Doubt Clearing Session Iooiaye lela Roane eel Co eee aCe)The three words ‘A’ In modem English Gr. ‘A’ and ‘An’ are called indefinite articles as they do not denote a definite or particular person or thing spoken of. Ex: A dog was barking at night.(any dog) There was an apple on the table.(any apple) DEFINITE ARTICLE: ‘The’ is defin person or thing spoken of Ex: This is the pen which I have bought.(a particular pen) hhe house in which I live is new.(a particular house) e article as it refers to a particular or definiteDIFFERENCE BETWEEN, Both ‘a’ and ‘an’ denote a singular number but the difference between them is that ‘a’ used before words starting with consonant sound and ‘an’ is used before words startit with yowel sound. Ihave a expensive car. () Ihave an expensive car. (“) This was an one man show. (*) This was a one man show. (“)1. Before words beginning with vowel sounds (a, ¢, i, 0, u) Ex: an apple, an owl, an umbrella 2.Before words beginning with silent ‘h” Ex: an hour, an heir, an honourable man, an honest man F,H, L, M,N, R, S, X are letters that are not vowels but begin with vowel sound. So ed before words beginning with these letter Ex: an S.P, an M.L.A, an F.LR, an X rayUse of ‘A’ 1 Before words beginning with consonant sounds. Ex: a boy, a chair, a one rupee note(since ‘one’ begins with sound ‘w’) 2.With certain expressions of quantity Ex: a lot of, a couple of, a great deal of 3.When two subjects or things are thought of as a subject Ex: He was ready with a cup & a saucer. (*) He was ready with a cup and saucer. (¥) ingle unit, article is used before the first He introduced me to his friend who is a singer and a scientist. (*) He introduced me to his friend who is a singer and scientist. (“)European ege hectisieel one eyed man 14 MLA owl 15, mug umbrella 16. X ray university 0. MA degree unique man heir honourable man nest NRIUSES OF DEFINITE ARTICLE (Th 1.When we speak of a particular person or thing referred to Ex: The bov | met at the station was very intelligent.(particular boy) 2.When a singular noun represents a whole class. Ex: The rose is the sweetest of all flowers. a useful animal. Note: The nouns ‘man’ and ‘woman’ do not take ‘the’ before them, if they are used to represent the whole class) Ex: Man is mortal,3.With certai Ex: The Vedas, The Bible, The Ramayana 4.With parts of body. Ex: The eyes, The head, The nose With names of ri mountains, islands, se: Ex: The Ganga, The Himalay 6.With superlatives Ex:He is the best boy in the \s, The Arabian sea She is the tallest gir! in the family 7.With ordinals Ex: The first chapter of the book is interesting, Our class is on the second floor.8.Before Comparative degree He is the better of the two boys. Remark: If ‘than’ js used to express comparative degree, the article ‘the’ is not used with comparative degree. EB : He is better than the two boys. (“) He is the better of the two boys. (¥) Note: a) ‘The higher you go, cooler you feel. b) Gr ©) The more electricity you use, higher your bill will be the demand, the higher the price.Note: . AMr. Ram has come to meet me. Mr. Ram has come to meet me. The Newton was a great scientist. He is the Newton of our class. . The Shakespeare was a great dramat . Kalidas was the Shakespeare of India. Judge in him prevailed upon and he sentenced his own son to death. st.OMISSION OF ARTICLES 1. Articles are not used with organisations/jnstiruttons.like schools, colleges, temples, churches, jail etc, if they are used for thir primary purposes, Ex: After returning from the jail, he abandoned all criminal activities. (*) After returning from jail, he abandoned all criminal activities. () Ex: I go to school everyday. school’ has been used for its primary purpose, so article is not used. Here. Ex: I went to the school to drop my brother. Here, ‘school’ has not been used for its primary purpose, so article is used. CHt ZA hu enOC ee Le) eyvA ro 5 ana = ae a vie 7 «4 =Course On Spotting Error 8. Adjective & Adverb —!2 July to 5 July \ 9. Tense — 7_July — 14 July 10. Voice. 16 July — 21 July 11. Narration. 23 July =30 July Article. 4 July Jul RSSea ee eee eke ns 0 (1) nvited me (2) tof 3)/ No error (8) birthday partySn Perera Mam main apne bhaiya ke id se padhti hhu mujhe Peer ee eet ee pale Sete ee ee ae Ca » aasere TeesoT NC 0 : Paes carn ie PT ac Oe ae Tar aya, © 72 Ng ee a okaEx: He studied the English at home. (* He studied English at home. (“) Ex: The English defeated the French. (“) Here, The English refers to “The British’@) Alo use a rata aSPY Peer DeLee ete eee moe isedPREPOSITION * A preposition (pre + position) is a word that is placed before a NOUN or a PRONOUN. It shows the relation of that noun or pronoun with some other word (noun, elspa adjective) in the sentence. * Ex:- (1) He is Go (2) He slinbed ff the stars (3) The bog ison thesable. (4) The book is lyii n the table. (5) Thneret isa aaa ide my house. (6) He. “Primesse ea Ni a oan re_ = 6 ned Ted an NC cee san ¥en we Natt : ray 2gsNese cal)ege— nese ea aeDIFFERENCE BETWEEN PREPOSITION AND das ADVERB f * (1) The plane took off, “4 * (2) Switcn@ipthetanse fap : * (3) He was(iythe room) * (4) He came(and took rest. ha. Lhe} "| * (5) Comé down; Sev- -ome down * (6) The ship sailed dow CCtivey. I.coe.ieee) aSind * POSITION OF PREPOSITIONS a * Ex :- (1) The postman was standing @Yhe Woorstep) (26a he time of the opening ceremony, the minister was_ present. ( ire you looking St? a 4 Bry af* TYPE OF PREPOSITIONS et4FPreposition of Time- * (2) Preposition of Place ~ * (3) Preposition of Direction (G4 ta * Ex :- (1) He will come gown. d atop. (2) He aimed Behe bird. oy 1 fire den (3) He was “rene ‘a realae Yh i ee eal ese ae ans omy, ae a a fPREPOSITION OF TIME * (1) SINCE/ FOR * SINCE :- It denotes definite “POINT OF TIME.” i * FOR :- It denotes “ LENGTH OF TIME.” (Duration) 4 * Ex :- (a) He has been living here Since/ OY moe (b) He has been living here, / for January. (c) | have known him@frice/ or i. (d) | have known him since, ja year. | (e) He has been readin; for 20’clock. (f) He has been reading since/(6Dtwo hours.anc saSines |how- Va CaCO CD re ee a On ee Lene Gre(et doy ® ca SOLE hee Nn ie yt : an ata 7 yt acd Oa a : eee neEra a WDTe O * A y 0) oe ore =) eee uy ae ane aaa Higa* (g) He has been working since/ for Monday. * (h) He has been working since/ for a week. * (i) He has been working since/ for last week. * (j) This custom has been in prevalence since/for ancient times. * (k) The custom has been in prevalence since/ for time * (I) He has been playing cricket since/for childhood.* DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINCE AND FROM * Since :- point of time (perfect tense) * From :- point of time * Ex: He is working here from Monday.(“) He is working here since Monday.(*) He is working (a)/ on the project (b)/ since morning. (c)/ No error (d)* AT/IN/ ON \T :- It denotes exact/ definite time For longer duration * Ex :- He arrived at/in 8 O'clock in/at the morning. * PARTS OF THE DAY * (1) dawn/ sunrise/daybreak — “AT” * (2) morning- “IN” * (3) noon- “AT” * (4) afternoon- “IN” * (5) evening- “IN” * (6) dusk/sunset/twilight — “AT” * (7) night- “AT”/ “IN” * (8) midnight- “AT”* Ex:-I sleep late at/in night. He goes for a walk at/in night. The inaugural function is at/ in the night. * Note :- At the beginning / In the beginning. * Ex: (a) At/ IN the beginning of the movie, | felt bored. (b) AT/IN the beginning of the civilisation, man did not know how to count.+ IN :- With years/ months/ seasons * Ex :- (a) He will come in/at 2016. (b) My birthday is in/at May. (c) My birthday is in/at/on May 11°. (d) My birthday is in/at/on 11" May. (e) He will come in/at summer.* NO :- With days/dates * Ex :- (a) He will meet you on Monday. (b) He will meet you on Monday evening. (c) The meeting is scheduled on 16" March. * Note :- (a) He came on Monday.(“) (b) He came on last Monday.(*) (c) He comes on every Monday.(*) (d) He will come on next Monday.(*) (e) He will come on Monday next.(“)* With festivals * Ex :- (a) He will come at/on Holi. (b) He will come on/at the occasion of Holi. (c) He will come on/at the eve of Holi. (d) He will come at/on Christmas. (e) He is busy in/at the moment.* IN/WITHIN + IN :- It is used in sense of “AFTER” * WITHIN :- It is used in sense of “BEFORE” * Ex :- 1 will return the book in 5 days.(when 5 days are over) * Ex:-! will return the book within 5 days.(before 5 days) :- The students will complete the work in an hour. :- The students will complete the work within an hour.* DURING/WHILE * During :- It is used with a period of time as well as withan activity going on. * Ex :- We enjoyed during the trip. :- Everyone was present during the speech. There was fog during the morning. Ex :- There was fog in the morning. le :- It is used with an action. le got hurt while playing.(while he was playing) * Ex: While | was watching the movie, he was studying.* UNTIL/TILL/BY * UNTIL/TILL :- It marks the end of an action. * Ex :- | will be there until Wednesday. * Ex :- I will be there till Wednesday. * BY :- Before/no later than * Ex :- By noon, the fog cleared a way. * Ex :- I will have completed the work by Monday.* WHEN/WHILE * WHILE * WHEN * (1) It is used to denote two * (1) It is used to denote two single simultaneous continuous actions. actions at the same time.(one immediately after another)* Ex :- (a) | picked up the phone when/while it rang. (b) When/while | get home, | help my kids in their homework. (c) While/when | was working, you were reading. (d) He came out when/while the bell rang. (e) You got hurt while/when playing cricket. (f) While/when he was a child, he used to help his mother in the daily work.PREPOSITION OF PLACE * AT/IN it denotes exact place/location + IN :- Larger areas Ex :- (1) The students are sitting in/at the room. (2) The students are siting in/at the corner of the room. (3) The postman was standing in/at the doorstep. (4) The guests were waiting in/at/on the table in/at the restaurant. (5) He lives in/at Rohini in/at Delhi. (6) He lives in/at Park street. (7) He lives in/at 30 Park street.* Note :- Ex :- (1) He lives India. (2) He went India. (3) He arrived India. (4) He arrived the station. (5) He reached India. (6) He visited India. (7) He has been India. (8) He was at school.(“) (9) He was in school.(“) (10) He went to abroad.(*)* Ex :- (1) The thief attacked on the boy.(*) (2) There was an attack on the boy.(“) (3) He ordered for two cups of coffee.(*) (4) He gave an order for two cups of coffee.(v’) (5) Will you order for a cup of coffee?(*) (6) He emphasized on the point.(*) (7) He put emphasis on the point.(“’) (8) Television affects on our eyes.(*) (9) Television has an effect on our eyes.(“)* IN/INTO * IN :- No change of medium/state * INTO :- Medium/state changes * Ex :- (1) He dived in/into the river. (2) He was swimming in/into the river. (3) The students walked in the room. (4) The students walked into the room. (5) The frog was lying in/into the well. (6) The frog jumped in/into the well.* (7) The water was in/into the bottle. (8) He poured the water in/into the bottle. (9) The residents were in/into trouble. (10) The residents got in/into trouble. (11) The pen was in/into the pocket. (12) He put the pen in/into the pocket. (13) The filthy roads were changed in/into clean roads. (14) Translate the passage in/into English. (15) Translate the passage from Hindi in/into/to English.* Note :- (1) ENTER (Place) — INTO(*) ENTER(Place) — IN(x) ENTER(Place) — NO Preposition * Ex :- (a) He entered in/into the classroom. (b) He entered in/into the bank. But, enter into an alliance(“) enter into an agreement(v) enter into a discussion(“’) * Note :- His entry in/into/to the hall was banned.* THROW/THREW — INTO(*) -IN(%) * Ex :- (a) He threw the paper in/into the dustbin. (b) He threw the bucket in/into the river. * ON/UPON/ONTO * ON :- When the body/object is in contact with some other object. (No movement) “ON” is used in sense of stationary abject. * UPON :- First movement and then the body come in contact. “UPON” is used in sense of an object in motion.* Ex :- (1) The book is lying on/upon the table. (2) The book fell on/upon the table. (3) The cat was sitting on/upon the chair. (4) The cat jumped on/upon the chair. (5) The tiger pounced on/upon the boy. * ONTO :- It denotes a sense of movement towards something. * Ex :- (1) He was sitting on/onto the horse. (2) He mounted on/onto the horse. (3) He climbed on/onto the vehicle and settled on the soft cushion.* OVER/ABOVE/UNDER/BELOW. * OVE! ertically upwards (height) * ABOVE :- horizontally upwards (level) * Ex :- (1) The aeroplane flew over/above my head. (2) The fan is over/above my head. (3) His performance is over/above average. (4) We are flying above/over the clouds. (5) He is over/above poverty line. (6) There is a bridge over/above the river.* Note :- OVER :- (1) It also denotes ‘movement’. * Ex :- (1) He jumped over/above the fence. (2) The clouds hovered over/above the sky. (3) The clouds lingered over/above the sky. (2) It is used ‘when one thing covers the other’. * Ex :- (1) Put the blanket over/above the child. (2) Spread the cloth over/above the table.* UNDER :- vertically downwards (height) * BELOW :- horizontally downwards (level) * Ex :- (1) The cat is under/below the table. (2) The sun sets below/under the horizon. (3) Students below/under 25 years of age cannot take the examination. (4) He was sitting below/under the tree.* Note :- Over/Above age Under/Below age Over/Above 15 years Under/ Below 15 years * Note :- Ex :- (1) The ground is slippery under/beneath my feet. (2) | found the purse under/beneath the pillow. (3) She wore a sweater under/beneath her coat.* OF/OFF * OF :- (1) It shows possession/ownership (2) It shows cause/reason (3) It shows what something is made of * Ex :- (1) The dramas of Shakespeare are very interesting. (2) He died of cancer. (3) The water of the Ganga is dirty. (4) She wore a necklace made of gold.* Note :- (1) He died of Malaria. (disease) (2) He died in an accident. (accident) (3) He died from wound. (injury/over-eating) (4) He died of hunger. (starvation/thirst) (5) He died with grief. (shame/sorrow) (6) He died by violence. (7) He died in the Gujarat riots. (8) He died for his country.* MADE OF/MADE FROM * MADE OF :- When the basic material doesn’t change in the process of making an object. * MADE FROM :- The basic material changes. * Ex :- (1) Paper is made of/from wood. (2) The almirah is made of/from iron. (3) Curd is made of/from_ milk. (4) Flour is made of/from wheat. (5) Glass is made of/from_ melted sand.* OFF :- It shows separation/detachment * Ex :- (1) He switched off the fans. (2) The wheels came off the cart. (3) He took off his hat. * Note :- Ex :- (1) He fell off/from the chair. (2) The apple fell off/from the tree. (3) He fell off/from the bike. (4) The leaves fall off/from the tree.* Note :- (1) Switch off the lights.(“) (2) Put off the candle.(*) (3) Put out the candle.(“) (4) Blow off the candle.(*) (5) Blow out the candle.(“) * Note :- Apart from separation/detachment, “OFF” can also be used in sense of “FAR AWAY”/ “CANCELLATION” * Ex :- (a) The deal is off. (b) Our anniversary is a long way off. (c) My friend is off in America.* BESIDE/BESIDES * BESIDE :- By the side of * BESIDES :- In addition to * Ex :- (a) Beside/Besides English, he speaks French. (b) The pilgrims took some medicines beside/besides food. (c) There is a temple beside/besides my house.* MODES OF TRANSPORT TAKING DIFFERENT PREPOSITIONS * Ex :- (1) He goes to office on/by foot. (2) He goes to office walking on foot.(*) (3) We travelled by train. (4) We travelled in Rajdhani Express. (5) We went to Delhi by car. (6) We went to Delhi in Mr. Sharma’s car.* BETWEEN/AMONG * Between :- For two persons/things. It is used when we talk about things which are “SEPARATE”/ “DISTINCT.” * Among :- For more than two persons/things. It portrays the idea of being part of a “GROUP.” * Ex :- (1) The two cats divided the bread between/among themselves. (2) The negotiations among/between the countries are going well. (3) Innovation distinguishes between/among a leader and a follower.* Note :- “Between” can also be used with more than two persons/things as long as they are separate and distinct. * Ex :- (1) The negotiations among/between the countries of South Africa are going well. (2) The negotiations between/among England, America and Russia are going well. (3) There is a match between/among India, Australia and England. (4) There is match between/among the countries of South America. (5) India lies between/among Nepal, Bhutan and China.* Note :- There are certain words which are followed by “BETWEEN” * Ex :- Distinguish, choose, divide, differentiate, connection, difference, link, relationship. * (1) | didn’t want to choose between/among the singers. * (2) Is there any difference between/among the brothers? + (3) There is no connection between/among all the incidents. * (4) Divide the property between/among the members of the family.* AMONG/AMID * AMONG :- For more than two persons/things. It is used with countable nouns. * AMID :- For more than two persons/things. It is used with countable as well as uncountable nouns. ‘Amid’ means “surrounded by” or “in the middle of.” * Ex :- (a) The cottage was hidden among the trees. (b) Don’t worry, you are sitting among your friends.* (c) She has written a story of love and hope amid/among the tension. * (d) The robbers escaped amid/among the confusion. * (e) He walked amid the trees. * (f) He walked among the trees. * (g) He was sitting amid his friends.* WITH/BY * WITH :- (1) It is used to indicate “being together.” * Ex :- (a) | will be with you shortly. (b) He was working with his sister. * (2) With instruments/weapons used by the doer. * Ex :- (a) He opened the box with/by a screwdriver. (b) He cut his finger with/by a knife. (c) | wrote the answers with/by a blue pen. (d) | wrote the answers in blue ink.* BY :- (1) It is used in sense of NEAR/CLOSE/BESIDE/NEXT TO * Ex :- (a) The house is by the lake. (b) She came and sat by me. (c) | will stand by you through thick and thin. + (2) “BY” also indicates the “DOER” in passive voice. * Ex :- (a) The work was done by him. (b) She was taken to the hospital by her friends. (c) He was killed by/with a dagger by/with a highwayman.PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION + “AT” :- For exact direction * Ex :- (1) He aimed at/on the bird. (2) The hunter shot at/on the tiger. (3) The hunter shot the tiger. * TO/TOWARDS * TO :- It denotes movement from one place to another/destination. * TOWARDS :- It denotes the direction of the movement.* Ex :- (1) He went to school. (2) He went towards the school. (3) A snake was moving to/towards me. (4) He turned to/towards the mirror. (5) He walked to/till the end of the road. (6) Send the parcel to/towards my address. (7) Could you tell me the way to/towards the station?* ACROSS/ALONG * ALONG :- In the same line. * ACROSS :- From one side to another. * Ex :- (1) He walked along the road. (2) He walked across the road. (3) There are tall trees along/across the sea-side. (4) The clothes were hung across/along the rope. (5) There is a bridge across/along the river.* ACROSS/THROUGH * ACROSS :- From one side to another * THROUGH :- From one side to another (in sense of inside) * Ex :- (1) | can see through/across the window. (2) He swam across/through the river. (3) The wounded tiger passed across/through the forest. (4) The train passed across/through the tunnel. (5) Mohan came out of his house. He walked the front garden, the gate and then the road to the corner.