*(Experiment No 4.

1
DIFFERENTIATOR
Aim: To design and setup a Differentiator circuit using OP AMP 741C and
plot their pulse response.

Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to

design and setup a differentiator circuit using OP AMP.

*(Equipments:
1(Dual power supply +/- 15V
2-(Function generator (0- 1MHz)
3(Oscilloscope
4-(Bread board or simulation program
5-(Bread board or simulation program
6-(Capacitor
7-(Resistor
8-(Probes and connecting wires if used bread board

*(Principle:
It is an opamp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. That is the
output waveform is the derivative or differential of the input voltage. That is

Vo = - RfCd(Vin)/dt. The differentiator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by

replacing the input resistance Ri with capacitor C. This circuit also works as high pass filter.
*(Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
5. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope
simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph

*(Result:
Given f = 1 KHz T = 1/f = 1ms Design equation is T = 2πRfC Let C = 0.01µF
Then Rf = 15KΩ Let Ri = Rf/10 = 1.5KΩ
T=2∏RC
T=2∏(15*1000)
F=1061
FC > Fin
Vo=-(15*1000) Vin/dt
*(Graph:
Experiment No 4.2
INTEGRATOR
Aim: To design and setup an integrator circuit using OP AMP 741C and plot
its pulse response.

Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to

design and setup an integrator circuit using OP AMP.

*)Equipments:
1(Dual power supply +/- 15V
2-(Function generator (0- 1MHz)
3(Oscilloscope
4-(Bread board or simulation program
5-(Bread board or simulation program
6-(Capacitor
7-(Resistor
8-(Probes and connecting wires if used bread board

*)Principle:
It is a closed loop op-amp circuit which performs the mathematical
operation of integration. That is the output waveform is the integral of the
input voltage and is given by Vo = ( -1/RfC) ∫Vindt. The integrator circuit is
constructed from basic inverting amplifier by replacing the feedback
resistance Rf with capacitor C. This circuit also works as low pass filter.

Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vi= 2Vpp, 1KHz square wave.
5. Keep the oscilloscope in AC coupling mode.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope
simultaneously.
7. Draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.

*(Result:

T=2∏RC
T=2∏(15*1000)
F=1061
FC > Fin
Vo=1/(150*1000) ∫ Vin(t) dt
Graph:
Experiment No 5

SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL ASTABLE

MULTIVIBRATORS USING OP AMP
Aim: To design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable
multivibrators using Opamp 741, plot the waveforms and measure the
frequency of oscillation

Objectives: After completion of this experiment, student will be able to

design and setup an astable multivibrators circuit using OP AMP.

*)Equipments:
1(Dual power supply +/- 15V
2-(Function generator (0- 1MHz)
3(Oscilloscope
4-(Bread board or simulation program
5-(Bread board or simulation program
6-(Capacitor
7-(Resistor
8-(Probes and connecting wires if used bread board
Principle:
In this circuit, the opamp is operated in saturation mode and the output
swings between +Vsat and –Vsat giving square wave output. This circuit is
also called free running oscillator or square wave generator . A positive
feedback with feedback factor β = R1 / (R1+R2) is provided to the non-
inverting terminal. When Vo= +Vsat, the capacitor C starts to charge to +
Vsat through R. when the capacitor voltage crosses +βVsat, output switches
from +Vsat to –Vsat. Now the voltage appearing at the non-inverting
terminal is –βVsat and capacitor discharges through R towards -Vsat. When
the capacitor voltage crosses –βVsat, the output switches from –Vsat to +
Vsat and this process continues to generate square wave output with time
period T=Ton + Toff= 2RC ln[(1+β)/(1-β)]. In asymmetrical astable
multivibrators, the charging and discharging time of capacitor is made
unequal to get asymmetrical square wave with different Ton and Toff.

Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the symmetric astable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and
check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output and capacitor voltage on two channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle .
7. Repeat the procedures for asymmetric astable multivibrator.
*)Result:
f = 1 KHz So T = 1/f = 1ms And β = R1 / (R1+R2) Let R1 = 10KΩ , and R2
=10KΩ Then β = 0.5 Therefore T= 2.2RC =1ms
Vo=13

*)Graph:
Experiment No. 6
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP
Aim: To design and setup a monostable multivibrator using Op-amp 741
and (i) Plot the waveforms (ii) Measure the time delay

Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to

design and set up the monostable multivibrator circuit and delay circuits.

*)Equipments:
1(Dual power supply +/- 15V
2-(Function generator (0- 1MHz)
3(Oscilloscope
4-(Bread board or simulation program
5-(Bread board or simulation program
6-(Capacitor
7-(Resistor
8-(Probes and connecting wires if used bread board

Principle:
The monostable multivibrator is also called as one shot multivibrator. The
circuit produces a single pulse of specified duration in response to each
external trigger pulse. It always has one stable state (+Vsat). When an
external trigger is applied, the output state changes and the new state is
called quasi stable state (-Vsat). The circuit remains in this state for a fixed
interval of time and then it returns to the original state after this interval.
This time interval is determined discharging of the capacitor from 0.7V to -
βVsat.The time period of quasi stable state or the delay is given by T =
0.69RC
Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check
the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the
amplitude to 5V.

Circuit Diagram:

*)Result:
Time Period T= 0.69RC Let T = 1ms; and C = 0.1µF. Then R = 15KΩ Feedback factor

β = R2/(R1+R2) Let

β = 0.5 or 1/2 R2/(R1+R2) = 1/2 If R1=10KΩ ; R2 =10KΩ

Experiment No. 7
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING OP AMP
Aim: To Design and setup a RC phase shift oscillator using Op-Amp 741 and
(i) Plot the output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation

Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to

design and set up the RC phase shift oscillator for desired frequency.

*)Equipments:
1(Dual power supply +/- 15V
2-(Function generator (0- 1MHz)
3(Oscilloscope
4-(Bread board or simulation program
5-(Bread board or simulation program
6-(Capacitor
7-(Resistor
8-(Probes and connecting wires if used bread board

Principle:
RC phase shift oscillator uses op-amp, in inverting amplifier mode and the
circuit generates its own output signal. It consists of an op-amp as an
amplifier and 3 RC cascaded network as the feedback circuit. Since the op-
amp is used in the inverting mode, any signal that appears at the inverting
terminal is shifted by 1800 at the output. An additional 1800 phase shift
required for oscillation is provided by the cascaded RC network. Thus the
total phase shift around the circuit is 3600 or 0 0 . At some specific
frequency, the phase shift of the cascaded RC network is exactly 1800 and
feedback factor is 1/29. If the gain of the amplifier is 29, the total loop gain
of the circuit becomes 1. The circuit will oscillate at this specific frequency
and is given by

*)Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the RC phase shift oscillator circuit on the breadboard and check
the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply. Bread board or simulation program Probes
and connecting wires if used bread board
4. Observe output voltage on oscilloscope.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation .

*)Circuit Diagram:
*)Experiment No. 8
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING OP AMP
Aim: To design and construct a Wien bridge oscillator using Op-Amp 741
and (i) Plot the output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation

Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to

design and set up the Wien oscillator for desired frequency

*)Equipments:
1(Dual power supply +/- 15V
2-(Function generator (0- 1MHz)
3(Oscilloscope
4-(Bread board or simulation program
5-(Bread board or simulation program
6-(Capacitor

*)Principle:
It is the commonly used audio frequency oscillator which employs both
positive and negative feedback. The feedback signal is connected in the
non-inverting input terminal so that the amplifier is working in non-
inverting mode. The Wien bridge circuit is connected between amplifier
input terminal and output terminal. The bridge has a series RC network in
one arm and a parallel RC network in the adjoining arm. In the remaining
two arms of the bridge, resistor R1 and Rf are connected. The phase angle
criterion for oscillation is that the total phase shift around the circuit must
be zero. This condition occurs when bridge is balanced. At resonance, the
frequency of oscillation is exactly the resonance frequency of balanced
Wien bridge and is given by f0 = 1/ (2πRC). At this frequency, the gain
required for sustained oscillation is 3.It is provided by the non-inverting
amplifier with Gain = 1+ (Rf/R1) = 3

*)Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the Wien bridge oscillator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output voltage on oscilloscope.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation

*)Circuit Diagram
Experiment No. 9
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING IC 555
Aim: To design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable
multivibrators using IC 555 and (i) Plot the output waveform (ii) Measure
the frequency of oscillation

Objectives: After completion of this experiment the students are able to

design and set up the astable multivibrator using timer IC 555

*)Equipments:
1(Dual power supply +/- 15V
2-(Function generator (0- 1MHz)
3(Oscilloscope
4-(Bread board or simulation program
5-(Bread board or simulation program
6-(Capacitor

Principle:
The 555 timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay
.The internal structure of 555 is shown in which there are two comparators,
a flip flop, an output stage, a voltage divider network and a transistor. The
comparator is a device whose output is high when the non-inverting input
voltage is greater than inverting input voltage and output is low when
inverting input voltage is greater than non-inverting input voltage. The
voltage divider network consist of three 5KΩ resistors and provides a
trigger voltage level of 1/3VCC and threshold voltage level of 2/3VCC.The
control voltage is used for changing the threshold and trigger voltages
externally.
555 as Astable multivibrator:
Astable multivibrator means it has no stable states. It has two quasi stable
states (high and low).In the figure given , there are 2 external resistors RA
and RB and a capacitor C. When the power is given to the circuit the
capacitor C will charge towards VCC through RA and RB ,when the capacitor
voltage exceeds the level of 2/3VCC (threshold voltage) the output of the
comparator I goes high which resets the flip flop so the output Q of the flip-
flop becomes low and becomes high. Now the transistor which is
connected to becomes ON. The capacitor C started to discharge through RB
and transistor exponentially. When voltage across capacitor reaches just
below of 1/3VCC (trigger voltage) the output of the comparator II becomes
high and sets the flip flop, turning OFF the transistor since it is connected to
the of the flip flop. The capacitor C will begin to charge towards VCC
through RA and RB. when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of
2/3VCC, the output of the comparator I goes high which resets the flip-flop
so the output Q of the flip flop becomes low

*(Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the symmetric astable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and
check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle .
7. Repeat the procedures for asymmetric astable multivibrator.
a)Symmetrical astable multivibrator:

Circuit Diagram :