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Xth FORMULA BOOK

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MANIKANDAN S
P.G Assistant Mathematics
9655536357

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CHAPTER 1
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
One – One Function (Injection)
A function f : A→ B is called one-one function if distinct elements of A
have distinct images in B.
Many – One Function
A function f : A→ B is called many - one function if two or more elements
of A have same image in B.
Onto Function (Surjection)
A function f : A→ B is said to be an onto function if every element in B
has a pre- image in A. (Range of f = co-domain)
One-one and Onto Function (Bijection)
If a function f : A→ B is both one-one and onto, then is called a bijection from A to B.
Into Function

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A function f : A→ B is called an into function if there exists at least one
element in B which is not the image of any element of A. (Range of f is a proper
subset of co-domain)
Constant Function

= c, ∀ ∈ A (Range of f is a singleton set)

A function f : A→ B is called a constant function if every element of A
has the same image in B. That is

Identity Function
Let A be a non-empty set. Then the function f : A→ A is called an identity
function of A if maps each element of A into itself. That is = x, ∀ ∈ A
Real valued Function
A function f : A→ B is called a real valued function if the range of f is
a subset of the set of all real numbers R. That is f (A) ⊆ R

A function f : R → R defined by f(x) = mx + c is called a linear function.

Linear Function

A function f : R → R defined by f(x) = ax2+bx+c is called a quadratic function

Quadratic Function

Reciprocal Function
A function f : R− {0} → R defined by f(x) = is called a reciprocal function.
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If n(A) = p and n(B)=q, then n(AxB) = pq

If n(A) = p and n(B)=q, then the total number of relation that exist between A
and B is 2pq
If n(A) = p and n(B)=q, then the total number of function that exist between A
and B is qp

CHAPTER 2
NUMBERS AND SEQUENCES

Euclid’s Divisions Lemma

Let a and b ( a > b ) be any two positive integers. Then there exist unique
integers q and r such that a = bq + r, 0 r < b
Arithmetic Progression
Let a and d be real numbers. Then the numbers of the form a, a + d,
a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d,… is said to be Arithmetic Progression denoted by A.P. The
number ‘a’ is called the first term and ‘d’ is called the common difference.
Geometric Progression

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A Geometric Progression is a sequence in which each term is obtained by
multiplying a fixed non-zero number to be preceding term except the first term. The
fixed term is called common ratio. The common ratio is usually denoted by r.

ARITHMETIC PROGESSION ( AP ) & GEOMETRIC PROGESSION ( GP )

ARITHMETIC GEOMETRIC
PROGESSION ( AP ) PROGESSION ( GP )
General form a, a + d, a + 2d,… a, ar, ar2,…
General term tn = a + ( n -1 ) d tn = arn-1
Common Difference / Ratio d = t2 – t1 r=
Three consecutive terms a – d, a, a + d , a, ar
Four consecutive terms a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d , , ar, ar3
Condition for 3 numbers 2b = a + c b2 = ac
Sum of n terms Sn = [ 2a + (n – 1) d ] tn = , 1
Sn = [ a + l ] tn = , 1
tn = na, n = 1

%
Number of terms Sum to infinite terms
!"1 #$ = , −1 1
1−
n=
2
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SPECIAL SERIES
' '"1
&' =
Sum of first n natural numbers
2
' ' " 1 2' " 1
&' =
Sum of squares of first n
natural numbers 6
' '"1
& '* = + ,
Sum of cubes of first n
natural numbers 2
Sum of first n odd natural n2
numbers
Sum of first n even natural n (n + 1)
numbers

CHAPTER 3
ALGEBRA

Relationship between LCM and GCD f (x) x g (x) = LCM x GCD

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General form of Quadratic Equation
x2 – ( sum of the roots ) x + product of the roots = 0
⟹ x2 – . " / + ./ = 0

Formula for finding Roots of a Quadratic Equation

0120 3 4
⟹ =

If . and / are the roots of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then

SUM OF THE ROOTS PRODUCT OF THE ROOTS
−b −coefficient of x c constant term
α"β= = αβ = =
a coefficient of x a coefficient of x

DEFGHIJK DEFGHIJK
LMKKN OEPK
Time = or Speed = or Distance = Speed x Time

NATURE OF ROOTS

∆ = b2 - 4ac
VALUES OF DISCRIMIANT NATURE OF ROOTS

∆ 0 Real and unequal roots

∆=0 Real and equal roots
∆ 0 No real roots
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SOME ROOTS INVOLVING IN S TUV W

α−β = 2 α"β − 4αβ

α "β = α"β − 2αβ
α −β = (α " β 2 α"β − 4αβ
α* " β* = α"β *
− 3αβ α " β
α* − β* = α−β *
" 3αβ α − β
α3 " β3 = α "β − 2 αβ
α3 − β3 = α"β α−β α "β
α"β − α−β = 4αβ

ALGEBRAIC IDENTITES

( a + b )2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
( a – b )2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
( a + b ) ( a – b ) = a2 – b2
( a + b + c )2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

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( a + b )3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
( a - b )3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3
a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) ( a2 – ab + b2 )
a3 - b3 = ( a – b ) ( a2 + ab + b2 )

TYPES OF MATRICES

Row Matrix (Row Vector)

A matrix is said to be row matrix if it has only one row and any number of
columns
Column Matrix ( Column Vector )
A matrix is said to be column matrix if it has only one column and any
number of rows
Square Matrix
A matrix in which the number of rows and number of columns are
equal is said to be a square matrix.
Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix in which all the elements above and below the
leading diagonal are zero is called diagonal matrix
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Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all the leading diagonal elements are equal is
called a scalar matrix
Identity Matrix
A square matrix in which elements in the leading diagonal are all ‘1’ and
rest are all zero is called an identity matrix.
Zero Matrix
A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
Lower Triangular Matrix
A square matrix in which all the entries above the leading diagonal
are zero is called a lower triangular matrix
Upper Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix in which all the entries below the leading diagonal
are zero is called an upper triangular matrix
Transpose of a Matrix
The matrix which is obtained by interchanging the elements in rows and

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columns of the given matrix A is called transpose of A.
Equal Matrix
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if they have
the same order and corresponding elements are equal.
Negative of a Matrix
The negative of a matrix A denoted by –A is the matrix formed by
replacing each element in the matrix A with its additive inverse.

PROPERTIES OF ADDITION
Commutative Property of Matrix A+B=B+A
Addition
Associative Property of Matrix A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
Addition
Associative Property of Scalar (pq) A = p (qA)
Multiplication
Scalar Identity Property IA = A
Distributive Property of scalars p(A + B) = pA + pB
and two matrix
Distributive Property of two (p + q) A = pA + pB
scalars with a matrix
Existence of Additive Identity A+0=0+A=A
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Existence of Additive Inverse A + (-A) = (-A) + A = 0

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PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX

Matrix Multiplication is not commutative in general AB Z BA
Matrix Multiplication is always associative (AB) C =A (BC)
A (B + C) = AB + AC
Matrix Multiplication is distributive over addition
(A + B) C = AC + BC
Multiplication of a Matrix by a unit Matrix AI = IA = A
Reversal law for Transpose of matrices (AB)T = BT AT

CHAPTER 4
GEOMETRY

Thales Theorem or Basic Proportionality Theorem ( BPT )

A straight line drawn parallel to a side of triangle intersecting
the other sides , divides the sides in the same ratio.
TV T\

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=
V[ \]
Angle Bisector Theorem ( ABT )
The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite
internally in the ratio of the corresponding sides containing the angle.
T[ [V
=
T] V]
Pythagoras Theorem
In a right angle triangle , the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides. ( Right angle at A )
BC2 = AB2 + AC2
Alternate Segment Theorem
If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact a chord is
drawn , the angles between the tangent and the chord are respectively equal to
the angle in the corresponding alternate segments
^ ∠`a[ = ∠ab` ^^ ∠`aT = ∠ac`
Cevian
A cevian is a line segment that extends from one vertex of a triangle
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to the opposite side

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Ceva’s Theorem
Let ABC be a triangle and let D, E, F be points on lines BC ,
CA , AB respectively. Then the cevians AD,BE,CF are concurrent if and only if
de fh ij
ef
g hi g = 1 when the length are directed.
jd

Menelaus Theorem
A necessary and sufficient condition for points P,Q,R on the
respective sides BC,CA,AB ( or their extension ) of a triangle ABC to be collinear is
dk fl im
kf
g li g = −1 where all segments in the formula are directed segments.
md
that

CHAPTER 5
COORDINATE GEOMETRY

2 − " n −n

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Distance between two points d =
o p op
Mid - point = , !
o o q p op rsq
Centroid =
*
, *
!
ot p otp
Internal ot
, ot
!

Section Formula
t p tp
External
t
, t
!

bxh
o0o4
Area of the Triangle 2u u − % u − v u − , u=

n* n !
*
n n

n* n3 n !
* 3
Area of the Quadrilateral = n n
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FORMULA FOR SLOPE

If angle is given m = tan w

x x
y y
If two points are given m =
H J{K||EJEKIG {| y
Slope of the straight line ax + by + c = 0 m =
z
= J{K||EJEKIG {| x

If three points are collinear then Slope of AB = Slope of BC or Slope of AC

PARALLEL

a b
m1 = m2 or
=
a b
If two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are
PERPENDICULAR
m1 x m2 = -1
a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0

EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINES

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Equation of x axis y=0

y=1b
Equation of y axis x=0

x=1c
Equation of a straight line parallel to x axis
Equation of a straight line parallel to y axis
Equation of straight line passing through origin y = mx
Equation of straight line (Slope – Intercept form) y = mx + c
Equation of straight line (Point – Slope form) y – y1 = m ( x – x1)
p p
Equation of straight line (Two – point form) p p
=
p
" =1
0
Equation of straight line (Intercept form)

CHAPTER 6
TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY RATIOS

~MM •xM
Sin θ = •xM Cosec θ = ~MM SHORTCUT
ƒMM
€N•
Cos θ = •xM Sec θ =
•xM Some Old Horses Sin θ = „xM
€N•
~MM
Tan θ =
€N•
Cot θ =
TN•
€N• ~MM
Can Always Hear Cos θ = „xM

FEI‚ J{F‚ ƒMM

Tan θ = J{F‚ Cot θ = Tan θ =
FEI‚ TN•
The Owner Advice
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COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

Sin 90 − θ = cosθ Cos 90 − θ = sin θ

Cosec 90 − θ = secθ Sec 90 − θ = cosecθ

Tan 90 − θ = cotθ Cot 90 − θ = tan θ

RECIPROCAL RATIOS

1 cosecw = ‰Š
u†' w =
‡uˆ w
‹

Cos w = Sec w = 4•‰‹

‰Œ4 ‹

Tan w = Cot w = GHI ‹

4• ‹

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

u†' w " ‡u w = 1

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u†' w = 1 − ‡u w
Equal forms

1 " Ž%' w = uˆ w
‡u w = 1 − u†' w

Equal forms
Ž%' w = uˆ w − 1 uˆ w − Ž%' w = 1

1 " ‡Ž w = ‡uˆ w

‡Ž w = ‡uˆ w − 1 ‡uˆ w − ‡Ž w = 1
Equal forms
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TRIGONOMETRIC TABLE
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° SHORT CUT

Sin • 1 1 √3 Reciprocal of Sin w is

0 1
2 √2 2
Cosec • Undefined 2 √2 2 1 Cosec w
√3
Cos • √3 1 1
Reciprocal of cos w is
1 0
2 √2 2
Sec • 1 2 √2 2 Undefined sec w
√3
Tan • 1 √3
Reciprocal of tan w is
0 1 Undefined
√3
Cot • √3 1
Undefined 1 0 Cot w
√3

HEIGHT AND DISTANCE

Distance between two object in opposite direction d = h [ ‡Ž . " ‡Ž /]
d = h [ ‡Ž . − ‡Ž /]

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Distance between two object in same direction

p[GHI ” GHI •]
GHI •
=

tan .
Distance of two objects
n=
tan / − tan .

ℎ tan /
–=
tan / − tan .
Height of two different objects

–[tan / − tan .]
ℎ=
tan /

H = h [1 " tan . cot / ]

Height of two object are in angle of elevation
and depression ˜
oGHI • J{G ”
h=
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CHAPTER 7
MENSURATION
SHAPES CSA/LSA TSA VOLUME
2 2
Cube 4a 6a a3
Cuboid 2(l+b)h 2 ( lb + bh + lh ) lxbxh
Solid cylinder 2™rh 2™ (h+r) ™r2h
Hollow cylinder 2 ™ ( R + r )h 2 ™( R + r) (R – r + h) ™( R2 - r2 )h
Solid Sphere 4 ™r2 4 ™r2 3
™r3
*
Hollow Sphere 4 ™R2 4 ™ ( R2 + r2 ) 3
™ R3 - r3 )
*
Hemisphere 2 ™r2 3 ™r2 ™r3
*
Hollow Hemisphere 2 ™( R2 + r2 ) ™( 3R2 + r2 ) ™( R3 - r3 )
*
Solid Cone ™rl ™ (l+r) ™r2h
*
Frustum ™( R + r )l ™(R + r)( l + ™R2 + ™r2 ) ™h ( R2 + r2 + Rr )
*

Slant height of frustum l = 2ℎ " š −

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Slant height l = √ "ℎ
CONE
Radius r = √› − ℎ Height h = √› −

Area of the circle = ™ 2, Circumference of the circle = 2™r

SECTOR AND CONE

‹
Area of sector
*œ•°
g ™š ! = CSA of cone ( ™rl )
‹
Length of arc of a sector *œ•°
g 2™š! = Circumference of a base of the cone (2™ )
Radius of the sector ( R ) = Slant height of the cone ( l )

CONVERSIONS
1 m3 = 1000 liters 1 d.m3 = 1 liter 1000 cm3 =1 liter
1 kl = 1000 liters 1 cm = 10 mm 1 m = 100 cm
1 km = 1000 m
11

When converting one solid to another solid (melted, reshapes), their

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volumes are equal but they in surface area.

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CHAPTER – 8
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

∑
Arithmetic Mean ̅=
Range Largest value – Smallest value ( L – S )

¡
o¡
Coefficient of the Range

Standard Deviation for first n natural numbers ¢ = £

Variance for first n natural numbers ¢=

Standard Deviation = √¤% †%' ˆ

Variance = (Standard Deviation)2

¦
Coefficient of variation ¥¤ = x 100

METHODS
Direct
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STANDARD DEVIATION

UNGROUPED DATA

∑ ∑
−¨ ©
GROUPED DATA
-

' '

∑ª ∑ ª
¢=§ ¢=§
Actual Mean
, ,
' ∑
ª= − ̅ ª= − ̅
∑ª ∑ª ∑ ª ∑ ª
¢=§ ¢=§
Assumed Mean
−¨ © , −¨ © ,
' ' ∑ ∑
ª= −« ª= −«
∑ª ∑ª ∑ ª ∑ ª
¢=§ ¢=§
Step Deviation
−¨ © , −¨ © ,
' ' ∑ ∑
−« −«
ª= ª=
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PROBABILITY

I®PzK¯ {| {®GJ{PKF |H°{®¯Hz±K G{ € I €

P A = ⟹P A =
G{GH± I®PzK¯ {| {®GJ{PF I L
Probability of an event

Probability of sure events P(S) =1

Probability of impossible events P(∅) = 0

Probability value lies from 0 to 1 ⟹ 0 ³ « 1

Probability of complement event ³ «̅ = 1 − ³ « [ ³ « " ³ «̅ = 1 ]

ADDITION THEOREM OF PROBABILITY

P A∪B =P A "P B −P A∩B

P «∪·∪¥ =³ « "³ · "³ ¥ −³ «∩· −³ ·∩¥ −³ «∩¥ "

³ «∩·∩¥

A and B are mutually exclusive events ³ « ∪ · = ³ « " ³ ·

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P A ∩ B̧ = P only A = P A − P A ∩ B

P «̅ ∩ B = P only B = P B − P A ∩ B

Random Sample Space (S) Total no of outcomes

Experiment
Tossing 1 coin { H, T } 2
Tossing 2 coin { HH, HT, TH, TT } 4
Tossing 3 coin { HHH, HHT, HTH,THH, 8
TTT, TTH, THT, HTT }
Rolling 1 die { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } 6
Rolling 2 die { (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), 36
(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6),
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6),
(4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6) }
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Playing Cards
Total no of cards (52)

BLACK CARDS (26) RED CARDS (26)

SPADE ♠ 13 CLEVER ♣ 13 HEART ♥ 13 DIAMOND ◊ 13

♠
Total no of cards
( ♠+♣+♥+◊ )
♣ ♥ ◊

A A 4 A A
2 2 4 2 2
3 3 4 3 3
4 4 4 4 4

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5 5 4 5 5
6 6 4 6 6
7 7 4 7 7
8 8 4 8 8
9 9 4 9 9
10 10 4 10 10
J J 4 J J
Q Q 4 Q Q
K K 4 K K
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