MODERN INDIAN HISTORY (PYQs)

Contents
 Extremist Phase.......................................................................................................... 3
 Literature ...................................................................................................................... 6
 European Conquests ...............................................................................................10
 Home Rule Movement ............................................................................................13
 1857 Revolt ................................................................................................................14
 Civil Disobedience Movement ............................................................................16
 Gandhian Phase ........................................................................................................22
 Cripps Mission ...........................................................................................................27
 Non-Cooperation Movement, Khilafat Agitation ........................................31
 Congress Sessions ....................................................................................................39
 India's Independence .............................................................................................42
 Misc ................................................................................................................................43
 Revolutionary Terrorism .....................................................................................54
 Moderates ...................................................................................................................56
 Princely States ..........................................................................................................57
 Bengal Partition and Swadeshi Movement ...................................................58
 Administrative Reforms .......................................................................................60
 Indian Organisations ..............................................................................................61
 Economic Development before India's Independence .............................66
 Battle of Buxar and Plassey .................................................................................70
 1919 Act .......................................................................................................................71
 Subhash Chandra Bose and INA .........................................................................73

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 Quit India Movement ..............................................................................................74
 Indian Social reform movements ......................................................................75
 British Annexation Policies .................................................................................81
 Governor Generals ..................................................................................................83
 Muslim League and Pakistan ..............................................................................84
 India after Independence .....................................................................................84
 Chronology .................................................................................................................85
 Round Table Conference.......................................................................................92
 Ambedkar ...................................................................................................................94
 Swaraj Party ...............................................................................................................95
 INA Trails and Naval Revolt .................................................................................97
 1909 Act .......................................................................................................................98
 Pitt's India Act ...........................................................................................................98
 Rajagopalachari's Formula ..................................................................................99
 Ilbert Bill 1987 ..........................................................................................................99
 Educational Reforms 1988 ..................................................................................99
 1935 Act .................................................................................................................... 101
 Constituent Assembly ......................................................................................... 101

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 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
UPSC Prelims PYQs (Topicwise)
(c) Gopal Krishna
Extremist Phase (d) Subhash Bose Gokhale
1979 Ans. (a) Refer Q. No. 1 of 1979
1. Who said first: "Swaraj is my birth right and I  Before the arrival of Gandhiji on the political
shall have it". scene for the freedom struggle, the extremists
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak were led by (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Bal
(b) M.K. Gandhi Gangadhar Tilak, also known as Lokmanya Tilak,
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai was a prominent leader and one of the early
(d) Sardar Patel nationalists during India’s freedom struggle. He
Ans. (a) played a significant role in advocating for Indian
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak, also independence and promoting a sense of
known as Lokmanya Tilak, nationalism among the masses. Tilak was
was a prominent Indian associated with the extremist faction of the
nationalist leader during Indian National Congress, which had a more
the Indian independence assertive and militant approach towards
movement. He played a achieving freedom from British rule. He
crucial role in advocating emphasized the importance of self-rule and self-
for self-rule and reliance and called for mass mobilization and
independence from British resistance against British colonial rule. Tilak’s
colonial rule in India. The statement “Swaraj is leadership and his nationalist ideology had a
my birthright and I shall have it” became one of significant impact on shaping the freedom
Tilak’s famous slogans and encapsulated his struggle in India before the arrival of Mahatma
belief in the inherent right of Indians to govern Gandhi.
themselves and strive for independence. Source: modern history Bipin Chandra and spectrum
Source: modern history Bipin Chandra and spectrum book extremists in freedom struggle .
book extremists in freedom struggle .
1984
2. Who led the extremists before the arrival of 3. Assertion (A): Lal, Bal and Pal formed extremist
Gandhiji on the political scene for freedom group in the Indian National Congress.
struggle? Reason (R): They were revolutionary leaders
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (a) A and R both are incorrect
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji (b) A is correct but R is incorrect

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 (c) A and R are correct and R is the correct  He was a powerful orator and writer who used
explanation of A his skills to spread the message of freedom and
(d) A and R are correct but R is not the correct self-reliance.
explanation of A  Pal, along with Lajpat Rai
Ans. (c) and Tilak, was a part of
 Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal the trio that was
Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin collectively known as Lal,
Chandra Pal, collectively Bal, and Pal.
known as Lal, Bal, and Pal,  These leaders were
were indeed prominent known for their
leaders of the extremist commitment to India's
faction within the Indian struggle for independence and their role in the
National Congress during extremist phase of the Indian freedom
the early 20th century. They advocated for more movement, emphasizing more assertive
radical and assertive approaches in the struggle methods in the fight against British colonial rule.
for Indian independence, making them Their contributions were instrumental in
revolutionary leaders within the context of the shaping the course of the independence
Indian freedom movement. movement in India.
1. Lala Lajpat Rai: Source: modern history Bipin Chandra and spectrum
 Lala Lajpat Rai, also known as Punjab Kesari, book extremists in freedom struggle
was a prominent freedom fighter and leader
from Punjab. 1989
 He was a key figure in the struggle for 4. Swaraj as a national demand was first made by
independence and played a crucial role in (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
various movements, including the Non- (b) Dadabhai Naoroji
Cooperation Movement and the Civil (c) Jawaharlal Nehru
Disobedience Movement. (d) Chitaranjan Das
 Lala Lajpat Rai was known for his fiery speeches Ans. (a) Refer Q. No. 1 of 1979
and dedication to the cause of Indian  Bal Gangadhar Tilak, also known as Lokmanya
independence. Tilak, was a prominent Indian nationalist leader
2. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: and one of the early advocates of Swaraj in the
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak, often referred to as Indian independence movement. He
Lokmanya Tilak, was a renowned nationalist and popularized the slogan “Swaraj is my birthright,
social reformer. and I shall have it” during the early 20th century.
 He was a strong advocate of Swaraj (self-rule)  Tilak believed in the empowerment of the
and was known for his famous slogan, "Swaraj is masses and their active participation in the
my birthright and I shall have it." freedom struggle. He stressed the importance of
 Tilak was instrumental in the promotion of self-governance and inspired the concept of
home rule and played a significant role in the Swaraj as a national goal, advocating for
political awakening of the masses. complete independence from British colonial
3. Bipin Chandra Pal: rule.
 Bipin Chandra Pal was another leading figure in  Tilak’s efforts were focused on mobilizing the
the extremist faction of the Indian National masses, promoting nationalistic sentiments, and
Congress. encouraging Indians to unite against British rule.
He played a crucial role in awakening national

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 consciousness and fostering a sense of self- willing to compromise with the British
determination among the Indian population. authorities.
 While Dadabhai Naoroji was an important figure 3. Boycott (c):
in the Indian nationalist movement and the first  Boycott was a significant point of contention
Indian to be elected to the British Parliament, he between the two groups. The Extremists were
did not explicitly demand Swaraj as a national more inclined to support boycotts of British-
demand. Jawaharlal Nehru and Chittaranjan made goods, legislatures, and educational
Das, who were prominent leaders in the Indian institutions, as a means of showing discontent
National Congress and played key roles in the with British rule. The Moderates, on the other
freedom struggle, also supported the idea of hand, preferred negotiation and conciliation
Swaraj but were not the first to make the rather than boycotts.
demand. It was Bal Gangadhar Tilak who is 4. National Education (d):
credited with being one of the early proponents  Both groups emphasized the importance of
of Swaraj as a national demand in India. national education, but they had differing views
Source: modern history Bipin Chandra and spectrum on how it should be carried out. The Moderates
book extremists in freedom struggle advocated cooperating with the British
government in matters of education and
5. Moderates and extremists of the Indian reforms, while the Extremists believed in
National Congress differed mainly on the issue promoting self-reliant and nationalistic
of education.
(a) Swaraj  It's important to note that these differences
(b) Swadeshi weren't absolute, and there was often overlap
(c) Boycott and collaboration between the two groups.
(d) National education Over time, their positions evolved, and
Ans. (c) eventually, both the Moderates and Extremists
The differences between the moderates and contributed to the broader movement for
extremists within the Indian National Congress were Indian independence.
more nuanced and included variations in strategies Source: modern history Bipin Chandra and spectrum
and goals. Here's a bit more information on their book extremists in freedom struggle
differing stances:
1. Swadeshi (b): 1990
 The Extremists, including leaders like Bal 6. Who among the following was a revolutionary
Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala who later turned into a yogi and philosopher?
Lajpat Rai, were ardent supporters of the (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Swadeshi movement, which aimed at promoting (b) Aurobindo Ghosh
Indian-made products and industries. They (c) Lala Lajpat Rai
advocated a strong economic boycott of British (d) Agarkar
goods and promoted the use of indigenous Ans. (b)
products.  Aurobindo Ghosh, commonly known as Sri
2. Swaraj (a): Aurobindo or Sri Aurobindo Ghosh, was initially
 Both Moderates and Extremists were ultimately involved in the revolutionary movement against
seeking self-rule or Swaraj for India. However, British rule in India. He was a prominent leader
the Extremists were more vocal and assertive in in the early phase of the Indian independence
demanding immediate self-rule and were less movement and played a significant role in the
revolutionary activities of Bengal.

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 However, Aurobindo Ghosh underwent a indicated by his name — “Abul Kalam” which
spiritual transformation during his means “Lord of Dialogues”. He was a proponent
imprisonment in the Alipore Bomb Case. After of Hindu Muslim unity, opposed to Partition. In
his release from prison in 1909, he withdrew 1912, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad started
from active politics and embarked on a path of a weekly journal in Urdu called Al-Hilal which
spiritual exploration and self-realization. played an important role in forging Hindu-
 Aurobindo Ghosh traveled to Pondicherry (now Muslim unity after the bad blood created
Puducherry) and dedicated himself to spiritual between the two communities in the aftermath
practices and the development of his of Morley-Minto reforms. The government
philosophical teachings. He emphasized the regarded Al- Hilal as a propagator of secessionist
concept of integral yoga, which aimed at the views and banned it in 1914. Maulana Abul
transformation of the entire being and the Kalam Azad supported the Non-Cooperation
realization of a divine consciousness. Movement started by Gandhiji and entered
 Through his writings and teachings, Aurobindo Indian National Congress in 1920. In 1923, he
Ghosh became known as a yogi, philosopher, was elected as the president of the Indian
and spiritual leader. His influential works include National Congress. He again became the
“The Life Divine,” “Savitri,” and various president of Congress in 1940 and remained in
commentaries on spiritual texts. the post till 1946. In the field of education,
 While Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai Maulana Azad had been an uncompromising
were prominent leaders in the Indian exponent of universalism, a truly liberal and
independence movement, they did not humanitarian educational system. Azad’s ideal
transition into yogis or philosophers. Agarkar, was a fusion of the Eastern and Western
also known as Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, was a concepts of man, to create a fully integrated
social reformer and journalist associated with personality. Whereas the Eastern concept dwelt
the early phase of the Indian independence on spiritual excellence and individual
movement, but he did not become a yogi or salvation, the Western concept laid stress on
philosopher. The correct answer for the worldly achievements and social progress. His
revolutionary who turned into a yogi and Works: Basic Concept of Quran, Ghubar-eKhatir,
philosopher is Aurobindo Ghosh. Dars-e-Wafa, India Wins Freedom, etc. Hence,
Source: modern history Bipin Chandra and spectrum Option 1 is correct. In 1947, he became the first
book extremists in freedom struggle education minister of free India and remained at
this post till his death in 1958. In his tenure, he
did tremendous work for the uplift of the
Literature country. Following are some of them: Maulana
1979 Abul Kalam Azad was posthumously awarded
7. "India Wins Freedom" was written by India's highest civilian honour, Bharat Ratna in
(a) Rajendra Prasad 1992. Important Books list
(b) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad • Hind Swaraj ’by Mahatma Gandhi
(c) R.N. Tagore • Why I am an Atheist ’by Bhagat Singh
(d) JL Nehru • Gitanjali ’by Rabindranath Tagore
Ans. (b) • The Golden Threshold ’by Sarojini Naidu
 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad He was originally • ‘India Divided ’by Rajendra Prasad
named Muhiyuddin Ahmad, was born on 11th • ‘The Discovery of India ’by Jawaharlal
November 1888 in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Nehru
Maulana Azad was a brilliant debater, as • Unhappy India by Lala Lajpat Rai

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 • ‘Annihilation of Caste by BR Ambedkar A B C D
Source: important personalities in (a) 3 4 2 1
freedom struggle spectrum. (b) 4 1 2 3
(c) 3 4 1 2
1983 (d) 4 1 3 2
8. Which of the following is/are correct? Ans:- (c)
Newspaper :  Freedom at Midnight is a book by Larry Collins
Publisher/Editor and Dominique Lapierre. It describes events
A. Leader : Annie Besant around Indian independence and partition in
B. Yugantar : C. Y. Chintamani 1947-48, beginning with the appointment of
C. Young India : Aurobindo Lord Mountbatten of Burma as the last viceroy
Ghosh of British India, and ending with the death and
Codes: funeral of Mahatma Gandhi.
(a) A is correct  Nineteen Eighty-Four, often published as 1984,
(b) B and C are correct is a dystopian novel by English writer George
(c) A and C are correct Orwell published in June 1949, whose themes
(d) None is correct centre on the risks of government overreach,
Ans. (d) totalitarianism and repressive regimentation of
 The Leader was one of the most influential all persons and behaviour within society.
English-language newspapers in India during  The Story of My Experiments with Truth is the
British Raj. It was founded by Madan Mohan autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi,
Malviya. covering his life from early childhood through to
 Bhupendranath Dutt served as the editor of the 1921. It was written in weekly installments and
Yugantar newspaper till his arrest in 1907. It published in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to
also published articles from a number of noted 1929.
Bengali revolutionaries including Barindra  The Song of India is written by Sarojini Naidu.
Kumar Ghosh and Aurobindo Ghosh. Source : authors of books, modern history , spectrum.
 Young India was a weekly paper or journal in
English published by Mohandas Karamchand 10. Match the columns:
Gandhi from 1919 to 1931. A Rajendra Prasad
Source: spectrum modern history news papaer sand 1. "A Nation in the Making"
publications . B. Dilip Mukherjee 2. "India Divided"
C. S.N.Bannerjee
1986 3. "My Experiments with truth
9. Match the columns: D. Mahatma Gandhi
A. "Freedom at Midnight" 4 "The Terrorists"
1. Mahatma Gandhi Select the correct answer from the codes given
B. "Nineteen Eighty Four" below:
2. Sarojini Naidu A B C D
C. "My Experiments with Truth" (a) 2 1 4 3
3. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre (b) 2 4 1 3
D. "The Song of India": (c) 4 2 3 1
4. George Orwell (d) 2 4 3 1
Select the correct answer from the codes given Ans.(b)
below:

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 Dr. Rajendra Prasad authored the following:  The book was an influential work in exposing the
India Divided, Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar, Some economic disparities and injustices faced by
Reminiscences, and other books. He was the India under British colonial rule. Dadabhai
Indian politician, lawyer, and journalist and he Naoroji’s writings and advocacy for economic
became the first president of the Republic of reforms and Indian self-governance laid the
India. He was conferred with the Bharata Ratna foundation for future economic critiques of
Award in 1962. British colonialism and played a role in shaping
 Written in the last years of Sir Surendranath the nationalist discourse in India.
Banerjee’s life, A Nation in Making is not only  Certainly, here's more information about each
the autobiography of a pioneering leader in of the options
Indian politics but also a commentary on public (b) Mahatma Gandhi:
life.  Mahatma Gandhi, also known as the "Father of
 The Story of My Experiments with Truth is the the Nation," was the leader of the Indian
autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi, independence movement and an advocate of
covering his life from early childhood through to nonviolent civil disobedience.
1921. It was written in weekly installments and  He played a pivotal role in India's struggle for
published in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to independence from British rule.
1929. (c) Sardar Patel:
Source : authors of books, modern history , spectrum.  Sardar Patel, also known as Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel, was a prominent leader in the Indian
11. "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India" was independence movement and the first Deputy
written by Prime Minister and Home Minister of India after
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji independence.
(b) Mahatma Gandhi  He played a crucial role in the integration of
(c) Sardar Patel princely states into the newly independent
(d) Madan Mohan Malviya India.
Ans. (a) (d) Madan Mohan Malviya:
The book “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India” was  Madan Mohan Malviya, also known as Pandit
written by option Madan Mohan Malaviya, was a distinguished
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji. Dadabhai Naoroji, also educator, independence activist, and one of the
known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a founders of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU).
prominent Indian nationalist, social reformer,  He was a prominent figure in the Indian National
and politician. He played a significant role in the Congress and contributed to the field of
Indian national movement and was one of the education.
early leaders to analyze and highlight the  In the context of the question, "Poverty and Un-
economic exploitation of India under British British Rule in India" was authored by Dadabhai
colonial rule. Naoroji, making option (a) the correct answer.
 In his book “Poverty and Un-British Rule in Source : authors of books, modern history , spectrum
India,” published in 1901, Naoroji examined the
economic impact of British rule on India and 12. The Arctic Home of the Vedas" was written by
presented a comprehensive analysis of the drain (a) Minoo Masani
of wealth from India to Britain. He argued that (b) Acharya Vinoba Bhave
the policies of the British government had led to (c) S. Radhakrishnan
the impoverishment of the Indian people and (d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
the economic exploitation of the country.

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ANSWER: D  Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule is a book
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent Indian written by Mohandas K. Gandhi in 1909. In it he
nationalist and social reformer, authored the expresses his views on Swaraj, modern
book “The Arctic Home of the Vedas” in 1903. In civilization, mechanization etc.
this book, Tilak put forth his theory that the  The Wheel of History was written by Ram
ancient Indian civilization had originated in the Manohar Lohia.
Arctic region and that the Vedas, the sacred  The author of India Divided was Rajendra
texts of Hinduism, had been composed there. Prasad. The book was published to argue against
 Tilak’s book proposed a hypothesis connecting the partition.
the ancient Indian scriptures with the geography  India Wins Freedom was written by Maulana
and climate of the Arctic region. He argued that Abul Kalam Azad.
the Aryan ancestors of the Indian people Source : authors of books, modern history , spectrum
migrated from the Arctic to the Indian
subcontinent, and the references in the Vedas 1990
to rivers, celestial phenomena, and natural 14. The Modern Review' was started by
elements were based on their Arctic (a) Madan Mohan Malaviya
experiences. (b) C. V. Chintamani
 While Tilak’s theory was met with mixed (c) Ramanand Chatterjee
reactions and received criticism from some (d) Annie Besant
scholars, “The Arctic Home of the Vedas” Ans. (c)
remains an important work in the field of  Ramanand Chatterjee, an Indian journalist and
Indology and has sparked debates and nationalist, founded ‘The Modern Review ’in
discussions about the origins and historical 1907. The magazine played a significant role in
interpretations of ancient Indian civilisation. the intellectual and literary landscape of early
Source : authors of books, modern history , spectrum 20th-century India.
 ‘The Modern Review ’aimed to provide a
1988 platform for intellectual discourse, political
13. Match the columns: commentary, and literary discussions. It covered
List-1 Author : List-2 (Books) a wide range of topics, including social issues,
A. Mahatma Gandhi : cultural developments, politics, and literature.
1. India Divided The magazine contributed to the intellectual
B. Ram Manohar Lohia : awakening and nationalist movement in India
2 India Wins Freedom during that period.
C. Dr. Rajendra Prasad  Madan Mohan Malaviya was a notable
3. Hind Swaraj educationist and politician, he was not
D. Maulana Azad :: associated with the founding of ‘The Modern
4. The Wheel of History Review.’
Select the correct answer from the codes given  C. V. Chintamani, an Indian journalist and
below: political commentator, also had no direct
A B C D connection to the magazine.
(a) 3 4 1 2  Annie Besant, a prominent British social
(b) 1 3 4 2 reformer and Indian nationalist, played a
(c) 4 3 2 1 significant role in the Indian independence
(d) 2 3 4 1
Ans. (a)

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 movement but was not involved in the minister Colbert. It had been a government
establishment of ‘The Modern Review.’ company.
 The correct answer is Ramanand Chatterjee.  The first French settlement in India was at Surat
(1668) and 2nd at Masulipatnam (1669). The
next important settlement was at Chandranagar
European Conquests and Pondicherry.
1979 Source: colonial powers and conquest of India ,
15. First Europeans, who started trade with India, spectrum .
were
(a) The Portuguese 16. The French supremacy in India came to an end
(b) The British with the
(c) The French (a) Battle of Wandiwash
(d) The Dutc (b) Battle of Plassey
Ane. (a) (c) Battle of Buxar
The 1st person to achieve India circumnavigating the (d) Battle of Panipat
Cape of excellent Hope was Portuguese navigator Ans. (a)
VASCO-DA-GAMA. He landed at Calicut (Kerala) and  The French were defeated in the battle of
was welcomed by Zamorin (ruler). The motive to Wandiwash during the third Carnatic war. Count
return here was the spice business (especially pepper). de Lally was the French General at that time and
The European's first arrival in India in chronological Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote was the
order is: British general. It took place in 1757 – 1763 in
PORTUGUESE: Carnatic, South India. The Seven Year’s War
 Vasco-da-Gama: In1498, he visited Calicut and finally broke out in the year 1756 in Europe.
was greeted by Zamorin. His second visit was in Therefore, once again England and France were
1501. He won against Zamorin and invaded to fight against one another. However, there
Calicut (1502) were no major engagements for these two in
DUTCH: the Indian Subcontinent until 1757. It was only
 United East India Company was initiated in after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 that the
1602. The First Dutch settlement in India was at British forces took over Chandannagar from the
Masulipatnam (1605), the second at Surat French. As a form of revenge the French, under
(1616), 3rd at Nagapattinam. Count de Lally, captured Fort St. George. They
BRITISH: even attacked the English because they wanted
 In 1599, John Mildenhall arrived in India. English to acquire Madras. These bore no results and
East Indies Company was commenced in 1600 in they were defeated by English forces in the
England by a Charter provided by Queen Battle of Wandiwash in 1760. The French not
Elizabeth. It had been a private organization, only lost the battle but also lost their Indian
launched by issuing shares. The very best possessions including Pondicherry, Mahe,
decision-making administration was called the Gingee and Karaikal. This marked the end of
Court of Directors (COD). The corporation got French hopes of building an empire in India and
the exemption to possess a monopoly of trade established Britain as the supreme European
with the East. power.
DE FRENCH: Note: The outcome of the war was the Treaty of Paris
 French Malay Archipelago Company was in 1763. According to the Treaty, Chandannagar and
established in 1664 during the French ruler Louis Pondicherry were restored to France. However, they
the Great, with the assistance of his government were barred from fortifying themselves or possessing

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troops. They were only allowed to have trading army to victory. This victory gave the Company
ventures. control over Bengal and laid the foundation for
Source: modern history Carnatic wars spectrum/ its political power in India.
Bipin Chandra. 2. Treaty of Allahabad (1765): After the Battle of
Plassey, the Company signed the Treaty of
17. Why could British only succeed in trade and Allahabad with the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam
commerce in India? II. This treaty granted the Company the diwani
(a) Because of government rights, which allowed it to collect revenue and
(b) Quality of merchandise backing administer the region of Bengal, Bihar, and
(c) Naval superiority Orissa. This not only enhanced the Company's
(d) All of the above financial power but also gave it significant
Ans. (c) political influence.
 Naval superiority played a significant role in the 3. Reforms and Consolidation: Lord Clive
British success in trade and commerce in India. implemented several reforms to strengthen the
The British had a strong naval presence and Company's position in India. He established a
controlled key strategic locations, which system of dual government, where the
allowed them to establish and maintain their Company's officials worked alongside Indian
trading routes. They had a powerful navy that rulers. He also introduced the role of Resident,
protected their interests and ensured their who acted as a political advisor to the local
dominance in maritime trade. rulers and ensured the Company's interests
Source: modern history Carnatic wars ,colonialism , were protected. These reforms helped the
spectrum/ Bipin Chandra. Company consolidate its control over various
1984 regions in India.
18. Who was the person behind conversion of East 4. Expansion and Further Conquests: Under Lord
India Company from a trading company into a Clive's leadership, the Company continued to
regional power? expand its territories and influence in India. It
(a) Lord Warren Hastings defeated the French in the Battle of Wandiwash
(b) Lord Clive (1760) and gained control over the Carnatic
(c) Lord Dalhousie region. The Company also annexed the province
(d) Lord Wellesley of Oudh and established its dominance in other
Ans. (b) parts of India.
 The East India Company was initially established 5. Legacy: Lord Clive's successful military
as a trading company in the early 17th century campaigns and political strategies transformed
with the aim of conducting trade with the East the East India Company from a trading company
Indies. However, over time, the Company into a regional power. His actions laid the
started to expand its influence in India and groundwork for the Company's subsequent
became involved in political and military affairs. dominance in India and set the stage for British
Lord Clive's Role: colonial rule. In conclusion, Lord Clive's pivotal
1. Battle of Plassey (1757): Lord Clive played a role in the Battle of Plassey, his implementation
crucial role in the Battle of Plassey, which was a of reforms, and his strategic expansion efforts
turning point in the Company's history. The were instrumental in the conversion of the East
battle was fought between the British East India India Company from a trading company into a
Company and the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud- regional power in India.
Daulah. Clive, as the commander of the Source: governors of Indian provinces,Carnatic wars
Company's forces, led a small but disciplined ,colonialism in india ,spectrum .

Call: 91339 37733 KP IAS, Delhi- ( 11 )

1988  After becoming undisputed King of Goa, he
19. Albuquerque captured Goa from the ruler of concluded a peace treaty with Zamorin and
(a) Bijapur received embassies from other Indians.
(b) Golkonda  At that time, there was superstition of the
(c) Ahmadnagar Portuguese naval officers not to take their wives
(d) Vijayanagar to the ships. The Portuguese, when established
Ans. (a) themselves in Goa, started marrying the local
 In 1510 AD, Afonso de Albuquerque captured ladies and thus from the times of Albuquerque,
Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur, Ismail Adil Shah mixed marriages started in Goa, combining the
with the help of Krishnadev raya (ruler of culture of the east with west.
Vijaynagar empire). He is also known to have  Albuquerque is also known to have abolished
abolished the practice of Sati in Goa. the practice of Sati in Goa.
 Afonso de Albuquerque was the second  This wonderful second Governor of Portuguese
governor of the Portuguese India and is known India was able to conquest Ormuz in 1515, but
as founder of Portuguese colonial empire in when he returned after this conquest, he was
India. informed that he has been superseded by
 We all know that first part of India that was Soares de Albergaria, his number 1 enemy at
colonized by the Europeans was Goa. It was Portugal. He was not able to absorb this shock
eventually the last part of India to be liberated and died soon afterwards.
from the Europeans. Source: governors of Indian provinces,Carnatic wars,
 Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Goa in 1510. colonialism in india ,spectrum .
The ruler of Goa was the Sultan of Bijapur Ismail
Adil Shah. Adil Shah was initially able to repeal 1991
him but three months later, Afonso de 20. When the Portuguese arrived in India, the
Albuquerque returned and there was a fierce foreigners whom they encountered as trade
battle in the streets of Goa, claiming the lives of rivals were the
the thousands of Muslim defenders. (a) Persians
 Thus Afonso de Albuquerque was able to take (b) Arabs
possession of Goa in December 1510. The battle (c) Dutch
was known as Battle of Goa (1510) (d) English
 Afonso de Albuquerque is known to have Ans. (b)
started the first Portuguese Mint in the east. He  When the Portuguese arrived in India, the
was able to issue the Gold, Silver and bronze foreigners whom they encountered as trade
coins which were based upon the local designs rivals were the Arabs. The Portuguese eyed
but were engraved with the badge of the the Arab monopoly of Indian spice trade and
Portuguese kings. tried to overthrow the Arabs. They succeeded,
 After Goa, more mints were established at however, after continuous battles with
Malacca (Today a city of Malaysia). the Arabs within twenty years of their arrival in
 Afonso de Albuquerque made Goa is base and India. Pedro Alvares Cabral led the second
from here he conquered Malacca in 1511 and voyage in 1500 AD when he brought 17
Hormuz in 1515. missionaries to convert the Hindus.
 Albuquerque was the first Portuguese who was Source: colonialism and occupation of India spectrum
able to suppress the Arab merchandise in and Satish Chandra medieval India.
Malaysia by winning Malacca in 1511.

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 1984
Home Rule Movement 22. What was the objectives of Home Rule
21. The Home Rule movement was launched by Movement?
(a) Annie Besant (a) Self-government at all levels
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak (b) Eradication of evils like Sati in the Indian
(c) Mahatma Gandhi community
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai (c) Participation in Indian National
Ans. (a) Movement
 When the 1909 Government of India act failed (d) Boycott of foreign goods
to satisfy the demands of Freedom Struggle Ans. (a) Refer Q. No. 4 of 1979.
leaders, and in the backdrop of the first world Explanation:
war, began the Indian Home Rule Movement. As  The objectives of the Home Rule Movement
we know, this movement lasted around two were option (a) self-government at all levels.
years from 1916-1918, eventually in 1921 this The Home Rule Movement was a significant
movement changed its name to Swarajya Sabha. political campaign in India during the early 20th
 The stage for this movement was set in 1915 century, inspired by the Irish Home Rule
with the rise in political stature of Annie Besant movement. The movement aimed to demand
and the Ghadar Mutiny, along with the return of self-government or “home rule” for India within
Bal Gangadhar Tilak from exile. the British Empire. The objectives of the
 Now we shall proceed to checking all the movement included advocating for self-
alternatives, one by one to reach the correct governance, demanding the establishment of
answer. responsible government institutions, and
 Option (a), Annie Besant, is the correct answer seeking autonomy in the management of Indian
because, Besant, a member of the Theosophical affairs. The Home Rule Movement played a
Society, struggler for the Irish Home Rule crucial role in mobilizing public support and
Movement, was also a Indian Freedom creating awareness about the need for Indian
struggler. Her arrest in 1917 led to nationwide self-rule, laying the foundation for the larger
protests. Indian National Movement.
 OPtion (b), Mahatma Gandhi, as we all know, Source: freedom struggle, home rule movement
the father of our nation, did not have a very Annie Besant and Thilak .
substantial role in the movement but, All India
Home Rule League merged with Congress which 1986
elected Mahatma Gandhi as its president. 23. Which of the following statements is true
 Gopal Krishna Gokhale, option (c), had nothing about Annie Besant?
to do with this movement, hence it is an 1. She was the President of Indian National
incorrect alternative. Congress
 And lastly, option (d), Mohammed Ali Jinnah, 2. She was the founder of the Asiatic Society
had joined the movement, but did not lead it. 3. She was the founder of the Theosophical
So, option (d) is also incorrect. Society
Source: freedom struggle, home rule movement Codes:
Annie Besant and Thilak . (a) 1 and 2
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 1 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans. (c)

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 First woman president of Indian National of India. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 was a
Congress was Annie Besant. significant event in India’s struggle for
 • Asiatic Society of Bengal, scholarly society independence, as it marked a major rebellion
founded on Jan. 15, 1784, by Sir William Jones, against British colonial rule.
a British lawyer and Orientalist, to encourage Source : sepoy mutiny modern history spectrum.
Oriental studies. At its founding, Jones delivered
the first of a famous series of discourses. 1982
 The Theosophical Society was an organization 25. The personality who is not connected with
formed in the United States in 1875 by Helena 1857 mutiny is
Blavatsky to advance Theosophy. (a) Bhagat Singh
Source: freedom struggle, home rule movement (b) Lakshmibai
Annie Besant and Thilak . (c) Tantia Tope
(d) Nana Saheb
Ans. (a)
1857 Revolt a) Bhagat Singh. Bhagat Singh was a prominent
1979 freedom fighter and revolutionary who played a
24. The cause for the immediate precipitation of significant role in the Indian independence
the Sepoy Mutiny was movement, but he was not directly connected
(a) Use of cartridges greased with cow fat with the 1857 mutiny (also known as the Indian
(b) Doctrine of Lapse Rebellion of 1857 or the First War of
(c) The disparity between salaries of Native Independence). On the other hand, Lakshmibai
Sepoys and the British Soldiers (also known as Rani of Jhansi), Tantia Tope, and
(d) The Spread of Christianity Nana Saheb were all important figures
Ans. (a) associated with the 1857 mutiny. Lakshmibai
 The cause for the immediate precipitation of the was the queen of the princely state of Jhansi and
Sepoy Mutiny (also known as the Indian played a crucial role in the rebellion. Tantia Tope
Rebellion of 1857) was (a) Use of cartridges was a prominent general and strategist who
greased with cow fat. fought against the British forces during the
 The use of cartridges greased with cow and pig mutiny. Nana Saheb, also known as Nana Sahib,
fat was a major contributing factor to the was a prominent leader and one of the key
outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny. The British East figures in the early stages of the rebellion.
India Company, which controlled large parts of Source : sepoy mutiny modern history spectrum.
India at the time, introduced new rifle cartridges
for the Indian soldiers (sepoys). These cartridges 1984
were rumored to be greased with animal fat, 26. Assertion (A): The revolt of 1857 failed.
including cow and pig fat, which deeply Reason (R): It lacked adequate organization and
offended both Hindu and Muslim sepoys. In military power.
Hinduism, cows are considered sacred, while in (a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the
Islam, pigs are considered unclean. The sepoys correct explanation of A.
believed that the British were intentionally (b) A is correct but R is incorrect
disrespecting their religious beliefs. (c) A is incorrect but R is correct
 The controversy over the use of the greased (d) Both A and R are correct and R is correct
cartridges sparked widespread discontent and explanation of A
led to a series of mutinies and uprisings among Ans. (d)
the sepoys, which quickly spread to other parts

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 The correct answer is (d) Both A and R are (a) if A and R both are correct and R is the
correct, and R is the correct explanation of A. correct explanation of A
 The revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian (b) if A and R both are correct but R is not the
Mutiny or the First War of Independence, correct explanation of A
indeed failed in its primary objective of (c) if A is incorrect but R is correct
completely ousting British colonial rule. The (d) if A is correct but R is incorrect
reason for this failure was the lack of adequate ANSWER: B
organization and military power among the  The correct answer is (b) if A and R both are
rebels, which is correctly explained in the correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
reason.  While both the assertion and the reason are
Source : sepoy mutiny modern history spectrum. correct, the use of greased cartridges was just
one of the contributing factors to the outbreak
1986 of the First War of Indian Independence in 1857.
27. Sepoy mutiny of 1857 failed due to the The rebellion had deeper and more complex
(a) Lack of effective organisation causes, including social, economic, and political
(b) Lack of unity of purpose factors, making the reason insufficient to fully
(c) Lack of unified system of leadership explain the assertion.
(d) All of the above  Indian sepoys refused to use Enfield Rifle
Ans. (d) cartridges for religious regions. For loading the
 The Revolt of 1857 lasted almost a year. By the Enfield rifle (provided to the sepoys), the paper
middle of 1858, it had been put down. cartridge which contained the gunpowder had
 Lord Canning declared peace on July 8, 1858, to be torn off using teeth and then loaded into
fourteen months after the uprising at Meerut. the rifle. At that time a rumour spread that the
 Despite the fact that the revolution was cartridges were coated with the fat of cows and
extremely broad, a substantial portion of the pigs, and therefore the sepoys of the regiment
country remained unscathed. of Meerut rejected to do the Army drill using the
 The insurgents lacked a strong commander. new cartridges. Both Hindus and Muslims felt
Despite the fact that Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, humiliated, as cows were considered holy by
and Rani Lakshmi Bai were courageous leaders, Hindus and pigs were regarded dirty by the
they were unable to provide effective Muslims. The Indian soldiers thought that the
leadership to the movement as a whole. motive of the British was to turn all the sepoys
 The insurgents lacked resources, both in terms into Christian and therefore refused to use
of soldiers and money. In India, on the other those cartridges.
hand, the English got a regular supply of  The first soldier who denied using the greased
soldiers, money, and weaponry. cartridges was Mangal Pandey, a devoted Hindu
 The affluent merchants, businessmen, and Brahmin. He was hanged to death for attacking
zamindars of Bengal, as well as the English- his officers in Barrackpore, on 29 March 1857.
educated middle class, aided the British in Source : sepoy mutiny modern history spectrum.
suppressing the insurrection. 1990
Source : sepoy mutiny modern history spectrum. 29. Who among the following led the Sepoys at
Kanpur in the 1857 uprising?
28. Assertion (A): The First War of Indian (a) Tantia Tope
Independence started in 1857. (b) Laxmibai
Reason (R): The soldiers refused to use the (c) Nana Sahib
greased cartridges. (d) Kunwar Singh

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Ans. (c) during India’s struggle for independence led by
 Nana Sahib, also known as Dhondu Pant, was Mahatma Gandhi. It began on March 12, 1930,
one of the key leaders of the Indian Rebellion of and involved a 24-day march from Sabarmati
1857, which is often referred to as the Indian Ashram in Ahmedabad to the coastal village of
Mutiny or the First War of Independence. Nana Dandi in Gujarat.
Sahib played a prominent role in leading the  The primary objective of the Dandi March was
rebellion in Kanpur (formerly Cawnpore), Uttar to protest against the British-imposed salt tax
Pradesh, India. laws, which heavily burdened the Indian
 Nana Sahib, as the adopted son of the late population. The march aimed to challenge the
Peshwa Baji Rao II, had a claim to the Peshwa British monopoly on the production and sale of
title and a significant influence among the salt by symbolically producing salt from
Indian soldiers (Sepoys) stationed in Kanpur. He seawater at Dandi, violating the Salt Act. This act
provided leadership and rallied the Sepoys of civil disobedience aimed to expose the unjust
against the British authorities during the and oppressive nature of British rule in India and
uprising. mobilize the masses in the fight for
 Under Nana Sahib’s command, the rebel forces independence.
in Kanpur managed to capture the British  While Gandhi’s efforts encompassed a wide
garrison and hold control over the city for some range of issues, the Dandi March specifically
time. However, the subsequent events, targeted the salt tax laws and their implications
including the Siege of Kanpur and the massacre for the Indian people, making option (a) the
at the Bibighar, resulted in intense conflict correct answer.
between the British forces and the rebels. Source :modern history civil disobedience movement
 It’s worth noting that Tantia Tope, Laxmibai 1930’s spectrum book.
(Rani of Jhansi), and Kunwar Singh were also
important leaders during the 1857 uprising, but 1982
they were associated with different regions and 31. Dandi March was organised by Gandhiji to
played significant roles in other parts of India, (a) Break the salt laws
rather than specifically leading the Sepoys at (b) Protest against atrocities on Harijans
Kanpur. (c) Oppose Simon Commission
Source : sepoy mutiny modern history spectrum. (d) Ask for Puma Swaraj
Ans. (a)
 Salt March became an effective tool of
Civil Disobedience resistance against colonialism because:
Movement Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful
symbol that could unite the nation. Gandhiji
1979 sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven
30. Gandhiji started Dandi March in 1930 demands. The most stirring of all was the
(a) Against imposition of salt tax laws demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was an
(b) Against the announcement of communal essential item of food and was consumed by rich
award and poor alike. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate,
(c) Against atrocities committed on Harijans so Gandhiji started Salt march with 78
(d) Against all of the above volunteers. (On 6th April ) he reached Dandi,
Ans. (a) violated the law and made salt. This march
 The Dandi March, also known as the Salt March developed the feeling of nationalism.
or Salt Satyagraha, was a significant event Source : sepoy mutiny modern history spectrum.

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32. Civil Disobedience Movement was started in businessmen and British officials and capitalists
India in 1930 for alike
(a) Home rule  The revival of revolutionary groups in Bengal
(b) Purna Swaraj and Northern India (with Bhagat Singh’s HSRA
(c) Non-cooperation with British introducing a new secular and socialistic tone)
government  Peasant movements in various regions,
(d) Hindu-Muslim unity particularly the successful Bardoli Satyagraha
Ans. (b) led by Vallabhbhai Patel in Gujarat in 1928
 Civil disobedience is the active, professed against the enhancement of land revenue
refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws,  Also, during this period when the Congress Left
demands, orders or commands of a government was emerging, under Jawaharlal Nehru and
 In India, Civil disobedience movement was a Subhas Bose slogans of Purna Swaraj rather than
landmark event in the Indian Nationalist of only Dominion Status were voiced.
movement. In many ways, the civil disobedience  Further, there existed certain political and
movement is credited for paving the way for Economic tensions between British Domination
freedom in India and Indian interests; some of which are as
Background follows:
 The abrupt withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation  Contradictions were enormously sharpened by
Movement by Gandhi after the Chauri Chaura the impact of the World Depression which set in
incident of February 1922, had a demoralising from late 1929. Business groups were not happy
effect on many Congress leaders and led to a with the British tariff policy. Lancashire textile
sharp decline in the national movement imports were going up again, and there were
 The Swarajist programme of wrecking dyarchy growing conflicts in Calcutta between the Birlas
from within, petered out into council and and British Jute interests, and in Bombay over
municipal politicking. coastal shipping.
 The ‘No Changer ’group which emphasised upon  The workers facing large scale retrenchment
Gandhian Constructive Work in villages started agitations with unprecedented militancy
remained scattered and kept themselves aloof and organization.
from the political developments.  Rural tensions were sharpened by stagnation in
 The remarkable Hindu-Muslim unity of the Non- agrarian production and by British efforts to
Cooperation Khilafat days dissolved into enhance land revenue in Ryotwari areas in the
widespread communal riots in the mid-1920s late 1920s-till the Bardoli victory halted such
 Negotiations with Jinnah over the Nehru Report endeavours permanently
plan for an alternative constitution broke down
in 1927-28 largely because of Hindu Mahasabha Civil Disobedience Movement (1930 -1931)
opposition and Jinnah’s obstinacy in relation to  The Lahore Congress (1929) left the choice of
it the precise methods of non-violent struggle for
Even though the Hindu-Muslim Unity were never Purna Swaraj to Gandhi
regained, there were many signs of growth of anti-  It was resolved that a Manifesto or pledge of
imperialist movement from 1928 onwards, as follows: Independence would be taken all over India by
 Demonstration and hartals in towns in the as many people as possible on 26 January 1930.
course of the boycott of the Simon Commission  On this day Civil disobedience was supposed to
 Militant communist led workers movement in commence and It was declared Independence
Bombay and Calcutta which alarmed Indian Day

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Gandhi’s Efforts  Once the way was cleared by Gandhi’s ritual at
 Gandhi was still not sure of his action. Before Dandi, defiance of the salt laws started all over
launching the movement he once again tried for the country
compromise Government. He placed ‘eleven  Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930 when he
points ‘of administrative reform and stated that had announced that he would lead a raid on
if Lord Irwin accepted them there would be no Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast
need for agitation  The onset of Monsoon made the salt
The important demands were: manufacture difficult and the Congress switched
 The rupee-Sterling ratio should be reduced to other forms of mass struggle, all
 Land revenue should be reduced by half and characterised by a similar pattern of careful
made a subject of legislative control choice of social issues, followed by their
 Salt tax should be abolished and also the broadening and radicalisation through a variety
government salt monopoly of populist initiatives, such as:
 Salaries of the highest grade services should be  non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas;
reduced by half  no-chowkidara-tax campaign in zamindari
 Military expenditure should be reduced by 50% areas; and
to begin with  violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.
 Protection for Indian textiles and coastal  Social boycott of Police and lower level
shipping administrative officials led to many resignations
 All Political prisoners should be discharged Response at Different Places
Beginning of the Movement: Dandi March Tamil Nadu
 Gandhi took the decision to start the  In April 1930, C. Rajagopalachari organised a
movement. On 12 March 1930 Gandhi started march from Thiruchirapalli to Vedaranniyam on
the Historic Salt March from his Sabarmati the Tanjore (or Thanjavur) coast to break the
Ashram to Dandi beach accompanied by his 78 salt law.
selected followers.  The event was followed by widespread picketing
 There Gandhi and his followers broke the law by of foreign cloth shops and anti-liquor campaign
manufacturing salt from the sea. The Malabar
Programme of the movement was as follows:  Kelappan, a Nair Congress leader famed for the
1. Salt law should be violated everywhere. Vaikom Satyagraha, organised salt marches
2. Students should leave colleges and Andhra Region
government servants should resign from  District salt marches were organise in east and
service. west Godavari, Krishna and Guntur. A number of
3. Foreign clothes should be burnt. sibirams (military style camps) were set up to
4. No taxes should be paid to the serve as the headquarters of the Salt
government. Satyagraha.
5. Women should stage a Dharna at liquor Bengal
shops, ctc.  Bengal provided the largest number of arrests as
 Thus, the historic march, marking the launch of well as the highest amount of violence.
the Civil Disobedience Movement, began on  Midnapur, Arambagh and several rural pockets
March 12, and Gandhi broke the salt law by witnessed powerful movements developed
picking up a lump of salt at Dandi on April 6 around salt satyagraha and chaukidari tax.
Spread of Movement  During the same period, Surya Sen’s Chittagong
revolt group carried out a raid on two armouries

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 and declared the establishment of a provisional shopkeepers, lower class people and upper class
government women were active
Bihar  Such lags were largely made up by the massive
 Champaran and Saran were the first two peasant mobilization and considerable support
districts to start salt satyagraha from business groups
 However, very soon, a very powerful non- ◦ Traders ’associations and commercial bodies
chaukidari tax agitation replaced the salt were active in implementing the boycott,
satyagraha (owing to physical constraints in especially in TamilNadu and Punjab
making salt)  A novel and remarkable feature of the
Peshawar Movement was the widespread participation of
 Here, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan’s educational and women
social reform work among the Pathans had ◦ The handful of postgraduate women students in
politicised them. Gaffar Khan, also called 1930s still went to class escorted by their
Badshah Khan and Frontier Gandhi, had started teachers, and yet there were women from far
the first Pushto political monthly Pukhtoon and more socially conservative professional,
had organised a volunteer brigade ‘Khudai business or peasant families, picketing shops,
Khidmatgars’, popularly known as the ‘Red- facing lathis, and going to jail
Shirts’, who were pledged to the freedom Government Attitude
struggle and non-violence  The British Government followed a policy of
Dharasana repression to suppress the movement. Even
 On May 21, 1930, Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib before the movement was actually started,
and Manilal (Gandhi’s son) took up the thousands of Congress workers were arrested
unfinished task of leading a raid on the and put in jails
Dharasana Salt Works.  On 23 August 1930, the Bengal ordinance was
 The unarmed and peaceful crowd was met with promulgated and the life of freedom fighters
a brutal lathicharge was made very hard.
United Provinces  The Press Act of 1910 was strictly enforced and
 A no-revenue campaign was organised; a call many restrictions was put on the newspapers.
was given to zamindars to refuse to pay revenue Many newspapers and magazines stopped their
to the government. Under a no-rent campaign, publications.
a call was given to tenants against zamindars  Civilian property was destroyed. Innocent men
Response of different Sections and women were beaten up. Prisoners were
 The Militant urban educated youth tended to be starved and suffocated. Hundreds of men and
attracted more by Revolutionary Terrorism in women were killed as a result of police firing
Bengal, and in North Indian towns because of Efforts for truce
Bhagat Singh’s popularity  The government’s attitude throughout 1930
The most weakest point of Nationalism during this was ambivalent as it was puzzled and perplexed
point was the Muslim participation, which remained  In July 1930 the viceroy, Lord Irwin, suggested a
low round table conference and reiterated the goal
 Still, some areas such as the NWFP saw an of dominion status.
overwhelming participation. Middle class  He also accepted the suggestion that Tej
Muslim participation was quite significant in Bahadur Sapru and M.R. Jayakar be allowed to
Senhatta, Tripura, Gaibandha, Bagura and explore the possibility of peace between the
Noakhali. In Dacca, Muslim leaders, Congress and the government

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 Further, In August 1930 Motilal and Jawaharlal 18 March 1919
Nehru were taken to Yeravada Jail to meet  On 18 March, 1919, the British government
Gandhi and discuss the possibility of a passed Rowlatt Act (also known as the
settlement. Here, Nehru and Gandhi Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of
unequivocally reiterated the demands of: 1919). This Act allowed for speedy trials of
 right of secession from Britain; offenses by a special court with no appeal and
 complete national government with control authorized the detention of political prisoners
over defence and finance; and without trial for up to two years.
 An independent tribunal to settle Britain’s 06 April 1919
financial claims.  In response, Mahatma Gandhi initiated a non-
However, talks broke down at this point. violent Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act on
 When almost all leading Congress leaders were April 6, 1919. However, violent anti-British
put behind bars, this was probably the context demonstrations erupted in several cities,
for Gandhi’s rather sudden retreat. He initiated particularly in Punjab due to wartime
a talk with Irwin on 14 February 1931, which repression.
culminated in the Delhi Pact of 5 March 1931. 08 April 1919 – 09 April 1919
The pact is popularly called Gandhi-Irwin pact.  Gandhiji was arrested on April 8, 1919, and two
Source :modern history civil disobedience movement nationalist leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr.
1930’s spectrum book. Satyapal, were arrested on April 9, 1919,
without any provocation.
1985  This caused anger among Indian protestors, who
33. The first Civil Disobedience Movement was came out in thousands to show their solidarity
started by Gandhiji after the with their leaders. In due course, the
(a) Rowlatt Act of 1919 demonstrations became violent, prompting the
(b) Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 authorities to enforce martial law and entrust
(c) Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 law enforcement in Punjab to Brigadier-General
(d) Arrival of Cripps Mission in 1942 Dyer as a measure to manage any future
Ans. (b) Refer Q. No. 19 of 1979 uprisings.
 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on April 13 April 1919
13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar, Punjab region  On April 13, 1919, on Baisakhi day, a large crowd
of India, during British colonial rule. British gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, unaware of the
Indian Army soldiers, under the command of prohibitory orders in Amritsar. Brigadier-
Colonel Reginald Dyer, opened fire on a peaceful General Dyer arrived on the scene with his
gathering of thousands of unarmed Indians who troops, surrounded the gathering, and blocked
gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden, to the only exit point.
protest against the British government's  He then ordered his troops to open fire on the
repressive laws. unarmed crowd, resulting in the death of over
 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre marked a turning 1000 men, women, and children.
point in India's struggle for independence from 18 April 1919
British rule. It outraged the Indian people and  Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood
led to a widespread movement of nonviolent in protest.
civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The  Mahatma Gandhi gave up the title of Kaiser-i-
incident also sparked international Hind, bestowed by the British for his work
condemnation of British imperialism. during the Boer War.
Timeline

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 Gandhi was overwhelmed by the atmosphere of  Another factor that contributed to the massacre
total violence and withdrew the movement on was the growing Indian nationalist movement
April 18, 1919. which was seeking greater political rights and
 A non-official committee was formed by the self-governance. Many Indian leaders and
Indian National Congress. The committee had activists, including Mahatma Gandhi, opposed
members Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, Abbas Tyabji, the Rowlatt Act and called for peaceful protests
M.R. Jayakar, and Gandhi, to investigate the and civil disobedience to challenge it.
shootings.  The British colonial authorities, however,
 Congress condemned Dyer's actions as responded with violence and repression, which
inhumane and criticized the imposition of further inflamed tensions between the British
martial law in Punjab. and Indian communities. The decision by
14 October 1919 General Dyer to order his soldiers to open fire
 On October 14, 1919, the government formed on a peaceful gathering of unarmed civilians in
the Disorders Inquiry Committee, also known as Jallianwala Bagh was an extreme and brutal
the Hunter Commission, to investigate the response to the growing Indian nationalist
Jallianwala Bagh shootings. movement and the protests against the Rowlatt
 The committee, chaired by Lord William Hunter, Act.
had Indian members and submitted its final  In summary, the root cause of the Jallianwala
report in March 1920, unanimously condemning Bagh massacre is a combination of British
Dyer's actions. colonial policies, the growing Indian nationalist
 However, no penal or disciplinary action was movement, and the violent response of the
taken against General Dyer. colonial authorities to peaceful protests and
 In March 1922, the government repealed demonstrations.
Rowlatt Act.  Political Leaders who condemned the
 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre became a turning Jallianwala Bagh massacre
point in India’s struggle for independence from  The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was widely
British rule. unaccepted both in India and internationally.
Root cause of Jallianwala Bagh Many political leaders at that time spoke out
 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a tragic against the brutality of the massacre and called
event that had its roots in the socio-political for justice and accountability.
context of India at that time. The underlying Here are some of the notable political leaders:
causes of the massacre trace back to the British  Mahatma Gandhi: One of the most prominent
colonial policies in India and the growing Indian leaders of the Indian nationalist movement,
nationalist movement, which was seeking Gandhi. He was one of the first to condemn the
greater political rights and self-governance. Jallianwala Bagh massacre. He called for
 One of the main factors was the Rowlatt Act peaceful protests and Civil Disobedience in
which was passed by the British Indian response to the violence.
government in March 1919. The Act gave the  Rabindranath Tagore: A Bengali poet, writer,
government sweeping powers to arrest and and philosopher, Tagore was the first Indian to
detain individuals without trial for an indefinite win the Nobel Prize in Literature. He renounced
period of time. This led to widespread protests his knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala
and demonstrations across India, including in Bagh massacre. And wrote a scathing letter to
Amritsar, where the Jallianwala Bagh massacre the British Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford,
took place. condemning the violence.

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Source: modern history India’s freedom for struggle ,  Through the Champaran Movement, Gandhi
Gandhian phase spectrum publications. employed his principles of nonviolent resistance
1986 and civil disobedience to challenge the
34. Gandhiji started the Dandi March oppressive practices of the British indigo
(a) To demonstrate against the policies of planters. The movement not only achieved
British empire success in addressing the immediate issues
(b) To break the salt law faced by the indigo workers but also marked a
(c) To boycott foreign goods significant step in Gandhi’s journey as a leader
(d) None of the above of the Indian independence movement.
Ans. (b) Refer Q. No. 6 of 1979
 The Salt March , also mainly known as the Salt Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
Satyagraha, began with the Dandi March on 12 champaran satyagraha.
March 1930. It was a direct action campaign of
tax resistance and nonviolent protest against 1980
the British salt monopoly in colonial India, and 36. Gandhiji opposed the untouchability and he
triggered the wider Civil Disobedience wanted
Movement. (a) The Harijans to revolt against it
Source:modern history India’s freedom for struggle , (b) The people of India to give treatment of
Gandhian phase spectrum publications. equality to the untouchables
(c) Untouchability to be declared a crime
under law
Gandhian Phase (d) A social revolution to create a society
1979 based on equality
35. Gandhiji's "Champaran Movement" was for Ans. (b)
(a) The security of rights of Harijans  Gandhiji opposed the segregation of depressed
(b) Civil disobedience movement classes of Hindu community into a separate
(c) Maintaining the unity of Hindu society group. This was done at the Second Round Table
(d) Solving the problem of the Indigo workers Conference held at London in 1931. It was B R
Ans. (d) Ambedkar who recommended the British
 The Champaran Movement, also known as the Government to provide communal award to the
Champaran Satyagraha, was a significant depressed class.
campaign led by Mahatma Gandhi in the  According to Gandhiji, the move was made to
Champaran district of Bihar, India, in 1917. The create a split in Hindu Community. He was of the
movement focused on addressing the issues opinion that this was one of the policies of
faced by indigo farmers and workers who were divide and rule of the British.
being exploited by British indigo planters.  Gandhiji began his fast condemning the above
 Indigo farming was a major cash crop in moves of the British Government on 20th
Champaran, and the British planters subjected September, 1932. This day (September 20,
the local farmers to oppressive and exploitative 1932) was observed as a day of fasting and
practices, including forced cultivation of indigo, prayer.
unfair pricing, and harsh working conditions.  Later, on September 30, 1932, Gandhiji founded
Gandhi’s intervention in Champaran aimed to All India Untouchability League. The league was
mobilize the farmers and raise awareness about later renamed as “Harijan Seva Sangh”.
their plight, advocating for their rights and Following this, he also founded the Harijan
better treatment.

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 newspaper. He called the untouchables (d) Those traditions should not be followed
“Harijans”. Harijan means children of god. which are against our moral values
Harijan Seva Sangh Ans. (d)
 It was founded to eliminate untouchability in  Mahatma Gandhi’s perspective on traditions
India. It is headquartered in Kingsway Camp, was nuanced. While he acknowledged the
Delhi. The Sangh helped depressed classes in importance of traditions and cultural heritage,
the Indian society to access public places such as he also believed that not all traditions should be
schools, temples, roads and water resources. It blindly followed. Gandhi emphasized the need
also conducted inter caste marriages. to critically examine traditions and evaluate
 Kingsway Camp is one of Gandhian Heritage them based on their moral and ethical
Sites. These sites are maintained by the Ministry foundations.
of Culture, GoI.  Gandhiji advocated for a pragmatic approach,
Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase where traditions that aligned with moral values
champaran satyagraha. and promoted the well-being of individuals and
society should be upheld, while those traditions
37. Which of the following is not a tenet of that perpetuated inequality, injustice, or harm
Gandhian Socialism? should be questioned and discarded.
(a) Social justice  He was a strong proponent of moral values,
(b) Concern for the poor but not hatred for truth, nonviolence, and social justice. Gandhi
the rich believed in the need for personal and societal
(c) Equality of opportunities of all transformation, where individuals and
(d) Nationalisation of all means of production communities actively engaged in self-reflection,
and distribution introspection, and the pursuit of moral
Ans. (d) principles.
 Gandhian socialism is the branch of socialism  Therefore, option (d) “those traditions should
based on the nationalist interpretation of the not be followed which are against our moral
theories of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhian values” best reflects Gandhiji’s view on
socialism generally centres on Hind Swaraj or traditions.
Indian Home Rule authored by Gandhi. Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
The key features of his socialism are: Modern history spectrum .
 Federation of political and economical power
 Demonstrating traditionalist reluctance towards 39. According to Gandhiji non-violence is
the modernisation of technology (a) A way to attain truth
 Large scale industrialisation while emphasising (b) A way to win political freedom
self-employment (c) The only way to realise God
 Self-reliance (d) An end in itself
Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase Ans. (a)
champaran satyagraha modern history.  Gandhi Ji has considered non-violence to be the
means of realizing the truth. According to him,
38. Gandhiji was of the view that to practice non-violence continuously means to
(a) All old traditions should be followed attain the truth in the end but there is no such
(b) All old traditions should be discarded thing as violence.
(c) Only scientifically based traditions should Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
be followed Modern history spectrum

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1981 Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
40. Whom did Gandhiji consider his political Guru? Modern history spectrum.
(a) Vinoba Bhave 1983
(b) B. G. Tilak 42. Some persons who were close associates of
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale Gandhiji died recently. They were
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji (a) Anandmayi Ma, Pyarelal, Vinoba Bhave
Ans. (c) (b) Mira Behn, J.P. Narayan, Lord
 Gandhiji considered option (c) Gopal Krishna Mountbatten, Manibhai Desai
Gokhale as his political Guru. Gokhale was a (c) J. B. Kripalani, Mahadev-Desai, Pyarelal
prominent Indian nationalist leader and social (d) Sarla Behn, J. B. Kripalani, Mira Behn
reformer during the late 19th and early 20th Ans. (a)
centuries. He was one of the early mentors and  Anandamayi Ma (née Nirmala Sundari; 30 April
guides for Mahatma Gandhi when Gandhi was 1896 – 27 August 1982) was an Indian saint and
starting his political career in India. Gokhale’s yoga guru,described by Sivananda Saraswati (of
influence and teachings had a significant impact the Divine Life Society) as "la fleur la plus
on Gandhi’s political philosophy, especially parfaite que le sol de l'Inde ait produite" the
regarding non-violence, civil liberties, and most perfect flower the Indian soil has
constructive work. Gandhi held Gokhale in high produced.Precognition, faith healing and
regard and considered him as his political miracles were attributed to her by her followers.
mentor and guru. Paramahansa Yogananda translates the Sanskrit
Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase epithet Anandamayi as "Joy-permeated" in
Modern history spectrum English. This name was given to her by her
devotees in the 1920s to describe her perpetual
41. Which of the following periods can be state of divine joy.
considered as the era of mass revolution? Who was Acharya Vinoba Bhave?
(a) 1856-1885 A.D.  Vinayak Narahari Bhave was born in Gagode,
(b) 1757-1857 AD Bombay Presidency, on September 11, 1895.
(c) 1920-1947 A.D. (now in Maharashtra).
(d) 1901-1919 A.D.  Narahari Shambhu Rao and Rukmini Devi's
Ans. (c) eldest son.
 The period that can be considered as the era of  His mother had a significant impact on him. She
mass revolution is option (c) 1920-1947 A.D. encouraged him to read 'The Gita.'
This period witnessed several significant  Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi's student and
movements and uprisings in the Indian National one of India's most well-known social reformers.
Movement against British colonial rule. It was Bhoodan Yajna (Land-Gift Movement) was
characterized by widespread participation of founded by him.
the masses, including farmers, workers, How is Vinoba Bhave associated with Gandhiji?
students, women, and various sections of  From a political and spiritual standpoint, he was
society. The Non-Cooperation Movement drawn to Mahatma Gandhi's beliefs and
(1920-1922), Civil Disobedience Movement ideologies, and he regarded Gandhi to be his
(1930-1934), and Quit India Movement (1942) teacher.
were some of the major campaigns during this  In 1916, he dropped out of high school to join
era where large-scale public involvement and Gandhi's ashram (ascetic community) in
protests took place, reflecting the spirit of mass Sabarmati, Gujarat.
revolution.

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 Bhave was inspired by Gandhi's ideas to live a  He was able to acquire around 4.4 million acres
simple life committed to improving Indian of land, of which approximately 1.3 million were
village life. donated to impoverished landless farmers.
What is his Role in Freedom Struggle?  The movement drew praise from all around the
 He participated in non-cooperation campaigns, world, and it was praised for being the first of its
particularly the urge for the adoption of type to encourage volunteer social justice.
Swadeshi items instead of foreign imports. What are his religious works?
 In 1940, Gandhi in India designated him as the  In 1923, he published 'Maharashtra Dharma,' a
first Individual Satyagrahi (an individual who magazine in Marathi that featured his
stands up for truth rather than a group action) Upanishad articles.
against the British Raj.  He established a number of Ashrams to
 Bhave was imprisoned numerous times in the encourage a basic way of life free of frills that
1920s and 1930s, and in the 1940s, he received detracted from one's concentration on the
a five-year term for leading peaceful opposition Divine.
to British authority. The honorary title of  In 1959, the Brahma Vidya Mandir, a tiny
acharya ("teacher") was bestowed upon him. community for women, was founded with the
What is his Role in Social Work? goal of self-sufficiency in mind, following
 Worked diligently to eliminate societal ills such Mahatma Gandhi's teachings.
as inequality.  He took a firm stance against cow slaughter,
 He took up the cause of those Gandhi referred announcing that he would fast until it was
to as Harijans after being influenced by Gandhi's outlawed in India.
example. Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
 He borrowed Gandhi's word Sarvodaya, which Modern history spectrum.
essentially means "progress for everyone." 43. The first great experiment of Gandhiji in
 During the 1950s, the Sarvodaya movement, led "Satyagraha' took place in
by him, executed a number of initiatives, the (a) Dandi
most notable of which was the Bhoodan (b) South Africa
Movement. (c) Champaran
What is the Bhoodan Movement? (d) Bardoli
 In 1951, the Harijans of Telangana's Pochampalli Ans. (c)
hamlet requested that he grant them about 80  Satyagraha, (Sanskrit and Hindi: "holding on the
acres of land on which to live. truth"), a principle introduced by Mahatma
 Vinoba appealed to the village's landowners to Gandhi at the beginning of the 20th century to
come forward and save the Harijans. And the designate a determined yet non-violent
needed land was given by a landowner. This resistance to evil. Gandhi's satyagraha has been
episode marked the beginning of a new chapter a major instrument in the Indian movement
in the history of nonviolence and sacrifices. against British imperialism and has since been
 It marked the start of the Bhoodan (Land Gift) embraced by activist groups in other nations.
movement.  The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the
 Vinoba travelled the length and width of the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in
country for thirteen years, covering a total India and is considered to be a historically
distance of 58741 kilometres. important uprising in the Indian Independence
Movement. It was a farmers' uprising that took
place in the Champaran district of Bihar, India,
during the British colonial era. Farmers were

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 complaining that they had to produce indigo 1984
with hardly any payment for it. 44. Which of the following statements about
 When Gandhi returned to India from South Mahatma Gandhi is correct in connection with
Africa in 1915 and saw peasants in northern India's independence?
India exploited by indigo planters, he tried to (a) He was the happiest man
use the same tactics that he used in South Africa (b) He was a very disillusioned man
to organize mass uprisings by citizens in protest (c) He had full satisfaction about his
against injustice. achievements
 Champaran Satyagraha was the first successful (d) He was happy with the formation of
satyagraha movement in the world. The Pakistan
Champaran Satyagraha provided direction to ANSWER: B
India's youth and freedom movement, which  When Singh persisted by saying that Mahatma
broke out between the moderates who Gandhi was against the Partition,
prescribed Indian participation in the British Rajagopalachari said, "Gandhi was a very great
colonial regime, and the Bengal radicals who man but he saw what was going on. He was a
supported the use of violent methods to very disillusioned man. When he realized that
overthrow British colonialists in India. we were all for Partition, he said, 'If you all
 With the kind of support that Gandhi had agree, I will go along with you,' and left Delhi the
already obtained from the people of next day."
Champaran, the British government, fearing  The correct statement about Mahatma Gandhi
anarchy, released him. Two days later, the in connection with India's independence is:
complaint was withdrawn and Gandhi was  Mahatma Gandhi, while a key figure in India's
allowed to stay in the district. The government struggle for independence, was known to have
also ordered its officers to look into the mixed feelings and disillusionment with certain
sufferings of indigo farmers. aspects of the post-independence situation. His
 Under the Colonial-era rules, many tenant disillusionment stemmed from various factors,
farmers were required to cultivate some indigo including the communal violence and the
on a portion of their land as a condition of their partition of India in 1947. Gandhi was an
tenure. This indigo has been used to produce a advocate of nonviolence and communal
dye. The Germans developed a cheaper artificial harmony, and the violence and division that
dye to reduce the need for indigo. Some tenants accompanied independence were deeply
paid more rent in exchange for being let off troubling to him.
rising indigo. During the First World War, Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
however, the German dye ceased to be available Modern history spectrum.
and indigo became lucrative again. Thus, many
tenants were once again forced to grow it. 1986
 The Champaran Satyagraha provided direction 45. Who declared, "Swaraj had 'stunk in the
to India's youth and freedom movement, which nostrils and that without adequate discipline
broke out between the moderates who and restraint on the part of the people the
prescribed Indian participation in the British movement had proved to be a Himalayan
colonial regime, and the Bengal radicals who blunder"."
supported the use of violent methods to (a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
overthrow British colonialists in India. (b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase (c) Mahatma Gandhi
Modern history spectrum. (d) Subash Chandra Bose

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Ans. (c)  Mahatma Gandhi used this metaphor to express
 The statement, “Swaraj had ‘stunk in the his skepticism and lack of confidence in the
nostrils ’and that without adequate discipline Cripps Mission, which was a failed attempt to
and restraint on the part of the people the reach a settlement between the British
movement had proved to be a ‘Himalayan government and the Indian National Congress
blunder’,” was made by option (c) Mahatma during World War II.
Gandhi. Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
 Mahatma Gandhi made this remark during the Modern history spectrum crisps mission .
aftermath of the Noncooperation Movement in
the early 1920s. The Noncooperation 46. The aim of the Cripps Mission to India was to
Movement was a mass movement led by Gandhi (a) Appease the Indian public opinion
and the Indian National Congress to challenge (b) Appease the American people
British rule in India through nonviolent means. (c) Decentralise the power to States
However, the movement faced challenges and (d) None of the above
setbacks, including the Chauri Chaura incident in Ans. (b)
1922, where violence erupted and resulted in  1942 saw the advancement of British forces in
the deaths of policemen. India. The fall of Burma was enough to frighten
 In response to this incident, Mahatma Gandhi the British and when the Japanese army began
suspended the Noncooperation Movement, as to knock the doors of India after Burma and
he believed that the movement had deviated Singapore, the war cabinet of Britain sent Sir
from its principles of nonviolence and discipline. Stafford Cripps to India on March 1942 to elicit
He made the statement criticizing the lack of cooperation from the Indians. It promised for
discipline and restraint among the people, the fulfillment of past promises to self
expressing his disappointment with the government to Indian people. The proposal of
direction the movement had taken. the Cripps mission was that: “India would be a
 This incident and Gandhi’s decision to suspend dominion associated with the United Kingdom”.
the Noncooperation Movement led to It promised that immediately after the war is
introspection and reassessment within the stopped, steps would be taken up to set up an
Indian National Congress and among its leaders elected body charged with the task of making
about the most effective strategies and the constitution for India and provisions would
approaches for achieving India’s independence be made so that the Indian states could
Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase participate in the framing of the constitution.
Modern history spectrum. Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
Modern history spectrum crisps mission .

Cripps Mission 48. The Interim Government at the Centre after

1979 independence was formed
47. Who commented "the Cripps Mission was a (a) After the visit of Cripps Mission
post dated cheque on a crashing bank"? (b) Before the visit of Cripps Mission
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (c) After Mountbatten submitted his plan
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Before the visit of the Cabinet Mission
(c) Subhash Chandra Bose Ans. (a)
(d) Sardar Patel  In 1946, the Cabinet Mission of Britain came to
Ans. (a)Mahatma Gandhi India to assist formulate manifestos and form
the government. On the recommendation of the

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 cabinet mission, the interim government of constitution was to be drafted entirely by
India was formed on September 2, 1946 from Indians now.
the newly elected Constituent Assembly. 69 per  Right to secede for the provinces: There would
cent seats were allocated to INC and the party be provisions for any British Indian Province
had a majority in 8 out of 11 Indian provinces. unwilling to accept this Constitution to either
The members of the interim government also maintain its current constitutional status or
include the Viceroy and Commander-in-Chief of frame its own constitution.
Britain and other members from All-India  Any province that refused to abide by the new
Muslim League. The government was formed to Constitution could create its own union and
assist the switch of British India to India and constitution.
Pakistan.  The new Constitution-making body and the
Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase British government would negotiate a treaty to
Modern history spectrum sort out matters arising out of the transfer of
powers to Indian hands.
1986  Intact powers of the Viceroy: The Viceroy's
49. Which of the following proposals were made authority would be unaffected, and British
by the Cripps Mission? control over India's defence would continue
1. Participation of Indian States in the until the War. After that, the dominion
Constitution making body government could reorganise its own defence.
2. Forming separate State for the Muslims Indian Response to the Cripps Mission and its Failure
3. Election of the Constitution-making body The British had only undertaken this exercise to show
by the members of the lower house of the the world that they cared about Indian sentiments
Provincial Legislature rather than to do anything concrete. The Cripps
Select the correct answer from the codes given Mission’s proposals fell short of appeasing Indian
below: nationalists and ended up serving only as a US and
(a) 1 and 2 Chinese propaganda tool. Various parties and
(b) 1 and 3 organisations objected to the proposals on various
(c) 2 and 3 grounds:
(d) 1, 2 and 3  Gandhi: He called Cripps Mission proposals a
Ans. (b) “Post-dated Cheque drawnon a failing bank”.
Based on the draft declaration prepared by the All This was due to the promise of granting
India Committee, chaired by Attlee, Stafford Cripps dominion status after the end of the Second
came to India and proposed the following World War.
constitutional reforms: Congress:
 Dominion status: The Cripps Mission proposed  The right of the Princely States to send
to create a new Indian Union with Dominion representatives to the Constituent Assembly
statusafter the War, associated with the UK and and authority for the Provinces to opt out of the
other dominions, equal in every respect - Indian Union was not well received by
domestic as well as external affairs. Congress.
 Constituent Assembly: Setting up a  Congress wanted immediate independence and
Constitution-making body for India after the pan-India cooperation. The offer of the
War, whose members would be elected by the “Dominion Status” was dead at that moment.
Provincial Assemblies and nominated by the  Congress also wanted Indians to have full
rulers in the case of the Princely States. The control over the defence.

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 The Congress Working Committee rejected the  The offers for Indians to have a national
Cripps ’proposals officially on 7 April 1942. government, own constitutional-making body,
Muslim League: etc., were too much for Churchill and Britain,
 The draft Declaration implicitly appeased the given their imperialist nature.
Muslim League’s demand for Pakistan by stating Quit India Movement:
that any province unwilling to accept the  Following the Cripps Mission's failure, the Quit
constitution would be granted ‘the same status India Movement demonstrated that Indian
as the Indian Union. nationalists were no longer eager to wait for
 Still, the League disagreed with the proposal independence.
because it did not make a clear statement  The Movement then surpassed all the earlier
supporting the establishment of a separate national movements in terms of popular
state for Muslims. participation and extent.
 Liberals and Mahasabha: They also rejected the  It was now only a matter of time before British
Cripps proposals, as they considered the rule in India came to an end.
secession proposals to be against the unity and Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase
security of India. Modern history spectrum.
 Other: Other groups, such as Sikhs, Indian 50. The purpose of Cripps' Mission was
Christians, Depressed Classes, and Anglo- (a) To give India dominion status.
Indians, did not find anything in the proposals (b) To introduce provincial autonomy in
for their interests. India.
Significance of Cripps Mission (c) To discuss future setup for India on the
The Cripps Mission was a critical turning point in India's basis of the Simon Commission report.
struggle for independence. While it aimed to find a (d) To suppress 'Quit India' Movement.
middle ground for India's future governance and Ans. (a)
cooperation during the war, it fell short of satisfying  The Cripps proposals, also known as the Cripps
the aspirations of Indian leaders. Mission, were a set of proposals put forward by
 A step ahead of the August Offer: Now, instead Sir Stafford Cripps, a senior British politician, in
of "mainly" in Indian hands, as stated in the 1942. The proposals aimed to secure Indian
August Offer, the constitution-making process support for the British war effort during World
was to be “entirely” under the control of War II and to lay the foundation for a post-war
Indians. Dominion of India. Background: During World
 There was a detailed plan offered for the War II, India was under British colonial rule. The
constituent assembly. In the interim, a sizable Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma
portion of the administration was made Gandhi, had been demanding independence for
available to Indians. India. The British government, recognizing the
 Elements of discord and disunity: Any province need for Indian support in the war, sent the
had the choice to create its own constitution, Cripps Mission to negotiate with Indian leaders.
which served as the basis for India's division. It  The Cripps Proposals: The Cripps proposals
also had the provision for Free India to leave the offered a framework for Indian independence,
Commonwealth. but with certain conditions.
 British could not step backwards: The British  The key points of the proposals were: 1.
now realised that they could not go backwards Dominion Status: The British government
from the offers made by the Cripps Mission in promised that India would be granted full
spite of its failure. dominion status, with the right to secede from
the British Commonwealth if it wished. 2.

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 Constituent Assembly: A constituent assembly Select the correct answer from the codes given
would be established to draft a new constitution below:
for India. 3. Provincial Autonomy: The provinces A B C D
would have the power to determine their own (a) 2 3 1 4
constitutions and decide whether or not to join (b) 3 2 1 4
the proposed Indian Union. 4. Defense and (c) 4 2 1 3
External Affairs: The British government would (d) 3 4 2 1
retain control over defense and external affairs Ans.(a)
until the end of the war. 5. Minorities:  Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru has given the said
Safeguards would be put in place to protect the statement Existing structure & autocratic
rights of religious and ethnic minorities. powers would remain & a few of us will
 Response of Indian National Congress: The become the viceroy's liveried camp followers &
Indian National Congress, while appreciating the look after canteens & the like" in response to
proposals for recognizing India's demand for the draft declaration of Cripps mission. The draft
independence, rejected the Cripps proposals. was unacceptable to all parties including
There were several reasons for this rejection: 1. Congress and the Indian Muslim League.
Failure to Address Immediate Independence:  Gandhiji described the proposal as a post-
The proposals did not promise immediate dated cheque.
independence for India, but instead offered a  Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, was an Indian jurist,
future promise of dominion status. 2. Limited economist, politician and social reformer who
Control over Defense and External Affairs: The inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and
British government's retention of control over campaigned against social discrimination
defense and external affairs was seen as a towards the untouchables (Dalits). The term
violation of India's sovereignty. 3. Limited dalit was popularized by Ambedkar, who
Provincial Autonomy: The proposals did not included all depressed people without
offer full autonomy to the provinces, as the considering their caste into definition of dalits.
central government would retain control over In 1924, he established the Depressed classes
defense and external affairs. 4. Minority Institute (Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha) in Bombay,
Safeguards: The provisions for minority to promote education among the Depressed
safeguards were seen as inadequate by Indian classes.
leaders.  Ambedkar also led Mahad Satyagraha in 1927 to
Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase establish the rights of untouchables. In 1926
Modern history spectrum,crippled mission . Nagpur, The All India depressed classes
1988 association was formed with M.C Rajah as its
51. Match the columns: first elected president Dr.Ambedkar resigned
List-1 (Leaders) List-2 (Views on the Cripps from the All India Depressed Classes Association
A. Nehru Missions proposals in 1942) and formed his own all India Depressed classes
B. Ambedkar 1. Postdated cheque Congress in 1930, under which Dr. B.R.
C. Gandhi 2. The autocratic powers of Ambedkar organized the Depressed Classes
D. Sapru & Jayckar Viceroy would remain Association by clashing with Mahatma Gandhi at
disastrous 3. It will do the greatest the Second Round Table Conference.
harm to the depressed The prime objectives of this association were:
4. The creation of more (i) Reserved seats in educational institutions.
than one Union will be (ii) Separate electorate that would choose dalit
members for legislative councils.

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Source: India’s freedom struggle, Gandhian phase 53. Rabindranath Tagore surrendered his title to
Modern history spectrum,cripps mission . the British because of
(a) Civil Disobedience Movement
(b) Non-Cooperation Movement
(c) Jallianwalah Bagh massacre
Non-Cooperation (d) Partition of Bengal
Movement, Khilafat Ans. (c)
 Rabindranath Tagore, the renowned poet,
Agitation writer, and philosopher, renounced his
knighthood in protest against the Jallianwala
1979
Bagh massacre. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
52. "Khilafat" movement subsided because of the
took place on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar,
(a) Concessions given to Muslims by the
Punjab, during the British colonial rule in India.
British
British troops, under the command of Colonel
(b) Amity achieved between Congress and
Reginald Dyer, opened fire on a peaceful
Muslim League
gathering of Indians who were protesting the
(c) Accession of Kamal Pasha on the throne
repressive Rowlatt Act.
of Turkey
 The brutal and indiscriminate killing of unarmed
(d) None of the above.
civilians deeply affected Rabindranath Tagore.
Ans. (c)
As a form of protest against the British
 The Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic
government’s actions and in solidarity with the
movement in India during the early 1920s that
Indian people, Tagore decided to surrender his
aimed to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, which
knighthood, which he had received in 1915. This
was under threat from the Allied powers after
act was a symbolic renunciation of the honors
World War I. Indian Muslims, along with some
bestowed upon him by the British establishment
Hindu leaders, supported the movement and
and served as a strong statement against British
called for the British government to safeguard
colonial rule in India.
the position of the Caliphate.
Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom,
 However, with the accession of Mustafa Kemal
modern history spectrum .
Ataturk, commonly known as Kamal Pasha, to
power in Turkey, the Khilafat movement lost
momentum. Kamal Pasha abolished the
54. Which of the following was not the outcome of
Caliphate and introduced various reforms in
Jallianwalah Bagh massacre?
Turkey, including the establishment of a secular
(a) Suspension of Gen. Dyer
government. This development undermined the
(b) Change in Gandhiji's outlook towards
central cause of the Khilafat movement, as there
Britishers
was no longer a Caliphate to protect.
(c) Temporary peace in Punjab
 The subsiding of the Khilafat movement was
(d) Renunciation of British titles and
primarily influenced by the events unfolding in
positions by many Indians
Turkey and the changes brought about by Kamal
Ans. (c)
Pasha’s reforms. This event significantly
 Suspension of Gen. Dyer The Jallianwala Bagh
weakened the movement’s purpose and led to
massacre, which took place on April 13, 1919, in
its decline.
Amritsar, Punjab, was a watershed moment in
Source: khilafat movement , Gandhian phase Indian
the Indian independence movement. It was a
struggle for freedom, modern history spectrum .
brutal incident where British troops, led by

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 General Reginald Dyer, opened fire on a government. This act of renunciation
peaceful gathering of thousands of Indians who symbolized a rejection of the British colonial
had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to protest system and a reaffirmation of Indian identity
against the repressive Rowlatt Act. The and self-respect. It also served as a powerful
consequences of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre statement of solidarity with the victims of the
were significant and far-reaching. While there Jallianwala Bagh massacre and a rejection of
were several outcomes, one of them was not British authority.
the suspension of General Dyer. General Dyer's  Temporary peace in Punjab Contrary to the
actions during the massacre were highly other outcomes mentioned above, the
controversial and drew widespread Jallianwala Bagh massacre did not lead to
condemnation, both in India and abroad. temporary peace in Punjab. In fact, it had the
However, instead of being suspended, General opposite effect. The massacre resulted in
Dyer was actually lauded by some sections of widespread anger, resentment, and agitations
British society and even received a fund known in Punjab and other parts of India. The brutal use
as the "Dyer Fund" as a token of appreciation. of force by the British authorities further fueled
 Change in Gandhiji's outlook towards Britishers the nationalist sentiment and intensified the
One of the major outcomes of the Jallianwala demand for independence. The massacre also
Bagh massacre was a significant change in led to a breakdown of trust between the Indian
Mahatma Gandhi's outlook towards the British. population and the British administration,
Prior to the incident, Gandhi had advocated for resulting in increased tensions and a
cooperation with the British authorities and deteriorating law and order situation.
believed in working within the system to bring Therefore, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre did
about change. However, witnessing the brutal not bring temporary peace in Punjab but rather
massacre at Jallianwala Bagh deeply impacted intensified the struggle for independence.
Gandhi and transformed his perspective. After Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom,
the massacre, Gandhi abandoned his belief in modern history spectrum
the efficacy of non-violent cooperation with the
British and instead adopted a more 55. "Red Shirts" movement aimed at
confrontational approach. He called for mass (a) To throw out Britishers from India.
civil disobedience and launched the Non- (b) To promote Communist organizational
Cooperation Movement in 1920, which aimed to activities
boycott British institutions and products. Thus, (c) To promote trade union activities
the Jallianwala Bagh massacre played a crucial (d) All of the above
role in shaping Gandhi's strategy and approach Ans. (a)
towards the British colonial rule.  Red Shirt movement or Khudai Khitmatgar was
 Renunciation of British titles and positions by started by Abdul Ghaffar Khan of the North-
many Indians Another significant outcome of West Frontier Province of India in 1930. His
the Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the followers were pledged to nonviolence, and
widespread renunciation of British titles and they derived their popular title from the red
positions by many Indians. The brutal massacre colour of their shirts.
deeply hurt the sentiments of Indians and led to  The Khudai Khidmatgar was founded on a belief
a sense of outrage and defiance against British in the power of Gandhi’s notion of Satyagraha.
rule. As a form of protest, many Indians The volunteers of Khudai Khidmatgar
voluntarily relinquished their titles, positions, movement were also known as “Surkho Posh”
and honors bestowed upon them by the British or “Red shirts”. It was initially a social reform

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 organization focusing on education and the quell any signs of unrest. It was named after the
elimination of blood feuds from Afghan society British lawyer Sir Sidney Rowlatt, who headed
but turned more political later. The main aim the committee that proposed the legislation.
was to throw Britishers out of India. The Act provided for the detention of individuals
Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom, without trial and allowed the government to
modern history spectrum curtail civil liberties in the name of maintaining
law and order.
1980  Background The First World War had
56. The year 1919 is associated with significantly impacted India, both economically
(a) Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi and politically. The Indian National Congress,
(b) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, had
(c) Chauri Chaura Incident supported the British war effort in the hope of
(d) Partition of Bengal gaining greater autonomy for India. However,
Ans. (b) the colonial government failed to fulfill its
 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, one of the promises of reform and instead passed the
darkest episodes in the history of the Indian Rowlatt Act, which further stifled Indian
independence movement, occurred on April 13, aspirations for self-rule.
1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, during the British  Impact and Reaction The Rowlatt Act was met
colonial rule in India. British troops, under the with widespread opposition and outrage across
command of Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, India. Indians saw the Act as a violation of their
opened fire on a large gathering of unarmed civil liberties and an attempt by the British
Indians who were peacefully protesting the government to suppress dissent. The Act was
repressive Rowlatt Act. viewed as a betrayal of the trust placed in the
 The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy resulted in the British during the war. Both moderate and
death and injury of hundreds of Indians, radical nationalists united in their
sparking outrage and widespread condemnation of the Act and called for protests
condemnation both in India and abroad. It had a and strikes to oppose its implementation. The
profound impact on the Indian independence Jallianwala Bagh Massacre In response to the
movement and further fueled the demand for growing unrest, General Reginald Dyer, the
self-rule and independence from British colonial British military commander in Amritsar,
rule. imposed a ban on public gatherings through a
Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom, proclamation issued on April 11, 1919. On April
modern history spectrum 13, a large crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh,
a public garden in Amritsar, to protest against
57. Which important event immediately preceded the Rowlatt Act and show their solidarity with
Jallianwala Bagh massacre? the nationwide agitation. Ignoring the ban, the
(a) Rowlatt Act enactment crowd listened to speeches and peacefully
(b) Communal award protested against the Act. General Dyer,
(c) Coming of Simon Commission accompanied by a contingent of soldiers, arrived
(d) Quit India Movement at the scene and without any warning, ordered
Ans. (a) his troops to open fire on the crowd. The
 The Rowlatt Act was a law passed by the British indiscriminate firing continued for about 10
government in India in March 1919, which minutes until the soldiers ran out of
granted extensive powers to the colonial ammunition. The brutal assault resulted in the
authorities to suppress political activities and

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 deaths of at least 379 people and left over a assumed to be a non-violent corporation where
thousand injured. people gave up their government titles and
 Immediate Preceding Event The immediate jobs.
event preceding the Jallianwala Bagh massacre  Students were deprived of attending
was the enactment of the Rowlatt Act. The Act, government schools or colleges and even
which granted the colonial authorities sweeping refused to pay heavy taxes. The aim was to
powers to suppress political activities, had establish self-government or swaraj. People
caused widespread anger and discontent among widely participated in the Chauri Chaura
the Indian population. The gathering at movement, and even at a participation level,
Jallianwala Bagh was a peaceful protest against they witnessed widespread success.
the Act, and the brutal response of General  However, the sudden breakdown of the Chauri
Dyer's troops led to one of the darkest chapters Chaura incident of 1922 changed a lot of things
in India's struggle for independence. to a great extent. On February 2, 1922, the locals
 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre had a profound were found to protest against the rise in the
impact on the Indian independence movement. prices of meat. Many of them were beaten and
It served as a turning point, galvanizing public some of the leaders were sent behind bars at
opinion against British rule and strengthening the Chauri Chaura police station. This incident
the resolve of Indians to fight for their freedom. led to a different protest altogether against the
The incident also highlighted the oppressive police.
nature of British colonial rule and further united  Around 2500 people on February 4 walked
different factions of the Indian nationalist towards the Chauri Chaura market, intending to
movement in their struggle for independence. strike a liquor selling shop. During this time, a
Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom, leader got arrested. As a result, people walk
modern history spectrum towards the chauri chaura police station to
appeal for their release. In order to disperse the
58. Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended in crowd, police fired several times in the air.
1921 because However, the crowd lost their control and
(a) Violence broke out at Chauri Chaura started to throw stones at each other.
(b) Gandhiji was arrested for five years  When things got out of control, one of the sub-
(c) Government accepted the demands of inspector fired three people from the crowd.
Indian leaders This filled people with anger and officials inside
(d) People were not supporting this the police station were hanged to death. Later,
movement hundreds and thousands of people got
Ans. (a) arrested.
 On February 4, 1922, a group of non-  After the Chauri Chaura incident, Gandhi fasted
cooperation movement participants clashed for a complete five days. A week after the Chauri
with local authorities, attacked police officers, Chaura incident, Gandhi decided to call off the
and burnt police stations which unfortunately non-cooperation movement on February 12
led to the death of 22 police officers and three against many of his closest associates, including
civilians. This incident occurred at Chauri Chaura Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru who did not
in the Gorakhpur region of Uttar Pradesh, then agree to Gandhi’s decision. Gandhi believed that
known as the United Provinces. people were yet not ready for a non-violent
 In September 1920, Mahatma Gandhi movement. Also, he felt, adequate training
introduced the non-cooperation movement, needs to be given to the masses.
which was peaceful and non-violent. It was

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 The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 and Gandhi’s the legislative councils. Still, due to the efforts of
decision gave a deep insight into his ideologies Gandhi, both Swarajists and No-Changers
and commitment to non-violence. When India remained within the congress organisation.
was witnessing several social movements Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom,
frequently, organisers should internalise this modern history spectrum
principle.
 After the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, it was 1981
pretty evident that the nationalists were 59. What is the correct order of happenings of the
impulsive and making wrong decisions. following three events in the British rule in
Depicting it as criminal discounts the local roots India?
of political discontent. According to Gandhi, the 1. Rowlatt Act
violence at Chauri Chaura was terrible as it 2. Hunter Report
showcased exceptional moral conviction in 3. Jallianwalla Bagh Tragedy
pulling back. Select the correct answer from the codes given
Why did Gandhi withdraw from the non-cooperation below:
movement? (a) 1,3, 2
 Gandhi had repeatedly warned that he did not (b) 2,1,3
even want any violent movement in any other (c) 3,2,1
part of the country while conducting mass civil (d) 2,3,1
disobedience in Bardoli. First, non-violence is a Ans. (a)
matter of principle for Gandhi. Second, if  The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of
violence occurred anywhere, it could easily be 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act or
made an excuse by the Government to launch a Black Act, was a legislative act passed by the
massive attack on the movement as a whole. It Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 10 March
would justify the repression. 1919.
 Gandhi took responsibility for withdrawing the  The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as
movement on himself and the Working the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April
Committee. Gandhi protected the movement 1919 when troops of the British Indian Army
from likely repression by the Government and under the command of General Reginald Dyer
the people from demoralisation. fired rifles into a crowd of unarmed Indian
 By the second half of 1921, the movement had civilians who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh,
shown clear signs of being on the ebb. Amritsar, Punjab.
 The movement had already gone on for over a  After the terrible massacre at Jallianwala Bagh
year, the Government was in no mood for on 13th April, 1919, the Legislative Council of
negotiations, and Chauri- Chaura presented an the government of India constituted the Hunter
opportunity to retreat with honour before the Commission to examine the mishap that
internal weaknesses of the movement became occurred there. The investigating committee
apparent enough to force surrender or make the was led by Lord William Hunter, The commission
retreat look like a rout. was formed on 29th October 1919. It convened
Impact on freedom struggle in November and took testimony over a period
 With the withdrawal of the movement, Gandhi of 46 days.
was arrested immediately. Britishers used a Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom,
hard-handed approach to deal with the modern history spectrum.
movement. Congress was on the verge of
splitting with a faction demanding re-entry to

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60. Why did Gandhiji stop the Non- Cooperation  In response to the violence, Mahatma Gandhi
Movement? decided to suspend the Non-Cooperation
(a) Because of Gandhi-Irwin Pact Movement, as he believed it had deviated from
(b) Because the mob turned violent its principle of nonviolence.
(c) Because he was ordered to do so by the (b) Government accepting the demands of Indian:
Britishers  The Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to
(d) Because he did not like to continue the compel the British government to fulfill Indian
movement demands, but it was not called off because the
Ans. (b) government accepted these demands.
 Non-cooperation movement was started by (c) Repressive measures adopted by the government:
Mahatma Gandhi, in order to overthrow the  While the British government did take
British government in India and grant self- repressive measures to counter the Non-
governance or purna swaraj to India. The Non- Cooperation Movement, it was the Chauri
Cooperation movement was suspended in Chaura incident that played a decisive role in
February 1922 because of the start of the Chauri Gandhi's decision to call off the movement.
Chaura incident. In Chauri Chaura which was a (d) None of these:
town in the state of Uttar Pradesh, a violent mob  Option (d) is not the correct answer because, as
set fire to the nearby police station, which killed mentioned earlier, the movement was called off
almost 22 policemen. After this incident, due to the Chauri Chaura incident.
Mahatma Gandhi suspended the movement,  The Chauri Chaura incident was a significant
because the principle of Ahimsa was violated. event in India's struggle for independence, as it
Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom, highlighted the importance of nonviolence and
modern history spectrum. civil disobedience in the movements led by
Mahatma Gandhi.
1982 Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom,
61. Non-Cooperation Movement was called off by modern history spectrum.
Gandhiji because
(a) Of Chauri Chaura incident 1983
(b) Government accepted the demands of 62. After Chauri Chaura incident in which 22
Indian policemen were killed, the result was that
(c) Of repressive measures adopted by the (a) Gandhiji started his Dandi March
leaders government (b) Gandhiji called off the no tax campaign
(d) None of these (c) Gandhiji withdrew his movement of non
Ans. (a) cooperation
(a) The Chauri Chaura incident: (d) Gandhiji went to-talk with the Viceroy,
 The Chauri Chaura incident occurred on Lord Irwin
February 4, 1922, in the Chauri Chaura village in Ans. (c) Refer Q. No 10 of 1980
the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) Explanation:
during the Non-Cooperation Movement led by  After the Chauri Chaura incident, in which 22
Mahatma Gandhi. policemen were killed, the result was that
 In this incident, a group of protesters turned option (c) Gandhiji withdrew his movement of
violent and attacked the police station. Several noncooperation. The incident in Chauri Chaura
police officers were killed, and this violent turn on February 5, 1922, marked a turning point in
of events deeply disturbed Mahatma Gandhi. the Non-Cooperation Movement led by
Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was deeply disturbed

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 by the violent turn of events, as the principle of  An increase in import volumes led to a decline in
nonviolence was a fundamental aspect of his production and factory closures. This led to a
movement. In response to the incident, Gandhiji rise in inflation.
decided to call off the Non-Cooperation  Peasants faced increased rents and taxes,
Movement, recognizing that it had lost its causing alarm in the country's economic
nonviolent character. He believed that a period situation.
of introspection and reevaluation was necessary  Nationalists, disillusioned by the British failure
before resuming any mass movement. to deliver goods and services at appropriate
Source : Gandhian phase Indian struggle for freedom, prices, found their anti-British attitude
modern history spectrum. strengthened.
 Rowlatt Act: Fearing the potential revolutionary
1987 activities, the British came up with the Rowlatt
63. Khilafat movement stressed on Act of 1919, which allowed the government to
(a) Restoration of Turkish Khalipha as the imprison people even without trial.
head of Indian Muslims This led to a significant political awakening and anger
(b) Reservation of seats for Muslim in India, with Gandhi opposing it through the Rowlatt
community in Government services Satyagraha, resulting in hartals and demonstrations.
(c) Independent Pakistan  Jallianwala Bagh massacre: During the protests
(d) India's Independence of Indians against the arrest of Satyapal Singh
Ans. (a) and Saifuddin Kitchlew, Amritsar witnessed the
 Khilafat Movement: During the post-World War naked brutality of Imperial power when General
I period, there was growing resentment among Dyer ordered his troops to fire upon the
Indians due to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, unarmed crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh on
the Rowlatt Act and the treatment given out by April 13, 1919.
the British Empire to the Turkish Khalifa. These  Despite the fact that thousands were killed, the
developments created the ground for a more Hunter Commission gave General Dyer almost a
broad-based mass movement against British clean chit, which angered Indian nationalists.
rule.  Mont-Ford Reforms: To placate the Indian
 In this backdrop, the Khilafat issue proved to be nationalists, especially Congress, the
an opportunity for Gandhi to bring Hindus and Government of India Act of 1919 was brought to
Muslims together in fighting against the colossal the public.
colonial empire. The Khilafat Movement,  But it further disillusioned nationalists, causing
together with the Non-cooperation Movement, a potential popular uprising against the British
marked the beginning of a new phase of the Government.
Indian national movement under the leadership Reasons for the Khilafat Movement
of Mahatma Gandhi.  In the years following the First World War,
Background of the Khilafat Movement Indian Muslims were supportive of Indian
The Khilafat Movement was launched against the nationalism. The primary reason for the Khilafat
backdrop of the socio-economic impacts of the First Movement was to exert pressure on the British
World War, the draconian Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala government to keep the Ottoman Sultan in
Bagh Massacre, and the Montagu-Chelmsford power as the Caliph of Islam after the Ottoman
Reforms. Empire collapsed at the end of the war.
 Impacts of the First World War: Post World War  Treaty of Sevres (1920): Turkey was defeated in
I, Indian commodity prices increased, affecting the First World War, and Muslims around the
common people and industries.

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 world felt the harsh terms of the Treaty of Non-cooperation with the Government: The Khilafat
Sevres (1920) as a great insult to them. leadership made it very clear that they would cease all
 Following the war, the British dismissed the cooperation with the government if the terms of the
Turkish Khalifa. As a result, Muslims in India post-war peace were unfavourable to Muslims.
started the Khilafat movement to reestablish  Shaukat Ali alerted the British in April 1920 that
the Khalifa's position. if they didn't succeed in appeasing the Indian
 Their main demands were: Muslims, "we would start a joint Hindu-Muslim
Khalifa's rule over Muslim holy sites must be movement of non-cooperation."
maintained.  In addition, Shaukat Ali placed emphasis on the
 The Khalifa should be left with enough fact that Mahatma Gandhi, who is respected by
territories after the war when it comes to both Muslims and Hindus, would serve as the
territorial adjustments. movement's leader.
 Anti-imperialism: It also embodied a broader Gandhi and the issue of Hindu-Muslim unity: The
anti-imperialist sentiment. Many Muslims and Khilafat issue was not directly linked with politics in
Hindus in India were disillusioned with British India, but the Khilafat leaders were eager to enlist the
colonial rule and sought to express their support of Hindus.
discontent by aligning with the cause of the  Gandhi saw this as a chance to unite Hindus and
Ottoman Empire. Muslims in opposition to the British.
Course of the Khilafat Movement  Until May 1920, Gandhi adopted a moderate
 In order to put pressure on the British stance despite his support for the Khilafat issue
government, to address the injustices of the and his role as the head of the All India Khilafat
Punjab wrongs and to defend Khalifa’s temporal Committee.
powers, the Khilafat movement was established  However, the publication of the terms of the
in 1919 under the leadership of Mohammad Ali “Treaty of Sevres” and the Publication of the
and Shaukat Ali (commonly referred to as the Ali “Hunter Committee Report” on the 'Jallianwala
brothers), Abul Kalam Azad, Hasrat Mohani, and Bagh Massacre' in May 1920 made Indians angry
others. and led Gandhi to openly take the Khilafat issue.
 Khilafat Committee: A Khilafat Committee was Programme of non-cooperation: From June 1–3, 1920,
established in Bombay at the start of 1919. the Central Khilafat Committee met in Allahabad.
Muslim businessmen took the lead, but their Several leaders from the Congress and Khilafat were
efforts were limited to Khalifa-supporting present at the meeting. A programme of non-
meetings, petitions, and delegations. cooperation with the government was announced at
 However, a militant trend within the movement this meeting. This was to include:
soon started to emerge. A moderate approach  boycott of titles conferred by the Government,
did not satisfy the militant trend's leaders.  boycott of civil services, army and police, that is,
Instead, they advocated for the start of a all government jobs
national movement.  non-payment of taxes to the Government.
 Delhi Khilafat Conference: The conference Support from Congress:
presided over by Gandhi advocated, for the first  Despite Gandhi’s support on the Khilafat issue,
time, at the All India Khilafat Conference in Delhi the Congress was divided initially.
(22-23 November 1919) non-cooperation with  Later, Congress felt that it was an excellent
the British Government in India. chance to unite Muslims and Hindus and
 Hasrat Mohani called for a boycott of British strengthen Muslim involvement in further
goods during this conference. national movements.

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 In turn, the Muslim League decided to fully not the founders of the Swaraj Party. The Swaraj
support the Congress and its political agitation Party was actually founded by C. R. Das and
in full potential. Motilal Nehru.
 Merger with Non-cooperation Movement: The Source : Gandhian phase, khilafat movement Indian
Khilafat Movement eventually merged with struggle for freedom, modern history spectrum.
Gandhi's Non-Cooperation Movement.
Significance of the Khilafat Movement
Though the Khilafat Movement was merged and
Congress Sessions
subsumed under the larger movement, the Non- 1979
cooperation Movement and the issue of Khilafat itself 65. The Lucknow Congress Session of 1916 refers
were diluted due to the political reforms of Mustafa to
Kamal Pasha in Turkey. It still holds importance on a (a) Concession of separate electorates for
number of fronts. the Muslims by the Congress Party
 Urban Muslims were attracted to the Indian (b) Merger of Muslim League into Congress
national movement. (c) Selection of Muslim leader as the
 Hindu-Muslim unity was strengthened, and this Congress President
was reflected in the extent of participation in (d) None of the above
the Non-cooperation Movement. Ans. (a)
 Nationalist sentiments politicised every  The Lucknow Congress session of 1916 is noted
segment of the population, including women, for the concession given by the congress to the
traders, urban poor, students, peasants, Muslim league in the former’s acceptance of
artisans, and peasants. separate electorates. The session adopted an
agreement known as Lucknow Pact. It marked
 Congress, especially Gandhi, attracted many
the coming together of extremists and
liberal Muslim leaders to the secular nature of
moderates in Congress on a common platform
the Indian freedom movement.
again after a decade amd a concession was
Source : Gandhian phase, khilafat movement Indian
given by the Congress to the Muslim League.
struggle for freedom, modern history spectrum.
Congress agreed upon the demand of separate
1990
electorates for Muslims in the provincial council
64. Assertion (A): Ali Brothers founded the Swaraj
elections in 1765.
Party.
Reason (R): The Swarajists were in favour of  Through the pact, both the parties agreed to
council entry and obstruction from within. allow representation to religious minorities in
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct the provincial legislatures. Muslim League
explanation of A. leaders agreed upon joining the congress
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct movement demanding Indian autonomy. It is an
explanation of A. example of consociational practice in Indian
(c) A is true but R is false. politics. Congress was led by Mahajan while
(d) A is false but R is true. framing the deal. Mahatama Gandhi also
Ans. (d) participated in this event.
 While the reason (R) is correct – the Swarajists  This pact was seen as a beacon of hope to
were indeed in favor of council entry and Hindu-Muslim unity. It was the fourth attempt
obstruction from within – the assertion (A) is of Hindus and Muslims making a joint demand
incorrect. Ali Brothers, specifically Muhammad for political reform to the Britishers.
Ali and Shaukat Ali, were prominent leaders in Source : Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for
the Indian freedom movement, but they were freedom, modern history spectrum.

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1980  The occasion was of declaring the poorna swaraj
66. The basic education advocated by Gandhiji in on 26th January 1930. It was the day when
Wardha Congress is related with leaders of our country reached at a conclusion
(a) Compulsory elementary education that now they want freedom from the foreign
(b) Social relevance of education to society rule and want a sovereign and a republic
(c) Demand of separate institutions for dominion for themselves.
minorities  When we look back, we find that our ultra-
(d) Compulsory military training for every careful leaders understood that they now had to
student take steps to eradicate the British rule from
Ans. (b) India. Leaders like Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,
 Gandhiji’s concept of basic education, also Vallabhbhai Patel, Pattabhi Sitaramayya and
known as Nai Talim or Basic National Education, other members of Indian national congress
emphasized the integration of education with (founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume) earlier thought
the social and economic needs of society. that with their liberal policies they will be able
According to Gandhiji, education should not be to get their demands fulfilled by British but
limited to book knowledge but should also focus unfortunately it proved wrong. Later on, we see
on developing skills, character, and practical that a lot of circumstances like the Jallianwala
knowledge that are relevant to the social and massacre (April 1919) and Rowlatt acts aroused
economic realities of individuals and their our liberal leaders and made them realize the
communities. reality of British.
 Gandhiji believed that education should be  Now we see the entry of Gandhi in this whole
centered around the needs of the community picture. Gandhi, like we know, was very critical
and should promote self-sufficiency, of Britishers because of his experiences in Africa.
sustainability, and dignity of labor. He We all know very well about the influence of
emphasized the importance of imparting skills Gandhi later on in achieving the objective of
such as agriculture, handicrafts, and manual getting independence. Gandhi was a supporter
labor alongside intellectual learning. Gandhiji of non-violence and therefore, formed various
aimed to create a more holistic and balanced associations which proved helpful in the long
educational system that would empower run. For example, non-cooperation movement
individuals and contribute to the overall (1920), khilafat movement, quit India
progress and well-being of society. movement etc. But somewhere or the other,
 Therefore, option (b) “Social relevance of these movements lagged a bit.
education to society” is the correct association  Now finally the declaration came on 26th
with Gandhiji’s concept of basic education January, 1930 regarding the decision of Indian
advocated in the Wardha Congress. national congress to attain complete freedom.
Source : Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for The declaration basically stated that British rule
freedom, modern history spectrum. has deprived people of their basic rights and
have exploited them from every aspect.
1981 Therefore, India would only be satisfied when it
67. Purna Swaraj Day was observed on would receive complete independence (poorna
(a) 26th November, 1947 swaraj) from the foreign rule.
(b) 26th October, 1949 Source : Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for
(c) 26th January, 1950 freedom, modern history spectrum.
(d) 26th January, 1930
Ans. (d)

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1983 landscape and advocating for independence
68. The first session of Indian National Congress in from British colonial rule.
1885 was held at Source : formation of Indian national congress, Indian
(a) Bombay struggle for freedom, modern history spectrum
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lahore 1990
(d) Lucknow 70. Consider the following sessions of the Indian
Ans. (a) National Congress:
 The first session of the Congress was held in The session in which
Bombay (Mumbai). 1. The Muslim League and the Indian
 The session was held under the presidentship of National Congress met jointly.
Womesh Chandra Banerjee who was a 2. The Indian National Congress divided into
prominent Bengali barrister. The meeting was two groups.
attended by 72 delegates from all over India. 3. The resolution for "Complete
This meeting was held in December,1885 while Independence" was passed.
the All-India National Conference was also 4. The Non-cooperation resolution was
holding its meeting in Calcutta. passed.
Source : formation of Indian national congress, Indian The correct chronological sequence of these
struggle for freedom, modern history spectrum. sessions is
(a) 3-4-1-2
1986 (b) 2-1-4-3
69. Gokaldas Tejpal Sanskrit Pathshala was the (c) 2-3-4--1
place where (d) 1-2-3-4
(a) The first session of Indian National Ans. (b)
Congress was held  The Indian National Congress established in
(b) Max Mueller came to study Sanskrit 1885 by A.O Hume was divided into two groups
(c) AO. Hume used to live in the year 1907.
(d) Gandhiji made his first Ashram  The Lucknow Pact was an agreement that
Ans. (a) reached between the Indian National Congress
 Gokaldas Tejpal Sanskrit Pathshala was the and the Muslim League at the joint session of
place where option (a) the first session of the both the parties held in Lucknow in December
Indian National Congress was held. 1916.
 The first session of the Indian National Congress,  Gandhi had announced the launching of the Non
a major political organization in India’s Cooperation Movement in August 1920.
independence movement, took place in  The Indian National Congress held its annual
December 1885 in Gokaldas Tejpal Sanskrit session in December 1929. It voted for “purna
Pathshala, located in Mumbai (then known as swaraj” or complete independence as against a
Bombay). The session was attended by dominion status for India and passed a
prominent Indian leaders and intellectuals who resolution fixing the last Sunday of January
gathered to discuss issues related to the welfare 1930.
and representation of the Indian people. Source : formation of Indian national congress, Indian
 This historic session marked the foundation of struggle for freedom, modern history spectrum
the Indian National Congress, which went on to
play a crucial role in shaping India’s political

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  Note: The British Government will give
India's Independence complete self-government to British India by 30
1979 June 1948 at the latest, the future of the Princely
71. Who was the Prime Minister of U.K. at the time States will be determined after the date of final
of India's Independence? partition is settled, was declared by Clement
(a) Lord Attlee Attlee, the Prime Minister of the United
(b) Winston Churchill Kingdom, on February 20, 1947.
(c) Lord Mountbatten Source: Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for freedom,
(d) Harold Wilson modern history spectrum.
Ans. (a)
 Option A) Lord Attlee: From 1935 to 1955, 72. The Prime Minister of Interim Government of
Clement Attlee led the Labour Party and served India after Independence was
as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from (a) Gandhi
1945 to 1951. He expanded and strengthened (b) Nehru
social care and the public sector in post-war (c) Jinnah
Britain as Prime Minister, establishing the (d) Rajgopalachari
National Health Service and nationalising main Ans. (b)
factories and public utilities. Hence, he was in  Jawaharlal Nehru served as the Prime Minister
power during India’s Independence time. of the Interim Government of India from August
Therefore, this option is correct. 15, 1947, until India’s formal declaration as a
 Option B) Winston Churchill : From 1940 to Republic on January 26, 1950. Following India’s
1945, and then from 1951 to 1955, he served as independence from British rule, the Interim
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Churchill Government was established to oversee the
is best known for actively leading the United transition period until the adoption of a
Kingdom during World War II. He was known for permanent constitution.
his motivational speeches and his refusal to  As a key leader of the Indian National Congress
surrender, particularly though things were going and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi,
wrong. Hence, he was not in power during the Nehru played a pivotal role in shaping India’s
year 1947. Therefore, this option is incorrect. political landscape and policies after
 Option C) Lord Mountbatten : Mountbatten was independence. He became the first Prime
appointed Viceroy of India in March 1947, with Minister of India when the country transitioned
the responsibility of overseeing the British to a full-fledged republic. Therefore, option (b)
withdrawal. He made friends with powerful Nehru is the correct answer.
politicians, particularly Jawaharlal Nehru, but he Source: post independent India, modern history
couldn't convince Muslim leader Mohammad Ali spectrum publications.
Jinnah of the benefits of a united, independent
India. Hence, he was not the prime minister of 73. Which party was in power in U.K. when India
the UK. became independent?
 Therefore, this option is incorrect. (a) Labour
 Option D) Harold Wilson :James Harold Wilson, (b) Conservative.
was a British politician who served as Prime (c) Liberal
Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from (d) None of these
October 1964 to June 1970 and March 1974 to Ans. (a)
April 1976. Since, he was not in power during  The contrast was stark Churchill was voluble and
the year 1947. Hence, this option is incorrect. volatile whereas Attlee was shy,

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 uncommunicative and unresponsive. He visited  3rd June plan was also known as
India in 1927-28 as a member of the Simon the Mountbatten Plan. Principle of the Partition
Commission and developed some of British India was accepted by the British
understanding of Indian nationalism and the Government. Successor governments would be
Hindu-Muslim problems prevailing. Attlee given dominion status. It suggested the transfer
became the Prime Minister on 26 July 1945 after of power to Indians on august 15df, 1947.
the Labour Party won a landslide victory in Source: Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for freedom,
elections. modern history spectrum.
 As grateful as British population was to Churchill
for victory in the War, they knew that a different
type of man was needed to rebuild the ravaged
Misc
economy, deal with rehabilitation of thousands 1979
of retrenched soldiers and growing unrest in 76. Indian National Congress took the stand during
India and he was successful in managing all the Second World War that
issues. (a) It would support axis powers
Source: Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for freedom, (b) It would support allied powers
modern history spectrum. (c) It would cooperate with the British if India
is promised dominion status after the war
1981 (d) It would cooperate with the British if India
74. Who was the Viceroy when Attlee declared is granted complete Independence
India's Independence? Ans. (d)
(a) Lord Wavell (a) It would support Axis powers:
(b) Lord Mountbatten  The Axis powers during World War II included
(c) Lord William Bentinck Germany, Italy, and Japan.
(d) Lord Cornwallis  The Indian National Congress did not support
Ans. (b) the Axis powers; in fact, it opposed British
 The correct answer is (b) Lord Mountbatten. colonial rule and the Axis powers during the
Lord Mountbatten was the Viceroy of India war.
when Clement Attlee, the British Prime (b) It would support Allied powers:
Minister, announced India’s independence. Lord  The Allied powers during World War II included
Mountbatten played a significant role in the the United Kingdom, the United States, the
process leading up to India’s independence and Soviet Union, and others.
oversaw the partition of India into two separate  The Indian National Congress generally
countries, India and Pakistan, in 1947. supported the Allied powers, as they were seen
Source: Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for freedom, as fighting against Axis aggression and
modern history spectrum. totalitarianism. However, the Congress also
insisted on India's independence as part of the
75. Which of the following was mainly responsible deal.
for the transfer of power by the British to India (c) It would cooperate with the British if India is
on August 15, 1947? promised dominion status after the war:
(a) Cabinet Mission Plan  The Congress did not settle for just dominion
(b) Attlee Declaration status; it aimed for complete independence, so
(c) Simon Commission Plan this option is not accurate.
(d) Mountbatten Declaration (d) It would cooperate with the British if India is
Ans. (d) granted complete Independence:

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 This is the correct option. The Congress, under (c) Launch a non-cooperation movement against
the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and the British:
Jawaharlal Nehru, demanded complete  The non-cooperation movement, led by
independence from British colonial rule during Mahatma Gandhi, called for non-cooperation
the Second World War. This demand was an with the British government, including non-
integral part of the Quit India Movement, with cooperation with educational institutions, the
the call for "Do or Die" for India's independence. legal system, and government functions. It was
 The Indian National Congress extended its full a form of protest against British rule.
support to the Allied Nations during World War (d) Adopt Swadeshi in piece goods on a vast scale:
II. - The Congress believed that supporting the  The adoption of Swadeshi, promoting Indian-
Allies would help India gain independence as the made goods, was a significant part of the Indian
British government had promised to grant self- independence movement. It encouraged the
rule to India after the war. - The Congress also use of locally produced items to reduce
hoped that by supporting the Allies, India's dependence on foreign goods, thereby
contribution to the war effort would strengthen promoting self-sufficiency and self-reliance.
their demand for independence.  The Swaraj Party's approach of participating in
Source: Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for freedom, legislative councils to disrupt the government's
modern history spectrum functioning from within was a distinct strategy
during India's struggle for independence.
77. Aim of Swaraj Party was to Source: Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for freedom,
(a) Enter the Legislative Councils by modern history spectrum.
contesting elections in order to wreck the
legislatures from within 78. Swaraj Party was founded by
(b) Boycott the foreign goods (a) Motilal Nehru
(c) Launch a non-cooperation movement (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
against the British (c) B.G. Tilak
(d) Adopt Swadeshi in piece goods on a vast (d) C. Rajagopalachari
scale Ans. (a)
Ans. (a) (a) Motilal Nehru:
(a) Enter the Legislative Councils by contesting  Motilal Nehru was a prominent leader in the
elections in order to wreck the legislatures Indian independence movement and a key
from within: figure in the Indian National Congress.
 This was the primary aim of the Swaraj Party.  He was one of the founders of the Swaraj Party,
They believed in participating in the legislative which aimed to work for self-rule and greater
councils (council entry) to work for greater self- political independence for India within the
rule and independence by obstructing and British colonial framework.
opposing the government's policies from within (b) Jawaharlal Nehru:
the system.  Jawaharlal Nehru, the son of Motilal Nehru, was
(b) Boycott foreign goods: also a prominent leader in the Indian
 The boycott of foreign goods was part of the independence movement.
non-cooperation movement, mainly advocated  He later became the first Prime Minister of India
by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National and played a pivotal role in shaping the
Congress. It aimed to protest British colonial country's post-independence political
rule by refusing to buy foreign-made products. landscape.
(c) B.G. Tilak (Bal Gangadhar Tilak):

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 Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent leader in Movement. However, he was not the initiator of
the Indian independence movement, known for the Bhoodan Movement.
his advocacy of Swaraj (self-rule). (c) Vinoba Bhave:
 He was associated with the extremist wing of  Vinoba Bhave was a close associate of Mahatma
the Indian National Congress and advocated for Gandhi and a prominent social reformer in India.
more aggressive means to achieve self-rule.  He is known for starting the Bhoodan
(d) C. Rajagopalachari: Movement in the early 1950s, which aimed to
 C. Rajagopalachari, often referred to as Rajaji, persuade landowners to voluntarily donate a
was a prominent leader in the Indian portion of their land to landless peasants and
independence movement. the poor.
 He was associated with the Indian National (d) Jawaharlal Nehru:
Congress and later played a role in the  Jawaharlal Nehru was a prominent leader in the
Swatantra Party, a political party advocating Indian independence movement and the first
free-market principles. Prime Minister of India.
 In the context of the Swaraj Party's founding,  While he played a significant role in shaping
option (a) is correct as Motilal Nehru was one of India's post-independence policies and
the founders of the Swaraj Party, along with C. development, he was not the initiator of the
R. Das. Bhoodan Movement.
Source: Gandhian phase, Indian struggle for freedom,  The Bhoodan Movement, initiated by Vinoba
modern history spectrum. Bhave, had a substantial impact on land reform
efforts in India and the promotion of social
1980 justice.
79. Who started Bhoodan Movement in India? Source: post independent India spectrum, land
(a) Gandhiji reforms in India, Bipin Chandra.
(b) Jayaprakash Narayan
(c) Vinoba Bhave 80. What is true of Indian National Congress during
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru World II?
Ans. (c) (a) It demanded for its co-operation with the
(a) Gandhiji (Mahatma Gandhi): British that a provincial national
 Mahatma Gandhi, also known as Gandhiji, was a government may be set up at the centre
preeminent leader in the Indian independence (b) It extended full support to the Indian
movement. National Army to oust the British from
 He is best known for his philosophy of India
nonviolence (Satyagraha) and his role in leading (c) It decided to extend full support to the
India to independence from British colonial rule. allied nations
 While he was a key influence on Vinoba Bhave (d) It worked for the defeat of the allied
and his ideals, Mahatma Gandhi himself did not nations
start the Bhoodan Movement. Ans. (a)
(b) Jayaprakash Narayan (J.P. Narayan): During World War II, the Indian National Congress:
 Jayaprakash Narayan, often referred to as J.P., (a) Demanded for its co-operation with the British
was a prominent social and political activist in that a provincial national government may be
India. set up at the center. This is the correct option.
 He played a significant role in various social and The Indian National Congress, under the
political movements, including the Sarvodaya leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and other
leaders, demanded that the British government

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 set up a provincial national government at the  The INA played a role in the independence
center in exchange for their cooperation during movement, but it was just one part of the
the war. This demand was part of the Quit India broader Indian National Movement.
Movement, which called for "Do or Die" for (b) Struggle by the Indians to gain freedom from
India's independence. British colonial rule in India:
 Options (b), (c), and (d) are not accurate  This option is the correct answer. The Indian
representations of the Congress's stance during National Movement encompassed a wide range
World War II: of efforts and strategies to gain independence
(b) The Indian National Congress did not extend full from British colonial rule.
support to the Indian National Army (INA), (c) Struggle by Indians to gain dominion status
which sought to oust the British from India. The under British rule:
INA was formed by Subhas Chandra Bose, who  Dominion status refers to a level of self-
had differences with the Congress leadership. governance under the British Empire. The Indian
(c) The Congress did support the Allied nations in National Movement sought full independence,
the sense that it demanded independence from not just dominion status.
British colonial rule in exchange for cooperation (d) Struggle by Indians to stop British trade in
with the war effort. India:
(d) The Congress did not work for the defeat of the  While there were boycott movements and
Allied nations; rather, it focused on its demand economic protests during the Indian
for independence and sought to gain support for independence movement, the primary goal was
that cause. not to stop British trade but to gain freedom
Source: India’s struggle for freedom Bipin Chandra from British colonial rule.
and spectrum publications and world war 2 in world  Option (b) accurately represents the
history Norman lorve . overarching goal of the Indian National
Movement, which was the struggle by Indians to
1981 gain freedom from British colonial rule in India.
81. The Indian National Movement refers to the Source: India’s struggle for freedom spectrum
(a) Movement started by Subhash Chandra publications/ Bipin Chandra.
Bose through LN.A. 82. Which of the following represents the
(b) Struggle by the Indians to gain freedom integration of Hindus and Muslims for a
from British colonial rule in India common cause?
(c) Struggle by Indians to gain dominion (a) Khilafat Movement
status under British rule (b) Quit India Movement
(d) Struggle by Indians to stop British trade in (c) Civil Disobedience Movement
India (d) None of the above
Ans. (b) Ans. (a)
(a) Movement started by Subhash Chandra Bose (a) Khilafat Movement:
through INA:  The Khilafat Movement was launched in the
 Subhas Chandra Bose was a prominent leader in aftermath of World War I to support the
the Indian independence movement. Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate, which was
 He led the Indian National Army (INA) during seen as a unifying symbol for Muslims
World War II, which aimed to free India from worldwide.
British colonial rule with the support of Axis  It aimed to protest the mistreatment of the
powers. Ottoman Caliph and to preserve the Islamic holy
places in Turkey.

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 Mahatma Gandhi actively supported and led 84. Who can be called the father of local self-
this movement, advocating for Hindu-Muslim government in India?
unity and cooperation for the common cause of (a) Lord Ripon
the Khilafat. (c) Lord Curzon
(b) Quit India Movement: (b) Lord Minto
 The Quit India Movement, also known as the (d) Lord Dufferin
August Kranti, was launched in 1942 and called Ans. (a)
for the immediate end of British colonial rule in  This person granted the Indians their very first
India. taste of freedom by introducing the Local Self
 It was a mass protest and non-cooperation Government. This resolution is also known as
movement against British authorities and aimed the Magna Carta of Self Government passed in
to achieve India's independence. the year 1882 and lord goes by the name of ___
 While it was a significant movement in the the good. The lord was the viceroy of India
struggle for independence, it did not focus on under Gladstone’s rule and took many measures
Hindu-Muslim unity in the same way as the towards liberalizing the indian administration
Khilafat Movement. and also provided political and popular
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement: education to Indians.
 The Civil Disobedience Movement, led by  Complete Answer : The answer to this question
Mahatma Gandhi, was launched in 1930 and is Lord Ripon. He is the Father of Local Self
involved nonviolent protests, civil disobedience, Government in India. Starting with Local Self
and the refusal to obey certain laws and taxes Government, it is the right of a community to
imposed by the British. resolve local problems and issues on its own. In
 It aimed to demand self-rule, economic 1882, Lord Ripon passed a resolution of local self
independence, and the abolition of certain government and laid the democratic forms of
British laws. one of the initial municipal governance in India.
 Like the Quit India Movement, it was a key part He believed that this will guide and train Indians
of India's independence movement but had in managing their own affairs. Because of this,
different goals and dynamics. the development of municipal governance grew
 Option (d) is incorrect in this context, as the in the country when India was under the rule of
Khilafat Movement indeed represents the British Crown. He also led a series of enactments
integration of Hindus and Muslims for a and is known for many reforms in internal
common cause. administration of India like granting native
Source: India’s struggle for freedom spectrum Indians more legal rights, the right of Indian
publications/ Bipin Chandra. Judges to judge Europeans in court. Some of the
most important events during his time are as
1982 follows:
83. "Once again India leads the world" are the 1. Introduction of IIber Bill
words of 2. Hunter Commission for purpose of
(a) S. N. Bannerjee education reforms
(b) Mahatma Gandhi 3. The First factory Act
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale 4. Education Reforms
(d) None of these 5. Repealing of the Vernacular Act.
Ans. (d) 6. He granted the freedom to press
Note : Because of all such reasons and the work he did
1983 for betterment of Indian Administration, here in

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 India, he was fondly called Ripon, the Good. (a) Gandhiji - Dandi March: Mahatma Gandhi led
Later on in the year 1992, amendment 74 to the the famous Dandi March as part of the Civil
Constitution of India brought the validity to local Disobedience Movement.
or self governments and a strong foundation (c) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan - Aligarh: Sir Syed Ahmed
was built Khan was associated with the founding of the
Source: India’s struggle for freedom , governor Aligarh Muslim University.
generals of India , spectrum publications and Bipin (d) Subhash Chandra Bose - Forward Bloc: Subhas
Chandra. Chandra Bose formed the Forward Bloc, a
political organization, during the Indian
85. The Indian national movement became independence movement.
organized for the first time in Source: india struggle for freedom, Gandhian phase
(a) 1885 spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
(b) 1857 history .
(c) 1905-06
(d) 1916-17 87. Assertion: Great Britain gave India her
Ans. (c) independence on August 15, 1947
 Indian national movement became organized Reason: Great Britain became weak after her
for the first time during the period of Swadeshi involvement in World War II
movement in 1905-06.The movement was (a) Both A and R are true but R is not the
stated by the Indian against the partition of reason for A
Bengal by Lord Curzon. It was for the first time (b) Both A and R are true but R is the reason
the organized mass resistance was seen against for A
the British government in India. (c) Neither A nor R is correct
Source: India’s struggle for freedom, Bipin Chandra (d) A is correct but R is wrong
and spectrum publications. Ans. (b)
The assertion and reason given are as
86. The wrongly matched pair among the following (b) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A.
is  Great Britain's involvement in World War II did
(a) Gandhiji-Dandi March lead to a weakening of its global position and
(b) Mohammed Ali Jinnah -Khilafat influence. This, in turn, influenced the decision
movement to grant independence to India. The war had put
(c) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan -Aligarh significant strain on Britain's resources and
(d) Subhash Chandra Bose -Forward Bloc marked a shift in global power dynamics,
Ans. (b) contributing to the decision to grant India
The wrongly matched pair among the following is: independence.
(b) Mohammed Ali Jinnah - Khilafat movement Source: india struggle for freedom, Gandhian phase
 This pairing is incorrect because Mohammad Ali spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
Jinnah was not associated with the Khilafat history .
movement. The Khilafat Movement was
primarily led by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi 1984
and the Ali Brothers (Mohammad Ali and 88. In the 19th century the people who
Shaukat Ali). Mohammad Ali Jinnah had a participated in the national movement were
different political trajectory and was not mostly
involved in the Khilafat movement. (a) Zamindars
The other pairs are correctly matched: (b) Rich people

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 (c) Educated middle class Source: India’s struggle for freedom,early phase
(d) Poor people moderates phase, spectrum publications and Bipin
Ans. (c) Chandra modern history.
(a) Zamindars: 89. Which of the following pairs is incorrect?
 Zamindars were landowners or landlords who (a) Lal, Bal, Pal-Extremist Group
held significant land holdings in rural areas. (b) Annie Besant -Home Rule movement
 While some zamindars did participate in the (c) Gandhi -Dandi March
Indian national movement, they were not the (d) None of these
primary participants. Their involvement varied Ans. (d)
depending on their individual interests and (a) Lal, Bal, Pal - Extremist Group:
political leanings.  Lal, Bal, Pal refers to Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal
(b) Rich people: Gangadhar Tilak, and Bipin Chandra Pal, who
 Wealthy individuals, including industrialists and were prominent leaders in the Indian National
businessmen, did have a presence in the Indian Movement.
national movement, but they were not the  They were associated with the Extremist Group,
majority of participants. which advocated more radical and direct action
 The focus of the national movement was on against British colonial rule.
achieving independence from British colonial (b) Annie Besant - Home Rule movement:
rule, and it drew support from various segments  Annie Besant was a British theosophist, social
of society. reformer, and a prominent leader in the Indian
(c) Educated middle class: freedom struggle.
 The educated middle class played a central role  She was associated with the Home Rule
in the early stages of the Indian national movement in India, which aimed to demand
movement. self-governance for India within the British
 This group included professionals, teachers, Empire.
lawyers, journalists, and other educated (c) Gandhi - Dandi March:
individuals who were influenced by the ideals of  Mahatma Gandhi led the famous Dandi March,
nationalism and self-rule. They were also known as the Salt March, in 1930.
instrumental in organizing and leading various - This march was a significant event in the Civil
movements and protests against British rule. Disobedience Movement and aimed to protest
(d) Poor people: the British monopoly on salt production and
 The participation of the poor and marginalized taxation.
segments of society, while present, was Source: India’s struggle for freedom spectrum
generally not as prominent in the early stages of publications and Bipin Chandra modern history.
the national movement.
 Over time, various leaders and movements, 1985
such as Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent civil 90. Match the following :
disobedience campaigns, did involve a broader A. Civil Disobedience:
cross-section of society, including the poor. 1. B. G. Tilak Movement
 While all segments of society had some B. Indian Home League Rule
representation, the educated middle class was 2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy
the primary driving force in the 19th-century C. Moderate leader
Indian national movement. 3. Mahatma Gandhi
D. Brahmo Samaj:
4. G. K. Gokhale

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 Codes:  He was the first non-European to win the Nobel
A B C D Prize in Literature in 1913 for his collection of
(a) 3 1 4 2 poems, "Gitanjali."
(b) 1 2 3 4  Tagore's artistic talents extended to painting as
(c) 2 1 3 4 well, and he was known for his unique and
(d) 3 4 1 2 expressive paintings.
Ans.(a) (b) Amrita Sher-Gil:
 Civil Disobedience: This term is associated with  Amrita Sher-Gil was an acclaimed Indian painter
Mahatma Gandhi, who led the Civil who is often considered one of the pioneers of
Disobedience Movement in India. It was a form modern Indian art.
of nonviolent resistance against British colonial  She is well-known for her vivid and emotionally
rule, involving the violation of certain laws, charged paintings.
demands, and taxes imposed by the British (c) A. N. Tagore:
government.  A. N. Tagore is not widely recognized as a
 Indian Home Rule League: The Indian Home Rule renowned poet or painter in Indian history.
League was associated with Bal Gangadhar (d) S. N. Bannerjee:
Tilak, a prominent leader in the Indian National  S. N. Bannerjee is not primarily known as a
Movement. It advocated for self-governance renowned poet or painter.
and home rule for India within the British The correct answer is (a) Rabindranath Tagore, who
Empire. was not only a renowned poet but also a talented
 Moderate leader: Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a painter.
prominent moderate leader in the Indian Source: art and culture modern painting Nitin
National Movement. He was known for his Singhania, and modern history spectrum
moderate and constitutional approach in publications.
seeking reforms and self-rule for India.
- Brahmo Samaj: The Brahmo Samaj was a reform 92. Which of the following pairs is correct?
movement founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. It (a) Mahatma Gandhi-"Swaraj is my birth
aimed to promote monotheism, social reforms, right"
and the eradication of idolatry and (b) Jawaharlal Nehru-"Truth and nonviolence
superstitions. are my God"
Source: modern history spectrum publications and (c) Sardar Patel-"Dilli Chalo
India’s struggle for freedom. (d) Subhash Chandra Bose-"Give me blood, I
will give you freedom"
91. Who among the following being a renowned Ans. (d)
poet was a good painter also? (a) Mahatma Gandhi - "Swaraj is my birth right":
(a) Rabindra Nath Tagore  This statement is famously associated with Bal
(b) Amrita Shergil Gangadhar Tilak, not Mahatma Gandhi. Bal
(c) A. N. Tagore. Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader in the
(d) S. N. Bannerjee Indian National Movement, coined the phrase
Ans. (a) "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it."
(a) Rabindranath Tagore: (b) Jawaharlal Nehru - "Truth and nonviolence are
 Rabindranath Tagore was a prominent Indian my God":
poet, philosopher, musician, and artist.  This statement is not specifically associated with
Jawaharlal Nehru. The philosophy of truth and

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 nonviolence is central to Mahatma Gandhi's (c) William Kerry:
beliefs.  William Carey was a British Christian missionary
(c) Sardar Patel - "Dilli Chalo": and linguist who is often called the "father of
 The slogan "Dilli Chalo" was associated with modern missions."
Subhash Chandra Bose. It was used to rally  He is known for his missionary work in India,
soldiers and supporters for the Azad Hind Fauj, where he translated the Bible into several Indian
a force led by Bose to liberate India from British languages and made significant contributions to
rule during World War II. Indian linguistics and culture.
(d) Subhash Chandra Bose - "Give me blood, and I (d) Havell:
will give you freedom":  Ernest Binfield Havell was a British art historian
 This statement is indeed associated with and curator.He was associated with promoting
Subhash Chandra Bose, who used it to inspire Indian art and culture in the early 20th century
and mobilize people to join the struggle for and played a role in the Indian renaissance.
India's freedom.  In the context of the question, the correct
 So, the correct answer is (d) Subhash Chandra answer is (a) William Jones, who founded the
Bose, and the statement "Give me blood, and I Asiatic Society of Bengal.
will give you freedom" is attributed to him. Source:art and culture Nitin Singhania modern
Source: modern history spectrum publications and history British India Spector publications.
India’s struggle for freedom.
94. Which of the following pairs wrongly matched
1986 (a) New India Henry Cotton
93. The founder of Asiatic Society was (b) Khilafat Movement Maulana Azad
(a) William Jones (c) Communal award McDonald
(b) Annie Besant (d) Bardoli satyagraha Sardar Patel
(c) William Kerry Ans. (a)
(d) Havell (a) New India - Henry Cotton:
Ans. (a)  This pairing is not accurate. "New India" was a
(a) William Jones: prominent newspaper during the Indian
 Sir William Jones was a British scholar, freedom struggle, and it was edited by Annie
philologist, and judge. Besant, not Henry Cotton.
 He is renowned for founding the Asiatic Society (b) Khilafat Movement - Maulana Azad:
of Bengal in 1784, which aimed to study and  The Khilafat Movement was a political and
promote the languages, arts, and sciences of religious movement initiated by Indian Muslims
Asia, particularly India. in the early 1920s.
 William Jones made significant contributions to  While many leaders were involved in the
the field of linguistics and is known for his work movement, including Mahatma Gandhi, it is not
on the Indo-European language family. typically associated with Maulana Azad.
(b) Annie Besant: (c) Communal Award - McDonald:
 Annie Besant was a prominent British  The Communal Award was introduced by the
theosophist, social reformer, and political British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in
leader. 1932, which allowed for separate electorates for
 She was actively involved in the Indian freedom various religious communities in India.
struggle and was associated with various Indian  This pairing is accurate as the Communal Award
political and social movements, including the was associated with Ramsay MacDonald.
Home Rule movement.

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(d) Bardoli Satyagraha - Sardar Patel: 96. Which pair among the following had the similar
 The Bardoli Satyagraha was indeed led by Sardar views during the national movement?
Vallabhbhai Patel in 1928. It was a successful (a) Subrahmaniam Bharati and Bal
peasant movement against the increased land Gangadhar
revenue by the British authorities. (b) Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru
 So, the correct answer is (a) New India Pains - (c) Chittaranjan Das and Rajagopalachari
Henry Cotton is the wrongly matched pair. (d) Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali
Source: India’s struggle for freedom, press and Ans. (b)
journals spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra  Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru were
modern history. prominent leaders of the Indian National
Congress and played significant roles in the
95. Match the columns: national movement for independence from
A. Sir John Marshall British colonial rule. They shared similar views
1 . Glory of Indian Art and ideologies, particularly in their approach
B. H.T. Prinsep towards achieving self-governance and
2. History of Indian Culture advocating for the rights and welfare of the
C. A. K. Coomaraswamy Indian people.
3. Writer during the time of Lord  Both Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru were
Hastings part of the moderate faction within the Indian
Select the correct answer from the codes given National Congress. They believed in
below: constitutional methods, legal activism, and
A B C participation in the legislative councils to push
(a) 1 2 3 for political reforms and advance the cause of
(b) 3 2 1 Indian self-governance. They were proponents
(c) 2 3 1 of constructive politics and worked towards
(d) 2 1 3 achieving national unity and social harmony.
Ans. (c)  Their shared views and collaboration can be
Sir John Hubert Marshall was English director general seen in their joint efforts, such as the formation
of the Indian Archaeological Survey who in the 1920s of the Swaraj Party in 1923, which aimed to
was responsible for the large-scale excavations that participate in legislative councils and work
revealed Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. towards self-governance within the existing
• At the end of the Third Anglo-Maratha War, colonial framework.
Prinsep obtained the permission of the  While other pairs listed in the options may have
governor-general to write A History of the had some alignment of views on specific issues,
Political and Military Transactions in India Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru are
during the Administration of the Marquis of recognized for their consistent and broader
Hastings. similarity in their approach and vision for the
• Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy was one of the national movement.
great art historians of the twentieth century Source: India’s struggle for freedom spectrum
whose multifaceted writings deal primarily with publications and modern history Bipin Chandra.
visual art, aesthetics, literature and language,
folklore, mythology, religion, and metaphysics.
Source: India’s struggle for freedom, press and
journals spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra
modern history.

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1988  Henry Vivian Derozio was a teacher, poet, and
97. Match the columns: academician in early 19th-century Bengal. He
List-1 List-2 was known for his liberal and progressive views,
A. Karsondas Mulji 1. Tatvabodhini Patrika and he encouraged his students to think
B. Dadabhai Naoroji 2 Satya Prakash critically. He was a key figure in the Young
C. Debendranath Tagore 3. Fight for legal status to Bengal movement, and the description provided
D. Henry Vivian Derozio Parsi women in List-2, "Did not believe in the existence of
4. Peasant Movement God," aligns with his liberal and rationalist
5. Did not believe in philosophy.
existence of god 5. Did not believe in the existence of God
 This description aligns with the views of Henry
Vivian Derozio, who was known for his rational
Select the correct answer from the codes given
and liberal perspective.
below:
Source: India’s struggle for freedom, modern history
A B C D
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
(a) 2 3 1 5
history .
(b) 5 3 1 2
(c) 4 5 2 1
98. Match the columns:
(d) 5 1 4 2
Ans. (a) List-1 List-2
A. Karsondas Mulji A. Morley Minto Reforms 1. Dyarchy in the Provinces
 Karsondas Mulji was a prominent Indian social B. Montague Chelmsford 2. Provincial Autonomy
reformer, philanthropist, and advocate for Reforms 3. Introduction of separate
women's rights. He actively fought for legal C. Reform Act of 1935 electorate
status for Parsi women, seeking to improve their D. Cripps Proposals 4. Provision for
rights and social standing. Assembly establishment of a
B. Dadabhai Naoroji Constituent
 Dadabhai Naoroji was a notable Indian political
leader and educator. He is often referred to as Select the correct answer from the codes given
the "Grand Old Man of India." He was a below:
prominent figure in the Indian National A B C D
Congress and was known for his advocacy of (a) 4 3 2 1
economic and political reforms. However, the (b) 3 1 2 4
description provided in List-2 is not widely (c) 2 1 4 3
associated with him. (d) 3 2 1 4
C. Debendranath Tagore Ans.(b)
 Debendranath Tagore was a prominent  Dyarchy, also spelled diarchy, system of double
philosopher and religious reformer. He was a government was introduced by the Government
key figure in the Brahmo Samaj, a reformist of India Act (1919) (Montague Reforms) for the
religious and social movement in India. He provinces of British India. It marked the first
advocated for monotheism and ethical introduction of the democratic principle into the
principles but was not known for editing executive branch of the British administration of
Tatvabodhini Patrika. India.
D. Henry Vivian Derozio  In accordance with the provision of the
Government of India Act 1935, provincial

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 autonomy was introduced in the provinces in power to impair the war efforts of
1937 with broad-based Legislative Assemblies the Government.
and popular Ministries. Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
 Morley Minto Reforms introduced a system of spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
communal representation for Muslims by
accepting the concept of 'separate electorate'. 100. "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears
Under this, the Muslim members were to be and sweat." Who said this?
elected only by Muslim voters. Thus, the Act (a) Winston Churchill
'legalized communalism' and Lord Minto came (b) Jawaharlal Nehru
to be known as the Father of Communal (c) Mahatma Gandhi
Electorate. (d) Mao Tse-Tung
 The Cripps proposals were an attempt to satisfy Ans. (a)
the Congress by the promise of a Constituent  Winston Churchill, the British statesman, made
Assembly and the League by the provision that this famous statement during his first speech as
any province would be at liberty to reject the the newly appointed Prime Minister of the
Constitution and form a new constitution by United Kingdom on May 13, 1940. He delivered
agreement with the British Government. the speech to the House of Commons, rallying
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, the British people during the early stages of
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. World War II.
 The quote represents Churchill’s determination
1991 to face the challenges and sacrifices required to
99. The Congress Ministries resigned in November defend Britain and ultimately achieve victory. It
1939 because signifies his commitment to resolute action and
(a) The Provincial Autonomy proved to be a resilience in the face of adversity.
farce  Churchill’s leadership during World War II and
(b) The Governors interfered too much in the his powerful speeches became iconic and
day to-day administration of the inspirational, symbolizing the unwavering spirit
provinces of the British people in the face of a formidable
(c) India was dragged into the Second World enemy. The quote encapsulates the resolve and
War without the consent of her people determination required to confront the
(d) The British followed the policy of divide hardships and sacrifices that come with war.
and rule Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
Ans. (c) spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
 India was dragged into the Second World War
without the consent of her people
Notes:
Revolutionary Terrorism
The Congress ministries resigned in October 1979
and November 1939, in protest against Viceroy 101. "Inquilab Zindabad" slogan was given by
Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be (a) Chandra Shekhar Azad
a belligerent in the Second World War without (b) Subhash Chandra Bose
consulting the Indian people. The British (c) Bhagat Singh
Government felt relieved by the resignation of (d) Iqbal
the Congress Ministers because they controlled Ans. (c)
eight out of the eleven provinces and had the  Bhagat Singh, a revolutionary freedom fighter
and martyr of the Indian independence

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 movement, popularized the slogan “Inquilab (b) Calcutta
Zindabad.” It translates to “Long Live the (c) Chandigarh
Revolution” or “Long Live Independence” in (d) Islamabad
English. Ans. (b)
 Bhagat Singh, along with his fellow  Anushilan Samiti, also known as “Anushilan
revolutionaries, played a significant role in Party,” was a secret revolutionary society
challenging British colonial rule in India. The formed in the early 20th century in Bengal,
slogan “Inquilab Zindabad” became India. It was founded by Pramatha Nath Mitra
synonymous with their revolutionary spirit and and Barindra Kumar Ghosh in 1902. The
their call for a free and independent India. organization aimed to overthrow British colonial
 While Chandra Shekhar Azad, Subhash Chandra rule in India through armed resistance and
Bose, and Iqbal were all prominent figures in revolutionary activities.
India’s freedom struggle, the specific credit for  Anushilan Samiti had its headquarters in
the slogan “Inquilab Zindabad” goes to Bhagat Calcutta and established branches in various
Singh. parts of Bengal. The organization carried out a
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, series of revolutionary activities, including
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. bomb attacks, assassinations, and armed
uprisings against the British authorities.
1981  The activities of Anushilan Samiti played a
102. The Indian patriot, who died in jail due to significant role in the revolutionary movement
hunger strike, was during the pre-independence era and had a
(a) S. C. Bose strong impact on the political landscape of
(b) Bhagat Singh Bengal at that time.
(c) jatin das Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
(d) Bipin Chandra Pal spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
Ans. (c)
 The Indian patriot who died in jail due to a 1987
hunger strike was option (c) Jatin Das. Jatin Das 104. Ghadar party' in U.S.A.
was a revolutionary and freedom fighter who (a) V. D. Savarkarwas formed by
played an active role in India’s struggle for (b) Lala Har Dayal
independence. He participated in various (c) Swami Varma
movements and campaigns against British (d) Raja Pratap Singh
colonial rule. Jatin Das went on a hunger strike Ans. (b)
while he was imprisoned in Lahore Central Jail in  The Ghadar Movement was an international
1929, demanding better treatment for political political movement established at the beginning
prisoners. Unfortunately, he died after a 63-day of the 20th century by expatriate Indians to
hunger strike, becoming a symbol of sacrifice overthrow British rule in India. Early
and determination in the fight for freedom. membership consisted mainly of Punjabi Indians
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, who lived and worked on the West Coast of the
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. United States and Canada but later spread to
India and Indian diaspora communities around
1986 the world. iThe official founding date of the
103. "Anushilan Samithi" was the terrorist meeting was 15 July 1913 in Astoria, Oregon,
organization with its headquarters at with the headquarters of Ghadar and Hindustan
(a) Lahore

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 Ghadar newspaper based in San Francisco,  Surendranath Bannerjee, also known as the
California. “father of Indian nationalism,” played a crucial
 After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, role in the development and articulation of
several members of the Ghadar Party returned national consciousness in India. He was a
to Punjab to incite an armed revolt for Indian prominent Indian nationalist leader during the
independence. Ghadarites smuggled weapons late 19th and early 20th centuries.
into India, inciting Indian troops to mutiny  Bannerjee advocated for the idea of a united
against the British. This rebellion, known as Indian nation and worked towards creating a
Ghadar Mutiny, was unsuccessful, and 42 sense of collective identity and consciousness
mutinies were executed following the trial of among Indians. He organized various nationalist
the Lahore Conspiracy. From 1914 to 1917, movements, including the Indian National
Ghadarites continued underground anti- Congress, and emphasized the importance of
colonial acts with the help of Germany and unity and self-rule for the Indian people.
Ottoman Turkey, known as the Hindu-German  While other leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
Conspiracy, which led to a sensational trial in Mahatma Gandhi, and Jawaharlal Nehru also
San Francisco in 1917. made significant contributions to the national
 At the end of the war, the party in the United consciousness and the Indian independence
States split into a communist and an Indian movement, it was Surendranath Bannerjee who
socialist faction. In 1948, the party was officially first evolved the concept of national
disbanded. Key participants in the Ghadar consciousness as a formal idea in the Indian
movement included Bhai Parmanand, Vishnu context.
Ganesh Pingle, Sohan Singh Bhakna, Bhagwan Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
Singh Gyane, Har Dayal, Tarak Nath Das, Bhagat spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
Singh Thind, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Abdul Hafiz
Mohamed Barakatullah, Rashbehari Bose, and 1982
Gulab Kaur. 106. Who among the following was not a moderate?
 Although its efforts to overthrow the British Raj (a) Mahatma Gandhi
were unsuccessful, the Ghadar Party's (b) W. C. Bannerjee
insurrectionary principles inspired members of (c) G. K. Gokhale
the Indian Independence Movement as (d) B. G. Tilak
opposed to Gandhian non-violence. Ans. (d)
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, (a) Mahatma Gandhi:
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.  Mahatma Gandhi, also known as Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi, was one of the most
prominent leaders in the Indian freedom
Moderates movement. He is widely recognized for his
1979 philosophy of nonviolent resistance
105. Who evolved the national consciousness as a (Satyagraha) and his role in leading various civil
formal concept? disobedience movements, including the Salt
(a) B.G. Tilak March and Quit India Movement. Gandhi's
(b) Mahatma Gandhi leadership and principles had a profound impact
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru on India's struggle for independence.
(d) Surendranath Bannerjee (b) W. C. Bannerjee (Womesh Chunder
Ans. (d) Bonnerjee):

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 Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee was a moderate (c) Interpreted the ancient Indian texts and
leader and one of the founders of the Indian restored the self-confidence of Indians
National Congress. He served as the president of (d) Stressed the need for eradication of all
the first session of the Indian National Congress the social evils before anything else
in 1885. The Moderates, to which he belonged, Ans. (b)
advocated for constitutional methods and  The most effective contribution made by
reforms within the framework of the British Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of the Indian
colonial system. National Movement was (b) Exposing the
(c) G. K. Gokhale (Gopal Krishna Gokhale): economic exploitation of India by the British.
 Gopal Krishna Gokhale was another prominent  Dadabhai Naoroji was a prominent Indian
leader of the Moderates within the Indian nationalist leader and one of the early leaders of
National Congress. He was known for his the Indian National Congress. He is often
advocacy of constitutional reforms, social and referred to as the "Grand Old Man of India." He
economic progress, and cooperation with the made significant contributions by focusing on
British government to achieve Indian self- the economic drain of wealth from India to
governance. Gokhale was a mentor to Mahatma Britain, particularly through his writings and
Gandhi and played a significant role in shaping speeches. He highlighted the economic
his political ideologies. exploitation and the "Drain Theory," which
(d) B. G. Tilak (Bal Gangadhar Tilak): brought attention to the fact that India's wealth
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak, commonly known as was being siphoned off to Britain, impoverishing
Lokmanya Tilak, was a prominent leader the Indian subcontinent. His work in this regard
associated with the Extremist faction of the was instrumental in raising awareness about the
Indian National Congress. He was known for his economic injustices and exploitation by the
radical views and advocacy of direct action, British colonial rulers, which played a crucial role
including mass mobilization and protest. Tilak in the broader Indian freedom movement.
played a crucial role in the promotion of Indian Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
culture and the development of the "Swaraj is spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
my birthright" slogan.
So, among the options, B. G. Tilak was not a

Moderate but an Extremist leader, whereas
Princely States
Mahatma Gandhi, W. C. Bannerjee, and G. K. 1979
Gokhale were Moderates within the Indian 108. Who participated the least in the Indian
National Congress. National Movement?
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, (a) Capitalists
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. (b) Landlords and Merchants
(c) Princes of States
1990 (d) Government officials
107. The most effective contribution made by Ans. (c)
Dadabhai Nauroji to the cause of Indian  In the context of the Indian National Movement,
National Movement was that he the group that participated the least was (c)
(a) Brought the problems of Indians to the Princes of States.
notice of the British  The participation of different groups in the
(b) Exposed the economic exploitation of Indian National Movement varied. While some
India by the British princely states were supportive of the
movement, many of them were hesitant to get

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 directly involved, and a few were even People were encouraged to burn British cloth
supportive of British colonial rule. The level of and goods as a symbol of their protest.
participation among princes was not as 2. Promotion of Swadeshi Products: Swadeshi
extensive as among other sections of society, referred to goods produced within India. People
such as the common people, intellectuals, and were encouraged to use and promote these
political leaders. The involvement of capitalistic indigenous products as a way to support Indian
interests, landlords, merchants, and industries and reduce dependence on British
government officials varied, with some imports.
supporting the movement and others aligned 3. Nationalistic Spirit:The movement had a strong
with the colonial administration. undercurrent of nationalism. It brought people
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, from various backgrounds together to stand
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. against British colonial policies, fostering a sense
of national unity and pride.
4. Mass Protests:Mass protests, public meetings,
Bengal Partition and and rallies were organized to raise awareness
Swadeshi Movement about the cause. Prominent leaders like Lala
Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Bal Gangadhar
1979
Tilak played key roles in the movement.
109. Swadeshi movement started during
5. Cultural Revival: Along with the economic
(a) Anti-Bengal partition movement
aspect, the Swadeshi movement also saw a
(b) Non-Cooperation Movement
revival of Indian culture and traditions. This
(c) Civil Disobedience Movement
included the promotion of Indian languages and
(d) None of the above
the use of Khadi (handspun cloth) as a symbol of
Ans. (a)
self-reliance.
 The Swadeshi movement started during (a) Anti- The movement had a profound impact on India's
Bengal partition movement. struggle for independence and laid the foundation for
 The Swadeshi movement was a significant part future movements, such as the Non-Cooperation
of the larger protest against the partition of Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Bengal in 1905. This movement aimed to Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
promote the use of Indian-made goods and spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
encourage economic self-sufficiency as a means
of opposing British rule. It involved boycotting 1983
British products and advocating the use of 110. The capital of India was shifted from Calcutta
Swadeshi (indigenous) goods. The partition of to Delhi in the year
Bengal was seen as an attempt by the British to (a) 1905
divide and rule, which led to widespread (b) 1911
protests and the Swadeshi movement played a (c) 1912
key role in this anti-partition agitation. (d) 1916
The Swadeshi movement, which started during the Ans. (b)
Anti-Bengal partition movement, had several  The capital of India was officially shifted from
important features: Calcutta to Delhi in the year (b) 1911.
1. Boycott of British Goods:The movement called
 This decision to move the capital from Calcutta
for a boycott of British-manufactured goods and
to Delhi was announced by King George V in
promoted the use of Indian-made products.
1911 during his visit to India. The British
government made this move for various

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 administrative and strategic reasons, including a 2. Beginning of Mass Movements:The widespread
more central location within India, away from protests, boycotts, and demonstrations against
the eastern coast, to facilitate better the partition marked the beginning of mass
governance and communication. The city of mobilization in the Indian national movement.
New Delhi was designed and built to serve as the Leaders like Rabindranath Tagore, Surendranath
new capital, and the transition was completed Banerjee, and others played key roles in
in 1912. This change in the capital's location organizing and leading these protests.
played a significant role in shaping the city of 3. Swadeshi Movement: The partition and the
Delhi as we know it today. subsequent Swadeshi movement were closely
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, connected. The Swadeshi movement, which
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. advocated the use of Indian-made goods and
boycotting British products, gained momentum
1984 during this period.
111. What is most significant regarding partition of 4. Promotion of Indian Identity: The partition led
Bengal in 1905? to the promotion of a distinct Indian identity
(a) The English undertook partition without and cultural revival. The nationalistic fervor that
consulting the local population emerged during this time played a pivotal role in
(b) The English established that they were shaping the future direction of India's struggle
strong people for independence.
(c) Muslims were separated from other In summary, the partition of Bengal in 1905 was
people a turning point in India's nationalist movement, as it
(d) This paved the way for involvement of ignited a sense of collective identity and a united
people in national movement struggle against British colonial rule.
Ans. (d) Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
 The most significant aspect of the partition of spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
Bengal in 1905 was (d) that it paved the way for
the involvement of people in the national 1986
movement. 112. The partition of Bengal was undertaken with
 The partition of Bengal in 1905 was a the view of
contentious move by the British colonial (a) Suppressing the revolt arisen
administration. It aimed to divide the province (b) Satisfying the Hindus and the Muslims the
of Bengal into two separate entities, with the (c) Meeting the demand by the Hindus and
purported intention of improving administrative Muslims for a separate State
efficiency. However, this act was met with (d) Dividing the Hindus of the West and the
widespread opposition and protest from various West Bengal and increasing Hindu-
sections of society. The significance of this event Muslim tensions
lies in the following: Ans. (d)
1. Nationalistic Outcry:The partition of Bengal  The partition of Bengal in 1905 was undertaken
generated a strong sense of nationalism and with the view of (d) dividing the Hindus of West
unity among Indians. People from different and East Bengal and increasing Hindu-Muslim
backgrounds and regions came together to tensions.
protest against the divisive policy, realizing the  The primary motive behind the partition of
need for a collective effort to oppose British Bengal was to create divisions among the Hindu
rule. population by separating East Bengal (which had
a predominantly Muslim population) from West

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 Bengal (which had a predominantly Hindu create divisions among the people of Bengal,
population). The British believed that by doing particularly between Hindus and Muslims. This
so, they could weaken the nationalistic move played a significant role in sparking the
movement that was gaining momentum and Swadeshi (indigenous) and Boycott movements.
create communal tensions between Hindus and  The Swadeshi movement involved boycotting
Muslims, which would distract from the larger British goods and promoting the use of Indian-
anti-colonial struggle. made products. It was a form of economic
 The partition was met with strong opposition resistance against British rule. The partition of
and protests from various quarters, as it was Bengal provided a focal point for these
seen as a deliberate attempt to sow discord movements and galvanized people into action.
among different religious and ethnic groups in It led to mass mobilization and unity among
Bengal. This move led to widespread unity and various sections of Indian society, and the call
collective resistance, eventually resulting in the for Swadeshi and Boycott became powerful
reunification of Bengal in 1911, but the seeds of slogans in the struggle for independence.
communalism and divisions had been sown. Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
 The partition of Bengal in 1905 played a spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
significant role in shaping the communal
dynamics of the region and had long-lasting
consequences in terms of Hindu-Muslim
Administrative Reforms
relations in India. 1980
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, 114. Who introduced the 'Civil Services' in India?
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra (a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Lord Curzon
113. Which one of the following was the most (c) Lord Wellesley
immediate factor for the spread of Swadeshi (d) Lord Cornwallis)
and Boycott agitation during the first decade of Ans. (d)
the present century?  Lord Cornwallis, during his tenure as the
(a) Curzon's attempt to control the Governor-General of India from 1786 to 1793,
Universities introduced the concept of civil services in India.
(b) Curzon's design to curtail the sphere of He initiated administrative reforms and
local established the foundation of a professional
(c) Curzon's partition of Bengalse lf- bureaucracy in the British Indian administration.
government  Under the provisions of the Cornwallis Code of
(d) Curzon's plan to curb the growing 1793, the civil services were reorganized, and
popularity of the Indian National the concept of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) was
Congress introduced. The ICS became the premier
Ans. (c) administrative service in British India, with
 The most immediate factor for the spread of British officers recruited through competitive
Swadeshi and Boycott agitation during the first examinations and appointed to various
decade of the 20th century was (c) Curzon's administrative positions.
partition of Bengal.  Lord Cornwallis’s reforms aimed to establish an
 Lord Curzon's decision to partition Bengal in efficient and impartial administration that
1905 was a highly controversial move that led to would serve British interests in India. The
widespread protests and opposition. The introduction of the civil services played a crucial
partition was seen as a deliberate attempt to

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 role in consolidating British control and ensuring (a) G. K. Gokhale
effective governance in British India. (b) K. M. Roy
Therefore, option (d) Lord Cornwallis is the correct (c) M. K. Gandhi
answer for introducing the ‘Civil Services ’in (d) B. G. Tilak
India. Ans. (a)
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,  The founder of the Servants of India Society was
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. (a) G. K. Gokhale. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a
prominent social and political leader during the
1986 Indian independence movement, established
115. Indianisation of the Civil Services was the Servants of India Society in 1905. The
(a) Lord Ripon organization aimed to promote social and
(b) Lord Mayo political reforms and to serve the common
(c) Lord Lytton people of India. Gokhale's efforts were
(d) Lord Reading dedicated to improving the conditions of the
ANSWER: A masses and fostering a sense of selfless service
 Lord Ripon, also known as Lord Ripon Viscount, among the members of the society.
served as the Viceroy of India from 1880 to Certainly, here's more information about the options:
1884. During his tenure, he introduced several (a) G. K. Gokhale: Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a
reforms with the aim of promoting prominent Indian freedom fighter and social
administrative efficiency and increasing Indian reformer. He was a key figure in the early Indian
participation in the governance of British India. National Congress and played a significant role
 One of the significant reforms introduced by in advocating for constitutional reforms and
Lord Ripon was the Indianisation of the Civil social welfare. He founded the Servants of India
Services. Under this policy, efforts were made to Society, which aimed to promote public service
open up opportunities for Indians to serve in and social reform.
higher positions within the administrative and (b) K. M. Roy: K. M. Roy does not have a significant
civil services of British India. The objective was association with the Servants of India Society.
to ensure a fair representation of Indian officials He was not the founder of this organization.
in the bureaucracy and to provide Indians with (c) M. K. Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi, known for his
greater opportunities for administrative and leadership in the Indian independence
leadership roles. movement, was not the founder of the Servants
 Although the process of Indianisation of the Civil of India Society. However, he was a
Services continued beyond Lord Ripon’s tenure, contemporary of Gokhale and worked alongside
he played a crucial role in initiating and him in various social and political initiatives.
advocating for this reform, which aimed to (d) B. G. Tilak: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent
increase Indian participation and representation Indian nationalist, was not the founder of the
in the governance of their own country. Servants of India Society. He had his own
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, significant role in the Indian independence
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. movement, particularly in the context of the
Home Rule movement.
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
Indian Organisations spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
1980
116. Who was the founder of the Servants of India 1981
Society?

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117. Who among the following were associated significant political party in the Indian
with the birth of Swarajya Party? independence movement.
(a) C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru (a) W. C. Bannerjee: Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
(b) C. R. Das and Sardar Patel was one of the early leaders of the Indian
(c) Motilal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad National Congress. He served as the president of
(d) None of the above the first session of the Indian National Congress
Ans. (a) held in 1885. While he was a key figure in the
 The withdrawal of the Non Cooperation early days of the Congress, he wasn't the
movement by Mahatma Gandhi, the founder of the organization. The idea to form
Government of India act 1919 and the 1923 the Congress was initially proposed by A. O.
elections led to the formation of the Swaraj Hume.
party. The party was founded by Motilal Nehru (b) A. O. Hume: Allan Octavian Hume was a retired
and C.R Das. Motilal Nehru was the Secretary British civil servant and an ornithologist. He
and C.R Das was the President. The party was played a crucial role in the founding of the
formed from the idea of swaraj which means Indian National Congress. He convened a
“self rule” or “independence”. meeting of Indian leaders in December 1885,
The reasons behind the formation of the Swaraj party which led to the formation of the Congress.
are: Hume's efforts were instrumental in bringing
1. The Non-Cooperation movement was Indians together to work towards political
withdrawn by Mahatma Gandhi in 1922. This led reform and representation.
to differences of opinion within the Congress. (c) Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi was a
2. Some members wanted the Non-Cooperation prominent leader in the Indian independence
movement to continue. They were Sardar Patel, movement, but he was not the founder of the
Rajendra Prasad and C Gopalachari. Others Indian National Congress. He became a
wanted to end the boycott of the Legislature prominent figure within the Congress and
and continue the election. They were CR Das played a significant role in shaping its policies
and Motilal Nehru who broke away from the and leading various campaigns for
party. independence.
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, (d) Annie Besant: Annie Besant was a British
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra. socialist, theosophist, and supporter of Indian
and Irish self-rule. She played a role in the Indian
1983 freedom struggle, particularly in the Home Rule
118. Indian National Congress was founded by movement, but she was not the founder of the
(a) W. C. Bannerjee Indian National Congress. The Congress was
(b) A. O. Hume established before her active involvement in
(c) Mahatma Gandhi Indian politics.
(d) Annie Besant Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
Ans. (b) spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
 Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil
servant, played a key role in the formation of the 1984
Indian National Congress. He held a meeting 119. Who had founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal
with prominent Indian leaders in December in 1784?
1885, and this marked the beginning of the (a) Lord Clive
Indian National Congress, which later became a (b) Lord Warren Hastings
(c) Queen Victoria

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 (d) William Jones 1986
Ans. (d) 120. The first political association in the Bombay
The Asiatic Society of Bengal, founded by Sir William Presidency was established by
Jones in 1784, is one of the oldest learned societies in (a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905
Asia. Its primary objective was the promotion of (b) S. N. Bannerjee in 1894
oriental studies, including the study of languages, (c) Dadabhai Naoroji in 1852
literature, history, and culture from Asia. Here are (d) Annie Besant in 1924
some key points about the Asiatic Society: Ans. (c)
1. Sir William Jones: Sir William Jones was a British  Dadabhai Naoroji, a prominent Indian
jurist and scholar who played a significant role nationalist and social reformer, founded the
in the founding of the society. He was a noted first political association in the Bombay
philologist and scholar of ancient Indian Presidency called the Bombay Association in
languages and cultures. 1852. The association aimed to address the
2. Early Activities: The society focused on the study political and social issues faced by the people of
and preservation of ancient texts, particularly in Bombay and promote their interests.
Sanskrit and other Indian languages. It also  The Bombay Association played a significant
published journals and research papers related role in fostering political consciousness and
to the history, culture, and languages of Asia. raising awareness about the grievances and
3. Manuscript Collection: The society amassed a demands of the Indian community. It served as
large collection of manuscripts from different a platform for discussions, debates, and
parts of Asia, making it an important center for organizing movements to advocate for reforms
the preservation of historical texts. and the rights of the people. Dadabhai Naoroji’s
4. Contributions to Oriental Studies: The Asiatic establishment of the Bombay Association laid
Society contributed significantly to the the foundation for future political organizations
development of Oriental studies and provided a and movements in the Bombay Presidency and
platform for scholars to exchange knowledge contributed to the overall development of
and ideas about the history and cultures of Asia. political consciousness and activism in India
5. Branches: Over time, the society established during the colonial period.
branches in various parts of India and played a Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
vital role in the study and preservation of local spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
cultures and languages.
6. Notable Members: Many renowned scholars 121. Match the columns:
and administrators were associated with the
A. M. N. Roy 1. Swarajist Party
Asiatic Society, including James Prinsep, H.T.
B. C. R. Dass 2 Hindustan Socialist
Colebrooke, and Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
C. Chandra Shekhar Republican Association
The Asiatic Society of Bengal continues to exist
Azad 3. Congress Socialist Party
today and remains an important institution for the
D. Acharya Narendra 4. Communist International
study of Asian history and culture. It has played a
crucial role in preserving and promoting the rich Select the correct answer using the codes given
heritage of the region. below
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, A B C D
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra& art and (a) 4 1 2 3
culture Nitin Singhania . (b) 2 3 1 4
(c) 3 2 4 1
(d) 4 3 2 1

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Ans.(a) for achieving independence from British colonial
 A. M. N. Roy: A. M. N. Roy, whose full name is rule.
Ambalal Mukherjee Nibaran Roy, was a Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
prominent Indian revolutionary and political spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.
theorist. 1988
 He was associated with the Communist 122. Match the columns:
International, a worldwide organization that List-1 List-2
aimed to promote and support the spread of A. Madan Mohan Malviya 1. Ghadar Movement
communism. B. Sohan Singh Bhakna 2. Swatantra Party
 A. M. N. Roy played a significant role in the C. Annie Besant 3. Hindu Mahasabha
Indian revolutionary movement and was D. Rajagopalachari 4. Theosophical Society
involved in various political activities. of India
B. C. R. Dass:
 B. C. R. Dass was associated with the Swarajist
Select the correct answer from the codes given
Party.
below:
 The Swarajist Party was a faction within the
A B C D
Indian National Congress during the 1920s.
(a) 2 4 5 1
 Swarajists were moderate leaders who wanted (b) 3 1 4 2
to work within the constitutional framework to
(c) 3 4 2 1
achieve self-governance (Swaraj) for India.
(d) 4 5 2 3
C. Chandra Shekhar Azad:
Ans. (b)
 Chandra Shekhar Azad was a renowned Indian The correct mapping of individuals to their respective
freedom fighter and a key figure in the organizations is as follows:
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association A. Madan Mohan Malviya - 3. Hindu Mahasabha
(HSRA). B. Sohan Singh Bhakna - 1. Ghadar Movement
 The HSRA was a revolutionary organization that C. Annie Besant - 4. Theosophical Society of India
aimed to overthrow British colonial rule through D. Rajagopalachari - 2. Swatantra Party
armed struggle. A. Madan Mohan Malviya:
 Chandra Shekhar Azad is remembered for his  Madan Mohan Malviya was a prominent Indian
commitment to the cause of Indian educationist, politician, and leader of the Hindu
independence and his unwavering resolve. Mahasabha.
D. Acharya Narendra:  He played a significant role in promoting Hindu
 Acharya Narendra Dev was associated with the nationalist ideas through the Hindu Mahasabha,
Congress Socialist Party (CSP). which aimed to protect and promote Hindu
 The Congress Socialist Party was a left-wing culture and interests.
faction within the Indian National Congress B. Sohan Singh Bhakna:
during the pre-independence period.  Sohan Singh Bhakna was a leader in the Ghadar
 Members of the CSP advocated for socialist Movement.
principles and a more radical approach to  The Ghadar Movement was a revolutionary
addressing socio-economic issues. movement of Indian immigrants, primarily in
 These individuals and organizations played the United States and Canada, who aimed to
various roles in the Indian freedom struggle, overthrow British rule in India through armed
each with its unique ideologies and strategies struggle.
C. Annie Besant:

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 Annie Besant was a prominent Theosophist and  Bal Gangadhar Tilak, often referred to as
played a significant role in the Theosophical Lokmanya Tilak, was a prominent Indian
Society of India. nationalist, social reformer, and freedom
 The Theosophical Society was a spiritual and fighter.
philosophical organization that aimed to explore  He was one of the leading figures in the Indian
esoteric and spiritual teachings. freedom struggle and is known for his slogan
D. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji): "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it."
 Rajagopalachari was associated with the  Tilak was associated with the extremist faction
Swatantra Party. within the Indian National Congress and was
 The Swatantra Party was a political party in India known for his advocacy of more radical
that advocated for free-market economic methods.
policies and individual liberty. It was known for (d) Dadabhai Naoroji:
its opposition to state control and socialism.  Dadabhai Naoroji was a Parsi scholar, educator,
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, and political leader.
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra.  He is often referred to as the "Grand Old Man of
India" and was a prominent figure in the early
1989 Indian National Congress.
123. The "Servants of India Society" was founded by  Naoroji was known for his economic theories,
(a) Annie Besant including the Drain Theory, which highlighted
(b) Gopalakrishna Gokhale the economic exploitation of India by British
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak colonial rule.
(d) Dadabhai Naoroji  In the context of the question, the "Servants of
Ans. (b) India Society" founded by Gopalakrishna
(b) Gopalakrishna Gokhale: Gokhale was dedicated to social service and
 Gopalakrishna Gokhale was a prominent Indian reform, and its members were committed to
political leader and social reformer during the serving the nation and its people selflessly.
early 20th century. Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
 He was a key figure in the Indian National spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra
Congress and was known for his moderate and
reformist approach to achieving self- 124. "Asiatic Society of Bengal" was founded by
governance (Swaraj) for India. (a) Sir William Jones
 Gokhale was one of Mahatma Gandhi's mentors (b) Annie Besant
and greatly influenced Gandhi's philosophy and (c) Lord William Bentinck
methods of nonviolent resistance. (d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(a) Annie Besant: Ans. (a)
 Annie Besant was a British socialist, theosophist, (a) Sir William Jones:
and supporter of Indian and Irish self-rule.  Sir William Jones was a British jurist, philologist,
 She played an important role in the and scholar who lived in the late 18th century.
Theosophical Society and the Home Rule  He is best known for founding the Asiatic Society
Movement in India. of Bengal in 1784, which aimed to promote the
 Besant was known for her efforts in promoting study of Asian languages, literature, and culture.
Indian culture and education.  Jones made significant contributions to the field
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak: of linguistics and is known for his work on the
comparative study of Indo-European languages.

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(b) Annie Besant:
 Annie Besant was a British socialist, theosophist,
Economic Development
and supporter of Indian and Irish self-rule. before India's Independence
 She was a prominent figure in the Theosophical
1980
Society and played a role in the Indian Home
125. Why did India industrialise only gradually in the
Rule Movement.
time of Britishers?
 Besant was known for her efforts in promoting
(a) Capitalists helped to set up new
Indian culture and education.
industries
(c) Lord William Bentinck:
(b) Many technicians came from different
 Lord William Bentinck served as the Governor-
parts of the world to set up new
General of India from 1828 to 1835.
industries
 His administration is noted for several
(c) Britishers seized and handicapped Indian
important reforms, including the abolition of
cottage industries
the practice of sati, the suppression of thuggee,
(d) People were fond of new machine made
and the promotion of Western-style education
goods
in India.
Ans. (c)
 While Bentinck made significant contributions
The gradual industrialization of India during the British
to Indian governance, he was not the founder of
colonial period was largely influenced by option (c)
the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
"Britishers seized and handicapped Indian cottage
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
industries." The British colonial rule had a significant
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a social reformer and
impact on India's industrial development for the
the founder of the Brahmo Samaj, a reformist
following reasons:
religious and social movement in India.
 Deindustrialization: The British colonial
 He is known for his advocacy of social and
administration focused on the extraction of raw
religious reforms, including the promotion of
materials from India for their industries in
education for men and women and the abolition
Britain. This led to the decline and destruction
of sati.
of many Indian cottage industries, which were a
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy made important significant part of the country's economy.
contributions to Indian society but was not the
 Trade Policies: The British implemented trade
founder of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
policies that favored British goods over Indian
 In the context of the question, it's important to products. High tariffs and trade barriers were
note that Sir William Jones founded the Asiatic imposed on Indian goods, making it difficult for
Society of Bengal, which played a significant role local industries to compete with British imports.
in the study and preservation of Asian languages
 Export of Raw Materials: India was used as a
and cultures.
source of raw materials for British industries,
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
which hindered the development of local
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra, and art and
manufacturing. Cotton, for example, was
culture Nitin Singhania.
exported to Britain for processing and then re-
imported as finished textiles.
 Underinvestment in Infrastructure: The British
did not invest significantly in infrastructure,
such as railways and transportation, which
would have facilitated industrial development.

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 Lack of Capital Access: Access to capital was economic history of India during British colonial
limited for Indian entrepreneurs, as British rule.
capital was often directed toward British-owned  Dutt's works contributed to the understanding
enterprises rather than local industries. of the economic impact of British colonialism on
 Technological Dependence: While there were India.
some technological imports, India became (c) G. Tilak (Bal Gangadhar Tilak):
dependent on British technology, making it  Bal Gangadhar Tilak, often referred to as
difficult for the country to develop its own Lokmanya Tilak, was a prominent Indian
industrial base. nationalist, social reformer, and freedom
 Although there were some limited efforts by fighter.
capitalists and technicians to set up industries,  While he was a significant figure in the Indian
the broader economic and political conditions freedom struggle, particularly in the extremist
imposed by British colonialism had a restraining faction of the Indian National Congress, his main
effect on India's industrialization during that focus was on political and nationalist activities
period. rather than economic theory.
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, (d) L. K. Jha (Lakshmi Kant Jha):
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern  Lakshmi Kant Jha was an Indian economist and
history. civil servant.
 While he made contributions to economic
1983 discussions and served in various government
126. The theory of economic drain from India to positions, he is not particularly known for the
England was propounded by theory of economic drain from India to England.
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji  In the context of the question, Dadabhai
(b) R. C. Dutt Naoroji's "Drain Theory" was instrumental in
(c) G. Tilak shedding light on the economic consequences
(d) LK. Jha of British colonial rule in India. His work helped
Ans. (a) raise awareness about the economic
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji: exploitation of India during that period.
 Dadabhai Naoroji was a Parsi scholar, educator, Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
and political leader. spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
 He is often referred to as the "Grand Old Man of history.
India" and was a prominent figure in the early
Indian National Congress. 1987
 Dadabhai Naoroji is best known for his 127. Lord Cornwallis introduced
economic theory known as the "Drain Theory," (a) Zamindari system
in which he highlighted the economic (c) Mansabdari system
exploitation of India by British colonial rule. He (b) Mahalwari system
argued that India's wealth was being drained to (d) None of the above
Britain, causing poverty and underdevelopment Ans. (a)
in India. (a) Zamindari System:
(b) R. C. Dutt (Romesh Chunder Dutt):  The Zamindari system was introduced by Lord
 Romesh Chunder Dutt was an Indian civil Cornwallis during the late 18th century, and it
servant, economic historian, and writer. became one of the major land revenue systems
 He is known for his book "The Economic History under British colonial rule in India.
of India," which provides insights into the

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 In this system, the British recognized a select 1988
group of landlords or zamindars as 128. Which one of the following pairs is NOT
intermediaries between the British government correctly matched?
and the peasant cultivators. These zamindars (a) Holt Machenzie Mahalvari settlement in
were responsible for collecting land revenue Northern India
from the peasants on behalf of the British (b) Lord Cornwallis Subsidiary system
government. (c) Lord Ripon Local Self-Government
 The zamindars often had hereditary rights over (d) Thomas Munro Ryotwari settlement
the land and were expected to pay a fixed Ans. (b)
revenue amount to the British authorities. This The pair that is NOT correctly matched is:
system had the effect of entrenching a class of (b) Lord Cornwallis - Subsidiary system.
intermediaries between the peasants and the  Lord Cornwallis is primarily associated with the
government. introduction of the Zamindari system in India,
(b) Mahalwari System: not the Subsidiary system. The Subsidiary
 The Mahalwari system was another land system was a policy introduced by Lord
revenue system introduced by the British during Wellesley during British colonial rule, which
their colonial rule in India, primarily in the involved maintaining subsidiary alliances with
northern regions. Indian princely states as a means of control. So,
 Under the Mahalwari system, revenue was the correct answer is (b).
assessed and collected at the village or estate  Certainly, here's more information about the
level. Land revenue was typically collected from options:
the landowners or the village community as a (a) Holt Mackenzie - Mahalwari Settlement in
whole. Northern India:
 This system aimed to create a more direct  Holt Mackenzie was a British colonial
relationship between the government and the administrator who was involved in the
local communities. Mahalwari land revenue system.
(c) Mansabdari System:  The Mahalwari system, introduced in parts of
 The Mansabdari system was not introduced by Northern India, involved the assessment and
Lord Cornwallis; it was a system used during the collection of land revenue from the villages or
Mughal Empire. It involved the ranking of mahals as a collective entity. It aimed to
officials and military commanders (mansabdars) establish a more direct relationship between
based on their military and administrative the government and the local communities.
capabilities. (c) Lord Ripon - Local Self-Government:
 The system was instrumental in maintaining a  Lord Ripon, also known as Lord Ripon, served as
standing army in the Mughal Empire. the Viceroy of India from 1880 to 1884.
 In the context of the question, it's important to  He is known for introducing several reforms
note that the Zamindari system was indeed during his tenure, including the Local Self-
introduced by Lord Cornwallis, and it had a Government Act of 1882, which provided for
significant impact on land revenue collection local self-government and encouraged Indians
and landownership in India during British to participate in local administration. This act
colonial rule. laid the foundation for the development of local
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, self-government in India.
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern (d) Thomas Munro - Ryotwari Settlement:
history.

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 Thomas Munro was a British colonial land and were expected to pay a fixed revenue
administrator in India and is associated with the amount to the British authorities.
Ryotwari system. Reason (R): The British desired to create a landed class
 The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in India for support.
introduced in certain parts of India during the  The reason for introducing the Zamindari
British colonial period. Under this system, Settlement was to create a landed class in India
individual peasant cultivators, known as ryots, that would support British rule. The British
were recognized as the owners of the land, and colonial administration saw the zamindars as a
they paid revenue directly to the British class of intermediaries who would help maintain
government. law and order, collect revenue efficiently, and
 In the context of the question, option (b) is not provide political and administrative stability.
correctly matched because the Subsidiary  By establishing the zamindars as a landed
system is associated with Lord Wellesley, not gentry, the British hoped to have a local elite
Lord Cornwallis. Lord Cornwallis is known for the class that would have a vested interest in
Zamindari system, which was a significant land supporting British colonial rule and maintaining
revenue system during British colonial rule in the status quo.
India.  In this case, Reason (R) correctly explains why
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, the Zamindari Settlement was introduced by
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern Lord Cornwallis. The creation of a landed class
history. was indeed one of the motives behind this land
revenue system during British colonial rule in
129. Assertion (A): The Zamindari Settlement was India.
introduced by Lord Cornwallis. Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
Reason (R): The British desired to create a spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
landed class in India for support. history.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the
correctexplanation of A 1989
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT a 130. Railway and Telegraphy systems were
correct explanation of A introduced in India by
(c) A is true but R is false (a) Lord Dalhousie
(d) A is false but R is true (b) Lord Comwallis
Ans. (a) (c) Lord Bentinck
Assertion (A): The Zamindari Settlement was (d) Lord Wellesley
introduced by Lord Cornwallis.- The Zamindari Ans. (a)
Settlement, introduced by Lord Cornwallis, was one of Certainly, here's more information about the
the major land revenue systems implemented by the individuals mentioned in the question and their
British during their colonial rule in India. This system contribution
was established in parts of Northern India. (a) Lord Dalhousie:
 Under the Zamindari system, the British  Lord Dalhousie, whose full name was James
recognized certain landlords or zamindars as Andrew Broun-Ramsay, was the Governor-
intermediaries between the government and General of India from 1848 to 1856.
the peasant cultivators. These zamindars were  He is best known for his policy of "Doctrine of
responsible for collecting land revenue from the Lapse," where he annexed princely states that
peasants on behalf of the British government. did not have a male heir or adopted an heir
They were often granted hereditary rights to the without British approval.

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 Lord Dalhousie also played a significant role in modernization of transportation and
the expansion of transportation and communication infrastructure.
communication networks in India. He is credited Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
with introducing the railway and telegraph spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
systems, which had a profound impact on history.
modernizing India.
(b) Lord Cornwallis: 1991
 Lord Cornwallis, whose full name was Charles 131. The intensity of famine increased in India,
Cornwallis, served as Governor-General of India under the British rule because
from 1786 to 1793. (a) The failure of monsoons became frequent
 He is primarily associated with the introduction (b) The drain of wealth from India was
of the Zamindari System, a significant land uncontrolled
revenue system during British colonial rule in (c) Of the poor distribution of food grains
India. (d) Discriminatory protection was extended,
 The Zamindari System involved the recognition to food processing industries
of landlords or zamindars as intermediaries in Ans. (b)
revenue collection.  The intensity of famine increased in India under
(c) Lord Bentinck: British rule primarily because of option (b) "The
 Lord William Bentinck served as Governor- drain of wealth from India was uncontrolled."
General of India from 1828 to 1835. The British colonial administration extracted
 His administration is noted for several significant resources and wealth from India,
important reforms, including the abolition of which had detrimental effects on the economy
the practice of sati, the suppression of thuggee, and the ability to mitigate and respond to
and the promotion of Western-style education famines. This economic drain contributed to the
in India. severity of famines during that period. So, the
 However, he is not primarily associated with the correct answer is (b).
introduction of railway and telegraph systems. Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
(d) Lord Wellesley: spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
 Lord Wellesley, whose full name was Richard history.
Colley Wellesley, served as Governor-General of
India from 1798 to 1805. Battle of Buxar and Plassey
 He is known for his policy of "Subsidiary
1980
Alliances" with Indian princely states, which
132. Which of the following was the main feature of
aimed to secure British interests and control in
the policy of Dual Government of British rulers
India.
in India?
 While his tenure was marked by significant
(a) The English collected the revenues with
political and military developments, he is not
the help of Indian Officials and they
primarily associated with the introduction of the
became virtually the head of the civil and
railway and telegraph systems.
military administration
 In the context of the question, it was Lord
(b) The general administrative body
Dalhousie who played a pivotal role in
consisted of two categories of rulers
introducing the railway and telegraph systems
(c) Main items of administration were in the
in India, contributing significantly to the
hands of local kings and rest were in the
hands of British rulers

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 (d) Some portions of land were ruled by the  Lord Clive, whose full name was Robert Clive,
local kings and rest by the British rulers was a British military officer and colonial
Ans. (a) administrator in the 18th century.
 The main feature of the policy of Dual  He played a pivotal role in establishing the Dual
Government of British rulers in India was option System of Government, where the British and
(a) "The English collected the revenues with the Indian rulers jointly administered various
help of Indian Officials, and they became aspects of governance in Bengal, particularly
virtually the head of the civil and military revenue collection and military affairs.
administration." Under the Dual Government (d) Lord Ripon:
system, the British worked with Indian officials  Lord Ripon, whose full name was George
to collect revenue and, in many cases, Robinson, served as Viceroy of India from 1880
effectively controlled the administration, to 1884.
particularly in matters related to revenue  He is known for introducing several reforms
collection and the civil and military affairs. So, during his tenure, including the Local Self-
the correct answer is (a). Government Act of 1882, which encouraged
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, Indians to participate in local administration. His
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern administration marked a period of social and
history. political reforms in India.
 In the context of the question, it was Lord Clive
1986 who introduced the Dual System of Government
133. Who among the following Governors General in India during the 18th century, and his policies
introduced the Dual System of Government? had significant implications for the governance
(a) Lord Wellesley of Bengal and other regions under British rule.
(b) Lord Canning Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
(c) Lord Clive spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
(d) Lord Rippon history.
Ans. (c)
(a) Lord Wellesley:
 Lord Wellesley, whose full name was Richard 1919 Act
Colley Wellesley, served as Governor-General of 1980
India from 1798 to 1805. 134. The DYARCHY as introduced by the
 He is known for his policy of "Subsidiary Government of India Act, 1919 postulated
Alliances" with Indian princely states, which which of the following?
aimed to secure British interests and control in (a) A system of dual government in Bengal
India. The Dual Government system was (b) Backward classes were entitled to vote
introduced by Lord Clive, not Lord Wellesley. (c) A few subjects were transferred to the
(b) Lord Canning: Provincial Ministries and the rest retained
 Lord Canning, whose full name was Charles John by the Executive Council
Canning, served as Governor-General of India (d) Hindus and Muslims could vote
during a significant period from 1856 to 1862. separately
 He was in office during the Indian Rebellion of Ans. (c)
1857 (often referred to as the Indian Mutiny or  The DYARCHY, as introduced by the
Sepoy Mutiny), which was a major event in Government of India Act, 1919, postulated
India's struggle for independence. option (c) "A few subjects were transferred to
(c) Lord Clive:

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 the Provincial Ministries, and the rest were  The Government of India Act of 1919 introduced
retained by the Executive Council." the concept of dyarchy in the provinces.
 Under the system of dyarchy, certain subjects Dyarchy meant that certain subjects of
were transferred to the control of Indian governance were transferred to Indian
ministers in provincial governments, while other ministers, providing limited self-governance at
subjects, particularly those of strategic or the provincial level. However, the Governor
paramount importance, remained under the retained control over reserved subjects, which
control of the British Executive Council. This was were typically critical or strategic in nature.
an attempt to grant limited self-governance and 3. The Government of India Act, 1935 - Proposal
participation in provincial administration to for a Federation of India:
Indians while retaining British control over key  The Government of India Act of 1935 was a
areas of governance. So, the correct answer is significant piece of legislation during the British
(c). colonial rule in India. It proposed a federal
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, structure for India, with a federal government
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern and provincial governments. While the Act did
history. not come into full effect due to World War II, it
laid the foundation for a federal system of
1986 government in India.
135. Which of the following pairs are correct? 4. The Indian Independence Act, 1947 -
1. The Indian Councils Act, 1909- Provincial Independence and Provincial Legislature:
Autonomy  The Indian Independence Act of 1947 was the
2 The Government of Act, 1919 - legislation that led to the partition of India and
Introduction of India Dyarchy the end of British rule in India. It provided for
3. The Government Act, 1935 - Proposal for India's independence and the establishment of
a of India Federation of India two separate dominions, India and Pakistan. It
4. The Indian Act, 1947 Independence also allowed for the formation of provincial
Legislature - Provincial legislatures in both countries.
Select the correct answer from the codes given  In the context of the question, the correct
below: pairings are option 2 (Government of India Act,
(a) 1 and 4 1919 - Introduction of Indian Dyarchy) and
(b) 2 and 3 option 3 (Government of India Act, 1935 -
(c) 1 and 3 Proposal for a Federation of India). These Acts
(d) 2 and 4 marked significant developments in India's
Ans. (b) constitutional and governance history.
1. The Indian Councils Act, 1909 - Provincial Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
Autonomy: spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
 The Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as history.
the Morley-Minto Reforms, did not introduce
provincial autonomy. Instead, it increased the 136. Montague Chelmsford Reforms relate to
number of elected Indian members in the (a) Dyarchy
legislative councils (both central and provincial) (b) Communalism
and expanded the franchise for Indian voters. (c) Provincial autonomy
However, it did not grant provincial autonomy. (d) None of the above
2. The Government of India Act, 1919 - Ans. (a)
Introduction of Indian Dyarchy:

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 The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms relate to (a) (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Dyarchy. These reforms, introduced in 1919, Ans. (b)
established a system of dyarchy in the provinces (b) Subhash Chandra Bose (Netaji):
of British India. Dyarchy meant that certain  Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian
subjects of governance were transferred to nationalist and freedom fighter.
Indian ministers, providing limited self-  He is best known for his leadership in the
governance at the provincial level, while the formation of the Indian National Army (INA)
Governor retained control over reserved during World War II. The INA aimed to liberate
subjects. So, the correct answer is (a). India from British colonial rule with the support
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, of Axis powers, primarily Japan and Germany.
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern  Subhash Chandra Bose's famous slogan was
history. "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom."
(a) Mahatma Gandhi:
1989  Mahatma Gandhi, often referred to as the
137. The system of Dyarchy" was first introduced by Father of the Nation in India, was a leading
(a) Montague-Chelmsford Reforms figure in the Indian independence movement.
(b) Minto-Morley Reforms  He is renowned for his philosophy of nonviolent
(c) Government of India Act, 1035 resistance and civil disobedience (Satyagraha) in
(d) None of the above the struggle for India's independence from
Ans. (a) British colonial rule.
 The system of Dyarchy was first introduced by (c) Jawaharlal Nehru:
(a) Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. These  Jawaharlal Nehru was a prominent Indian
reforms, also known as the Montagu- political leader and the first Prime Minister of
Chelmsford Reforms, were introduced in 1919 independent India.
and implemented the concept of dyarchy in the  He played a crucial role in the drafting of India's
provinces of British India. Dyarchy involved the constitution and the early years of nation-
division of subjects of governance between building after India gained independence in
elected Indian ministers and British-appointed 1947.
governors, providing limited self-governance at (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale:
the provincial level. So, the correct answer is (a).  Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an important social
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, and political reformer in pre-independence
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern India.
history.  He was a mentor to Mahatma Gandhi and
worked on issues such as social reform,
1987 education, and political representation for
Subhash Chandra Bose and Indians under British rule.
 In the context of the question, Subhash Chandra
INA Bose's leadership was instrumental in the
1981 formation of the Indian National Army, which
138. Under whose leadership, the Indian National was a significant aspect of India's struggle for
Army was formed? independence during World War II.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
(b) Subhash Chandra Bose spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru history.

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1990 Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
139. The I.N.A. was organised by Netaji Subhash spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
Chandra Bose at history.
(a) Rangoon
(b) Singapore
(c) Taiwan
Quit India Movement
(d) Tokyo 1981
Ans. (b) 140. Who said these words at the time of Quit India
(b) Singapore: Movement-Do or die?
 Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose organized the (a) Motilal Nehru
Indian National Army (INA) in Singapore during (b) Mahatma Gandhi
World War II. (c) Sardar Patel
 Bose saw an opportunity to use the support of (d) Subhash Chandra Bose
the Axis powers, primarily Japan, to further the Ans. (b)
cause of India's independence from British  The words “Do or die” were famously said by
colonial rule. option (b) Mahatma Gandhi during the Quit
 The INA, also known as Azad Hind Fauj, was India Movement. The Quit India Movement was
formed with Indian prisoners of war and civilians launched by the Indian National Congress under
in Southeast Asia, and it aimed to liberate India the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi on August 8,
with the help of the Axis powers. 1942, with the aim of demanding immediate
(a) Rangoon (Yangon): independence from British colonial rule. In his
 Rangoon, now known as Yangon, is the largest speech on that day, Mahatma Gandhi gave the
city in Myanmar (formerly Burma). It played a iconic call for Indians to “Do or die” in their
significant role during World War II as it was struggle for freedom.
occupied by the Japanese forces, and it served Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom ,
as an important location for activities related to spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
the INA. history.
(c) Taiwan:
 Taiwan was not the location where Netaji 1983
Subhash Chandra Bose organized the INA. The 141. Quit India Movement was launched in
primary activities and organization of the INA (a) 1936
were centered in Southeast Asia, particularly in (b) 1941
Singapore. (c) 1942
(d) Tokyo: (d) 1947
Ans. (c)
 Tokyo, the capital of Japan, had a role in
supporting the activities of the INA during World  The Quit India movement was started by
War II. The Japanese government provided Mahatma Gandhi on 9th August 1942. It took
assistance and resources to the INA's cause for place in Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay. The
India's independence. failure of the Cripps Mission, the Japanese
attack advances in South East Asia, and the
 In the context of the question, it's important to
exasperation of the people in India instigated
note that Singapore was the central location
Gandhi to call upon the British to voluntarily
where Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose organized
leave India. The British assumed that India
and led the Indian National Army (INA) with the
would support it during the Second World War
aim of freeing India from British colonial rule
did not go down well with the people. The Quit
during World War II.

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 India movement was ratified in the Bombay  Reason (R) is also true. It accurately states that
session of the Congress keeping in mind the after the Quit India Movement, it was only a
policy of non violence. On 9th August members matter of time and working out the mechanics
of the Congress working committee were of the transfer of power. However, it doesn't
arrested under unlawful associations and directly explain why the Quit India Movement
Criminal Act Law Amendment Act of 1908. marked the culmination of the Indian Freedom
 Gandhi’s arrest led to huge protests and mass Movement.
demonstrations within the country. People  While both statements are true, they are not
were killed and injured. Strikes were declared in intrinsically connected in a cause-and-effect
several parts and more than 1,000,000 people relationship, so (b) is the appropriate choice.
were arrested. The name of the movement was Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom,
coined by Yusuf Meherally, a socialist trade spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
unionist. The mass movement which was going history.
on for a long time, organised by the Indian
National Congress, All India Kisan Sabha,
Forward Bloc had set the ground for mass
Indian Social reform
movements and the final nail on the coffin for
the British.
movements
Source: modern history India’s struggle freedom, 1981
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern 143. Who among the following was responsible for
history. the revival of Hinduism in the 19th century?
(a) Swami Dayanand
1992 (b) Swami Vivekanand
142. Consider the following two statements called (c) Guru Shankaracharya
Assertion (A) and Reason (R) and answer by (d) Raja Rammohan Roy
using the codes given below the statements. Ans. (a)
Assertion (A): The Quit India Movement of 1942 (a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati:-
Movement marked the culmination of the  Swami Dayanand Saraswati was a prominent
Indian Freedom Indian religious and social reformer.
Reason (R): After the Quit India Movement it  He founded the Arya Samaj in 1875, which
was only a Question of time and determining aimed to promote the study and propagation of
the actual mechanics of the transfer of power. the Vedas and the reform of Hinduism based on
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct. Vedic principles.
explanation of A  Dayanand Saraswati emphasized monotheism,
(b) Both A and Rare true but R is not an rejection of idol worship, and the promotion of
explanation of A social and religious reforms, such as the
(c) A is true but R is false abolition of untouchability and caste system.
(d) A is false but R is true (b) Swami Vivekananda:
Ans. (b)  Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in the late
The correct answer is (b) "Both A and R are true but R 19th and early 20th centuries in India.
is not an explanation of A."  He is renowned for his role in popularizing
 Assertion (A) correctly states that the Quit India Hinduism and Vedanta in the West and for his
Movement of 1942 marked a significant speeches at the World's Parliament of Religions
moment in the Indian freedom struggle. in Chicago in 1893.

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 Vivekananda's teachings emphasized the unity (c) Swami Vivekananda
of religions and the importance of individual (d) None of these
spiritual realization. He played a significant role Ans. (c)
in the revival of Hinduism, not just in India but (a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati:
on a global scale.  Swami Dayanand Saraswati, as mentioned
(c) Guru Shankaracharya (Adi Shankaracharya): earlier, founded the Arya Samaj in 1875, which
 Adi Shankaracharya was a philosopher and was a reformist movement focused on reviving
theologian in ancient India (8th century CE). and reforming Hinduism based on Vedic
 He is best known for his role in the revival and principles. The Arya Samaj advocated for social
consolidation of the Advaita Vedanta and religious reforms.
philosophy, which emphasized the non-dual (b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy:
nature of reality and the importance of  Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a prominent social
understanding the ultimate truth (Brahman). and religious reformer in the early 19th century.
 Adi Shankaracharya traveled extensively across He is known for his efforts to eradicate social
India, engaging in philosophical debates and issues and promote religious reforms.
establishing mathas (monastic centers) that  He was a key figure in the Bengal Renaissance
played a crucial role in the preservation and and played a pivotal role in the modernization of
propagation of Vedantic philosophy. Indian society. He is often referred to as the
(d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy: "Father of the Indian Renaissance."
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a prominent social (c) Swami Vivekananda:
and religious reformer in the early 19th century.  Swami Vivekananda was a renowned spiritual
 He was a key figure in the Bengal Renaissance leader and disciple of Sri Ramakrishna
and advocated for social reforms and the Paramahamsa.
modernization of Indian society. He was critical  He is best known for introducing Indian
of certain aspects of traditional Hindu practices. spirituality and Hindu philosophy to the
 While he did not focus on the revival of Western world. His famous speech at the
Hinduism in the same way as Swami Dayanand World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago in
Saraswati or Swami Vivekananda, his efforts led 1893 brought Hinduism to international
to the modernization of Indian society and attention.
played a role in religious reforms.  Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna
 In the context of the question, Swami Dayanand Mission in 1897 to spread the teachings of his
Saraswati, through the Arya Samaj, was guru, Sri Ramakrishna, and to engage in various
particularly associated with the revival of philanthropic and educational activities.
Hinduism and the promotion of Vedic principles  In the context of the question, it was Swami
and reforms in the 19th century. Vivekananda who founded the Ramakrishna
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance Mission, an organization that continues to be
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications involved in a wide range of charitable and
and Bipin Chandra modern history. educational activities while promoting the
teachings of Sri Ramakrishna and Vedanta
philosophy.
1982 Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
144. Who among the following founded and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
Ramakrishna Mission? and Bipin Chandra modern history.
(a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy

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145. Raja Rammohan Roy was supporter of 147. Match the following correctly:
(a) Sati A. Ramakrishna Mission 1. Swami Dayanand
(b) Widow re-marriage B. Arya Samaj Saraswati
(c) Child marriage C. Brahmo Samaj 2. Raja Rammohan Roy
(d) Learning of Sanskrit D. Prarthana Samaj 3. Keshab Chandra Sen
Ans. (b) 4. Swami Vivekananda
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a staunch supporter
of (b) Widow re-marriage. He was a leading
Select the correct answer using the codes given
social reformer in 19th-century India and played
below:
a significant role in advocating for the abolition
A B C D
of the practice of sati (option a) and promoting
(a) 1 2 3 4
social reforms such as widow remarriage to
(b) 3 4 1 2
improve the status of women in Indian society.
(c) 2 3 1 4
So, the correct answer is (b).
(d) 4 1 2 3
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
Ans. (d)
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
A. Ramakrishna Mission - 4. Swami Vivekananda:
and Bipin Chandra modern history.
 The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by
Swami Vivekananda in 1897. It is an organization
1983
dedicated to the propagation of the teachings of
146. Who represented India at the Chicago
Sri Ramakrishna and the promotion of
Conference of World Religions in 1893?
humanitarian, educational, and cultural
(a) Swami Vivekananda
activities. The mission has centers worldwide
(b) Swami Dayananda
and is known for its service to society.
(c) Swami Abhedananda
B. Arya Samaj - 1. Swami Dayanand Saraswati:
(d) Ramakrishna Paramhansa.
 The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami
Ans. (a)
Dayanand Saraswati in 1875. It is a reformist
 The correct answer is option (a) Swami
movement that seeks to revive and reform
Vivekananda. Swami Vivekananda represented
Hinduism based on Vedic principles. The Arya
India at the Chicago Conference of World
Samaj advocates for social and religious
Religions in 1893. The conference, officially
reforms, monotheism, and the rejection of idol
known as the Parliament of the World’s
worship.
Religions, was held in Chicago, United States.
C. Brahmo Samaj - 2. Raja Rammohan Roy:
Swami Vivekananda’s speech at the conference,
 The Brahmo Samaj was a reformist and
famously known as the “Sisters and Brothers of
monotheistic religious movement founded by
America” address, garnered international
Raja Rammohan Roy in the early 19th century. It
attention and introduced Hindu philosophy and
aimed to promote monotheism, social reforms,
spirituality to a global audience. His impactful
and rationalism within Hinduism. The
presence and eloquent speech at the
movement had a significant influence on the
conference played a significant role in spreading
modernization of Indian society.
the teachings of Vedanta and elevating the
D. Prarthana Samaj - 3. Keshab Chandra Sen:
understanding of Indian spirituality in the West.
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance  The Prarthana Samaj was founded by Keshab
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications Chandra Sen, a disciple of Ramakrishna
and Bipin Chandra modern history. Paramahamsa. This reformist and liberal
religious society aimed to combine the best

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 elements of different religions and promote way to break down traditional barriers and
social and religious reforms in India. promote social integration. This reform aimed
 These organizations and their founders played to challenge the rigid caste system and promote
important roles in the social and religious the idea of equality among all individuals,
reform movements in India during the 19th and regardless of their caste or community
early 20th centuries, contributing to the broader background.
transformation of Indian society. 2. Leaders and Organizations: Several prominent
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance leaders and organizations played a role in
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications advocating for inter-caste and inter-communal
and Bipin Chandra modern history. marriages. Leaders like Raja Rammohan Roy,
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Jyotirao Phule
1986 were known for their efforts to promote social
148. Which of the following laws was passed during reforms, including encouraging such marriages.
the second half of the nineteenth century 3. Impact: The acceptance of inter-caste and inter-
under the Social and Religious Reform communal marriages was a significant step
Movement? toward social equality and harmony. It
(a) Formation of Theosophical Society challenged the rigid social hierarchies that had
(b) Sanction of inter-caste and inter- long been a part of Indian society. This reform
communal marriages was part of a broader movement that aimed to
(c) Opening of Aligarh Muslim University" address various social issues, including the
(d) None of the above abolition of practices like sati, child marriage,
Ans. (b) and untouchability.
 The law that was passed during the second half  Overall, the support for inter-caste and inter-
of the nineteenth century as part of the Social communal marriages was an important aspect
and Religious Reform Movement was (b) of the Social and Religious Reform Movement,
"Sanction of inter-caste and inter-communal which sought to bring about progressive
marriages." This reform was aimed at promoting changes in Indian society during the 19th
social integration, breaking down caste and century.
communal barriers, and encouraging marriages Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
across different communities and castes. So, the and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
correct answer is (b). and Bipin Chandra modern history.
 The option (b) "Sanction of inter-caste and inter-
communal marriages" is a reference to a 149. "Go back to the Vedas' was the motto of
significant aspect of the Social and Religious (a) Swami Vivekananda
Reform Movement in 19th-century India. This (b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
movement sought to bring about changes in (c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
various social and religious practices, especially (d) M. G. Ranade
those that perpetuated divisions based on caste Ans. (c)
and community. Here's more information about  The motto "Go back to the Vedas" was
this reform: associated with (c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
1. Inter-Caste and Inter-Communal Marriages: Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the
One of the key reforms advocated during this Arya Samaj, emphasized the study and revival of
period was the promotion of marriages Vedic texts and promoted the idea of returning
between individuals from different castes and to the original Vedic principles in Hinduism. So,
communities. Such marriages were seen as a the correct answer is (c).

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(a) Swami Vivekananda: Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
 Swami Vivekananda was a prominent Hindu and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
monk and a key figure in the Indian spiritual and and Bipin Chandra modern history.
philosophical landscape.
 He is best known for his famous speech at the 1988
World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 150. Which of the following is/are correctly
1893, where he addressed the audience with matched?
the words "Sisters and brothers of America" and Persons Events
introduced Hinduism to the Western world. 1. Keshab Chandra Sen
 While he didn't have a specific motto like "Go : Prarthana Samaj
back to the Vedas," his teachings emphasized 2. Mahadev Govind
the universality of religious truths and the : Brahmo Samaj Ranade
importance of self-realization. 3. Swami Vivekanand
(b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy: : Ramakrishna Mission
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a leading social and Select the correct answer from the codes given
religious reformer in the early 19th century. below:
 He is often associated with the motto (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only
"Atmajnana is the highest knowledge" and was (c) 1 only (d) 3 only
a proponent of monotheism, rationalism, and Ans. (b)
social reform.  Prarthana Samaj was a movement for religious
 While he was involved in the revival of and social reform in Bombay based on earlier
Hinduism, he didn't use the specific motto reform movements. Prarthana Samaj was
mentioned in the question. founded by Atmaram Pandurang in 1867 when
(c) Swami Dayanand Saraswati: Kesab Chandra sen visited Maharashtra.
 Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the  Brahmo Samaj is the societal component of
Arya Samaj, indeed advocated the motto "Go Brahmoism, which began as a monotheistic. It
back to the Vedas." was started at Calcutta on 20 August 1828 by
 He promoted the study and revival of Vedic Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Debendranath
texts and sought to reform Hinduism based on Tagore.
Vedic principles. He emphasized monotheism,  Vivekananda went on lecture tours and held
rejection of idol worship, and social and private discourses on Hinduism and spirituality.
religious reforms. He also founded the first Vedanta Society in the
(d) M. G. Ranade: United States at New York. He returned to India
 Mahadev Govind Ranade was a prominent in 1897 and founded the Ramakrishna Mission
Indian scholar, social reformer, and jurist in the on 1 May 1897.
late 19th and early 20th centuries. Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
 He was known for his efforts in social reform and and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
the promotion of education but did not have a and Bipin Chandra modern history.
specific motto like "Go back to the Vedas."
 In the context of the question, the motto "Go 1989
back to the Vedas" is associated with Swami 151. Brahmo Samaj was founded by jwas
Dayanand Saraswati and his efforts to revive (a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
and reform Hinduism based on Vedic principles. (b) David Hare
(c) Derozio
(d) Alexander

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Ans. (a) (d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a prominent Indian social Ans. (d)
and religious reformer, is credited with founding  Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a prominent Indian social
the Brahmo Samaj in 1828. The Brahmo Samaj reformer and intellectual, actively advocated for
was a socio-religious movement that aimed to the remarriage of widows during the 19th
reform and modernize Hindu society and century. He strongly criticized the prevailing
promote rationality, social equality, and practice of sati (widow immolation) and
monotheism. campaigned for its abolition. Alongside his
 Raja Ram Mohan Roy sought to challenge efforts to eradicate sati, Raja Ram Mohan Roy
various orthodox practices and superstitions also emphasized the importance of widow
within Hinduism, advocating for a rational remarriage.
interpretation of religious texts and  Raja Ram Mohan Roy believed that the
emphasizing the worship of a single God. He prohibition on widow remarriage was an
believed in the importance of social reforms, oppressive and irrational practice that deprived
such as the abolition of sati (the practice of widows of their rights and subjected them to a
widow immolation) and promoting education life of social isolation and misery. He argued for
for women. the need to reform traditional customs and laws
 The Brahmo Samaj attracted a diverse group of to enable widows to remarry and lead a fulfilling
followers and became an influential force in the life.
Indian reform movement of the 19th century. Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s efforts laid the and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
foundation for the progressive and rationalistic and Bipin Chandra modern history.
ideas that later influenced the Indian
Renaissance and played a significant role in 153. The Brahmo Samaj is based on the principles of
shaping India’s socio-religious landscape. (a) Monotheism
 It’s important to note that David Hare was a (b) Polytheism
Scottish philanthropist and educationist who (c) Atheisas
supported Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s efforts but (d) Monism
was not the founder of the Brahmo Samaj. Ans. (a)
Derozio, also known as Henry Louis Vivian  The Brahmo Samaj is a religious and social
Derozio, was a teacher and poet associated with reform movement founded by Raja Ram Mohan
the Young Bengal movement, which was Roy in the early 19th century. The movement
inspired by Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s ideas but was aimed to reform and modernize Hinduism,
not directly involved in the formation of the promoting rationality, social equality, and the
Brahmo Samaj. Alexander, without further worship of a single God.
context, does not refer to an individual relevant  The Brahmo Samaj rejected polytheism (belief
to the founding of the Brahmo Samaj. in multiple gods) and advocated for the worship
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance of one supreme deity. Raja Ram Mohan Roy,
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications along with other leaders and intellectuals
and Bipin Chandra modern history. associated with the Brahmo Samaj, emphasized
152. Who among the following Indians mostly the concept of monotheism, believing in the
encouraged the remarriage of the widows? existence of a single divine entity that
(a) Jaisingh transcends various religious denominations and
(b) Ahilya Bai rituals.
(c) Sarfoji

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 While atheism and monism have also been  The Young Bengal Movement was a group of
explored in different philosophical and religious radical intellectuals who advocated for social
contexts, the Brahmo Samaj primarily focuses and educational reforms. They were known for
on the idea of monotheism, recognizing the their critique of orthodox Hindu practices and
unity of the divine and promoting the worship of the promotion of rationalism.
a single God as a central principle of its teachings C. Dadoba Pandurang - 2. Param Hansa Mandali:
and practices.  Dadoba Pandurang was a 19th-century
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance reformer associated with the Param Hansa
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications Mandali.
and Bipin Chandra modern history.  The Param Hansa Mandali was a religious
organization that sought to promote
1990 monotheism, the worship of one true God, and
154. Match List Iwith List II and select the correct social reforms within Hinduism.
answer using the codes given below them: D. Devendranath Tagore - 4. Tatvabodhini Sabha:
List-I (Social Reformers List-II (Their  Devendranath Tagore was a prominent figure in
of Modern India) contributions) the Brahmo Samaj movement.
A. Kesab Chandra Sen 1. Young Bengal  He was a key leader in the Tatvabodhini Sabha,
B. Henry Vivian Derazio Movement a religious and reformist organization founded
C. Dadoba Panderung 2. Param Hansa in 1839. The Tatvabodhini Sabha played a crucial
D. Devendranath Mandali role in the Brahmo Samaj's efforts to reform
Tagore 3. Sadharan Brahma Hindu practices and promote monotheism.
Samaj  These reformers and their contributions were
4. Tatvabodhini Sabha part of the broader social and religious reform
movements in modern India, aiming to
challenge traditional practices, promote
Select the correct answer from the codes given
monotheism, and encourage social and
below:
educational reforms.
A B C D
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
(a) 3 2 4 1
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
(b) 1 2 3 4
and Bipin Chandra modern history.
(c) 4 2 1 3
(d) 3 1 2 4
Ans. (d) British Annexation Policies
A. Kesab Chandra Sen - 3. Sadharan Brahma Samaj:
1982
 Kesab Chandra Sen was a significant figure in the
155. Doctrine of Lapse was adopted as a measure to
Brahmo Samaj movement.
annex Indian states by
 He founded the Sadharan Brahma Samaj in (a) Lord Cornwallis
1866, which was a reformist religious and social
(b) Lord Clive
organization that aimed to promote
(c) Lord Dalhousie
monotheism, social reforms, and rationalism (d) Lord Wellesley
within Hinduism.
Ans. (c)
B. Henry Vivian Derazio - 1. Young Bengal Movement:
 The Doctrine of Lapse was adopted as a measure
 Henry Vivian Derozio was associated with the to annex Indian states by option (c) Lord
Young Bengal Movement in the early 19th Dalhousie. Lord Dalhousie, who served as the
century. Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856,

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 introduced the Doctrine of Lapse as part of his These annexations were part of the broader expansion
policy of territorial expansion and consolidation. of British colonial rule in India during the 19th
According to this doctrine, if an Indian ruler died century, ultimately leading to the British Raj,
without a natural heir or an adopted heir, the where the British crown assumed direct control
state would be annexed by the British East India over India in the aftermath of the Indian
Company. This policy was aimed at increasing Rebellion of 1857.
British control over Indian territories and Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
annexing states that were considered “lapsed” and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
due to the absence of a direct heir. The Doctrine and Bipin Chandra modern history.
of Lapse led to the annexation of several
princely states by the British during Lord 1986
Dalhousie’s tenure. 157. Lord Wellesley greatly extended the British
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance dominion in India through
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications (a) Doctrine of Lapse
and Bipin Chandra modern history. (b) Subsidiary Alliance
(c) Partitioning of Indian States
1984 (d) Annexing the princely State
156. Write the correct chronological order of the Ans. (b)
following annexations by the Britishers:  Lord Wellesley greatly extended British
1. Oudh dominion in India through (b) Subsidiary
2. Punjab Alliance. The Subsidiary Alliance system was a
3. Upper Burma significant policy introduced by Lord Wellesley,
Select the correct answer from the codes given where Indian princely states were required to
below: accept British suzerainty and maintain a British
(a) 321 subsidiary force in exchange for protection. This
(b) 123 policy allowed the British to gradually expand
(c) 132 their influence and control over various princely
(d) 213 states in India. So, the correct answer is (b).
Ans. (d) (a) Doctrine of Lapse:
1. Upper Burma (now Myanmar): The annexation  The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy used by Lord
of Upper Burma occurred in 1886. This Dalhousie, a later British governor-general, not
annexation expanded British control over the Lord Wellesley. Under this policy, if a ruler of an
region that is now known as Myanmar. Indian princely state did not have a natural heir,
2. Punjab: The annexation of Punjab took place in the state's territory would be annexed by the
1849 after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The British East India Company. Lord Dalhousie was
British East India Company took control of the associated with implementing this policy.
Punjab region, which was previously ruled by (b) Subsidiary Alliance:
the Sikh Empire.  The Subsidiary Alliance was a policy introduced
3. Oudh (Awadh): The annexation of Oudh, also by Lord Wellesley, who served as the Governor-
known as Awadh, occurred in 1856-1857. It was General of India from 1798 to 1805. It was a
a significant event leading up to the Indian system in which the British East India Company
Rebellion of 1857. The British East India would provide military protection to a princely
Company took control of the kingdom of Oudh, state in exchange for control over its foreign
which had its capital in Lucknow. affairs. Princely states under this alliance had to
maintain a British subsidiary force in their

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 territory, thus increasing British influence and  Lord Dalhousie, who served as the Governor-
control. General of India from 1848 to 1856, was known
(c) Partitioning of Indian States: for the implementation of the Doctrine of Lapse.
 Partitioning of Indian states was not a specific Under this policy, if a princely state's ruler did
policy introduced by Lord Wellesley. The not have a natural heir, the state's territory
partition of Bengal, which occurred later in would be annexed by the British East India
1905, was carried out under the orders of Lord Company. This policy led to the annexation of
Curzon, another British Viceroy in India. several princely states.
(d) Annexing the princely State: B. Lord William Bentinck - 1. Prohibition of Sati:
 While annexations of princely states did occur  Lord William Bentinck, who served as the
during the period of British rule in India, it was Governor-General of India from 1828 to 1835, is
not a specific policy associated with Lord best known for the abolition of the practice of
Wellesley. Annexations and the integration of sati. He implemented regulations that
princely states took place over several decades prohibited the burning of widows on their
and under different British rulers. husband's funeral pyres, a significant social and
 In the context of the question, it was the humanitarian reform.
Subsidiary Alliance policy introduced by Lord C. Lord Ripon - 2. Local Self-Government:
Wellesley that greatly extended British  Lord Ripon, who served as the Viceroy of India
dominion in India by increasing British influence from 1880 to 1884, is associated with promoting
and control over various princely states. local self-government. During his tenure, the
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance Local Self-Government Act of 1882 was passed,
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications which established local bodies and empowered
and Bipin Chandra modern history. Indians to have a role in the administration of
their local areas.
D. Lord Curzon - 3. Division of Bengal:
Governor Generals  Lord Curzon, who served as the Viceroy of India
1983 from 1899 to 1905, is known for the
158. Match the following: controversial decision to partition Bengal in
A. Lord Dalhousie 1. Prohibition of Sati 1905. The partition was later reversed in 1911
B. Lord William 2. Local Self-Government due to widespread protests and agitation. The
Bentinck 3. Division of Bengal decision to divide Bengal was aimed at
C. Lord Ripon 4. Doctrine of Lapse administrative convenience but had significant
D. Lord Curzon political and social implications.
 These policies and actions by these British
governors-general and viceroys had a lasting
Select the correct answer using the codes given
impact on India's history and contributed to
below:
various social, political, and administrative
A B C D
changes during British rule.
(a) 4 1 2 3
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance
(b) 4 2 1 3
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications
(c) 1 2 3 4
and Bipin Chandra modern history.
(d) 3 1 2 4
Ans. (a)
A. Lord Dalhousie - 4. Doctrine of Lapse:

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 dominion after an extended freedom
Muslim League and Pakistan movement and army operation.
1983  Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14,
159. The demand for Pakistan was made by the 1889, in Allahabad, India. In 1919, he joined the
Muslim League for the first time in Indian National Congress. He died on May 27,
(a) 1938 1964.
(b) 1940  The Indo-China War occurred in 1962. A
(c) 1941 disputed Himalayan border was the main
(d) 1946 pretext for war, but other issues played a role.
Ans. (b)  The Indian general election of 1951–52, held
 The Two-Nation theory resolution passed for from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.It
the establishment of a separate country for the was the first election to the Lok Sabha since
majority of the Muslims in British India. India became independent in August 1947.
 This resolution was passed in the annual session Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
of the All India Muslim League held in Lahore. spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
 The demand for a separate state of Pakistan was history and India since independence.
made on the basis of the ‘two-nation ’theory of
Jinnah at the Lahore session of the All Indian 1991
Muslim League held in 1940. So, D is the correct 161. Which one of the following is the most
answer. significant contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai
 The session held in 1940, in Lahore, was Patel to modern India?
addressed by Sir Shah Nawaz Khan of Mamdot, (a) His participation in the Quit India
as the chairman of the local reception Movement
committee. (b) His role in the Non-Cooperation
 This resolution approved by the Committee and Movement
accepted the Muslim league demand of a (c) His achievement of the integration of
separate land for the Muslims and princely states
recommended the creation of a Pakistan state. (d) His Presidentship of the Indian National
Source: modern history - social reforms &renaissance Congress
and India’s struggle freedom, spectrum publications Ans. (c)
and Bipin Chandra modern history.  The most significant contribution of Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel to modern India was (c) his
India after Independence achievement of the integration of princely
states.
1983
 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, also known as the Iron
160. Which of the following events is not correctly
Man of India, played a crucial role in the
matched?
integration of princely states into the newly
(a) Liberation of Goa 1961
independent India following India’s partition
(b) Death of Jawaharlal Nehru 1966
and independence from British rule in 1947.
(c) Indo-China War 1962
 At the time of independence, India consisted of
(d) First General Elections 1951-52
numerous princely states that had their own
Ans. (b)
rulers and enjoyed varying degrees of
 Liberation day of Goa took place on December
autonomy. The process of integrating these
19, 1961. Goa was freed from the Portuguese
princely states into the Indian Union was a
complex and challenging task. Sardar Patel, as

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 the first Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Ans. (a)
Home Affairs of independent India, led this  On the 91st anniversary of the historic salt
monumental effort. march led by Mahatma Gandhi from Sabarmati
 Using a combination of negotiation, diplomacy, Ashram to Dandi in Gujarat, Prime Minister
and, when necessary, coercion, Sardar Patel Narendra Modi flagged off a symbolic 386-
successfully persuaded the majority of princely kilometre 'Dandi march', following the same
states to join the Indian Union. Through his route. The 24-day march from March 12 to April
skillful diplomacy, he convinced rulers and 5, 1930 was a tax resistance campaign against
regional leaders to merge their states into India, the British salt monopoly. The march marked
thereby preventing the fragmentation of the the inauguration of the civil disobedience
country. movement. Gandhi reached Dandi on April 5.
 Sardar Patel’s achievement of the integration of The following day, early morning he proceeded
princely states was a significant contribution to along with the other marchers to the sea, where
modern India. It laid the foundation for a united he picked up lumps of natural salt lying in a small
and strong India, providing political and pit. The following month Gandhi proceeded to
geographical coherence to the nation. His Dharasana salt works from where he was
efforts helped in consolidating the diverse arrested and taken to the Yerawada Central Jail.
territories into a single nation, ensuring the The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly in
integrity and unity of India as we see it today. the manufacture and sale of salt. Even though
 While Sardar Patel’s participation in the Quit salt was freely available on the coasts of India,
India Movement, his role in the Non- Indians were forced to buy it from the
Cooperation Movement, and his Presidentship colonizers. Gandhi decided that if there was any
of the Indian National Congress were important one product through which the civil
aspects of his political career, his achievement disobedience could be inaugurated, then it was
in integrating the princely states stands out as salt.
his most significant contribution to modern  The Champaran agitation in Bihar in 1917 was
India. Gandhi's first active involvement into Indian
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, freedom politics. The Champaran farmers were
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern being forced to grow Indigo and were being
history and India since independence. tortured if they protested. The farmers sought
Gandhi's help and through a calculated non-
violent protest, Gandhi managed to win
Chronology concessions from the authority.
1983  Noncooperation movement in 1920–22,
162. The following are the events in national organized by Gandhiji, to induce the British
movement government of India to grant self-government,
1. Champaran Satyagraha or swaraj, to India.
2. Non-Cooperation Movement  The Quit India Movement also known as the
3. Quit India Movement August Movement, was a movement launched
4. Dandi March at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress
The correct chronological order is Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 9 August
(a) 1,2,4,3 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to
(b) 2,1,3,4 British rule in India.
(c) 3,2,1,4
(d) 2. 3, 1, 4

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Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, make recommendations regarding
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern constitutional reforms in British India.
history and India since independence.  The commission was met with protests and
opposition in India because it did not include
163. Arrange the following in chronological order any Indian members. This led to widespread
1. Home Rule League protests and demands for Indian representation
2. Swadeshi Movement in the commission.
3. Bardoli Movement (b) Salt Satyagraha - 1930:
4. Round Table Conference  The Salt Satyagraha, also known as the Dandi
The correct chronological order is March, was a significant event in the Indian
(a) 1,2,3,4 independence movement. It was launched by
(b) 2,1,3,4 Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National
(c) 3,1,4,2 Congress in 1930.
(d) 4,2,1,3  The main objective of the Salt Satyagraha was to
Ans. (b) protest against the British monopoly on salt
The Indian Home Rule movement was a movement in production and sales in India. Gandhi and his
British India on the lines of Irish Home Rule movement followers marched to the Arabian Sea, where he
and other home rule movements in 1916. made salt by evaporating seawater. This act of
 When Lord Curzon announced the partition of civil disobedience became a symbol of
Bengal in July 1905, Indian National Congress, resistance against British rule.
initiated Swadeshi movement in Bengal. (c) Gandhi-Irwin Pact - 1931:
Swadeshi movement was launched as a protest  The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi
movement which also gave a lead to the Boycott Pact, was an agreement signed between
movement in the country. Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of
 Gandhi with Sardar Patel started Bardoli India, in 1931.
Satyagraha in 1928.  The pact marked a truce between the Indian
 The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 National Congress and the British government.
were a series of peace conferences organized by It included the suspension of civil disobedience
the British Government and Indian national and the release of political prisoners. In return,
congress was participant to discuss the British government agreed to hold a Round
constitutional reforms in India. Table Conference to discuss constitutional
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, reforms.
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern (d) Quit India Movement - 1942 (Not 1941):
history and India since independence.  The Quit India Movement was launched in 1942
by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National
164. Which of the following events is not correct? Congress. It called for the immediate end of
(a) Simon Commission-1927 British rule in India and was a mass protest
(b) Salt Satyagraha-1930 against British policies during World War II.
(c) Gandhi-Irwin Pact-1931  The movement led to widespread protests,
(d) Quit India Movement-1941 arrests, and civil unrest. It played a crucial role
Ans. (d) in the eventual independence of India in 1947.
(a) Simon Commission - 1927:  The Quit India Movement in 1942 was a
 The Simon Commission, officially known as the watershed moment in the Indian independence
Indian Statutory Commission, was appointed by struggle, and it is important to note that it
the British government in 1927 to review and occurred in 1942, not in 1941.

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Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, It included the suspension of civil disobedience
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern and the release of political prisoners. In return,
history and India since independence. the British government agreed to hold a Round
Table Conference to discuss constitutional
1984 reforms.
165. What is the correct chronological order of the 4. Cripps Mission:
following?  The Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps,
1. First Round Table Conference was sent to India by the British government in
2. Gandhi-Irwin Pact 1942 during World War II.
3. Simon Commission  The mission's aim was to discuss proposals for
4. Cripps Mission post-war constitutional reforms with Indian
Select the correct answer from the codes given leaders. However, the talks between the
below: mission and Indian leaders did not result in an
(a) 3124 agreement, and the mission ultimately failed.
(c) 2134  These events are significant in the context of
(b) 1234 India's struggle for independence and its efforts
(d) 4321 to negotiate constitutional reforms with the
Ans. (a) British government. The correct chronological
1. Simon Commission: order is 3124.
 The Simon Commission, officially known as the Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
Indian Statutory Commission, was appointed by spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
the British government in 1927 to review and history.
make recommendations regarding
constitutional reforms in British India. 1986
 The commission was met with protests and 166. Arrange the following in a chronological order
opposition in India because it did not include 1. Foundation of Muslim League
any Indian members. This led to widespread 2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
protests and demands for Indian representation 3. Khilafat Movement
in the commission. 4. Civil Disobedience Movement
2. First Round Table Conference: The correct order is
 The First Round Table Conference was held in (a) 1,3,2,4
London in 1930. It was a part of the British (b) 1,2,3,4
government's efforts to discuss constitutional (c) 4,2,1,2
reforms with Indian leaders and various (d) 2,4,1,3
communities. Ans. (b)
 However, the conference did not lead to any 1. Foundation of Muslim League:
significant agreements or reforms, and the  The All-India Muslim League was founded in
discussions were largely inconclusive. 1906 in Dhaka (now in Bangladesh). It was
3. Gandhi-Irwin Pact: established in response to the perceived
 The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi political and social marginalization of Muslims
Pact, was an agreement signed in 1931 between within the Indian National Congress, which was
Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of dominated by the Hindu majority.
India.  The league aimed to safeguard the political and
 The pact marked a truce between the Indian social rights of Muslims in India.
National Congress and the British government. 2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:

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 The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place on The correct order is
April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, under British (a) 1,2,3,4
rule. A British military officer, Brigadier General (b) 3,2,1,4
Reginald Dyer, ordered his troops to open fire (c) 2,1,4,3
on a large gathering of unarmed Indian civilians (d) 3, 4, 1, 2
who had gathered to protest repressive laws. Ans. (c)
 The massacre resulted in a significant loss of life 1. Simon Commission:
and had a profound impact on the Indian  The Simon Commission, officially known as the
freedom movement. Indian Statutory Commission, was appointed by
3. Khilafat Movement: the British government in 1927 to review and
 The Khilafat Movement was launched in the make recommendations regarding
aftermath of World War I in 1919 by Indian constitutional reforms in British India.
Muslims. It was a pan-Islamic movement that  The commission was met with protests and
aimed to support the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) opposition in India because it did not include
and the Caliphate, which were under threat any Indian members. This led to widespread
from colonial powers. protests and demands for Indian representation
 Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National in the commission.
Congress extended their support to the Khilafat 2. Gandhi-Irwin Pact:
Movement as a means to forge Hindu-Muslim  The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi
unity in the struggle for India's independence. Pact, was an agreement signed in 1931 between
4. Civil Disobedience Movement: Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of
 The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched India.
by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National  The pact marked a truce between the Indian
Congress in 1930. It was a campaign of National Congress and the British government.
nonviolent resistance against British colonial It included the suspension of civil disobedience
rule. and the release of political prisoners. In return,
 The movement involved various acts of civil the British government agreed to hold a Round
disobedience, including the famous Salt March Table Conference to discuss constitutional
to protest against the salt tax, and it marked a reforms.
significant phase in the struggle for India's 3. Dandi March:
independence.  The Dandi March, also known as the Salt
 These events are crucial in the context of India's Satyagraha or Salt March, was a significant
fight for freedom from British colonial rule and event in the Indian independence movement. It
its efforts to address political, social, and was launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the
religious issues. The correct chronological order Indian National Congress in 1930.
is 1,2,3,4 (b).  The march involved a 240-mile journey to the
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, Arabian Sea, where Gandhi and his followers
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern made salt by evaporating seawater as a form of
history. civil disobedience against the British salt
monopoly.
167. Arrange the following in a chronological order: 4. Poona Pact:
1. Dandi March  The Poona Pact was an agreement reached in
2. Simon Commission 1932 between B.R. Ambedkar, the leader of the
3. Poona Pact Dalits (Scheduled Castes), and Mahatma
4. Gandhi Irwin Pact Gandhi. The pact was a response to the separate

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 electorates for Dalits proposed by the British political, economic, and cultural reasons. It was
under the Communal Award. later reversed in 1911.
 The Poona Pact ensured reserved seats for 3. Formation of Muslim League:
Dalits within the general electorate, rather than  The All-India Muslim League was founded in
separate electorates, and it aimed to promote 1906 in Dhaka (now in Bangladesh). It was
social unity and equality. established in response to the perceived
 These events are significant in the context of political and social marginalization of Muslims
India's struggle for independence and in within the Indian National Congress, which was
addressing various social and political issues. dominated by the Hindu majority.
The correct chronological order is 2,1,4,3 (c).  The league aimed to safeguard the political and
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, social rights of Muslims in India.
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern 4. Surat Split:
history.  The Surat Split refers to a significant division
within the Indian National Congress that
168. Arrange the following in a chronological order occurred in 1907 during its annual session in
1. Surat Split Surat.
2. Formation of Muslim League  The split was primarily between the Extremist
3. Partition of Bengal faction, led by leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
4. Regulating Act and the Moderate faction, led by leaders like
The correct Order is: Gopal Krishna Gokhale. The division was a result
(a) 1,2,3,4 of differing ideologies and approaches to India's
(b) 4,3,2.1 struggle for independence.
(c) 2,1,4,3  These events are crucial in understanding the
(d) 2, 3, 4, 1 historical context of India's political and social
Ans. (b) developments during the British colonial period.
1. Regulating Act: The correct chronological order is 4,3,2,1 (b).
 The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
legislative intervention by the British Parliament spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
in the governance of the British East India history.
Company's territories in India. It marked the
beginning of parliamentary control over the 1987
company's affairs. 169. What is the correct chronological order of the
 The act was introduced to address issues related following?
to corruption, mismanagement, and the A. Cabinet Mission
company's increasing influence in India. It led to B. Montague Chelmsford Reforms
the establishment of a Supreme Court in C. Minto Morley Reforms
Calcutta and a Governor-General of Bengal. D. Cripps Mission
2. Partition of Bengal: Codes:
 The Partition of Bengal was carried out in 1905 (a) C, B, D, A
by Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India. It divided (b) A, B, C.D
the province of Bengal into two separate (c) B,C,D,A
entities, West Bengal and East Bengal, for (d) D, A, B, C
administrative purposes. Ans. (a)
 The partition was met with widespread protests 1. Minto-Morley Reforms (Minto Morley Reforms):
and opposition in India due to perceived

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 The Minto-Morley Reforms, officially known as Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
the Indian Councils Act of 1909, were spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
introduced during the colonial rule in India. The history.
act marked a limited political reform by the
British government. 170. Write the correct chronological order of the
 It provided for an increased number of elected following?
Indian members in the legislative councils and A. Pitt's India Act
separate electorates for different religious B. Rowlatt Act
communities. C. Regulating Act
2. Montague-Chelmsford Reforms: D. Indian Councils Act
 The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, also Codes:
known as the Government of India Act 1919, (a) A, C, D, B
introduced significant constitutional changes in (b) B, A, C, D
India. This act laid the foundation for a system (c) C, A, D, B
of dyarchy in the provinces, where some powers (d) D, B, A. C
were transferred to elected Indian ministers. Ans. (c)
 It also expanded the legislative councils and 1.Regulating Act (C):
increased Indian representation in government.  The Regulating Act of 1773 was the first
3. Cripps Mission: legislative intervention by the British Parliament
 The Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, in the governance of the British East India
was sent to India by the British government in Company's territories in India. It marked the
1942 during World War II. It aimed to discuss beginning of parliamentary control over the
proposals for post-war constitutional reforms company's affairs.
with Indian leaders.  The act was introduced to address issues related
 The mission's proposals, known as the Cripps to corruption, mismanagement, and the
Offer, did not lead to an agreement and were company's increasing influence in India. It led to
rejected by Indian leaders. the establishment of a Supreme Court in
4. Cabinet Mission: Calcutta and a Governor-General of Bengal.
 The Cabinet Mission was a mission sent to India 2. Pitt's India Act (A):
in 1946 by the British government to help  Pitt's India Act of 1784 was introduced to
resolve the constitutional deadlock between address the shortcomings of the Regulating Act.
Indian political groups and to assist in the It made significant changes in the governance of
transfer of power to an independent India. British India.
 The mission proposed a plan for a united India,  The act created dual control, with the British
but it was unable to prevent the eventual government having more influence over Indian
partition of India and the creation of India and affairs. It also established a Board of Control and
Pakistan in 1947. a Board of Directors to oversee the
 These events are significant in understanding administration of India.
the constitutional and political developments in 3. Indian Councils Act (D):
India during the British colonial period and the  The Indian Councils Act of 1861, also known as
path to independence. The correct the Morley-Minto Reforms, expanded the
chronological order is C, B, D, A (a). legislative councils in India and increased the
representation of Indians.

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 It allowed for some elected members in the which had been influenced by various external
councils and marked a step toward greater factors over the years.
Indian participation in governance.  The movement played a vital role in re-
4. Rowlatt Act (B): establishing the Sikh identity and promoting
 The Rowlatt Act, also known as the Anarchical Sikh education and religious institutions.
and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, was a 2. Gurdwara Reform Movement:The Akali
repressive law enacted by the British colonial movement, also called the Gurdwara Reform
government in India. Movement, was a campaign to bring reform in
 It gave the authorities sweeping powers to the gurdwaras in India during the early 1920s.
arrest and detain individuals without trial. The  The Gurdwara Reform Movement was an
act was met with strong opposition and played important part of the larger Singh Sabha
a significant role in the Indian freedom Movement. It focused on the reform and
movement. management of Sikh gurdwaras (places of
 These events are crucial in understanding the worship).
historical context of India's governance and the  The movement aimed to remove corrupt
evolution of political and legal systems during practices and mismanagement in gurdwaras,
the British colonial period. The correct ensuring that they were managed by religious
chronological order is C, A, D, B (c). and community leaders who adhered to Sikh
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, principles.
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern 3. Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha):
history.  The Dandi March, also known as the Salt
Satyagraha, was a significant event in the Indian
1990 independence movement. It was launched by
171. Consider the following events in Indian Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National
Freedom Movement: Congress in 1930.
1. Singh Sabha Movement  The march involved a 240-mile journey to the
2. Quit India Movement Arabian Sea, where Gandhi and his followers
3. Dandi March made salt by evaporating seawater as a form of
4. Gurdwara Reform Movement civil disobedience against the British salt
The correct chronological sequence of these monopoly.
events. is 4. Quit India Movement:
(a) 1-4-3-2  The Quit India Movement, also known as the
(b) 4-1-2-3 August Kranti, was launched by Mahatma
(c) 2-3-4-1 Gandhi and the Indian National Congress in
(d) 3-2-1-4 1942. It aimed to demand an end to British
Ans. (a) colonial rule in India.
1. Singh Sabha Movement:The Singh Sabha  The movement called for nonviolent civil
Movement was a Sikh movement that began in disobedience and led to widespread protests
Punjab in the 1870s in reaction to the and arrests of Indian leaders. Although it was
proselytising activities of Christians, Brahmo suppressed, it marked a significant phase in the
Samajis, Arya Samaj, the Aligarh movement. struggle for India's independence.
 The Singh Sabha Movement was a Sikh reform  These events are pivotal in understanding
movement that began in the late 19th century, various aspects of the Indian freedom
primarily in Punjab. It aimed to restore and movement, including religious and cultural
preserve Sikh religious and cultural practices, reforms, civil disobedience, and mass

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 movements against British colonial rule. The
correct chronological sequence is 1-4-3-2 (a).
Round Table Conference
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, 1983
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern 173. Who gave the 'Communal Award' in India?
history. (a) C. R. Attlee
(c) Stafford Cripps
172. Consider the following events: (d) None of the above
1. Hunter Commission (b) Ramsay Macdonald
2. Charles Wood's Despatch Ans. (b)
3. Sadler Commission  The ‘Communal Award ’in India was given by
4. Raleigh Commission Their correct option (b) Ramsay Macdonald. Ramsay
chronological sequence: Macdonald was the British Prime Minister at the
(a) 3-2-1-4 time when the Communal Award was
(b) 2-1-4-3 announced in 1932. The Communal Award was
(c) 1-4--3-2 a significant decision that granted separate
(d) 4-3--2-1 electorates and reserved seats for different
Ans. (b) religious communities, primarily for Muslims,
 Lord Ripon the then Governor-General of India Sikhs, and other minority groups, in the
appointed the first Indian Education legislative bodies of British India. The award
Commission on February 3, 1882 under the aimed to address the demands for political
Chairmanship of Sir William Hunter, a member representation and protection of minority
of the Executive Council of Viceroy. So this interests. The Communal Award further fueled
Commission is popularly known as Hunter communal divisions and debates in the Indian
Commission. political landscape during that period.
 Charles Wood was the president of the Board of Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
Control. So this is known as Wood's Despatch of spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
1854. Wood's Despatch is a long document of history.
100 paragraphs and deals with the various
aspects of great educational importance. 1985
 In 1917 to 1919, Sadler led the "Sadler 174. Who among the following attended all the
Commission" which looked at the state of Indian three Round Table Conferences?
Education. (a) Madan Mohan Malaviya
 Raleigh Commission was appointed under the (b) Mahatma Gandhi
presidency of Sir Thomas Raleigh on 27 January (c) Sarojini Naidu
1902 to inquire into the condition and prospects (d) B. R. Ambedkar
of universities in India and to recommend Ans. (d)
proposals for improving their constitution and  Among the options provided, the person who
working. attended all three Round Table Conferences was
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, option (d) B. R. Ambedkar. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, a
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern prominent social reformer and leader of the
history. Dalit community, attended all three Round
Table Conferences held in London in 1930-1931.
The Round Table Conferences were a series of
discussions organized by the British government
to address constitutional reforms and the future

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 political structure of India. Ambedkar actively  The Second Round Table Conference was held in
participated in the conferences, representing London from 7 September 1931 to 1 December
the interests of the Dalit community and 1931 with the participation of Gandhi Ji and the
advocating for their rights and social upliftment. Indian National Congress. The major difference
His contributions and involvement in the Round between the first and the second conference
Table Conferences played a significant role in was that the INC was participating in the second
shaping the discussions on issues of social one. This was one of the results of the Gandhi-
justice and minority rights. Irwin Pact. In this conference, Gandhi Ji and
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, Ambedkar differed on the issue of separate
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern electorates for the untouchables. Gandhi Ji was
history. against treating untouchables as separate from
the Hindu community. This issue was resolved
1990 through the Poona Pact 1932.
175. The Second Round Table Conference was held Participants of the Second Round Table Conference
in  British delegates from various political groups,
(a) 1930 including the British Prime Minister of State,
(b) 1931 James Ramsay Macdonald.
(c) 1932  Indian princely states portrayed by Maharajas,
(d) 1935 princes and divans.
Ans. (b) British Indians represented by the following:
 The third Round Table Conference took place  Indian National Congress (INC)-Mahatma
between 17 November 1932 and 24 December Gandhi, Rangaswami Iyengar, Madan Mahan
1932. Malaviya
 The Round Table Conferences were a series of  Muslims – Md. Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan III,
three conferences conducted by the Labour Muhammad Iqbal and so on.
Party-led British government to deliberate upon  Hindus–M R Jayakar, and so on.
and bring about constitutional reforms in British  Depressed classes - Dr B R Ambedkar
India during 1930-32. There were three such  Women – Sarojini Naidu, etc.
conferences.  Liberal, Justice Party, Sikhs, Indian Christians,
 The First Round Table Conference started on Parsis, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, Industry,
12 November 1930 and lasted till 19 January labour, landlords, Myanmar, Sindh and other
1931. The conferences were based on the provinces.
recommendation of Muhammad Ali Jinnah to Result of the 2nd Table Conference:
Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India, and James  With the introduction of the coalition
Ramsay MacDonald, the then British Prime government in England, the climate of the
Minister, and the Simon Commission report. The Second Round Table was modified and the only
majority of the leaders from the Indian National result of this session was the deepening of the
Congress could not participate in this divide between the Congress and the minorities.
conference due to Gandhi’s Civil Disobedience  With the exception of Sikhs, all minorities
movement. It was for the first time that the (including Dalits) wished to have their own
Indians and the British were meeting as ‘equals’. separate electorates.
The British government understood the
 No success for Mahatma Gandhi or INC or any of
importance and the need for the Congress Party the party from India.
to make any decision on India’s political future.

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 The Third Round Table held between 17 the Poona Pact was later negotiated between
November 1932 and 24 December 1932. Indian Gandhi and Ambedkar to revise these
princely states were represented by princes and provisions.
divans. British Indians were represented by the 3. Poona Pact (c):
Aga Khan. Both Indian National Congress and  The Poona Pact was an agreement reached in
the Labour Party decided not to attend 1932 between Mahatma Gandhi and B.R.
the conference. The main outcome of the Third Ambedkar, the leader of the Dalits (Scheduled
Round Table conference was the “White Paper” Castes). It aimed to revise the Communal Award
issued by the Government. On the basis of this and the separate electorates for Dalits.
paper, the Government of India Act 1935 was to  The pact ensured reserved seats for Dalits
be passed. within the general electorate, rather than
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, separate electorates, with the goal of promoting
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern social unity and equality.
history. 4. Radcliffe Award (d):
 The Radcliffe Award is related to the Partition of
1991 India in 1947. It was named after Sir Cyril
176. Federation, Indian responsibility, reservation Radcliffe, a British lawyer who was appointed to
and safeguards were the three lynchpins of draw the boundary lines separating India and
(a) Gandhi-Irwin Pakistan.
(c) Poona Pact Pact  The Radcliffe Award played a crucial role in
(b) Macdonald Award determining the boundary demarcation
(d) Radcliffe Award between the two newly formed nations, India
Ans. (a) and Pakistan, during the process of partition.
1. Gandhi-Irwin Pact (a):  These options are significant in the context of
 The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi India's struggle for independence, communal
Pact, was an agreement signed in 1931 between representation, and the partition of the country.
Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of In this case, the three lynchpins mentioned are
India. associated with the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (a).
 This pact marked a truce between the Indian Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
National Congress and the British government. spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
It included the suspension of civil disobedience history.
and the release of political prisoners. In return,
the British government agreed to hold a Round
Table Conference to discuss constitutional
Ambedkar
reforms and India's path to independence. 1984
2. Macdonald Award (b): 177. Who was the leader of the Depressed Classes
 The Macdonald Award refers to the Communal in the pre-Independence period?
Award of 1932, which was announced by the (a) Ram Manohar Lohia
British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The (b) B. R. Ambedkar
award proposed separate electorates for (c) Rajendra Prasad
various religious communities in India, including (d) Jagjivan Ram
Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and others. Ans. (b)
 The award was a response to the demand for  The leader of the Depressed Classes (now
separate electorates made by different religious known as Scheduled Castes) in the pre-
communities. It was met with opposition, and Independence period was option (b) B. R.

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 Ambedkar. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, popularly Formation of the Swarajya Party
known as Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, was a prominent  The withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation
social reformer, jurist, and politician. He Movement resulted in an unprecedented
dedicated his life to fighting for the rights of the number of logical inconsistencies among the
marginalized and oppressed sections of society, members of the National Conference. Some
particularly the Dalits (formerly known as expressed their wish to continue the Non-
untouchables). Ambedkar played a pivotal role Cooperation Movement, while the others
in championing the cause of social justice, wanted to contest the elections and end the
equality, and the upliftment of the Dalits. He legislature boycott. The former group included
fought against caste-based discrimination and Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, C
was instrumental in the drafting of the Indian Rajagopalachari, etc. These were known as the
Constitution, which enshrined the principles of no-changers or the orthodox Gandhians. On the
equality and social justice. Ambedkar’s efforts other hand, leaders like C R Das, Motilal Nehru,
and leadership significantly impacted the Srinivasa Iyengar, etc., were known as the pro-
empowerment of the Depressed Classes in changers or the Swarajists. They wanted to
India. obstruct the British government and enter the
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, legislative council.
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern  In 1922, CR Das proposed in Gaya to enter the
history. legislatures, but the proposal was denied. It
resulted in the breaking away of the National
Swaraj Party Congress, and the Swaraj Party was formed by
1984 the pro-changers. However, the victory of the
178. Swaraj Party was established to no-changers in Gaya was not long-lived. It was
(a) Share power in the Government because of the rising Hindu-Muslim riots in 1923
(b) Ask the British to leave India that completely changed and darkened the
(c) To enter the Councils and wreck the political atmosphere.
Government from within  The Hindu-Muslim riots were a complex political
(d) Ask the people to fight against the British battle for both- no-changers and the pro-
Ans. (c) changers. Hence, on the appeal of Gandhi, the
 Established as the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj two groups decided to stay in the National
Party, the political party was formed in India on Congress but work in different ways.
January 1, 1923. After the withdrawal of various  In September 1923, a special Congress session
events like the Non-Cooperation Movement, was held at Delhi, where the Congressmen were
the Government of India Act 1919, and the 1923 allowed to contest the elections under the
elections, the party was established by CR Das president-ship of Maulana Azad. The Congress
and Motilal Nehru. It was formed after the members were also encouraged to double their
annual conference of the National congress in efforts to carry out the constructive program of
Gaya in December 1922. The name for this party Gandhi. This way, the split of the National
was taken from the term ‘swaraj, ’which means Congress was avoided.
‘self-rule ’or ‘independence. ’CR Das, the Aims of the Party
President of the party, and Motilal Nehru, the The leaders who formed Swaraj Party aimed:
secretary of the party, formed the party with an  to enter legislative council and obstruct the
aim for contesting elections to enter the British government
legislative council for obstructing the foreign
 to obtain the right to form a constitution that
government.
suits the condition of the country

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 to attain swaraj Conclusion
 to provide the people of the country with the  The Swaraj Party was established to attain
right to control the system of the government independence or swaraj. The enthusiasm of the
Work of the Swaraj Party Swarajists helped the party achieve its goal and
 Although the party aimed to enter the legislative revitalized the dull political atmosphere. The
council, it was not the sole purpose of the party managed to bring back the excitement for
leaders who formed the Swaraj Party. Along freedom after the withdrawal of the Non-
with an objective to contest the elections, they Cooperation Movement. But, due to some
wished to bring socio-economic reforms in the drawbacks, the party witnessed its decline and
country, characterized as a constructive merged back with the National Congress,
program by Gandhi. Gandhi aimed for freedom intending to achieve complete freedom from
with two significant components- political the British government.
campaigns and constructive programs. Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
 The Swarajists chose not to ignore Gandhi’s spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
constructive program as they believed that one history.
day they would have to leave the council and
join the civil-disobedience movement with the 1986
no-changers. Hence, they supported the 179. The Swaraj Party was founded by Motilal
constructive program but in no way idealized Nehru in
Gandhi in this regard. (a) 1947
Achievements of the party (b) 1952
 When the Non-Cooperation Movement got (c) 1923
withdrawn, the Swaraj Party saved the passion (d) 1929
for freedom-fight alive Ans. (c)
 They smashed the Public Safety Bill in 1928  The swaraj party was formed by Indian
 Swarajist Vithalbhai Patel advanced toward politicians- – Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan
becoming a speaker of the Central Legislative Das and other members of the Indian National
Assembly in 1925 Congress on 1 January 1923.
 They outvoted the government, typically even in The swaraj party was formed to:
issues related to monetary gifts • Fight British colonialism
 They gave scorching talks in the Assembly on • Demonstrate that these councils were not truly
self-rule and freedoms democratic
 They expressed and exposed the drawbacks of • Pressurize the government for various reforms
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms through councils
The Decline of the Swarajya Party Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
 The year 1924 witnessed the beginning of the spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
enthusiasm of the Swarajists to weaken, and in history.
the years 1925 to 1927, an eventual
demoralization and decline of the Swarajists 180. Swaraj Party was formed after the failure of
was noticed. The pro-changers failed to follow (a) Quit India Movement
the policy of ‘constant, continuous uniform (b) Satyagraha Movement
obstruction ’inside the legislatures. (c) Noncooperation Movement
Unfortunately, in 1925 the demise of CR Das (d) Civil Disobedience Movement
further weakened the party. Ans. (c)

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 After the failure of Non-cooperation Movement, Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
the Swaraj Party was formed. The non- spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
cooperation movement was launched on 1st history.
August 1920 by the Indian National Congress
(INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
INA Trails and Naval Revolt
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern 1984
history. 182. Assertion (A): In 1946 in Bombay the ratings of
the Royal Indian Navy rose in open mutiny
1990 against the British.
181. Who among the following was not a 'no Reason (R): The Royal Indian Navy joined the
changer? INA
(a) Dr. Ansari (a) A and R both are incorrect
(b) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (b) A is correct but R is incorrect
(c) Sardar Patel (c) A and R are correct and R is the correct
(d) Motilal Nehru explanation of A
Ans.(d) (d) A and R are correct but R is not the correct
 The term ‘no changers ’referred to those leaders explanation of A.
within the Indian National Congress who were Ans. (b)
opposed to accepting any compromises or  Assertion (A): In 1946 in Bombay, the ratings of
constitutional reforms offered by the British the Royal Indian Navy rose in open mutiny
government and insisted on complete against the British.
independence for India.  Reason (R): The Royal Indian Navy joined the
 Dr. Ansari, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, and Sardar Patel INA (Indian National Army).
were all considered ‘no changers ’as they  The assertion (A) is correct. In 1946, there was
advocated for complete independence and indeed an open mutiny by the ratings of the
were skeptical of any reforms that fell short of Royal Indian Navy in Bombay.
achieving Swaraj (self-rule). They were aligned  The reason (R) is not correct. The Royal Indian
with the more radical and assertive faction Navy mutiny was not directly related to the
within the Indian National Congress. Indian National Army (INA), although both
 Motilal Nehru, on the other hand, was events were part of the larger context of the
associated with the moderate faction of the struggle for Indian independence. The mutiny
Indian National Congress. He was part of the primarily revolved around issues of pay,
Swaraj Party and was open to accepting conditions of service, and discontentment
constitutional reforms and engaging in within the naval ranks.
dialogues with the British government. While he  So, the correct answer is (b) A is correct, but R is
supported the demand for self-rule, he was incorrect.
willing to consider compromises and Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
constitutional advancements rather than spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
outright rejection of reforms. history.
 Therefore, among the given options, Motilal
Nehru was not considered a ‘no changer ’within
the Indian National Congress.

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 (a) Pitt's India Act, 1784
1909 Act (b) Rowlatt Act
1985 (c) The Charter Act of 1793
183. Which of the following Acts gave (d) Government of India Act 1919
representation to Indians for the first time in Ans. (a)
legislatures? 1. Pitt's India Act, 1784 (Option A):
(a) The Indian Councils Act. 1909  Pitt's India Act, officially known as the East India
(b) The Indian Councils Act, 1919 Company Act 1784, was introduced by the
(c) The Government of India Act, 1935 British Parliament in response to the
(d) None of the above shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773.
ANSWER: A  This act made several significant changes to the
A. The Indian councils Act commonly known as the governance of British India. It created dual
“Morley- Minto reforms” of 1909 was passed by control, with the British government having
the British Parliament in an attempt to widen more influence over Indian affairs. It also
the scope of the legislative councils, increase the established a Board of Control and a Board of
participation of Indians in governance and Directors to oversee the administration of India.
formally introduced the principle of elections in 2. Rowlatt Act (Option B):
India for the very first time. Hence, this is the  The Rowlatt Act, also known as the Anarchical
correct option. and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, was a
B. The Government of India Act of 1919 was repressive law enacted by the British colonial
passed to expand the participation of Indians in government in India.
the system of management and administration.  This act gave the authorities sweeping powers
It had a set of principal reforms such as dyarchy to arrest and detain individuals without trial. It
was introduced at a provisional level and it was met with strong opposition and played a
made provisions for the classification of central significant role in the Indian freedom
and provincial subjects. However, it wasn’t this movement.
Act that introduced the principle of elections for 3. The Charter Act of 1793 (Option C):
the first time. Hence, this is ot the correct
 The Charter Act of 1793 was one of the charter
option.
acts passed by the British Parliament to regulate
C. The Government of India Act 1935 had
the governance of British India.
proposed to establish an All India Federation
 It continued and amended the provisions of
and this federation and this federation was to
earlier acts, including the Regulating Act of
consist of Provinces and Princely states both
1773. While it introduced some changes, it did
being a single unit. This act gave 10% of the
not represent a significant overhaul of the
voters the right to vote. There was a partial
existing governance structure.
reorganization of the provinces.
4. Government of India Act, 1919 (Option D):
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
 The Government of India Act of 1919, also
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms,
history.
introduced significant constitutional changes in
Pitt's India Act India.
1986  It laid the foundation for a system of dyarchy in
184. Which of the following Acts was introduced by the provinces, expanded the legislative councils,
the Britishers to remove the shortcomings of and increased Indian representation in
the Regulating Act? government.

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 In the context of the question, the correct disqualification based on racial distinctions in
answer is (a) Pitt's India Act, 1784, which was India and grant Indian judges the authority to
specifically introduced to address the preside over cases involving European
shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 and offenders.
bring about substantial reforms in the  The Ilbert Bill faced significant opposition from
administration of British India. the European community in India, who
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, vehemently criticized the proposal. They argued
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern that allowing Indian judges to try European
history. offenders would undermine their status and
create an unjust legal system. The opposition
was so intense that it led to protests, petitions,
Rajagopalachari's Formula and even threats of resignation by European
1986 civil servants. Despite the controversy and
185. Rajagopalachari's formula was opposition, Lord Ripon supported the bill and
(a) Merger of princely States attempted to pass it with certain compromises.
(b) Formulation of a separate Muslim State However, due to the strong resistance from the
(c) Plebiscite to Muslims whether they European community, the bill was eventually
should form a separate State diluted, and its provisions were significantly
(d) Forming a Constituent Assembly scaled back. The final version of the Ilbert Bill,
Ans. (c) known as the Ilbert Bill Act of 1884, granted
 The Rajagopalachari formula, also known as the limited powers to Indian judges and fell short of
C.R. formula, was proposed by C. its original intention to remove racial
Rajagopalachari, a prominent leader and the last disqualification in its entirety.
Governor-General of India, in 1944 as a Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
potential solution to the communal tensions spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
and demands for a separate Muslim state. history.
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
history. Educational Reforms 1988
187. The British rulers introduced a new system of
education in India chiefly because they wanted
Ilbert Bill 1987 to
186. Ilbert Bill was prepared for abolishing judicial (a) Provide a class of office workers for the
disqualification based on racial distinction. The company
bill was vehemently criticised by the Europeans (b) Promote the work of Christian
living in India. Who was the Governor-General missionaries
at that time? (c) Create an awareness of scientific and
(a) Lord Ripon technical developments
(b) Lord Dalhousie (d) Generate the capacity for self-
(c) Lord Curzon government
(d) Lord Chelmsford Ans. (a)
Ans. (a)  The British rulers introduced a new system of
 Lord Ripon. The Ilbert Bill was introduced during education in India chiefly because they wanted
Lord Ripon’s tenure as the Viceroy of India from to (a) provide a class of office workers for the
1880 to 1884. The bill aimed to abolish judicial company.

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 The British colonial administration in India  Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, an Indian
introduced a new system of education, educationist, lawyer, and politician, played a
commonly known as the British educational pivotal role in the establishment of Banaras
system, with the primary objective of creating a Hindu University (BHU). The foundation stone
class of Indians who could serve as efficient for BHU was laid in 1916, and the university was
clerks, administrators, and professionals to formally inaugurated in 1917.
support the functioning of the British colonial  Malaviya envisioned Banaras Hindu University
government and the East India Company. as a center of education that would promote
 The British recognized the need for a workforce Hindu culture, provide quality education, and
that could assist in the administration of the vast combine the best of modern education with
territory under their control. The new education traditional Indian knowledge and values. The
system focused on imparting skills such as university aimed to foster research, advance
English language proficiency, administrative knowledge, and produce leaders who would
knowledge, and Western-style education that contribute to the welfare of society.
would enable Indians to serve as loyal  BHU has since become one of the most
employees and intermediaries for the British prestigious universities in India, offering a wide
colonial apparatus. range of academic programs in various
 While other factors, such as promoting Christian disciplines. It remains an important center for
missionary activities and generating awareness learning, research, and the promotion of Indian
of scientific and technical developments, played culture and values.
a role to some extent, the primary motive  While Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopalakrishna
behind the introduction of the British Gokhale, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were
educational system was to establish a class of significant figures in the Indian nationalist
educated Indians who could efficiently assist the movement and made significant contributions
British administration and support their rule. to various fields, they were not directly involved
 The development of a capacity for self- in the founding of Banaras Hindu University.
government was not the primary objective of Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
the British rulers when introducing the spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
educational system. In fact, the British history.
authorities were cautious about creating an
educated class that might challenge their rule 1991
and advocate for self-governance or 189. "English men are more efficient partly by
independence. upbringing, partly by race and partly by
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, education",Who said this?
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern (a) Rippon
history. (b) Lord Curzon
(c) Minto
1989 (d) Dufferin
188. Banaras Hindu University was founded by Ans. (b)
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji  Lord Curzon said that English men are more
(b) Gopalakrishna Gokhale efficient partly by upbringing, partly by race and
(c) Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya partly by education. Lord Curzon – Governor
(d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak General and Viceroy of India. Lord
Ans. (c) Curzon served as Governor General and Viceroy
of India from 6 January 1899 to 18 November

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 1905. His policy resulted in deep discontent and the Indian independence movement leaders
the upsurge of a revolutionary movement in the and representatives of the British Cabinet
country, due to which he can be called most Mission, it was established. In accordance with
unpopular Viceroy of India. the necessary deliberations and debates in the
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom, Constituent Assembly, B. R. Ambedkar drafted
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern the Constitution of India.
history.  In order to maintain India's unity and grant its
independence, the Cabinet Mission came to
India to negotiate the transition of powers from
1935 Act the British Government to the Indian leadership.
1989 The craving for Indian solidarity was
190. Which of the following introduced a measure represented by the Cabinet Mission, which
of provincial autonomy? reached New Delhi on 24 March 1946, sent by
(a) Minto-Morley reforms the British government, in which the subject
(b) Montague-Chelmsford reforms was the type of a post-free India. The three men
(c) Cripps Mission who established the mission, Stafford Cripps,
(d) Government of India Act, 1935 Pethick-Lawrence, and A.V. Alexander
Ans. (d) supported India's solidarity for key reasons.
 The measure of provincial autonomy was  The mission suggested a hierarchical structure
introduced by (d) the Government of India Act, with three levels for India: the provinces, the
1935. This act significantly increased provincial provincial groupings, and the centre. The role of
autonomy by granting more powers to the the centre was to be limited to international
provinces and establishing elected provincial relations, defence, currency, and
legislatures with the authority to make laws on communications. The provinces would maintain
a wide range of subjects. It marked a significant all the other powers and three groups would be
step toward self-governance at the provincial permitted to be created. The grouping of
level in British India. provinces was the key characteristic of the plan.
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,  After showing up in the subcontinent the
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern mission discovered the two players, the Indian
history. National Congress and Muslim League, more
reluctant than any other time to arrive at a
Constituent Assembly settlement. The Muslim League had been
triumphant in around 90% of the seats for
1989
Muslims. After having accomplished triumph in
191. On whose recommendations was the
the decisions Muhammad Ali Jinnah increased a
Constituent Assembly formed?
solid hand to deal with the British and Congress.
(a) Mountbatten
Having set up the arrangement of discrete
(b) Cripps Mission plan
electorates, the British could not, at this point
(c) Cabinet Mission plan
switch its outcomes despite their certifiable
(d) Government of India Act, 1935
pledge to Indian unity.
Ans. (c)
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
 The Constituent Assembly of India was elected
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
to write the Constitution of India and as an
history.
independent country, acted as its first
1991
Parliament. As a result of negotiations between

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192. On whose recommendation was the
Constituent Assembly formed?
(a) Mountbatten plan
(b) Cripp's Mission
(c) Cabinet Mission Plan
(d) Government of India Act, 1935
Ans. (c)
 The Constituent Assembly of India was formed
on the recommendation of the (c) Cabinet
Mission Plan. The Cabinet Mission Plan was a
proposal presented by a delegation of British
ministers, the Cabinet Mission, to help frame
the new Constitution for India. This plan
provided the framework for the formation of
the Constituent Assembly, which was tasked
with drafting the Indian Constitution.
Source: modern history and India’s struggle freedom,
spectrum publications and Bipin Chandra modern
history..

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