Academic Year: 2022-2023

II Infinite Series and Complex

numbers
Classwork Examples
2.1 Tests of convergence of series viz., comparison test, ratio test, root test, Leibnitz test.

Test the convergence of the following series

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 3⋅5 + 5⋅7 + 7⋅9 + ⋯ + (2n−1)⋅(2n+1) + ⋯ C.W.
1⋅3

Answer: convergent.

2 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 + ⋯ C.W.
Answer: divergent.

3 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ⋯ C.W.
Answer: divergent.

4 3 3 2 3 3
1 + 4 + (4) + (4) + ⋯ C.W.

Answer: convergent.

1 1
Prove that the series ∑∞
n=1 n ⋅ sin n is divergent. C.W.

Test the convergence of the following series

1 1
∑∞
𝑛=1 . C.W.
2𝑛−1

Answer: convergent.

2 9 𝑛
∑∞
𝑛=0 (8) . C.W.

Answer: divergent.

3 5𝑛 −1
∑∞
𝑛=1 . C.W.
6𝑛

1
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

Answer: convergent.

4 The water treatment plant removes one mth of the impurity in the first stage. In each
succeeding stage, the amount of impurity removed is one-mth of the removed in the
preceding stage. Show that if 𝑚 = 2, the water can be made as pure as you like, but
if 𝑚 = 3, at least one-half of the impurity will remain no matter how many stages are
used. C.W.

Test the convergence of the following series:

1 1 3
∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛) . C.W.

Answer: convergent.

2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 √𝑛. C.W.

Answer: divergent.

Test the convergence of the following series:

1 1 3 5
+ 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ⋯ . C.W.
1.2.3

Answer: convergent.

2 ∑∞ 3 3
𝑛=1(√𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 ). C.W.

Answer: convergent.

3 2 3 4
+ 2𝑝 + 3𝑝 + ⋯ C.W.
1𝑝

Answer: convergent if 𝑝 > 2 and divergent if 𝑝 ≤ 2.

4 1 1 1
+ 4.6 + 6.8 + ⋯ . H.W.
2.4

Answer: convergent.

5 2 3 4 𝑛+1
+4+ 9 +⋯+ + … . H.W.
1 𝑛2

Answer: divergent.

Test the convergence of the following series:

2
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

1 𝑛2 +1
∑∞
𝑛=1 . C.W.
5𝑛

Answer: convergent.

2 3𝑛 𝑛!
∑∞
𝑛=1 . C.W.
𝑛𝑛

Answer: divergent.

3 1 2! 3!
+ 102 + 103 + ⋯ . C.W.
10

Answer: divergent.

4 𝑛⋅2𝑛 (𝑛+1)!
∑∞
𝑛=1 . H.W.
3𝑛 𝑛!

Answer: convergent.

𝑛
5 ∑∞
𝑛=1 . H.W.
𝑒 −𝑛

Answer: divergent.

Test the convergence of the following series:

1 1
∑∞
𝑛=1 2 . C.W.
1 𝑛
(1+ )
𝑛

Answer: convergent.
2 log 𝑛 𝑛
∑∞
𝑛=1 ( ) . C.W.
1000

Answer: divergent.
3 𝑛10
∑∞
𝑛=1 . H.W.
10𝑛

Answer: convergent.
4 𝑛 𝑛2
∑( ) . H.W.
𝑛+1

Answer: convergent.
5 −1 −2 −3
22 2 33 3 44 4
(12 − 1) + (23 − 2) + (34 − 3) + ⋯ . H.W.

Answer: convergent.

Test the convergence of the following series:

3
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

1 1 1 1
Show that the series 23 − (1 + 2) 33 + (1 + 2 + 3) 43 − ⋯ is convergent. C.W.

2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 (−1)
𝑛+1
(√𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛) . C.W.
Answer: convergent.

3 1 1 1
1 − 2! + 3! − 4! + … . H.W.

Answer: convergent.

2.2 Complex numbers and their geometric representation

1 Find the real and imaginary part of the complex numbers

(a) 2 + 𝑖 (b) 𝑖 − 1 (c) −3. C.W.
Answer: (a) 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 2 and 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 1 (b) 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = −1 and 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 1
(c) 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = −3 and 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 0.

2 The total impedance 𝑍 of a circuit containing an inductor with inductance 𝐿 and a

resistor with resistance 𝑅 in series is given by 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑖 2𝜋𝑓𝐿, where 𝑓 = frequency.
If 𝑍 = (50 + 200𝑖)Ω and 𝑓 = 50 Hz, find 𝑅 and 𝐿. C.W.
2
Answer: 𝑅 = 50 Ω, L = 𝜋 𝐻 (ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦).

3 Sketch the following complex numbers. C.W.

(a) 𝑧1 = 3 + 2𝑖 (b) 𝑧2 = 3 − 2𝑖 (c) 𝑧3 = −3 − 2𝑖 (d) 𝑧4 = −3 + 2𝑖
4 If 𝑤1 = −2 + 2𝑖 , 𝑤2 = 1 −
√3
𝑖 and 𝑤3 = 4 − 6𝑖. Find (a) w1 – w2 (b) 𝑤1 + 𝑤3
2
C.W.
4+√3
Answer: (a) w1 – w2 = −3 + ( ) 𝑖 (b) 𝑤1 + 𝑤3 = 2 − 4𝑖.
2

5 Solve for 𝑥 and 𝑦 if 3𝑥 + 4𝑖 = (2𝑦 + 𝑥) + 𝑖𝑥. C.W.

Answer: 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 4.

6 Given 𝑤1 = −2 + 2𝑖 and 𝑤2 = 4 − 6𝑖. Find (a) 𝑤1 ⋅ 𝑤2 (b) −3𝑤1 . C.W.

Answer: (a) 𝑤1 ⋅ 𝑤2 = 4 + 20𝑖 (b) −3𝑤1 = 6 − 6𝑖.

4
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

𝑧1
7 Given that 𝑧1 = 1 − 2𝑖, 𝑧2 = −3 + 4𝑖. Find , and express it in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏.
𝑧2

C.W.
𝑧 −11+2𝑖
Answer: 𝑧1 = .
2 25

2.3 Complex numbers in polar and exponential forms

1 Represent following complex numbers in polar form, with the principal argument.
(a) −4 + 4𝑖 (b) −25𝑖 C.W.
3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Answer: (a) 4√2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 )] (b) 25 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )].

2 Find the modulus and argument of the following complex numbers.

1+𝑖
(a) (b) −5𝑖 C.W.
2𝑖−1

2 𝜋
Answer: (a) √5 , − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 (b) 5 , − 2 .

3 Express 𝑧 = −2 − √3i in polar form. C.W.

√3
Answer: √7[𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝜋 + 𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜋 + 𝛼)], where 𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2 ).

4 Find the 𝐴𝑟𝑔 (𝑧), 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧) and convert into polar form, if
(a) 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 (b) 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 (c) 𝑧 = −2 − 2√3 𝑖. C.W.
Answer:
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(a) 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = − , 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = − ± 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 = 0,1,2, …, √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 )]
4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(b) 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = , 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = 4 ± 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 = 0,1,2, … , √2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (4 )]
4
−2𝜋 −2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
(c) 𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = , 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = ± 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 = 0,1,2, …, 4 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 ) − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 )] .
3 3

5 2
Find 𝑚𝑜𝑑(𝑧), 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) and 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) for (a) 𝑧 = − 1+√3𝑖 (b) 𝑧 = −8𝑖. C.W.
2𝜋 2𝜋
Answer: (a) 𝑚𝑜𝑑(𝑧) = 1, 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = , 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = ± 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 = 0,1,2, …
3 3
π 𝜋
(b) 𝑚𝑜𝑑(𝑧) = 8, 𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = − 2 , 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧) = − 2 ± 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 = 0,1,2, … .

6 Evaluate (1 + 𝑖)100 + (1 − 𝑖)100

Answer:−𝟐𝟓𝟏

5
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

2.4 De Moivre's theorem and its applications

1 𝜃 𝑛𝜃
Prove that (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑛 + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑛 = 2𝑛+1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 (2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ),

where n is an integer. C.W.

2 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼+𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑛
Evaluate (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼−𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) , where 𝑛 is an integer. C.W.
𝜋 𝜋
Answer: cos 𝑛 ( 2 − 𝛼) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 (2 − 𝛼).

𝑛+2
3 Let 𝑛 be a positive integer. Then prove that (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑛 = 2 2
𝑛𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ). C.W.
4

4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃)4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃)5
Simplify (𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃)3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃)−4 . C.W.

Answer: 1.

3
5 1 √3 4
Find all the values of (2 + 𝑖 2) . C.W.
(2𝑛+1)𝜋 (2𝑛+1)𝜋
Answer: cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ), 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3.
4 4

7 Solve 𝑥 5 = 1 + 𝑖 and find the continued product of the roots. C.W.

1
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
Answer: 210 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 (2𝑛𝜋 + 4 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 (2𝑛𝜋 + 4 )], where 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 1+i.

6 Find and graph all sixth roots of unity in the complex plane. C.W.
𝑖𝜋
Answer: 1, −1, 𝑤, 𝑤 2 , 𝑤 4 , 𝑤 5 , where 𝑤 = 𝑒 3

7 If 𝜔 is a cube root of unity, then prove that (1 − 𝜔)6 = −27. H.W.

8 Solve 𝑥 5 − 1 = 0. H.W.
2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
Answer: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ), 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
5 5

1
9 Find all the values of (−1)6 . H.W.
1 1
Answer: ±𝑖, 2 (√3 ± 𝑖), 2 (−√3 ± 𝑖).

6
 Academic Year: 2022-2023

2.5 Exponential, Logarithmic, Trigonometric and Hyperbolic functions.

1 Find the value of 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑖) + 𝐿𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑖). C.W.

Answer: 𝑜𝑔2 + 4𝑛𝜋𝑖 .

2 Find the values of log(6 + 8𝑖). C.W.

4
Answer: log(6 + 8𝑖) = log(10) + 𝑖 [𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3) + 2𝑛𝜋] , 𝑛 ∈ ℤ.

(4𝑛+1)𝜋
3
Show that 𝑖 𝑖 = 𝑒 − 2 . C.W.

4 Evaluate (1 + 𝑖)(1+𝑖) . C.W.

Answer: (1 + 𝑖)(1+𝑖) = 𝑒 𝐴+𝑖𝐵 = 𝑒 𝐴 𝑒 𝑖𝐵 = 𝑒 𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵),
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
where 𝐴 = 2 log 2 − (2𝑛𝜋 + 4 ) and 𝐵 = 2 log 2 + (2𝑛𝜋 + 4 ).

5 Prove that |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧|2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦 and |𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧|2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑦,
where 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦. C.W.

6 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
If 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then prove that + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑢 = 1 and − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑣 = 1.
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑣

C.W.

7 Prove that (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑛𝑥. C.W.

8 Separate the real and imaginary parts of

(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) C.W.
Answer: (a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑦
(b) tan(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑦.
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑥