Scribd
Upload
23 views11 pages

paired t-test

Uploaded by

Kajol Agarwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views11 pages

paired t-test

Uploaded by

Kajol Agarwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Testing the Difference Between Means (Dependent Samples)

Paired t-test
Independent and Dependent Samples
Two samples are independent if the sample selected from one population is not related
to the sample selected from the second population. Two samples are dependent if each
member of one sample corresponds to a member of the other sample. Dependent
samples are also called paired samples or matched samples.

Independent Samples Dependent Samples

Shree B.M.Patil Medical College and


Muragesh Math,Statistician 2
Hospital,Vijayapura.
t-Test for the Difference Between
Means
To perform a two-sample hypothesis test with dependent samples, the difference
between each data pair is first found:

d = x1 – x2 Difference between entries for a data pair.

d
The test statistic is the mean of these differences.

d Mean of the differences between paired data


d  .
n entries in the dependent samples.

Three conditions are required to conduct the test.


t-Test for the Difference Between
Means
The following symbols are used for the t-test for μd .

Symbol Description
n The number of pairs of data
d The difference between entries for a data pair, d = x1 – x2
μd The hypothesized mean of the differences of paired data in the
population
d The mean of the differences between the paired data entries in
the dependent samples
d  d
n
sd The standard deviation of the differences between the paired
data entries in the dependent samples
n(d 2 )  d 
2
sd 
n(n  1)
t-Test for the Difference Between
Means
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
A t-test can be used to test the difference of two population means
when a sample is randomly selected from each population. The
requirements for performing the test are that each population must be
normal and each member of the first sample must be paired with a
member of the second sample.
The test statistic is

d  d
n
and the standardized test statistic is
d  μd
t .
sd n
The degrees of freedom are
d.f. = n – 1.
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
Using the t-Test for the Difference Between Means (Dependent Samples)

In Words In Symbols

1. State the claim mathematically. State H0 and Ha.


Identify the null and alternative
hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of significance. Identify .
3. Identify the degrees of freedom and d.f. = n – 1
sketch the sampling distribution.
4. Determine the critical value(s).
Use Table 5 in
Appendix B.

Shree B.M.Patil Medical College and


Continued.
Muragesh Math,Statistician 6
Hospital,Vijayapura.
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
Using a Two-Sample t-Test for the Difference Between Means (Small Independent
Samples)

In Words In Symbols

5. Determine the rejection region(s).


6. Calculate and Use a table.
d sd . d  d
n
n(d 2 )  (d )2
sd 
7. Find the standardized test statistic. n(n  1)

d  μd
t
sd n

Shree B.M.Patil Medical College and


Muragesh Math,Statistician 7
Hospital,Vijayapura.
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
Using a Two-Sample t-Test for the Difference Between Means (Small Independent
Samples)

In Words In Symbols

8. Make a decision to reject or fail to If t is in the rejection


reject the null hypothesis. region, reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
9. Interpret the decision in the context
of the original claim.

Shree B.M.Patil Medical College and


Muragesh Math,Statistician 8
Hospital,Vijayapura.
t-Test for the Difference Between
Means
Example:
A reading center claims that students will perform better on a standardized reading test
after going through the reading course offered by their center. The table shows the
reading scores of 6 students before and after the course. At  = 0.05, is there enough
evidence to conclude that the students’ scores after the course are better than the scores
before the course?

Student 1 2 3 4 5 6
Score (before) 85 96 70 76 81 78
Score (after) 88 85 89 86 92 89
H0: d  0
Ha: d > 0 (Claim) Continued.
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
Example continued:
d.f. = 6 – 1 = 5
H0: d  0  = 0.05

Ha: d > 0 (Claim)


-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t
d = (score before) – (score after)
t0 = 2.015
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6
Score (before) 85 96 70 76 81 78
Score (after) 88 85 89 86 92 89
d 3 11 19 10 11 11 d  43
2
d2 9 121 361 100 121 121  d  833

d  d  43  7.167
n 6

n(d 2 )  (d )2  6(833)  1849  104.967  10.245


sd  6(5)
n(n  1) Continued.
t-Test for the Difference Between Means
Example continued:

H0: d  0
Ha: d > 0 (Claim)
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t
t0 = 2.015
The standardized test statistic is
d  μd 7.167  0
t   1.714.
sd n 10.245 6
Fail to reject H0.

There is not enough evidence at the 5% level to support the claim that the students’
scores after the course are better than the scores before the course.

Shree B.M.Patil Medical College and


Muragesh Math,Statistician 11
Hospital,Vijayapura.

You might also like