙
𝑚𝑖𝑛

4.04
𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛27.5 = 7.76𝑚

Select the outlet transition length as 7.8m.

4.04
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 7.8

𝜃 = 27.38𝑜 < 27.5𝑜

Hence Ok.
Outlet transition

4.04m
𝜃
𝑙
20m

4.04m

Considering USBR recommendations

𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 22.5𝑜
4.04
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑙
𝑚𝑖𝑛

4.04
𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛22.5 = 9.75𝑚

Select the outlet transition length as 9.8m.

4.04
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 9.8

𝜃 = 22.4𝑜 < 22.5𝑜

Hence Ok.
DESIGN OF CREST PROFILE

y0

𝑥2 Where H is the Total head

Crest Profile y = − 4𝐻 of the center of opening
(at y0/2 depth)

AssumptionNo
Assumption: : No energy
energy lossloss in the
in the inlet
inlet transition
transition from
from upstream
upstream trapezoidal
trapezoidal canal
canal andand
thethe
crest
crest opening
opening rectangular
rectangular sections
sections

∴ ∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
2 2
0.9482
0.94822 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑣0𝑣20 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
1.79 + +
1.79 + 2 × 9.81+ 𝜌𝑔= 𝑦0 += 𝑦0 + + +
2 × 9.81 𝜌𝑔 2×2 ×9.81
9.81 𝜌𝑔𝜌𝑔

𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣 =𝑄 𝑄 = 4040 =2 2
0
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣0 = =
𝐴 𝐴 20𝑦20𝑦=0 𝑦 𝑦0
0 0

−2 2
22 2
∴ 1.8358 = 𝑦0 5.09684 × 10−2 ( ) )
∴ 1.8358 = 𝑦0 + + 5.09684 × 10 (
𝑦0𝑦0
Solutions
Solutions forfor this
this equations
equations are,
are,
{𝑦0 → −0.30835593554445634}, {𝑦0 → 0.37337348122257047}, {𝑦0 → 1.770782454321886}
{𝑦0 → −0.30835593554445634}, {𝑦0 → 0.37337348122257047}, {𝑦0 → 1.770782454321886}

∴ 𝑦=
∴𝑦 0 = 1.77𝑚
1.77𝑚
0

𝑣 = 2 2 = 1.130 𝑚𝑠 −1
0
𝑣0 = 1.77 = 1.130 𝑚𝑠 −1
1.77
𝑦0
𝑦0 2 𝑣 2𝑦0 𝜌𝑔+𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑣0+ 0 2 +
𝜌𝑔+𝑃
2 𝑎𝑡𝑚
H∴= H20 =+ 2 2g
𝑦
+
2g 𝜌𝑔
𝜌𝑔
Neglecting atmospheric pressure,
𝑣0 2 1.130 2
H = 𝑦0 + = 1.77 + 2× 9.81 = 1.835 m
2g

𝑥2
∴ Crest Profile y = −
4 × 1.835

𝑥2
Crest Profile y = −
7.08

Erosion Protection,

Water depth = 1.79 m = 5.87 ft

Inlet - 6” coarse gravel

Outlet - 18” rip rap on 8” sand and gravel bed

STILL BASIN DESIGN

A
1.79 m

y2 1.79 m
B
1.50 m
y1

vA = 1.13 m/s
B = 20 m
40
vB = m/s
20y1

Assuming zero energy loss, applying Bernoulli’s equation to the topmost streamline,
HA = HB
P vA2 P vB2
+ + zA = + + zB
ρg 2g ρg 2g
40 2
1.13 2 (20y )
1
+ 1.5 + 1.79 = + y1
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
y1 = 0.27 m

40
v1 = vB = = 7.4 m/s
20 × 0.27

v1
Fr1 =
√gy1
7.4
=
√9.81 × 0.27
= 4.54
4.5 < Fr1 < 9
Hence, jump is steady.

For the hydraulic jump,

y2 1
= (√1 + 8Fr12 − 1)
y1 2
1
y2 = × 0.27 × (√1 + 8 × 4.542 − 1)
2
y2 = 1.60 m
y2 (1.60 m) < downstream depth (1.79 m)
Hence, Submerged jump can be carried along the downstream.
Energy loss from hydraulic jump,
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3
∆𝐸 =
4𝑦1 𝑦2
(1.60 − 0.27)3
=
4 × 0.27 × 1.6
= 1.36 m

Length of the stilling basin

For Froude numbers greater than 4.5, type 3 basin is recommended in USBR guideline.

For a type 3 basin;

ℎ1 = 𝑦1 = 0.27𝑚
𝑤1 = 𝑦1 = 0.27𝑚

ℎ3
= 1.25
𝑦1
ℎ3 = 0.34𝑚

ℎ4
= 1.3
𝑦1
ℎ4 = 0.35𝑚

L
= 2.2
D2
L = 2.2 × 1.6
L = 3.52m
Provide a length of 3.6m
BRIDGE DESIGN

Width of the channel is greater than 12m. Therefore, bridge has to designed with a pier in the middle.

20m
10m
 RESULTS

Cross section of the earthen canal

28.08m

0.23m

1.79m

1.79m

20m

Plan view of the structures

28.08m 20m 28.08m

10m

7.8m 6.26m 9.8m

➢ Results Table and summary of the Key Outputs

Structure Results

Upstream and Down- Water Depth = 1.79m

stream Trapezoidal Free board = 0.23m
earthen canal Slope = 0.00035
Bed width = 20m

Inlet Transitions Transition Length = 7.8m

Angle = 27.38

Outlet transition Transition Length = 9.8m

Angle=22.4

𝑥2
Crest Profile y = − 7.08

y1 = 0.27m
y2 = 1.60m
Fr1 = 4.54
Stilling Basin w1 = 0.25m
h3 = 0.34m
h4 = 0.35m
L = 3.6m

Bridge Span = 10m

 DISCUSSION
1. Design of other structural components related with main structure.

o Earthen canal
Conveyance of water for irrigation or other utilities is done through earthen canals, which flow
under gravity from the main source of supply to agricultural lands. In Earthen canals optimum or
low velocity of flow should be sustained to prevent the scouring and silting of downstream bed.
Therefore, the flow should be maintained under gentle gradients. (Shakir, n.d.).

At the same time, the side slopes have to be designed, in order to ensure its stability.

o Cutoff walls

Cutoff walls are provided to extend the seepage path. Therefore, the energy of water dissipates
when reaching the destination.

o Ogee spill

The nappe shaped profile of an ogee spill is an ideal profile since, the water flowing over the crest
of the spillway always remains in contact with the surface of the spillway at the design head.
Therefore, no negative pressure will develop on the spillway surface at design head.

o Baffles

Baffles dissipate much more energy of water through turbulence prior to the stilling basin. But
they may not ensure smooth flow at transitions.

2. Assumptions

o It was assumed that no energy loss throughout the flow until the stilling basin when using the
Bernoulli’s equation for calculations.
o The friction in the lining material used for the transitions and stilling basing was neglected.
o It was assumed that there was no dip height when calculating the water depth before the hy-
draulic jump.
o When selecting the datum for energy balance, the canal slope was neglected.
o Flow in the upstream was assumed as a steady uniform flow.
o The reduction of area in the section of piers was not accounted when using the momentum
equation.
3. Changes proposed for isolation of downstream section for maintenance while the up-
stream section is in operation.

o A controlling structure like a regulator can be used to isolate the downstream by al-
lowing water to be accumulated at a gate.
o Downstream entrance can be isolated by using a secant pile wall or a sheet wall. The
water path should be diverted away or around the canal temporarily since high water
pressures can be occurred due to the rising of clogged water.
o At the same time, a significant safety factor may be required by the barrier, in order to
accommodate high floods waves in a heavy rain fall.

4. Effect of bridge piers

Canal width = 20m

Since the piers should be located to limit the bridge span to 12m or less,

2x12 = 24m > canal width (= 20m)

Hence single pier will be located in the middle of the bridge span and it will not violate the
above theory.

Presence of piers creates some problems and these problems and remedies for them can be
listed as below.

• Scouring may be taking place at the piers and the occurrence of bed erosion – by providing
concrete apron or a protective layer which is made of stone around the piers, this effect can be
eliminated.

• Due to the location of piers, there occurs a head loss and this will result in backwater effect.
Hence the upstream water level will be increased, result in some flooding in upstream areas.

• Shape of the pier is an important parameter and though an elliptical pier would be better than
a circular shape pier, the construction cost of an elliptical pier may be very high. Hence using
circular piers with appropriate rip-rap protection at the base is recommended.
5. Safety considerations of the design

5.1. Safety of the structure

• Occurrence of scours must be controlled by providing a proper protection method at
the culvert outlet and the protection and the dissipater components should be moni-
tored after every major storm.

• Using appropriate shallow slopes to prevent soil erosion should be considered.

1 2

2
Shallow slope 1
(1:2) 1 (2:1)
Steep slope

• At the base, a proper rip-rap protection should be provided to prevent scouring effect.

• Culvert and flow areas should be inspected for accumulations of woody or other de-
bris.

• The structure should be well maintained from larger jumps, by dipping.

• To prevent the seepage and for the safety of the spillway, cutoff walls should be pro-
vided at the downstream and the upper stream.

5.2. Safety of the environment

• Adequate freeboard should be introduced to prevent overtopping, with water spilling

out and flood occurrence at the surrounding lands.

• Wing walls should be introduced to withstand the water pressure and the regulations.

• Submerged jumps should be prevented at the downstream since these jumps may oc-
cur a significant hazard to the environment.

• The designed water level should be maintained to a proper level for the public require-
ments.

• Construction or modifications to the structure should comply with all applicable laws
and regulations.
 REFERENCES
1. Irrigation Department Guidelines: Determination of canal velocity, Critical velocity and ratios,
Manning’s Coefficients, Side Slopes, Gradients, and Trial Design Sections.

2. Ven Te Chow: Hydraulic jump, Jump Length, Jump Categories, tail-water conditions.

3. USBR- Small Canal Structures for stilling basin types.

4. Sediment control practices- outlet energy dissipation.

5. Chapter 11-Eergy Dissipaters.

 WORK BREAKDOWN

Name Index No Assigned work

Dilruk G.G.T. 170135H Preparation of cover page, introduction and

objectives

Dilrukshi Y.D.N.M. 170136L Literature review, methodology

Dilshan V.G.I. 170139A Literature review, methodology

Dissanayake I.K.G.T.M. 170148B Calculations up to parameter selection

Doranepola M.D.R.N 170151D Calculations for crest profile

Fayas Ahamed A.C. 170162L Selection of freeboard

Fernando S.K.R.D.R. 170165A Design of transitions

Ganegoda G.P.Y.R. 170177L Design of crest profile

Gunarathne G.K.U.S. 170190U Stilling basin design

Gunatunga H.W.S. 170194K Stilling basin design

Gunawardena W.H.M.D.C.K. 170195N Presenting the results

Gunawardhana S.K.L. 170198C Discussion

Wijekoon W.M.R.T.Y. 170705G Discussion