SYLLABUS

Anna University, Chennai

RENEWNABLE ENERGY
SYSTEM

Unit 1 INTRODUCTION
no energy sources, renewable vs. non-renewable
primary energy sources,
canewable energy resources in India, Current usage
of renewatble energy sources in
India. future potential of renewable energy in power
production and development of
renewable energy technologies.

Unit 2 SOLAR ENERGY

Solar Rådiation 'and its measurements, Solar Thermal Energy Conversion from plate
Solar Collectors, Concentrating Collectors and its Types, Efficiency and performance of
collectors. Direct Solar Electricity Conversion from Photovoltaic, types of solar cells and
its application of battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping,
power generation schemes. Recent Advances in PV Applications: Building Integrated PV,
Grid Connected PV Systems.

Unit 3 WIND ENERGY

VWindenergy principles, wind site and its resource assessment, wind assessment, Factors
Iniuencing wind, wind turbine components, wind energy conversion systems (WECS),
Glassification of WECS devices, wind electric generating and control systems,
characteristics and applications.

Unit 4 BIO-ENERGY
from biomass, Principle of biomass conversion technologies/process
Energy and their
of
site for biogas plant,
classification, Bio gas generation, types of biogas plants, selection
of biogas generation,
iassiication of biogas plants, Advantage and disadvantages
biomass and biogas
gasification of biomass, biomass gasifiers, Application of
thermal
plants and their
economics.
Unit 5
OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY.
Energy energy Resources, types
conversion from Hydrogen and Fuel cells, Geo thermal Principles
of India. OTEC,
wells,
methods of harnessing the energy, potential in wave energy:
utilization,
.thermodynamic cycles. Tidal and
setting of OTEC plants,
Potential
and conversion techniques, minihydel power plants
and their economics.

1
 Unit -1

INTRODUCTION

Primary energy sources, renewable vs. non-renewable primary

SOurces, renewable energy resources in India, Current usage
liergy
OT
renewable energy sources in India, future
potential of renewable
power production and development of renewable energy
Ciergy in
technologies.

2
 1

INTRODUCTION

A1. INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY

Er:ergy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat and emitting light. It is measured
the total amount ofwork that the body can do. Energy is measured in units of calorie and joule.
A ilocalorie is the amount of energy or heat required to raise the temperature of l kg of water
itom 14.5°C to i5.5°C. The joule is defined as the amount of energy it takes to apply a force
of one newton through a distance of one meter:
Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kind of works by human beings
and nature. Everything what happens the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of
its forms.

Energy is one of the major building blocks of modern society. Energy pervades allsectors
of society such as economics, labour, environment and the international relations in addition to
our own persona! livings i.e., housing, food, transportation, recreation and quality of life. The
use of energy resources has relieved us from much hard work and made our efforts nnore

3
 Renewable Energy System
1.2
depend on their
own muscles to provide the energy
Humn eings once had to
rwhe our muscles supply less than I% of the work done in th
y to do worÅ. Todav

indsrialized worlJ.
discipline. A very important
Energy is a basic concept in all the science andengincering
is that energy is a conserved quantity, i.e., the
total amount of cnergy in the universe
riip
cnergy "Energv cannot be newly created. Eneroy
Onstant As per the law ofconservation of
is
a
in a clased system, the total mass and energy remains unchanged. In
N
iNNi or
the reTV is co:served. Energy is not crcated or destroyed but converted
ciis
from one form to another such as from the wind energy into electrical energy or
rdsru
in chemikalenergy into heat etc.

2 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY

(e) Besed on nature of availability of energy:

On the basis of nature of availability of energy source, the energy can be classified as
follows:

) Primary resources:
Primar energy sources can be defined as sources which are
either found or stored in
re. These energy sources provide a net
biomass, solar, tidal,
supply of energy. Examples: Coal, natural gas, oil,
hydro and nuclear energy.
(ü) Secoadary resources
Secondery sources
of energy are derived from the primary energy
eiecrical energy from coal sources. Producing
and producing hydrogen
from hydrolysis of water are
his type of erergy. examples of
(b) Based on utilisation
of energy:
On the basis of utilisation
of energy, the energy can
be classified as follows:
(i) Direct source energy
of
The direct sources
labour, bullcks,
of energy are those which
stationary and release the energy
mobile mechanical or directly such as
engines, electric motor, power human
electric power
tiller and tractors. units such as diesel
(i) Indirect sources
of energy
The indirect sources
it by conversiun process.
of energy are those which
do not release energy
Some energy directly but release
is invested
in producing indirect
sources energy.
of

4
Introduction 1.3

Secds, manures (larm yard and poultry), chemicals, fertilizers and nmachincry can be classificd
can be further
under indirect sources of encrgy. Again, on the basis of tlheir replenishment,
it

classified into renewable and non-renewable indircct sourcc of cnergy.

(ii)Supplementary sources of energy

zero.
Supplemnctary sources are defincd as the cnergy sourccs whosc nct cncrgy yicld is
Thosc energy sources requiring highest investnent in terms of cncrgy insulation (thermal)
is

an cxample for this source.

(c) Bascd on traditional use:

On the basis of tradilional use of cnergy source, the encrgy can be classified as follows:

(i) Conventional encrgy

Coventional energy source can be defined as source which are used traditionally and
provides a net supply of energy.Examples: Therimal energy and hydro power energy.

(i) Non-conventional energy

Ncn-conventional energy sources are developed in recent past and produce no net energy.
Though it may be necessary for the economy, these may not yield net energy. Examples of
non-conventional energy sources are: solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and biomass
energy.

(d) Based on long teru availability:

On the basis of long term availability of energy source, the energy can be classified as
follows:

() Non-renewable energy sources

These are the energy sources that are derived from finite and stàtic stocks of
energy. Coal,
oil, fossil fuels and nuclear fuels are example of conventional sources of energy. It cannot be
produced, grown, generated or used on a scale that can sustain its consumption rate. These
resources often exist in a fixed anmount and are consumed much faster than nature can create
them. The supply of these fuels is limited. It becomes very essential to use these fuels sparingly.

(i) Renewable energy sources

In this category, tlhe energy sources which are direct in nature but can be subsequently
replenished are grouped. The energies whieh may fall in this group are solar energy, wind
energy, tidal energy, biomass energy, etc.

5
 Renowable Energy System
1.4

(e) Based on origin:

cncrgy sourcc, the ccrgy can be classificd as follows:
On the basis of origin of one
fucls such as coal, oil, natural
fuels energy -
cncrgy obtained from fossil
(i) Fossil
ctc.
Plutonium
(ii) Nuclear energy
-cncrgy oblained from nuclcar fucls such as Uranium,
Thorium ctc.
cnergy oblaincd from water.
(ii) llydro encrgy-
Solar energy - cnergy obtained from solar
radiation.
(iv)

Wind energy - encrgy obtained from natural wind

force.
()
(vi) Biomass energy - energy obtaincd from biomass fuels such as cow dung, vegetable
waste etc.
(vi) Geothermal energy energy obtained from natural temperature variation of
present in the various depth of the carth.

(viii) Tidal energy - energy obtained from tides and waves.

(ix) Ocean therhal nergy - energy obtained from natural temperature variation
present in the various depth of the ocean.

1.3. SOURCES OF ENERGY

Today, cevery country draws its energy needs from a

variety of sources. There are six
sources of useful energy
utilised by human beings on planet Earth.
These sources are given
below:

(a) Fossil fuels such as coal,

petroleum products and natural gases
thernal, mechanical and electrical energy which produces
(b) Chenmical energy from
reactions among mineral sources
(c) Nuclear energy from
nuclear reactions of the nuclear
fuels available on
the earth
(d) The sun which produces
solar energy in the form
(e) Geothermal cnergy
of mechanical or electrical energy
from cooling, chemical
reactions and radioactive
carth decay in the
() The gravitational potential
and planetary motion among
produces wind, tidal sun, moon and
and wave energies. earth which
Non-renewable energy
is derived fron sources
is obtained from sources (a), (b) and (c) whereas
(d), (c) and (). renevzable energy

6
Introducton
1.5

44. PRIMARY (NON-RENEWABLE or CoNVENTIONAL) ENERGY

SOURCES
Conventional encrgy sourccs are as follows:
(a) Fossil fucl energy
(b) Hydraulic cnerEy
(c) Nuclcar cncrgy.

(a) Fossil fuelenergy:

Coal, pctrolcum, and natural gas are called fossil fuel as thesc arc formed by the
decomposition of the remains of dead plants and animals buried under the earth for a long time.
These are non-renewable sources of energy, if exhausted, which cannot be replenished in a
short time. Their potentials are limited and are considered very precious. These should be used
with care and caution to let them last long. They are also contributing to the global
environmental pollution.
(i) Coal
Since the advent of industrialization, coal has been the most common source of energy. In
last three decades, the world switched over from coal to oil as a major source of energy because
it is simpleand clean to obtain useful energy from oil. Coal is a complex mixture of compounds
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Small amount of nitrogen and sulphur compounds are also
present in coal. On strong heating, coal breaks up to produce coal gas, ammonia, coal tar and
coke. Coke is 98% carbon, obtained after lossing all its volatile constituents during destructive
distillation of coal. It can be used as smoke free fuel.

(i) Petroleum
It is a dark coloured, viscous and foul-smelling crude oil. The petroleum means rock oil.
It is normally found under the crust of earth trapped in rocks. The crude oil is a complex mixture
of several solid, liquid, gaseous hydrocarbons mixed with water, salt and earth particles. It a i
natural product obtained from oil wells.

The crude petroleum is refined by the process of fractional distillation to obtain more
useful petroleum products. The crude petroleum is heated to a temperature of about 400°C in a
furnace and vapors. Thus, they are passed into a tall fractioning column from near its bottom.
As the mixture of hot vapours rises in the column, it starts geting cooled gradually.

The products obtained from crude petroleum as follows:

() Petroleum gas (below 40°C) used as LPG.

(ii) Petrol (40°C to 170°C) for light vehicles.

7
 Renewable Energy System
1.6
use.
to 250°C) for houschold and industrial
(iii) Kerosenc (170

Diesel oil(250 to 350°C) for

hcavy vchicles.
(iv)

(v) Residualoil: (a) Lubrication oils (b)paraffin wax and (c) asphalt
boilcrs and furnaces.
(vi) Fucl oil (350 to 400°C) for

(iüi) Natural gas

propane. It occurs deep under the
consists of about 95% methanc and rcst cthanc and
It
It is a product of
crust of tlhe carth cither alonc or a long with oil above petroleum deposits.
petroleum mining.

The gas is available in Tripura, Jaisalmer, off-shore areas of Bombay High and in the
Krishna - Godavari delta. It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel. The natural gas is now
also available as CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) a substitution of petrol in automobiles.
(b) Hydraulicenergy (or) water power:

Water power is developed by allowing water to fall under the force of gravity. It is used
almost exclusively for large scale electric power generation. Potential energy of water is
converted into mechanical energy by using prime moves known as hydraulic turbines. Water
power is quite cheap where water is available in
abundance. Although the capital cost of
hydroelectric power plants is high as compared to other types
of power plants but their
operating costs are quite low as no fuel is required in this case.
(c) Nuclear energy:
According to modem theories
of atomic structure, a matter consists
known as atoms. Heavier unstable atoms of minute particles
such as U
and Th3 liberate large amount
energy. The energy
released by the complete fission one of heat
heat energy obtained by burning
of kg ofUranium (U) is equal to the
4500tonnes of coal (or) 220 tonnes
by nuclear fission atoms of oil. The heat produced
of of fissionable material is utilized in
production of steam special heat exchangers for the
which is then used to drive
plants. turbo-generators as in
conventional power
However, there are some
limitations in
the use
of nuclear power plants, limited of nuclear energy namely high
availability capital cost
disposal of radioactive of raw materials, difticulties
waste and shortage associated with
power plants. of well-trained personnel to
handle the nuclear
About 3% of the energy
produced in India
is obtained from
nuclear power plants.

8
Introduction 1.7

1.5. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

in naturc and are
The sources of cnergy vhich are bcing produced continuously
cnergy.
inexbaustible called renewable sowrces of encrgy or nOn-cOnventional

1.5.1. Types of Rencwablo Encrgy (RE) Sourcos

Some of the rencwable cnergy sources are as lollows:

(a) Solar cnergy
(b) Wind encrgy
(c) Tidal cncrgy
(d) Wave energy
(c) Geothermal cncrgy
() Biomass energy.
1. Solar energy:
can be used in many ways such as generating
Solar energy is collected from sunlight. It
plates and concentrating
elcctricity using photovoltaic cells, generating clectricity using flat
a factor.
solar power. Photovoltaic cells have low efficiency

2. Wind energy
Winds are caused because of the following two factors.
1. The absorption of solar energy on the carth's surface and
in the atmosphere.

2. The rotation of the earth about its axis and its motion around the Sun.
energy of moving air into mechanical energy which can
A wind mill converts the kinetic
or to run the generator for producing electricity.
be either used directly to run the machine

3. Tidal energy:
are primarily by thc gravitational attraction between the earth and moon.
Tides generated
range is only a Meter. Basically in a tidal power
They arise twice a day in Mid-Ocean. The tidal
an artificial basin and it is allowed to escape at low
station, water at high tide is first trapped in
in turn drive electrical generators.
tide. The escaping water is used to drive water turbines which

4. Wave energy:.
with the surface of sea water. Wave
Ocean waves are created by the interaction of winds
energy in the wave. Ocean wave
energy is the energy of interchanging potential and kinetic
energy can be eitlher converted into mechanical
energy or electrical energy through wave

9
 Renewable Energy System

1.8 developed in coastal areac

to be
Occan wave cncrgy is nccded kW/m with respect
energy conversion plants. rangc 10 kW/m to 70
occan cncrgy is in the of
Usually, power extracted from
amplitude and
wave length.
to
encrgy:
5. Geothermal the carth below its surface. Hot
by tapping the hcat of
Geothermnal energy is obtaincd usc covers a range of option from
Uscd to producc clcctricity. Its
underground water or steam is
powcr generation tospace hcating or air conditioning.

6. Biomass encrgy:
renewable energy source which covers a wide spectrum
Biocncrgy is another important
fuel wood and other
encrgy activities from dircct production heat through combustion of
of of gases, liquid fuel and chemicals.
biomass residues to generate electricity and the production
It is globally used.
Various sources of biomass energy are as follows:

1. Biogas
It is produced from wastes of paper and sugar industries, animals and so on. CH, is the

product.

2. Bio fuel

Biodiesel, ethanol etc. are derived from plants.

3. Solid biomass
Wood fuel, biogenic portion of municipal waste and certain
plants are solid biomass.
Biomass mass may be used in a number ways to
of produce energy. The common methods are
gasification, combustion, fermentation and anaerobic
digestion. India is very rich in biomass.

1.5.2. Advantages of Renewable

Energy (RE) Sources
(i) Non-conventional sources are available
in nature at free of cost.
(i) They produce no or little pollution. Thus,
they are environment friendly.
(iii) Renewable energy sources
have simple plant design
operate and no specialized and hence, it is easy to
workforce is required in
(iv) Being simple in
these plants.
design, the maintenance cost
these plants can thus of these plants is very less and
produce electricity at
much lower cost than
(v) They are incxhaustible. other plants.

10
 Introduction 1.9

(vi) They have a low gestation period.

(vi) T1hey do not depletc natural resources.
(vii) They can sustain energy supply for many enerations,
(ix) These plants can be installed renmotely and at locations completely off grid.
Hence, it is a better choice for single plant use.

1.5.3. Limitations of Renowable Energy (RE) Sources

() The encrgy available in dilute form fromthesc sources.

(i) Though availalble frccly in nature, the cost of harncssing cncrgy fromn a non
conventional source is generally high.
(ii) Availability is uncertain which means that thc cnergy flow depcnds on various
naturalphenomena beyond human control.
(iv) Dificulty in transporting such forms of encrgy.
per unit area is
(v) Low energy density is another problem in these plants. Encrgy
small which makes them big in size and hence, large arca is required to instal
them.

A6. RENEWABLE VS. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCESs

S. No. Renewable Energy Sources Nou-renewable Energy Sources

1. Renewable energy sources are Non-renewable cnergy sources are

over the
inexhaustible because they originate | limitcd and cxhaustible
from natural resources and processes period of time.
that are constantly being renewed.
2.
Renewable resources are those Non-renewable resources are those
which can be used again and again. which are used only for a limited
time and rate.

3. Examples of renewable encrgy Examples of non-renewable energy

sources are: wind, water, sunlight, sources are fossil fucls such as coal,
tides, biomass, etc. oiland naturalgases.

4. Renewable resources have a higher Non-renewable resources have a

rate of decomposition than their rate lower rate of decomposition than the
rate of consumption.
3 of consumption.

11
 Renewable Energy System

toxic
1.10
Non-rencwable sources release
Renewable sources do
not cmit
gases in the air when
burnt which
arc the
grecnhouse gases, which cause for global
are the major
change.
primary cause of climate warming.
considercd as
Thereforc, they are
cnvironnnent fricndly.
sources are
arc
Nonrenewable energy
Renewable cncrLY sourccs accessible.
chcap and relatively
ncwcr, lcss cstablished, and
typically morc cxpcnsivc.
Cost-effective and accessible
7. Infrastructurc for harvesting non
infrastructure is available for
rencwable energy is prohibitively
expensive and not casily accessible renewable energy across most
in most countries. countries.

8. Renewable cnergy sources require Comparatively lower area

large land/ offshore area, cspecially requirements for installation of a
for wind farms and solar farms. power plant.

9. Renewable cnergy sources are not Nonrenewable energy sources are

reliable as they are dependent on the also far more reliable than
nature or climate changes. renewable energy sources, which
depend on the elements.
10. They are sustainable sources. They are exhaustible sources.

A7. INTERNATIONAL (GLOBAL) ENERGY SCENARIO

Globalencrgy consumption is the total amount cnergy

of used by all humans on the planet
(measured on a per-ycar basis). This mcasurement
is the sum of all energy sources
in use.
and purposes

Several organizations publish

this data including the International
the US Energy InforImation Energy Agency (|EA),
Administration (ElA) and the European Environment
Energy production and
Agency.
utilization dircctly affect
the heart of prosperity cverywhere living standards and prosperity.
in the world. There are many They are
Cnergy consumption factors influencing future
wliich includes population
technological propress growth, industrial structure
and shifls in the energy use changes,
mix.

12
Introduction 1.11

One of tlhe main prioritics of countries in the 21 century may devclop thc cnvironmental
in future. The major
technologies to solve the najor cnvironmental challengcs to be faccd
20 century. In
world cnergy production patterns have changed slowly through the cnd of the
the first two decades of the 21" century, global cnvironnncntal issucs could significantly affect
focus being
the pattems of energy use around the world with the primary cnvironmental
cnergy has bccn slowed to evolve and
towards the reduction in carbon cmissions. T'he world of
the major changes regarding consumption and production
patterns gcographically are slowed

to take a hold.

ycars, the global cnergy dcmand has tripled duc to the number of developing
In last 50
over the next 30 years.
countries and innovations in technology. It is projccted to triple again
was 176282 terawatt hour (TWh). Global energy
In 2020, total worldwide energy consumption
decline in 2020, in a context
consumption rebounded with a 5% growth in 2021, aftera 4.5%
of globalpandemic.
300000
259749
247000
233109
250000 219657
206674
TWh 195625
200000 181704476282
168633
in
Consumption
153540
150000
118987
103981
100000

50000

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

2000 2010 2015 2018
1990
Year
Administration (ElA)
(Source: U.S. Energy lnformation
a until 2050
energy consunption from 1990 to 2020, with forecast
Figure I.IGlobul
in the energy mix which
accounts for 29% of world energy
Oil remains the most used fuel years.
fuel with a share of25.2%, its lowest level in 15
consumption. Coal is the secnd largest
gas has
gas increased to 22.9%, such that the gap between coal and
The share of natural flat in 2021
The contribution of hydro and nuclear remained relatively
narrowed to 3% points. to 6.3%, alnost
respectively. Strong growth pushed up renewables share
at 6.33% and 4%,

13
 Renewable Energ! Sycte

W
.the fastest growth for seven years.
SNY
bre 0.993 k7: in 2021.
giihe UNNNNia iNrIdto
4iriristration (ElA), the demand
fo
l.
1u t S En lirin economic 2rrcss:
to gou 43°, eucen 2003 and 030. driven by robust
s prntd shows the wsl:
ulathons in the worlds devcloping couniries.
Figure i.i
n ng
trom the y car from 1990 to 2020. with
a forecast until 2056
cNnsumin gronth
for liquid fuels such as c:
In the Env ision Tomorow (ET) scenario. global demand
(Mold), reachi
bucks and other liquid fuels increases by around million barrelday
13

196hy 2040. Growth in liquids demands gradually wanes and plateaus towards the eni
excess
Gtalliquiis supply increases by a litle less reflecting the supply of liquids
by i:

0:6 Supph increase is driven initialy by US tight oil with OPEC taking over from the la::
20s as Middl-East produces adopt a strategy of growing market share. OPEC outp
inreases by around 6Mbld by 2040.

1.7.1. Energy Consumption by Primary Energy Source

€3303

50000
7WI

consumption,
400

30300
Coal
Lnergy

Natural gas
Other
renewables
Solar Biofuels
Traditional biomass
0000
Hydrgpeer
-Nuclean.
Wind
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
(Source: BP
Statistical Review
Figure I.2 Growth ofWorld Energy 2022)
ofglobul primary energy
consumption by
fuel sources

14
Introduction 1.13

Global primnary energy consumption reached over 165278 TWh in 2021. It representcd an
increase of
roughly 5.5% in comparison to 2020 wihen the COVID pandemic and its impact on
transportation fucl demand and overall cconomic performance lcad primary energy
consumption declining to 2016 levels. It represcnted the fastcst cncrgy consumption growth
since the carly 1970s and is a reflcction of strong global dermand bouncing back from 2020's
Covid-19 energy consumption declinc.

Primary ecrgv consumption is calculated on thc basis of thc 'substitution mcthod' which
takes account of the ineficiencies in fossil fucl production by converting non-fossilenergy into
the energy inputs required if they had the same conversion losses as fossil fuels.

Global primary energy grew by 8611 TWh in 2021, the largest increase in history and
more than reversing the sharp decline seen in 2020. Primary energy in 2021 was 2222 TWh
above 2019 levels. The increase in primary energy in 2021 was driven by emerging economies,
which increased by 3611 TWVh, with China expanding by 2778 TWh.

Biofuels, 0.71% Solar, 2.06%

Other renewables, 1.44% Wind,

3.27%

Nuclear energy, 26.73% Hydro,

26.73%

Óil, 31.57%

Coal, 26.73%

31.57%
gas,
Natural

Engery 2023)
(Source: Energy Institute Stastistical Review of World
sources in 2022
Figure 1.3 Global primary energy consumption by fuel

15
 Renewable Energy System
1.34
energy consumption in emerging
of
00 and 2021 together. primary cont
Taking eS 232.angely retleting gth in China (2778 TU7:). In
wOmics increasN h 16 1944 TS below 2019 levels.
eney iemand in develd vONnies in 20s
entirely driven by renewahl.
btwccn 019 and 2021
w as
The incse in primary enegy an4
enengy sous. The leveloftfossilfel
cnergy consumption was unchanged between 2019
coa!
demand-T}i)oftset by higher natural gas (1389 TWi) and
021, nth iwer oil

gnew taster than their apart from renewables although

l0-car averages
AI! fuls
renew ablks still auntdfor the sevond largest increment to energy growth. Figure i.2 show:
by various primary fuel sources from the
yea,
the norid enengy consumption growth in T#
1980 to 2021.
source in
Figure 1.3 provids a picture of the world's primary energy consumption by
n
2002. Figure l.3, 0ther renewables' includes geothermal, biomass and waste energy. I:
introduses and summarizes the broad intemational spectrum of energy.

Most ypes of the primary resources of energy consumed by the world in different years
are given in Table 1.1.

Table 1.I Global primary energy consumption by fuel sources 2021

Energy in TWh (Substituted energy)

Energy source
1980 2000 2010 2021
Oi! 35514.42 42880.93 47895.07 51170.47
Coal 20857.61 27427.52 41996.39 44473.20
Natural Gas 14236.96 23994.258 31588.863 40374.603
Hydropower 5120.47 7826.17 9518.04 11183.23
Nuclear power 2020.10 7323.34 7373.73 7031.34
Wind power 0.03 92.87 961.53 4872.09
Solar power 0.00 3.13 94.12 2701.72
Traditional Biomass 10000 12500 11667 111l1
Biofuels 29.86 125.52 691.16 1139.92

16
Introduction 1.15

Others renewablcs 153.79 571.18 1180.30 2373.10

Total 87933.2.3 122744.91 1S2966.21 176430.68

(Source: BP Statistical Review of Global Energy 2022)

In 2003, Fossil Fucls (FF) accounted for 87% of global primary cnergy consumption. In

2021 also, FF accounted for 82% of global primary encrgy consumption but down from 83%
in2019 and 85% five years ago. It shows that FF cncrgy continucs to be thc highest encrgy
consumption sourcc.

Global coal consumption has been on a downward trend since peaking in 2014 but the
coal consumption jumped by 6.3% in 2020, nearly reaching 2014 levels. The report revcals that
the coal remained the dominant fuel for global power generation in 2021 with its share
increasing to 36%, up from 35.1% in 2020. The dependency on coal has incrcased sharply by
developing countries in the last few years and it will continue to increase unless these nations
change their existing lavws and strategies and particularly those related to greenhouse gas
are driven by
emissions, robust growth in coal use is likely to continue. These projections
was particularly
strong long-term economic growth in the world's developing nations. Growth
grew by 4.9% to
marked by increased consumption in Asia. China's coal consumption in 2021
consumer of
reach a new all-time high. China remains by far the world's largest producer and
a in production. Coal demand
coal, with a 53.8% global share in consumption and 50.8% share
grew in 202 1.
in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries
was still the second-lowest level since the
U.S. coal demand in 2021 also rebounded but it
Review began tracking it in 1965.
are dependent on uncertain
About 35% of the world's energy comes from oil but oil prices
events. In 2021, the world consumed 94.1
factors such as availability, politics, and world
was an increase of 6.0% from 2020 but it is still 3.7%
million barrels per day (BPD) of oil. It
production grew by l.4 million BPD in 2021 but
lower than consumption in 2019. Global oil
it is still 5.0 million BPD below 2019 levels.
U.S. production remains 529,000 BPD below
was the first
by nearly 500,000 BPD in 2021 which
2019 levels. Refinery capacity declined
the upward pressure on finished product
declíne in over 30 years. It is one factor exacerbating per year,
as gasoline and diesel. The United States alone uses 24% of the world's oil
prices such
until now it makes up only 4.5% of the
world's population.

fuel in recent years, with a global 2.2%

Natural gas has been the fastest-growing foSsil gas
rate over the past decade. After falling in 2020, global natural
average annual growth
the
a new all-time high. In 2021, the U.S. remained
consumption grew by 5.3% in 2021 to

17
 Ronowablo EnerIy Syston
1.16 of the
U,S. produccd 23%
and consumption. The
global leader in botlh natural gas produetion a 17% global share.
Russia was in the sccond place with
world's natural gas in 2021. The
U

by 4.2% to the highest level since 2006.

grew in 2021
Nuclear consumption power, witl a 29% sharc of the global
total
consumer of nuelea
remains the world's largest a 14.6% global share
consumption at a rapid pace and now has
China continues to inerease consumption.
a mere 2.7% global sharc of nuclear power
For perspective, in China had
2010
cncrgy consumption grew
Renewable energy continucs to grow rapidly. Global renewablc

by an impressive 15% in 2021 to a ncw rccord high.

of 22% but
rose by a record 1.7 exajoules (E), an incrcasc
Solar clectricity consumption
wind power (+2.5 ED provided the largest
contribution to rencwables growth.
in
Togcther, wind and solar power provided 2,894 Terawalt-hours
(TTVh) of clectricity
2021. For perspective, it was 380 TIVh in 2010.

of power generation in 2021 which was the first

Wind and solar reachcd a 10.2% share
time wind and solar power cxceeded more than 10% of globalgeneration.

If the trend continues in a stcady rate, then the projection can be made for the year 2035
as shown in Figure 1.4.

Nuclear 6.7%

Renewable
SOurces
14.2%
Petroleum
29.3%

Natural gas
22.7%

Coal 27.2%

Figure 1.4 Projected

growth ofglobal energy
consunptionby fuel sources
Figure I.5 provides a in 2035
picture of theIndia's
2021. Primary energy primary energy
consumplion increased consumption by
from 8889
fuel souree
annual increase. The combined TIVh to 9722 TWh
share of energy which is a 100
consumption from
oil, gas and coal stood at

18
Introduction
1.17
90% which is similar to its pre-pandemic level. Coalwas the
fastest-growing fuel, increasing
16%, and 8% above its 20|9 level. The share
of coal in prinmary cnergy was 57% compared to
24% at a global level. India accounts for 12.5% of global coal consumption. India was the
sccond-largest producer of coal in the world. Total clectricity generation increased from
1.563 T1' to 1.715 TW'), an inerease of 10%. Coal's sharc in power gencration
increased from
72°% in 2019 to 74%.

Rencwables grew by 13.2% but their share of primary cnergy increased only by 0.1 9%
points to 5%. Renewables (excluding hydro) generation increased from 152 TWh to 172 TWh,
reaching the 10% share threshold for the first time, and surpassing hydro. India installed
10.3 GIV of solar and 1.5 GIW of onshore wind with the solar additions being a record amount
for India. The total installed capacity at the end of 2021 amount to 49.3 GW for solar and
40.1 GIW for onshore wind.

Wind, 1.8%
Solar, 1.8%
Hydroelectric, 6.3%
Nuclear energy, 1.1%

Oil, 27%

Natural
gas,
Coal, 57% 6.3%

(Source: BP Statistical Reviewv of lWorld Energy 2022)

by fuel sources in 2021
Figure 1.5 Inlia's energy consumption
in prices of fossil fuels, energy security and
The report also finds that vwith the increase
development of nuclear generating
greenhouse emissions will drive the country towards the
capacity.

19
 Renewable Energy System
1.18
by Country
1.7.2. Consumption every year for at least half.
cncrgy consUMption has incrcascd
ncarly
Globally, primary continues
case cverywherc in the world. Global cncrgy consumption
century, But it is not the year.
averaging around 1% to 2% per
to grow but it does
secm to bc slowing,
many where incomes are rising quickly and the
countrics
Encrgy consumption is rising in
to improve
many countries, particularly richer countries trying
population is growing. But in
cnergy cicicncy, cnergy consumption actually falling.
is
across countries often reflect
When we look at total cncrgy consumption, the differcnce
consume more
differcnce in population size in which countrics with lots of people inevitably
energy than tiny countries.

In tems of overall energy consumption, the United States and China dwarf all other
countries, with China using the most electricity and the U.S. consuming the most oil. Although
many factors contribute to a given country's energy consumption such as level of industrial
development, geographical size, standard of living, etc. The single most influential factor is
population.

The largest energy consumers include Iceland, Norway, Canada, the United States and
wealthy nations in the Middle East such as Oman, Saudi
Arabia and Qatar. The average person
in these countries consumes as much as 100
times more than the average person in some of
the
poorest countries.

When consumption totals are divided

by the population to determine
energy, the highest consumer the per capita use of
isneither the United States, China, nor any other country
top 10. Instead, it is Iceland. in the

In 2019, lceland ranked

73° in the world in electricity
oil consumption. But consumption and tied for 139
the country's average energy use in
167,000 kWh per person per per capita in 2020 was more than
year. For
consumption in the
comparison, China had the highest overall energy
world but also the
highest population,
minuscule average energy
use of 28,072 resulting in a comparatively
kWh per person per year.
The world's top
three electricity consumers
population. China constitute the countries
leads both rankings. wvith the largest
of population, while recording India, on the other
hand, nearly matches
Meanwhile, countries
less than one fifth China in terms
as
such Nigeria,
of the annual Chinese
which boasted electricity consumption.
didn't even rank among the seventh-largest
the top
20 electricity consumers. population worldwide

20
Introduclion 1.19

Brazil South korca

Japan Canada 2.0% 2.0%
5.5%), 3.2%
India
3.2% Other
23.6%

Russia
6.6%

China
EU 10.8%
18.4%

US
24.7%

(a) in 2000

Other Countries,
22.9% China,26.6%

South korea,
6.3%
Brazil, 2.1%
USA,
Canada, 2.5% 15.6%

Japan, 3.3%

Europien
India, 5.8% Unlon, 13.8%

Russia, 5.3%

(b) in 2021
Energy 2022)
(Source: BP Stastistical ReviewoflWorld
countries
Figure 1.6 World energy consunption by

21
 Renewable Energyy System

as the United States

provide their residente greater
NT Capita
nt ain more urhani
with higher-income residentstend to be
(intries
EVMNhmY The U.S. stands amongst the ten-largest electricih.
acnt hg ivTitN Onsumption. Norway leading the ranking.
in the world, with lecland and
A
NNa and climate but
cnergy is looscly correlated with gross national product
CnsNNn of as Japan and
even bctwcen most highly devclopcd countries such
thee is s iarge ditterence
per person. In developing
Gemany with 6 &1 per person and Unitcd States with 11.4 kWh
7h

countries, particularly those that are sublropical or tropicalsuch

as India, the per person energy
use is closcr to 0.7 klWh. Bangladesh has tlhe lowest consumption with 0.2 kWh per person.

In 2021, the US consumes I5.6% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at
15.2% anda share theworld population at 4.25%. The United States ranked as the second
of

leading electricity consumer that year, with nearly 4,000 TWh consumed. India followed but
by a wide margin.

The most significant growth of energy consumption is

currently taking place in China
which has been growing at 5.59% per year over the
last 25%. Its population of 1.4 billion people
which accounts for 18.5% of world population
is consuming energy at a rate
person per ycar. China consumes of 4,475 kWh per
by far the most electricity
more than 7.8 TWWh
of any country in the world, with
consumed in 2021.
The major consuming countries
at the end of 1990 remain
this scenario has been changed in those positions in 2000 but
in the first two decades
the world total energy of the 21st century. Figure 1.6 shows
consumption by countries for two different years
Both China and India were
2000
and 2021.
consuming an average
consumption in 1990
and it was increased to 14% of 10% of world's total energy
was 32.4%. in 2000 but in 2021
It reveals that
both China and their combined share
Strong economic India will be the key energy consumers
growth in both countries in future.
combined energy use continues over the
increasing nearly up projection period
the same time, it to 37% of world energy with their
is evident that consumption in 2030.
developed nations the energy consumption At
such as US, European has been considerably
Union, Japan, reduced in
Canada, etc.
1.8. NON-RENEWABLE
(CONVENTIONAL)
India, the world's ENERGY RESOURCES
second nost IN INDIA
hillion, lhas a populated country
land area with a population
estimated at of about 3.3 million
more
GDP for Financial of
$3.75 trillion. sg.km. The than 1.34
India consists
of 28 states and Year (FY) 2020 was
8 union territories
is gifted with a

22
Introductlon
1.21

large work force including persons skilled in all arcas of the mincrals industry.
Under India's
constitution, the exploration and production of most minerals havc fallenwithin the jurisdiction
of the Central Govenment. Accordingly, the Mincral Industry
of India primarily has been
owncd and administered by the Govermnncnt either dircctly or through
public-sector cndcavours
and most mining companics has remaincd nationalizcd.

As of May 31, 2023, India is the third-largcst producer and consumer

of clectricity
worldwide with an installed power capacity of 417.67 GW. India accounts for about
6% of the
world's total annual energy production. The primary cncrgy consumption in India grew by
10.4% in 2021 and is the third biggest with 6% global sharc
aftcr China and USA.
Over the past decades encrgy demand has stcadily incrcascd across all sectors, including
agriculture, industry, comnmercial and residential, and it is cxpected to continue to grow.
Nonetheless, India's per capita clectricity consumption was 125S kWh in 2021-22 which is
around one-third of the global average of per capita elcctricity consumption.

In 2021, India's Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) was 888.5 mtoe with nearly two
thirds being covered by domestic production (554 mtoc). Industry accounted for the largest
share of India's Total Final Consumption (TFC), followed by the residential sector, transport
and service sector including agriculturc.

1.8.1. Conventional Energy Mix in India

India's energy system is largely based on the use of coal for power generation, oil for
transport and industry, and biomass for residential heating and cooking. Coal dominates the
energy mix in India, contributing to 57%
of the total primary energy consumption and 52.8%
of electricity generation in 2022. Peak demand rcached 207 GW for the first time in April 2022,
and consumption is projected to rise. Supported by industrial growth, urbanization, government
policies, and favorable geopolitics over the past decade, India has installed capacity
exceeding
400 GW. Fossil fuels dominate India's power sector with coal comprising over 70%%
but the
country aims to significantly increase the share of renewable and nuclear energy.

India has huge coal reserves. As on 0I.04.22, the estimated reserves of coal were
361.4 billion tonnes. The estimated total reserves of lignite as on 01.04.22 was
46.2 billion
tonnes. India is the second largest coal producing country in the world. Coal
production in India
has been increasing over recent years. In 2022, coal production totalled 9377 million tonnes
(mtoe).

23
 Renewable Energy System

It the second-largest source in the

is
energy sourcc for India.
AN CSsential
iwN largest in its total final consumption
Supply (TPES) and the
lval Pimary Encrgy encrgy consumption. Oil
demand has increased
%
of India's total
lNNG! avounts for 26.3 is now the third-largest
t oil-consuming country
over the last several decadcs and India
ap the worl.
thousand barrels per day (kb/d), accounting for 4.6% of
in the word 4,489,000 cruda
thousand barrels per day (kbld). The country's annual
total consunptionof 97,103,871
thousand barrels per day in Fcbruary from 601 thousand
oil production decreascd from 580 up by 4.7
per in January of 2023. India's fucl consumption is expected to go
harrels day
2023 and March 2024 according to cstimates by
the country's Ministry of
between April
Petroleum and Natural Gas.
- was
According to official data, India's total petroleum consumption in 2019-20
metric tonnes (MMT) Which rose by about 5% to 204.2 MMT. The annualised
194.3 million
as
consumption growth in April-September 2022 was 107.7 MMT about 13.6% growth
compared to 95 MMT in the April-September months of 2022 according to provisional data of
the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell (PPAC).

India relies heavily on crude oil imports as domestic production is not sufficient to meet
the country's demand. India is the world's third-largest importer of crude oil after the US and
China which imports about 55% of its natural gas
requirements and 85% of the crude oil it
processes. India imports most
of its oil (52.7%) from the Middle East with Irag and Saudi
Arabia being primary.

The Indian govermment has set a

goal to increase the share
total energy mix to 15% by 2030
of natural gas in the country's
from about 6% in 2022. India
metres (BCM) consumed 5.12 billion cubic
of natural gas in March 2023, down
5.9% year-by-year. The production
natural gas in FY22-23 was of
34.45 BCM, up 1.3%. In March
of gas, up 2.4%. 2023, India produced 2.95 BCM
India meets almost
half of its gas demand through LNG imports.
The estimated reserves
of natural gas in India as 1"
which 61% are located of April 2021was 1.372.62
offslhore. The total BCM of
in North-Eastern States balance recoverable reserve
is about 198 BCM. of natural gas resource
Offshore (37%) and The largest reserves are
Assam (27%). found in the Western
Nuclear energy is tlhe 5
largest source
of the total electricity generation ofelectricity for India
in which contributes
reactors in 7 power the country. As about 30
plants across the country of March 2022, India over
which
has 22 nuclear
produces 6780 MW
of nuclear power. Out

24
Introduction 1.23

of which, 18reactors are Pressuriscd Tleavy Watcr Rcactors (PHWRS) and 4 are Light Water
Reactors (LWRS). It includes the 700 MIV pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR), unit 3 of
the Kakrapar nuclcar power plant (KAPP-3) that was synchronised with thc grid in January
2021. 15 more such units are expected to follow in flcet mode. Nuclear power plants with a
capacity of8.700 MIl are under construction. In 2021, the government stated in the Parliament
that nuclear power gencration capacity would increasc to 22,480 MIV by 2031.

1.8.2. Energy Consumption

an Association
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), where India is
country since March 2017, Total Energy Consumption (TEC) in an ecconomy is a good indicator
may indicate course
of efficicnt or non-efficicnt end-use in economic activities and it
sum of the consumption in the
correction measures to sustainability. It is defined to include the
processes and for own
end-use sectors and for non-energy use. Energy used for transformation
use of the energy producing industries is excluded. Thus, final consumption reflects for
the
energy necessary to satisfy
most part, delivers to consumers and represents the quantity of all
inland consumption.
around 0.7 toe (2021), half the Asian
Total energy consumption per capita remains
about a third of the Asian
average. Electricity consumption per capita reached 920 kWh 202l
in

average.
in 2020.
9% in 2021 to 951 Mtoe after 5.9% drop
a

Total energy consumption increased by

It had increased rapidly over 2010-2019
(3.7%/year).
(23%)
is the country's top energy source with a share of 46% in 2021 followed by oil
Coal and
gas covers 6% and primary electricity (hydro, nuclear, solar,
and biomass (21%). Natural
wind) 4%.
a
rcached 1.1 Gt (+17%), its highest level in 2021, after
Coal and lignite consumption
and 2018, its progression had been
significant (around
5.5% decline in 2020. Between 2015
and industry were the main consumers of coal and lignite
5%/year). In 2021, power generation
services).
with 76% and 20%, respectively
(3% only for households and
in 2020 (
consequcnce the Covid-19 crisis, oil product consumption fell sharply
As a of Of
the
2021 to 213 MT which is still below the 2019 level.
rebounded by 5.2% in
8.8%) and non-energy
was used in transport, 30% in industry (including
totalconsumption for 2021, 42% consumed
residential, services, and agriculture sector. The remainder is
uses) and 21% in the
hydrocarbon industry (6%).
in power plants (1%) and in the

25
 Renewable Energy System

1.24 2021 after a 4% reduction in 202

to 64 BCM in
incrcascd by 2.7% the mai
Gas consumption
incrcased by 4.8%/ycar. Industry is
consumption electricit.
Between 2014 and
2019. gas It is followed by
fertiliser plants).
2021 (nnainly sector
consumer of gas with S1% in residential and serVices
transport (5%) and the
to less extent. a 6.7% contraction
production (23%) and, to 1282 7Wh, after
in 2021
consumption increascd by 8%
(6%). Elecctricity
over 2010-2019 (7%/ycar).
in 2020. 1t grew rapidly to the
incrcased by 5.3% in 2022 in comparison
India's primary
cnergy consunption
cnergy consumption in the South Asian
car. Between 1999 and 2022, prinmary
previous \
greatest consumption increasc scen in the latter year. The total
country oscillated with the TWVh:
cncrgy consumption from coal (5581.43 TWh; 55.33%), crude oil (2791.58
primary
energy (15.57 TWh; 1.15%),
27.67%). natural gas (581.84 TWh; 5.77%), nuclear
power (560,77 TWh; 5.56%) is 10087.25
hydroclcctricity (456.05 TWh; 4.52%)and renewable
energy
TUh (excluding traditional biomass use) in 2022. Figure 1.7 shows India's primary
consunption by source from 1990 to 2022.
5000

TWh
5000
consumption,

4000

energy
3000
consumption
Primary
Coal
2000 consumption
Oil

1000
Hydro Renewables
consumption Nuclear
consumption
Natural gas consumplion consumption

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year 2020
(Source: Energy
Institute Staustistical
Review of World
Figure 1.7 India's Engery 2023)
primary energy
consuniption by source,
1990-2022

26
Introduction
1.25
1.8.3. Prinmary Energy Supply
The rapid growtlh in TFC as well as in power generation to supply
risingg electricily dcinand
has led to a rapid increase in Total Primary incrgy Supply (IPES), From 2012. to 20)22 TPES
increased by 45.4%, larpely met hy fossil lieks, Coal met 55.33% of TPES in 2022 and
accounted for almost hall of tlhe totalgrowth in cnergy supply in tlhe past decalc.

Oil is the second-largest primary energy souree by providing 27.67% of TPESin2022.

Increased oil supply represented 37% of total growth in TPES in the last cdceade. In opposite,
natural gas was not able to satisty growing demand and its share of power gencration. So, TPES
has decreased in the past five years. IIydropower supply has also been relativcly stable with
around 43.6% growth in the past decade. India also has a nuclcar power flect which contributes
around l,15% to TPES.

1.8.4. Energy Production

Coal and biomass dominate India's domestic cnergy production. In 2022 coal accounted
for nearly halfof total production while bioenergy and waste
were cstimated to provide another
on imports,
third. India's oil andgas production is relativcly low and the country is dependent
especially for oil.

Coal production in the country during the

year 2021-22 was 778.19 MT as compared to
TIhe overall trend of production in
716.08 MT during 2020-21. There is an increase of 8.67%.
a
a
the last ten years i.e. 2012-13 to 2021-22 has shown steady
incrcase, cxcept 2020-21 with

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.80%.

increascd to 47.49 MT from the number
The Lignite production during 2021-22 has been
over 2020-21. However, the production of
of 37.90 MT in 2020-21: an increase of 25.32%
camne out to be 29.69 MT as compared to 30.49 MT during
FY: 2020-21
crude oil for 202 1-22
which isa decline of 2.63%.
are lhaving
The CAGRS for Crude Natural Gas with respect to FY: 2012-13
Oil and
respcctively. Electricity (generated from Hydro,
negative CAGR of -2.66% and -1.97%
energy sources) has the highest CAGR of6.83% by showing the
Nuclear and other Renewable
in India.
remarkable growth of Renewable Energy
on Coal as the major source of
energy. During the FY:2021
India still depends heavily energy
energy from coal accounted for 72.92% of the total generation of
22, the generated
energy sources) (8.24%)
and other Renewable
followed by Electricity (fronn Hydro, Nuclear
and Natural Gas (8.16%).

27
 Renewable Energy Systen

was 233.51
1.26 products in the country MT

production of petroleum
year 2020-21, the of 8.90%.
In the 2021-22 with increase
MT during
as against 254.31 Natural gas, 8.16%

Electricity (From Hydro,

Nuclear and olher
RES), 8.24%
Crude ol, 7.87%

FLignite, 2.81%

Coal, 72.92%

(Sorce: Energy Statistics India, 2023, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
National Statistical Office, Government of India)

Figure 1.8 Share of totalenergy generated in India (in Petajoules) from diferent fuel
sources during FY:2021-22
Net production of natural gas for consumption
increased from to 27.78 Billion Cubic
Meters (BCM) in 2020-21 to 33.13
BCM in 2021-22 registering an increase of 19.25%o.
India has experienced a steady
growth in terms of gross electricity generation (rom
Utility) over time except 2020-21.
The CAGR grew at a rate of 4.41% in the last 10 years trom
2012-13 to 2021-22.

,
18. RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES IN INDIA
The need for renewable
energy arises as energy
per security is
the World Energy Outlook important to our country.
report, India will
.before 2025 become
after the United
States and China. the third largest net importer of oil
the high volatility It will not be sustainable
of international crude in the long run g
12% in 2005 to oil prices. Coal
28% in 2030. In imports are also likely to increase
order to insulate
price shocks of fossil
fuels and furthernmore itself from any future supply disruption
i
climate change objectives, to achieve energy
renewable sources
are a must
security and also meet global
and has indeed
caught the imagination
28
Introduction 1.27

of India. Riding on the crest of a high growth trajectory and in pursuit of sustainable sources
to meet its rising domestic energy demand and access to encrgy for overall development, the

country is focusing on harncssing renewable cncrgy production through maximising the

utilisation of rencwablc cncrgy.
cnergy becomes
India's population is growing at an annual rate of 1.58%. As fossil fucl
scarccr, India will facc cncrgy shortagcs significantly duc to incrcasc in encrgy prices and
energy insecurity within the next few decades.
encrgy,
The renewablc energy sources such as wind cncrgy, solar cncrgy, gcothermal
energy
ocean energy, biomass energy and fuel cell technology can be used to overcome
a economy, India will
shortage in India. To meet the energy requirement for such fast-growing
require an assured supply of 3
- 4
times more energy than the total energy consumed today.
to meet this requirement. As of 31.10.2022,
The renewable energy is one of the options
renewable account for about 42.3% of India's total installed generation
capacity. India is
energy techniques and taking positive steps
increasingly adopting responsible renewable
a more sustainable future. In India,
towards carbon emissions, cleaning the air and ensuring
a pursuit of activities relating to
from the last two and half decades there has been vigorous
research, development, demonstration, production
and application of a variety of renewable
energy technologies for use in different sectors.
renewable energy sources i.e. solar, wind,
The past few years saw a reuord addition of
make important contributions to sustainable
biomass, geothermal, hydro, ete. which could
Energy Installed Capacity (including
development. India stands 4h globally in Renewable
in Solar Power capacity (as
per REN21
Large Hydro), 4h in Wind Power capacity &4h
14.21 GW of Renewable Energy (RE)
Renewables 2022 Global Status Report). A total of
GW
was added, during the period Jan. to Oct. 2022 as compared to capacity of 11.9
capacity
from RE
the period Jan to Oct. 2021. A total of 151.94 BU has been generated
added during
as compared to the 128.95 B[' during the period
Sources during the period Jan to Sept. 2022
Jan. to Sept. 2021.
renewable energy capacity in India (in MW)
Table 1.2 Current status and targets
of

as
Installed Installed Installed
Source Installed
aS On
31.10.2018 28.02.2023
Marclh 2012| March 2015
3,383 24,330 66700
Solar pOwer 941

29
 Renewable Enegy System

1.28 34,980 42600

17,352 22,645
Wind power 9,540 10200
3,225 4,183
Biomass power 4,500 4940
3,395 4,025
Small Hdro 73,350 1,24,440
24,914 34,351
Total have
(46850 M)
cncrgy sourccs including large hydropower energy
As of Feb. 2023,
renewable of various renewable
achievermcnts
178.79 GIV. The
acombincd installed capacity of
Table 1.2.
during 2012 to 2023 are shown in
sources in lndia than
carbon intensity of the nation's economy by less
to reduce the
India has set a target installed by 2030
to achieve 50 % cumulative electric power
45% by the end of the
decade
net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
from renewables and achieve
tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030. It will be
produce five million
India's target is to
renewable energy capacity. 57 solar parks of aggregate capacity
supported by 125 GIV of 2030
approved in India. Wind Energy has an off-shore target of30 GV by
39.28 GH' have been
with potential sites identified.
energy needs in a responsible, sustainable and eco-friendly
India's approach is to meet its
renewable energy
manner. The country has made a remarkable growth in recently in the field of
power generation.
a for compulsory
The Indian Government has been at work, making comprehensive policy
use of renewable energy resources through biomass, hydro-power, wind, solar and municipal
as Governmnent
waste in the country particularly for. commercial establishments as well
establishrents.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is focused on nation-wide resource
assessment, setting up of commercial projects, renovation and modernization, development and
up-gradation of water mills and industry-based research and development.

Currently, renewable energy exploitation in commercial markets is low being constrained

by costs and uncompensated benefits as well as internittent supplies and other technical and
institutional considerations.

1.9.1. Biomass Energy

Ministry has been promoting biomass power with an aim to recover energy
from biomass
such as surplus agricultural residues, wood produced from energy
plantation, wood waste fron

30
Introducton
1.29
todausirial
operations, agro-bascd induIstrial residue, forest residue,
wecds, palm leaves, coconut
shells and husk etc,

Energy production fom food wastes or food processing, wastes, cspecially lrom waste
odible oils, sccms to be attractive based on bio-resource sustainability, cnvironmental
protection and cconomic consideration.

Biomass power gcneration in lndia is an industry which attracts investmcnts of over Rs.
600 crores every ycar, generating more than S000 million units of clcctricity and yearly
employment of more han 10 million man-days in the rural arcas.

Biomass energy has 25 GIW of potential out of which around 9.54 GIW has becn realised.
A total capacity of 9.54 GW of grid connected bio-power has becn installed in the country as
on October 2018 against a target of 10 GIW bio-power by 2022. It includes 8.73 GIV from
bagasse cogeneration, 0.68 GW from non-bagasse cogencration and 0.13 GW from waste to
energy.

Rural electrification to meet unmet demand through renewable energy is a priority by

itself. 150 villages have been covered in last 2 years through mini grid by rice-husk based
gasification systems in Bihar. There are plans to cover about 10,000 villages from biomass
based systems and over 1000 villages from solar power by 2022.

Achievements of bioenergy:
or non-bagasse
More than 800 ofbiomass Independent Power Producer (IPP) and bagasse
MW have been installed in
cogeneration-based power plants with aggregate capacity of 10209
TamilNadu, Andhra
the country mainlyin the states of Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka,
upto December 2022. It includes 7562 MV
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Punjab
Irom Bagasse cogeneration sector, 1871 MW from
Biomass IPP Sector and 776 MIV from
biomass (non-bagasse) cogeneration sectors.

1.9.2. Hydropower
source of low-carbon elcctricity with equipped to become
Hydropower is the today's main
power systems.
to mote reliable, safe, and decarbonised
the lead provider of grid flexibility due
in SHP
Kegion wise list of lbydropower potential
and installed capacity of on-going projects

Seclor (as on 31.12.2022)

are shown in Table 1.3 belovw.

of Newand Renewable Energy(MNRE) s conferred with the responsibility

The Ministry as Small Hydro
Of developing hydro power projects of
capacity up to 25 MIW, categorized
remote
to mcet power requirements of
rover (SHP) Projects. These projects have the potential

31
 Renewable Energy System
1.30
opportunity to lon.
arcas a deccntralized manncr besidcs providing cmployment
and isolated in bud
are further catcgorizcd into small, miniand micro
projccts
people. Small lHydro Power
as follows.
projects bascd on their capacity
produces less than or cqual to 0.1 MW power
which
() Micro llydel
MW to 2.00 MW power
(ii) Mini Hydel which produccs from 0.10
(iii) Small Hydel wihich produces from 2.00
MW to 25.00 MW power

Table 1.3 Region wise hydropower potential and installed capacity (as on 31.12. 2022)

S. No. Region Potential of Installed

hydropower (GW) cupacity (GH)

1. East Asia and Pacific 1100 464

2. South and Central Asia 600 157

3. Africa 630 37
4. North & Central America 620 184
5. South America 500 179
6. Europe 350 202
The estimated potential of small/mini/micro-Hydel
21133.61l MIW from 7133
projects in the country s
sites located in different States
country are being set-up both of India. The SHP projects in the
in public and private sectors.
require about 3-4 years
Setting up of SHP projects normally
depending upon its size and location.
4935.65 MW been achieved as on An aggregate capacity oi
31st December, 2022 through
projects. In addition, 102 1167 Small Hydro Power
projects of about 538.05 MW are
at various stages implementation.
Table 1.4 provides state-wise
details of top 5 and tamilnadu
of
completed and under execution. identified potential, projects

For the year 2022-23, a

target of commissioning
against which 13 projects of 100 MHV small hydro projects was
aggregate sel.
of capacity of 86.75 MW
grid by 3lst December
2022. have been synchronized to the
Small hydro plants are
supposed to have a 15
has been realised. GW potential out
A total capacity
of 4.5 GW of grid connected of which about 4.5 G"
installed in the country
as onOctober small hydro power
2018 against a target has bee
of S GW small hydro power

32
Introduction
1.31
2022, Further, 126 number
of projects of capacity 0.73 GW arc under various stages
of
implementation.

Under the 'Ladaklh Rencwable Energy

nitiative (LREI)', Kargil Renewablc Energy
Development Agency (KREDA) and Ladakl Rencwable Energy
Development Agency
(LREDA) are implementing Snall/ Minihydro projccts in their
respective regions. A total of
7Hydro
projects with aggregate capacity of 10.55 MW are bcing implemented by KREDA, Out
of which 4 projects with aggregatc capacity of 4.55 MW has been commissioncd by KREDA
till date. LREDA is implementing 06 nos. of projects with aggregate capacity 3.65 MW, out
of
of which 02 projects with aggregate capacity of 0.95 MW has been commissioned by LREDA
till date. Actual physical achievement from 01.01.2022 to 31.12.2022 is 95.75 MW and
estimated physical achievement from 01.01.2023 to 31.03.2023 is 13.25 MW.

Table I.4 State wise list of potential sites, installed projects and on-going projects in SHP
sector (as on 31.12.2022)

S. States Total potential Projects installed Projects under

No. implementation

Nos. Total Upto 2021-22 Upto 2022-23 Nos. Total

capacity, capacity,
Nos. Total Nos.Totul MIV
MW
capacity, |capacity,
MW MW

409.32 44 162.11 0 0 2 2.40

1
Andhra 359
pradesh
2064.92 156 131.11 2 4.65
2 Arunachal 800
pradesh
34.11 0 0 0
3. Assam J06 201.99 6
0 0 0
0
4 139 526.98 29 70.7
Bilhar
0 0 0 0
1098.2 10 76
5. Chhattis 199
-garh
:: :

33
 Renewable Energy System

1.32 0
123.05 0
604.46 21
Tamil 191
23
Nau

1.9.3. Solar Energy encre.

possesses a very large solar
rcnewable cnergy resources, India
Among various has the fifk
potential for tlhe future. The country currently
resource uhich is having the highest on
with total installcd capacity of 24.33 GW as
the world
highest solar installecd capacity in under
a targct
of 100 GIV by 2022. Further, 22.8 GW capacity is
October. 2018 against
implemcntation or have becn tendercd out. The
Govcrnmcnt has revised the target of Grid
ycar 2021-22 to 100,000 MW by the
Connectcd Soiar Power Projccts from 20,000 MIW by the
car 2021-22under the National Solar Mission.
Mega
Ministry is implementing a Scheme for "Development of Solar Parks and Ultra
Solar Power Projects" with an objective to set up at least 50. Solar Parks with an aggregate
capacity of
40,000MW solar power projects. All the States and Union Territories are eligible
of

for getting bencfit under thescheme. As on 31-12-2022, Ministry have approved 57 Solar Parks
in 13 States including one Solar Park in NER under the Solar Park Scheme.

The MNRE has planned a detailed trajectory to meet the target

of 100 GW by 2022. A
capacity of 23.12 GW was installed up
to July 2018. Projects of around 10 GW are under
implementation and tenders for additional 24.4 GIW are
issued. India has a good level
radiation recciving the solar encrgy equivalent more of solar
of than 5000 trillion kWhlyr.
The MNRE working in conjunction
with the Indian Rencwable
Agency (IREDA) to promote Energy Development
the utilization of all forms
share of renewable energy of solar power and to increase the
in the Indian market.
This promotion is being
R&D, demonstration projects,
government subsidy programs, achieved through
The 2018 manufacturing and also private sector projects.
capacity of solar cells
and solar modules in
5,620 MIW, respectively. India was 1,590 MW and
Solar buildings have
been promoted by
cficiency. The state government the MNRE in an
effort to increase energy
in Himachal Pradesh
of passive solar design has actively promoted
into building design. the incorporation
for the past two The Solar PV Program
decades, has been aimed particularly promoted by the Ministry
at rural & remote areas.
As on 3)-12-2022,
a cumulative
couniry. Ji includes solar power
53 GW froni of 63.30 GW has been
ground-nounted installed in the
solar,8.08 GW from
rooftop solar and

34
Introduclion
1.33

222 GW from off-grid solar. In addition to this, a capacity of around 5I.13

GI is under
inplementation and 31.4 GW is under tendering stagc. It is expcctcd that the solar power
projects of capacityaround 15 GV will be commissioncd during this Financial Ycar (FY) 2022
23. Bascd upon availability of land and solar radiation, the potential solar power in the country
has been asscsscd to be around 750 (GIWp. State-wise cumulative solar installed capacity (as on
31-12-2022) is given in Table 1.5.

Tabie 1.5 State-wise cumulative solar installed cupacity in tle country (as on 31-12-2022)
S. No. State Cunulative Capacity
till31-12-2022 (MW)
1. Rajasthan 16340.75

2. Gujarat 8500.74

3. Karnataka 7885.56

4. Tamil nadu 6412.36

5. Telangana 4650.93

6. Andhra Pradesh 4524.72

7. Maharashtra 3646.13

8. Madhya Pradesh 2774.78

9. Uttar Pradesh 2485.16

10. Punjab 1153.21

MIW will be installed under different solar

expected thata capacity of around 15,000
It is

programmes during the Financial Year 2022-23.

1.9,4. Wind Energy

power industry and has shown
India's wind energy sector is led by indigenous wind
consistent progress. The expansipn of the wind industry has
resulted in a strong ecosystem,
annnum. The
of' around 12,000 MIW per
project operation capabilities and manufacturing base
in the world with total installed
country currently has the fourth highest wind installed capacity

35
 Renewable EnergY Syster

was added during

which 1.85 GW
(as on 31st
December, 2022) of
NAN of 41.93
GI}'
generated from wind power projects durin
The number of units
2022.
iAry to December, were 66.05 billion units.
Iannary to November, 2022 Resoue.
sourcc of cnergyand
an extensive Wind
and site-spccific .
Wind is an intermittcnt sites. Over a period of time
(WRA) is cssential for the selcction of potcntial wird
Assessment
Wind Encrgy (NIWE), has installed 993
Institute of
Ministry, through National
over the country as on 3 1.12.2022.
monitoring stations all
power in the country:
1. Installed capacity' afwind
power in the country as on 31.12.2022 i:
The installed capacity of
grid-interactivc wind
in Table 1.6.
41.93GW and state-wise installed capacity (in MW) is shown
powver installed capucity as on 31.12.2022
Table I.6 State wise wind

S. No. State Installed capacity (MW)

1. Andhra Pradesh 4096.65

2
Gujarat 9866.62
3 Karnataka 5269.65
4. Madhya Pradesh 2844.29
Maharashtra 5012.83
6
Rajasthan 4681.82
7. Tamil Nadu
9963.02
8. Telangana
128.10
9. Other states
4.30
Total 41929.78
The year-wise electricity generation
from wind energy source
is shown in Table1.7.
Table 1.7 Year wise
electricity generation
fromn wind energy sources
S. No.
Year
Generation (MW)
2014-15
2
2015-16 33768
33029

36
Introduclion 1.35

3 2016-17 46004
4. 2017-18 52666
S. 2018-19) 62036
2019-20) 64639
7 2020-21 60149

8. 2021-22 68640

9. 2022-23 (upto Deccmber, 2022) 59532

2. Offshore wind development in India:

by seawater on
India's mainland is blessed with coastlinc of about 7600 kn surrounded
a

three sides and has tremendous power generation potential from

offshore wind energy. The
as per the Gazette
Governnment had notified the National Offshore Wind Energy Policy
per the policy, Ministry of New and Renewable
Notification dated 6th October, 2015. As
Offshore Wind Energy in India and
Energy will act as the nodal Ministry for development of
government entities for Development and Use of
work in close coordination with other
an effective
Maritime Space within the Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) of the country in
electrical power for national
manner for production of enormous quantity grid quality
consumption.
as the nodal
Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE), Chennai has been designated
National
to resource assessment, surveys and
agency to execute various pre-feasibility activities relating
blocks and
Zone), demarcation of offshore potential
studies within EEZ (Exclusive Economic
energy developers for setting up offshore wind energy farms.
facilitating offshore wind project

3. Present status:
from other
assessment from satellite data and data available
Based on the preliminary
zones in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have been identified for exploitation of
sources, potential identified
energy. Initial assessment of offshore wind energy potential within the
offshore wind
coast of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu only.
zones has been estimated to be 70 GW off the
the sector in India,
In order to attract the large
investment necded for development of
GW of ofshore
its intention of developing 30
Government of India has already announced
wind energy project by 2030.

37
 Renewable Energy System
1.36
peotechnical andoccanographic) for 1.0 GW proiect
geophysical.
Datacolleetion (wind, complcted and the rapid
cnvironmental
area off Gujarat coast has becn
capacity equivalent
impacl assessment sludies are also conpleted.

1.9.5. Geothemal Energy at these

Thc powcr gcncration potential
generating clcctricity.
Only a few are snitalble for cncrgy locations have
to be around 10,000 /", Around 350 gcothermal
locations iscstimated Ladakh is the
in lndia by the Geological Survcy of India. Thc Puga valley in
heen diseovercd Godavari.
thcm. The Ilimalayas, Sohana, West Coast, Cambay (Gujarat),
nnost pronising of
a
and Son-Narmada-Tapi (SONATA) geothermal provinces, as well as number of
Mahanadi,
provinces.
goothermal springs, make up India's geothermal
geothermal resources in India
According to the Ministry ofNew and Renewable Energy,
be a 10 GW geothermal
have ben mapped, and a broad cstimate suggests that there could
power potential (MNRE).
first geothermal
The govcrnment of Chhattisgarh decided in 2013 to build the country's
power plant at Tattapani in the Balrampur district. An agreement to establish the first
geothermal power project in Ladakh was signed in 2021.

1.9.6. Biogas Energy

In India, the use of biogas derived from animal waste, primarily cow dung, has been
promoted for over three decades now. Biogas is the only technology that has put cooking in
rural areas on technological ladder and has made cooking a pleasure with associated
social and
environmental bencfits including zero indoor pollution.
India's National Project on Biogas
Development (NPBD) has been one of the well
organized and systematic program to provide
logistic and institutional support for that has been
under implementation since early 1980s.
India Biogas program is one of the most
successful programs if we compare with other
such program implemented in Rural India.
The ultimate goal of this program to set up
plants in around 12 million households is biogas
that have enough cattle to maintain a
dung. regular supply of

With the announcement

of the biogas progranmme on 2nd November,
up
setting 22500 snall biogas 2022, a target of
plants has been allocated to
During the month of November,
the States/ UTs for the FY 2022-23.
2022, a national seminar
Honourable Union Minister in the presence of Shri
R.K Singh,
for Power, New and Renewable
Energy on National Bioenergy

38
Introduclion
1.37
Drooramme was Conduetcd tor case
of application, ccntralizcd managcment of biogas
leueliciary's requCsls, monitoring of installation, and maintenance on
installed biogas plants
clc.

The Biogas l'rograme is

being implementcd through the Agriculturc Farmcrs Welfare
and Rural Development Departments the States, Dairy Co-0pcratives, State Nodal Agencies
of

(SNAS). Biogas Development and Iraining Centres (19DTCs), Kladi and Village Industries
Commission (KVIC) and National Dairy Developmcnt IBoard (NDDB) ctc. For inclusion of
simple. cost effective and porlable pre-fabricated designs of small biogas plants under the
Biogas Programne of MNRE, the Ministry has approved the specifications and parameters for
threc designs of flexi domestic biogas plant. For implementation of biogas programme, the
Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-Energy (SSS-NIBE), Kapurthala has been
nominatcd as the Central Nodal Agency (CNA) for managing the fund flow.

1.9.7. Tidal Power

are strong enough to
India has a long coastline with the estuaries and gulfs where tides
Kutch in
move turbines for electrical power generation. The Gulfof Cambay and the Gulf of
range of 1l m and 8 m with average tidal
Gujarat on the wvest coast have the maximum tidal
Sundarbans is approximately
range of 6.77 m and 5.23 m respectively. The Ganges Delta the
in
a power
5 m witlh an average tidal
range of 2.97 m. A detailed project report for 3 MV tidal
area West Bengal has been prepared through West Bengal Renewable
plant in Sunderbans of
Energy Development Agency.
(CEA) on 900 MV
was constituted under the Central Electricity Authority
A
committe feasibility
estimating the cost of the project. A techno-economic
Kutch tidal power project for estimate
for a 900 MW tidal power project. A revised
in 1988
study was carried out by the CEA in 1993.
crores was worked out for the execution of this project
of INR 6184
Gujarat was
up this power project in Kutch district of
setting
A feasibility study for in the early nineties.
However,
Power Corporation Ltd. (NHPC)
conducted by National Hydro to high capital cost
as well as high
viable due
thc project
was not found to be commercially in India due
power generation plant has been installed
No tidal
COst of electricity generation. viability.
clectricity and lack of techno cconomic
to its high cost of
generation of
cnergy represents
the third largest
New Jersey legislature said ocean
On September 15, 2022, under-utilised renewable
energy.
source of
energy and the largest
SOurce of renewable

39
Introduction 1.39

Tuble 1.8 Year-wise consnption of electricily by various sectors in GWVh

Year Industry Agriculture Domestic Commercial Trausport Others

2012-13 3,65,989 1,47,462 1,83,700 72,794 14,100 40,256

2013-14 3,84,418 1,52,744 1,99,842 74.247 15,540 47,418

2014-15 4,18,346 1,68,913 2,17,405 78,391 16,177 49,289

2015-16 4.23,523 1,73,185 2,38,876 86,037 16,594 62,976

2016-17 4,40,206 1,91,151 2,55,826 89,825 15,683 68,493

2017-18 4.68,613 1,99,247 2,73,545 93,755 17,433 70,834

2018-19 5,19,196 2,13,409 2,88,243 98,228 18,837 72,058

2019-20 5,32,820 2,11,295 3,08,745 1,06,047 19,148 70,031

2020-21 5,08,776 2,21,303 3,30,809 86,950 14,668 67,701

2021-22 5,33,500 2,29,000 3.34.000 1,07,500 19,800 72,500

% 43.34 17.99 24.81 6.41 1.58 5.86

distribution

Sources by Various
110.1. Current Usage of Non-renewable (Conventional) Energy
Secors
sectors given
Conventional energies of various forms are tabulated for different industrial
below.

1. Industrial sectors:
scctors is given in Table 1.9
Year-wise conventional energy consumption for industrial
below.
-
Table 1.9 Year-wise consumption coalin million tonnes Industry wise
of

Yeur Electricity Steel & Cement Paper |Textile Sponge Fertilizer Brick Others
iron &
other
chemical
Industr
ies
0.30 20.90 2.86 2.01 173.62
2012-13 446.76 51.70 13.11 2.12

40
 Renewable Energy System
1.40 4.01 198
1.91 0.36 18.49 2.64
53,05 11.94
2013-14 448.95 17.77 2.70 0.09234.22
11.36 1.65 0.42
497.70 S6.24
2014-15 7.76 2.62 0.07 240.95
8.99 1.21 0.27
S17.77 57,08 234.31
2015-16 0.24 5.56 2.45 0.10
S1.98 6.36 1.18
2016-17 53$.04 0.12 234.30
1.51 0.24 8.53 2.16
S8S.49 58.45 7.71
2017-18 12.09 1.79 0.09 257.44
64.65 8.82 1.64 0.20
2018-19 621.64
10.53 1.76 0.03 243.72
63.74 8.57 1.33 0.10
2019-20 626.1$
0.57 L53 0.03 245.93
60.17 6.75 1.05 0.08
2020-21 S81.23
1.25 0.08 8.67 1.46 0.02 234.10
2021-22 709.86 65.38 7,29
0.17 0.026 1.275 0.253 0.075 26.4
64.05 6.69 1.045

distribution

Table 1.10Year-wise consumption

of Lignitein million tounes - Industry wise
Paper Textile Bricks Others
Year Electricity Stecl & Cement
other
Industries

2012-13 37.2 0.05 1.1 0.69 3.47 0.87 2.94

2013-14 36.34 0.03 1.49 1.29 0.73 1

3.02
2014-15 39.47 0.02 1.27 0.65 2.89 0.67 1.98
2015-16 37.56 0.01 0.23 0.43 1.73 0.39 1.87
2016-17 38.82 0.04 0.29 0.53 1.29 0.42 1.77
2017-18 38.84 0.12 1.09 0.76 2.46 0.38 2.67
2018-19 37.73 0.09 1.8 0.6 2.61 0.63 2.34
2019-20 36.33 0.02 1
0.55 0.16 0.47 3.75
2020-21 32.94 0.02 0.81 0.57 0.29 0.43 3.44
2021-22 38.76 0.27 1.55 0.78 3.40 0.54 3.78
% 84.13 0.15 2.39 1.54 4.28 1.30 6.20
istribution
Similarly, year-wise consunmption
of petroleum products for various industries are
reported in Energy statistics India 2023 report on
Page 59-62 ofchapter 6 (Table 6.6(A) -Table
6.6(G)). Also, year-wise consumption
purposes of' various
of natural gas for energy purpose and non-energy
industries are reported in Energy
stutistics India 2023 report on Page o
of chupter 6 (Table 6.7).

41
Introduction
141
2.Agricultural sectors:
Modern apricullure requircs much rCater encrpy input
than conventional apricnlurc.
which heavily depends on fossil fuels for dryinp
grai. lauíacturine fertilizri, iriving
machinery and generatng electticity tsed for heating and liphtin! purposcs.
Tiee ciergy
intensive activitics at or ol1 the fann level are majcr contributor, fo prccniowe gas
(G1)
emissions.

As per April 2022, annual cnery se in :0 open-ficld aricnlture i; at tcat 1431 PJ.
equivalent t0 around 3.7% of tolal El} annual cner!y consuuuption witi tlhe majority of cnerry
sourccd from non-enewable energy sources. (Our meta-analysis find; that the production of
fertilizer is the larges energy consuming activity in I:Uagriculture, accounting for aroturnd 5(2%
of all cncrgy inputs. On-farnm diescl use accounts for 31% of total cnergy inputs whil: tlie
production pesticides and sccds accounts for 5% of total cnergy inputs. Other cnergy ue's,
mainly irrigation, storage and drying, account for 8% of total energy inputs. Energy use in El:
agricuture is significantly underreported and that around 55% of total energy inputs. associat :d
Mih the production of fertilizers and pesticides, come from indiret sources which carn be
assigned to the agricultural scctor but is used prior to reaching farms.

3. DomesticHouse hold enery consumption:

to grow, driven largely by
Energy consumption by appliances and cquipmcnt continues
use of encrgy-consuming devices.
increasing numbers of buildings and expanding ownership and
especially in emerging ccononmies.
power consumers in an average household. and
Heating and cooling appliances are tlhe largest
system must be at the top of the list. Centra! air
HVAC (Hcating, vcntilation and air conditioning)
energy to keep your residence at the perfect temperature.
conditioners and heaters consume lot of
a
HVAC systen is wel!
Ihe money spent on household elcctricity consumption could be saved if
Serviced and home is well-insulated.

3. Transport sectors:
of energy was consumed in the
transport sector. Crude oil ad oil products
2020,
In J05 EJ
transport sector. The energy constumption in
contribute 90% of the cnergy necds for the
use for clectricity globally.
ransport is more tlhan the energy
decarbonizing the transport sector but the
Elcctrification is an important option for electricity
Contribution tothe overallshare in
transport is 1.4%. The slare of rencwables inthe
is much lower. At the
same time,
IS only 30%. So, the overall share of renewable electricity
sector right
currently ofter commercial and renewable fuel for the
iquid biofuels and biogas
in the overall energy
use in the transport scctor.
iow, Biofucls have share of 3.6%
a

42
 Renewable Energy System

1.42
reported that the transport sector contributes
(BEF)
Energy Eliciency million tonnes of
oil cquivalent
The Bureau of representing 94
India,
18% of total
energy consumption in
an cxpected 200 Mtoe of encrgy stock i.
thistrend, itwould require
(Mtoe), 1fIndia continues
2021).
2030 (Govemment of India,
in EJ used by
transport sector from2000-2020
Table 1.iI Various energies
Oil Gus Nucleur
S. No. Year Cval

0.03 78.6 2.42 0.42

1. 2000

0.01 88.1 3.10 0.81

2005

2010 0.01 94.5 3.74 2.37

3.

4. 2015 0.00 104 4.12 3.29

2020 0.04 95.0 4.67 3.81

1.10.2.Current Usage of Renewable Energy Sources by Various Sectors

The highcst penetration was in the general use of electricity (such as for lighting and
appliances but excluding clectricity for heating, cooling and transport) which accounted for
around 17% of TFEC. Energy use for transport represented around 32%
of TFEC and had the
lowest slhare of renewables (3.7%). The remaining
thermal energy uses which include space
and water heating, space cooling and industrial process
heat accounted for more than half
(51%) of TFEC which is around 11.2% was
supplied by renewables.
1. Renewables in power sector:
The greatest success for renewables
in 202l was the power sector.
newrenewable power A recurd 315 GW of
capacity was added sufficiently to power every
biggest success stories are household in Brazil. The
solar PV and wind which fgure out
power additions. So for 90% of all new renewable
far, current deployment
world on track to reach net zero
of renewable power is still far from
keeping the
emissions by 2050.
2. Renewables
in commerctal sector:
The energy used in
buildings accounts
demand adequate for around one third
renewables to heat of the global final energy
and cool our homes.
only slowly in this sector So far renewables are
(only 14.7% energy use
of progressing
point increase froma decade in buildings), representing
befure. only a 4 Yo

43
 1.43

: atd agricuiture sectors:

Rezewubles in inilustry
The industty sector ISthe larestenergv Iser which nceds more th:an three times global
of
ünal eneny demnd. So ar, the large potential to nneet industrial ener:y demand witlh
nenen ables is not enOugh (eseealy for low-tennperature process heat) but little progress Ihas
hyn made on shitting the scctor lo tenewables. Interest in rencwables is picking up in
agriulur.

26.0%

EJ
consurnption,
19.4%

16.1%
14.7%
15
12.5%
fuel 10.7%

Total

3.6%
5 2.4%

2009 2019 2009 2019 2009 2019 2009 2019

Power Commercial Industry & Agriculture

Transport
sector sector sector sector

Figure 1. 10

4. Renewables in transport sector:

renewvables in the sector's tinal
Progress in the transport sector remains slow. The share of a
to 3.7%. In spite of
energy consumption grew only 1.2 % points between 201l and 2019
to COVID-19, the overall trend is
temporary reduction in transport energy demand related
a
Owards rapidly rising denandwith whopping
24% increase during the decade. The overall
1.12 below. The statistics show
Contribution of renewables in transportsector is shown in Table
year 2000
transport sector is increased progressive from
he involvement of renewables in
in renewables will continue in future.
<020 by indicating that further increase

44
 2000-2020
transport
sectorrom
1.44 ofrenewables in
Contribution
Table 1.12 Renewables
Year
S. No. 0.7
C.79
1.
2000
1.1
0.93
2005
2
L.06 2.5
3. 2010
1.21 3.2
2015
1.47 4.0
2020
renewable energy was used
Statistics 2022, in 2020, 4,23 EJ of all
As per (Global
Biocncrgy
gascous biofuels accounted for 90% of
and
sector globally and liquid
on
in the transport electricity is calculated based
scctor. TIhe sharc of renewable
rencn able cncrgy used in the 10% shown in Tabla
electricity sector which had a share of
the share of rencwables in overall
1.J3 below.
Table 1.13

Biofuels in |Renevable Total in %

S. No. Year
EJ electricity EJ
in EJ
1. 2000 0.42 0.15 0.57 74
2. 2005 0.81 0.17 .0.98 82

3. 2010 2.37 0.21 2.59 92

4. 2015 3.29 0.28 3.57 92
5. 2020 3.81 0.42 4.23 90

,
41. FUTURE GLOBAL POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN POWER
PRODUCTION

International Renewable Energy Agency

(IRENA)'s World Energy Transitions Outlook
shows half of the energy
consumed in 2050 coming
decarbonisation will involve from electricity. 90 % of a
renewable energy through
efficiency, electrificaion, direct supply of low-cost powe
sustainable bioenergy and green
2050 climate target will hydrogen. However, achieving
depend on sufficient
action by 2030.
IRENA's new analysis
finds that by 2030,
(TW) of installed countries are targeting
renewable power capacity. to reaclh 5.4 teruw
It would only
be half of the 10.8 TW
of instal

45
Introduclion 1.45

capacity necded according to IRENA's L.5°C Scenario. To achieve net zero.

the targcted
rencwable power capacily by 2030 \vould have lo double compared to the levcl of ambition in
Current targets. It is readly achievable today as current renewablc p0wer targets lag recent
denlovment levcls, IRENA'srepot finds. To achicve currcnt targcts by 2030, countries would
needto add 2.3 T1 of capacity, cquivalent to average yearly acdditions of 259 gizrats (GI)
inthe ncNt nine ycars. It is bclow thc actual installcd capacity addcd in the past two years: in
020 and 2021. despite the complications that resulted fron the pandemic and conscquent
supply chain disruptions, the world added alnest 261 (GI cacl ycar.

12
10.8

TW

capacity.

Targeted capacity needs to be

double to meet 1.5°C goal
energy
5.4

Renewable

3.1

2031 2031
2021 IRENA 1.5°C
Installed Targeted Scenario
capacity
capacity
of renewubleenergy
analysis ofglobal potential
Figure 1.11IRENA a few regions
concentrated in
power targeted by 2030 remains
Furthermore, renewable followvcd by Europe and
North
targeted capacity,
up half of the global 3% of global
globally. Asia makes Africa account for just
East and North
America. In comparison,
the Middle Also, Sub-Saharan
Africa
high potential.
even though the region's
ployment targets for 2030
just over 2% of total
global for 2030.
accounts for

46
 Renevable Energy System

1.46
Hydroelectric Potential
1.11.1.
renewable energy in the world. Countries e.
form of
is the predominant
HNHriin or plateau regions make for prime
locations ofhydroelectric plants and
areas w ith mountainous

have the greatest

potential tor hydropower.
world hydroelectricity production and
The rcent cstimates (in
2017) confirm that the end
worldwide total hydropower installed capacity at the
consumption is about 4I85 T}. The
(GIH. Hydroclectric
power is contributing 16.4% of the world':
ot 2017 is approximately 1.267
an estimated
sources. Globaladditions to hydropower capacity in 2017 were
cloctricity from all Brazil
19 GU The lcading countries for
cumulative capacity (China, the United States,
and Norway) remained the same
as in the past several
Canada, theRussian Federation, India
of year 2017.
ycars, and together they represented about 68% of installed capacity at the cnd
per year (PIVhhr)
Globally a theoretical hydropower potential of 25.48 Peta watt-hours
at 9$°% flow dependability to l84.17 PWhyr at 30% flow dependability
was estimated.

and
As per study of global water forum 2022, the available theoretical, technical
exploitable hydropower potential was assessed and evaluated for 30%, 75% and 95% flow
dependability levels. Here, flow dependability means the probability of occurrence of available
river flow used in the analysis expected to be equaled or exceeded for the mentioned percentag:
of days in a year in a specific location. A 30% and 95% flow dependability for the available
potential in high flow and low flow seasons was considered to evaluate.
75% flow
dependability was used to assess and evaluate the available potentials in intermediate flow
conditions. The analysis of the possible hydropower energy
under 30% flow dependabiliy
assumes that the design discharge
is available only during the first two or
three months of the
rainy season and does not continue
throughout the year. On the other hand, 95% flow
dependability result indicates the
firm hydropower potential available
throughout the year.
The theoretical installed capacity
of global hydropower potential ranges from
2.9 teraswatts (TW) in the dry season
at 95% flow dependability
(30% flow dependability). to 21.01 TW in wet season
Therefore, the corresponding
petawatt hour in a year available annual energy can be 25.45
(PIWhyr) at 95% to 184.17
due to several constraints, PIWhyr at 30% dependability.
as
such the efficiency However
of the power plant components, topographica
constraints, capacity factor
of the power plant, all the available
be technically feasible.
Also, the annual energy
theoretical potential would not
sites ranges from that can be produced
7.06 PWh/yr to 49.05 from technical potentia
PWWyr, for 95% to
respectively. Hydropower 30% flow dependability
potential for various states
1.31. in India is shown in
chapter 1.9.2 on Pag

47
Ihtroduction
1.47

Continent-level hydropower potential availability:

Asia is the highest contributor in the world having morc
cxploitable hydropower potential
tban anywhere clsC witlh an average contribution
of 46.53%. 38.47% of exploitablc global
notential is available in the North and Soutlh Amcrican contincnts. Africa accounts for an
overane of 11.4% contribution out of which a
significant annount is still undeveloped. The
remaining 3.6% would be from Europe, and countrics in Occania. China, Russia, Canada,
Brazil, United States, Myanmar, Indin, Peru, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo,
Colombia, lndoncsia will have the highest contributions at acountry level.

1.11.2. Wind Energy Potential

Wind energy is actually of solar energy because winds arise primarily from
a form
temperature diflerence on the carth's surface because of unequal exposure of (or absorption of)
solar radiation. Wind energy is separately discussed from solar energy because the technology
is different and its potential use is also different.
to be 1.6x10' MW
The power available in the wind over the earth surface is estimated
power has emerged as
which is more than the present energy requirement of the world. Wind
power is
the most economical of all renewable energy sources. The installation cost of wind
power plant. Wind power
Rs. 4 crore / MW which is almost same.of conventional thermal
source and it is expanding at a rate of more than 30%
generation is the fastest growing energy
annually.
consecutive year, representing nearly
Asia was the largest regional market for the ninth
235 GW by the end of year 2017), followed
by
48% of added capacity (with total exceeding
6%).
Europe (over 30%), North America (14%) and
Latin America and the Caribbean (almost
more 90 countries had seen commercial wind power activity, and 30
By the end of 2017, than
countries had more than 1 GWV in operation.
world. Maintaining
been remarkable growth of wind power installation in the
There has
grevw by 10% with capacity increasing by 52
Tapid growth, wind power generating capacity
year 2017, China
cumulative capacity of 539 GIV by the end of 2017. In the
GY to reach the
of newwind capacity (19.7 GI)
and followed by the US (7 GI),
Tecorded the largest addition
UK (4.1 GI).
Germany (6.1 GW), India (4 GW) and
wind capacity
China leads the world in terms of total installed
As per the report ofREN21, GW), Spain
by the US (89 GI), Germany (56.1 GW), India (32.8
(188,4 GW) and followed
the end of 2020.
(20 GW), the UK (18.9 GW)
and France (13.8 GW) at

48
 Ronowalblo Enorgy Systun

1.48
10% in 2020to rcacl T120 7Wh. Wind oWer
pencralion grev by morc than more than the total poWer
power is
Vind
world eleetricity
generation, It
contributing 5.6% of total power gencrator.
is
world's lourth lurgest
is the
generation of Russia which u
contributor to Fropcan clcctricily gencratíon,
Wind has become
an important
2020. Wind power now provide
Dennark, w ind power provided
48% of power generalion in Wind
1Lithuania, Gernany, Portugal, and Spain,
IS°% or more of
power generated in Irelanl,
US where it contribuled just under 6%
of' power Lencration in
has a smaller share in the
mueh
of power.
2020 and in China,where wind provided just under 4%

1.11.3. Bioenergy Potential

a wide range of fecdstocks of
Biomass cnergy (biocncrgy) can bc produccd from
biological origin usinga number of different proccsses to produce hcat, clectricity and
transport

fucls (biofucls).

Biocnergy as solid fucls (biomass), liquids (biofucls) or gascs (biogas or biomethanc) can
be used to produce heat for cooking and for space and water heating in the residential scctor,
in traditional stoves or in modern appliances such as pellet-fed central heating boilers. The
dircct use of biomass for heating and cooking ctc. is the largest part
of the biocncrgy end use.
In effect, more than 80% of the biomass supply is used for direct
heating and cooking,
predominantly in Asia and African contincnts.

As per IRENAstudy 2022, biocnergy

makes up the largest share of rencwable energy use
today accounting around 9%
of the world's total primary cncrgy supply. More
bioenergy is consumed for cooking than half of
and heating buildings in the
Modern uses of bioenergy traditional and inefficicnt way.
include biomass and biogas/biomethanc
generation and liquid biofucls for industrial heat, power
road transport. However, they
the fnal energy consumption only contributc small shares o!
of cnd uses: 7% of heating for buildings
transport fuels. and industry and 3% ot
Modern bioenergy
has a major role to
scenario suggest that play in the encrgy
it will make up a quarter transition, IRENA's 1.5
final energy demand of the total primary einergy
by 2050. Bioenergy supply or 177% O
industrial processes willnccd to
and buildings, as be scaled up to provide
feedstock in well as fucls heat for bou
the petrochemical for transport.
It will also be
carbon capture
industry
and storage technologies
oproduce chemicals nceded
and plastics, Combined
a
biocnergy can in tlhc power wi
deliver the negative sector and some
emissions necded
to achicve
industrial sectOs
the net-zero emission
goal.
49
Introduction
1.49

Modern biocnergy is the largest source of renewablc energy globally accounting

for 55% 0f
csneyable energy and over 6%%
of global encrgy supply. The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario
sees a rapid increase in the use of biocncrgy to displace fos iil fucls by 2030. Use of modern
biocnergy has ncreased on avCragc by 7% per ycar betwcen 2010 and 2021. It is on an upward
trend. cfforts are needed to accelerate modern biocncrgy Jeploymcnt to get on track with the
More

Net Zero Scenario which secs deployment incrcasc by 10% per year betwccn 2021l and 2030 while
sinultaneously ensuring that biocncrgy production docs not incur negative social and
environmental conscquences.
years, the interest in using biomass as an energy source has increascd and it
In recent
represents approximately 14% of world final energy consumption. 15%-50% of the world's

primary energy use could come fronm biomass by the year 2050.

1.11.4. Solar Energy Potential

power and it can be utilized by using thermal and
Solar energy can be a major source of
on the earth's surface on a bright
photovoltaic conversion systems. Solar radiation received
power of
day, at noon is approximately
1
kW/m. The earth continuously intercepts solar
178 billion MIW which is about 10,000 timcs the world's demand.
But so far, it could not be
an estimate, if all buildings of the world are covered
developed on a large scale. According to
power requirements of the world. At present, the
with solar PV panel, it can fulfill electrical
per W which is five times more than the coal fired
capital cost of solar PV system is Rs. 200
thermal power generation cost.
energy for a variety of energy needs including
There are major advantages in using solar in
and space heating. The availability of solar radiation is extremely high
clectrical generation
is also readily available and easily
installed in
some localities of the world. The technology
energy is cheaper than
the. lifetime cost of solar
most countries of the world. Furthermore,
the day may
energy sources. In some areas, any excess energy produced during
Conventional on days.
or stored for the use at night and cloudy
be sold to local utility companies
to exceed
by a record 179 TIVh (up 22%) in 2021
Solar PV generation increased
largest absolute generation growth of all renewable
the second
I000 Th. It demonstrated lowest-cost option for
new
Solar PV is becoming the
technologies in 2021 after wind. investment in the coming
the world which is expected to propel
electricity generation in most of
2022-2030 is
25%% in the period
generation growth of
years. However, the average annual a more than
Emissions by 2050 Scenario. It corresponds to
needed to follow the Net Zero greater policy
capacity deployment until 2030 requiring much
ireefold increase in annual

50
 Renewable Energy System
|1.50
cspecially areae.
in the
ambition andmore eflot trom both public and private stakeholders,
of policy, regulation and financing
challenges, Thi
grid integration and the mitigation
particularly the case in emerging and
developing countries.

China was responsible forabout 38% of solar PV generation growth in 2021 to large
capacity additions in 2020 and 2021.Thc sccond largest generation
growth (17% share of the
total) was recorded in the United Statcs, and third largest in the Europcan Union
(10%). Solar
and
PV proved to be resilient in the face of Covid-19 disruptions, supply chain bottlenecks
commodity price rises expericnced in 2021 and achieved another record annual increase
in

capacity (almost 190 GI). Therefore, it should lead to further acceleration of electricity
generation growth in 2022.

() 4frican giants:
Namibia has the highest overall global PV output potential, according to the World Bank's
ranking with a nationwide average PV power output (PVOUT) measurement of 5.38
kWRkWplday.

Egypt, Botswana, Morocco and Sudan also feature in the global PVOUT top 20 to similar
solar radiation totals and land availability, suggesting African nations could come to dominate
global solar production rankings if all the region's ambitious renewable energy development
plans take root.
(it) Middle east contenders:
Similarly, high amounts of solar radiation and large swaths usable land,
of several Middle East
countries also place highly on PVOUT potential despite current
low levels of solar installations.
Jordan, Yemen and Oman are the top three Middle East
nations in terms of PVOUT,
followed by Saudi Arabia. Large investments in green energy
infrastructure throughout the
Middle East mean, the region will soon realise
much of that latent solar potential which should
help the area's economies continue to grow despite
the uncertainty tied to the outlook for oil
and gas exports from the same region.

(iti) Asian majors:

China's relatively slowly ranking on the
PVOUT scale might suggest the country
suited to solar production. isnot wel
But as the PVOUT measurement
is a nationwide average,
congested and cloudy areas in the low measurements Irou
north and east tend to offset the
higher readings from
ie

51
Introduction 1.51

eunuy and spacious western hubs wherc the country

has devcloped its world-leading expertise
in the solar space.

Even if it is, China's overall PVoUT reading of 3.88 kWb/kWplday is well belowthe
national averages of other countries in Asia including dry and sunny Mongolia (4.76 PVOUT
measurement), India (4.32) and Afghanistan (5.02), thc region's top overall PVOUT potential
leader.

(iv) European growtlh:

While Germany is the top current solar producer in Europe, Spain has the region's highest
PvoUT reading to year-round sunshine and suitable space for solar farm installations.

aresult, the country is likely to sharply increase installed solar capacity which
As in 2022
was roughly a third of Germany's.
ran of
Portugal and Turkey also rank in the top 100 PVOUT Iist compared to Germany's
196.

(v) The Americas:

and ranks second
Within the Americas, Chile has by far the top overall PVOUT reading,
globally to concentrations of bright sunshine and
suitable space for utility-scale installations.

score in the global top 30 while the United States ranks 90

Bolivia, Peru and Mexico also
in the Southwest which
are comparable to other
but it has favourable solar potential pockets
high-scoring areas elsewhere.
vast potential for solar power in all regions
Altogether, the PVOUT metric highlights the combination of
global leaders but they have the right
especially in areas that currently lag leaders in the
abundant sunshine and
space to potentially emerge as the new global solar
coming decades.

1.11.5. Geothermal Energy Potential

meeting held
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Council
During the 25h International Programmatic
2023, the Agency organised a dedicated
In Abu Dhabi, UAE
on 23-24 May
to promote the role of
Global Status of Geothermal Market and Technology
DIScussion on the
geothermal in the energy transition. in
growth has been driven by developments
geothermal market
In recent years, the on new plants commissioned
United States. Although data
onesia, Kenya, Türkiye and the at a levelised cost of
energy competitively generated electricity
2021 shows that geothermal

52
 Renewalble Enorgy System

investments
1.52
countries still face
challenges in attracting to

electricity ofSD S3,

geothemal devekynnt. a modest rate of: around 3.5%
cnergy has growIn at
gnatn trom gcothermal 15.96 gigawatts
electric (Ge,
Elkctriin of approxinately
reahing a totai installed capacity
annually by

in 202i. way which

power plants to be opcrated in a flexible
gcotherimal
s
Binary tochnology aliow rencwablc elcctricity
penctration of variablc
is ideal for the
stabilisation of grids with high new
power has increascd to over 50% for
plants
sources. As a result, the deploymentof binary
to only 12% before 2000.
plants commissioncd between
2015 and 2021 compared

use of geothermal for heating and cooling applications

for agri-food
Atthe same time, the
Driven
and industry as wellas for district heating and
cooling among others is also growing.
are
by decarbonisation agenda and the need
to secure domestic sources of energy, countries
resources.
likely to increase the development and utilisation of low-medium temperature

Geothermal powcr runs at a much higher load factor than wind

or solar as its source is
continuous rather than internittent. So, geothermal energy produces significantly more
clectricity per MV of capacity. However, due to the conditions required for geothermal power
the development has been concentrated in a relatively small number of countries.
The installed capacity of geothermal energy has gradually increased worldwide over the
last decade, reaching some 14.9 GW in 2022. Geothermal technologies are among
the growing
renewable energy trend occurring across the world, as environmentally friendly techno!ogies
are sought afier due to lower
emissions and the use of a renewable source.
Geothermal Power Market is Projccted to
Reach USD 6.17 billion, at a 5.26% CAGR by
2030 as per Report by Market Research
Future (MRFR). It projects that 1,400
TWh of
electricity per year could come from
geothermal power by 2050, up from 67
TWh at present.
A quarter of the world's geothermal
generation capacity
is located in Southeast Asia,
mostly deployed in just two
countries such as Indoncsia
Pacific Typhoon Belt, and Philippines. Located astride
the country is no stranger to the
and increasingly violent the impact of climate change with regular
typhoons, storms and flooding
constantthreats.
The Deparlment Energy
of is targeting an additional
2025 and a further
288 MW in the five ycars 900 MW of geothermal
to 2030. fully capacity by
with existing installed
capacity in the Philippines
If rcalized, new capacity
combined
in geothermal deployment. would challenge
US as current global
leader

53
Introduction 1.53

411.6. Ocean Tidal Energy Potentiaf

The potentia! in ccean tid:s reseurCe i, estimatcd a: 559 billion kihyear (120 GW
power). It is in the deveisping stagu. The global rnarkct for Jccan Energy (Tidal Stream and
Wave) estimated at 85.2 111lnn Ktlssuts in the ycar 2022 is projcctud to reach a rcvised size
of1.3 ilion Kils ails by 203 growing at a CAGR of 39.7%, 0ver the analysis period 2022
"030. The major fimitaticn fot the developnent of tidal power station is huge capital
investment per k'of poser generation. A 29 3MW tidal plant is Ivcated at Nava Scotia. Canada
and a 400 k# capacity piant is located at Kislaya Cuba and Russia on the Barents Sea. Many
sites have been identified in USA. Argentina. Europc, India and China for developmnent of tidal

pO*er.

Worid Recent Past. Curent and Future Analysis for Ocean Energy (Tidal Stream and Wave)
b Geographic Region such as USA, Canzda, Japan, China, Europe and Rest of Worid Markets -

Ináeperdent: Analysis of Annual Capacity Additions in K#Y for Years 2622 through 2030 and
prcenmace CAGR

1.11.7. Ocean Wave Energy Potential

There is no major development programme carried out till now due to limited availability
and uncertainty of power generation capability. The world's first commercial wave energy
p'ant having 0.5 MW is located in Isle of Islay and Scotland. Some small prototype devices
tave been tested. The resource is more concentrated in deep sea where it is difficult to harness
nd deliver. The estimated potential is 2000 G#. It has been estimated that the total available
CS wave energy resource is 23 GW which is more than twice as much as Japan and nearly five
tines as much as Great Britain. It has been estimated that improving technology and economies
of scale will allow wave generators to produce electricity at a cost comparable to wind-driven
turbines which produce energy at about Rs. 3.5 per k/h.

AccordingtoPolaris Market Research report, the global Ocean Povwer Market size & share
to be valued at
expected to generate revenue of USD 3,763.92 million by 2030 and estimated
USD67.5 million in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.2% from 2022 to
2030.

1.11.8. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (oTEC) Potential

.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technologies use the temperature difference
beteen warm seawater at the surface of the ocean and cold seavwater between 800-1000 m
depth to produce electricity. This technology is in the prelirminary stage. Conceptual designs of

54
 Renewable Energy System

are quite uncertain. The

|1.54
Their commercialprospccts
installed. resource potential for OTECis
OTEC plant have becn cncrgy. The
small wave
more than tidal or 88,000 TWWyr of power
potcntial is likcly to
be
occan cncrgy forms. Up to
nmuch largcr than
other
occan's thcrmal structure.
The first
considered to be affecting the
without
could be gencrated
from (OTEC and gencratcd 22 klV. So far, only
1930
operational OTEC
system was built in Cuba in Hawaii which ran fro
It is locatcd in
up to l MI" has been built.
commercial 0TEC plant 10 MW plants using current desion
it is technically feasible
to build
1993 to 1998. Although opcrating experience is
stil
and materials, the actual
manufacturing, deployment techniques

lacking. as
when comparing all ocean energy technologies and
OTEC has the highest potential resources
many as 98 nations and territories have been identified that
have viable OTEC
power generation capacity could be supplied
Recent studies suggest that the total worldwide
a large number of island states in the Caribbean and Pacific
Ocean
by OTEC. Furthermore,
are high up-front
have OTEC resources within 10 km of their shores. The existing barriers
capital costs and the lack of experience building OTEC plants at scale.

1.12. FUTURE POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN POWER PRODUCTION N

INDIA

There is high potential for generation of renewable energy from various sources such as
wind, solar, biomass, small hydro and cogeneration bagasse.

India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources

and it has one of the largest
programs in the world for
deploying renewable energy products and systems.
The Indian
renewable energy sector is the fourth most
attractive renewable energy market in the
per the Renewable world as
Energy Attractiveness Index 2018.
India had its largest ever increase in
renewables in power generation (+20%)
making the fifth-largest contribution
to global growth.
The Union government
of India announced a plan to add
capacity in the next five years 250 GW of renewable energy
to achieve its target
of 500 GW energy
of clean by 2030.
1.12.1. Solar Power Potential
India is one of the best
recipients of solar energy
belt (40° S to 40° N). due to its favourable
With about 300 clcar, sunny location in the solar
solar power generation days in a year, India has a vast potential 1or
since about 58% of
average global thetotal land area (1.89 million
insolation above 5 km) receives annual
kWh/m'lday. India's
incidence on its
land area alone is theoretically calculated
about 5,000 solar energy
trillion kilowatt-hours
(kVh) per year. Tne
55
Introduction 1.55

Gangetic plains (trans, middle and uppcr), plateau (ccntral, western and southern) region,
western dry region, Gujarat plains and hill region as well as the west coast plains and Ghat

region receive annual global insolation above 5 kWh/m'lday. These zones include states of
Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradeslh, Mabarashtra, Madhya Pradeslh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
Haryana, Punjab, Kerala, Bilar, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The castern part of Ladakh
region (Jammu & Kashmir) and minor parts of Himachal Pradesh, Utarakhand and Sikkim
which are located in the Himalayan belt also receive similar average global insolation annually.
The castern Himalayan states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Assam receive annual
average global insolation belovw 4 kWh/m'lday.

Solar potential of India stands at 649 GW. The solar energy available in a year exceeds

the possibleenergy output of all fossil fuel energy potential in India. The daily average solar
per m² of used land area which is
pOwer plant generation capacity over India is 0.25 kWh
in a year with the
equivalent to about 1,500-2,000 peak (rated) capacity operating hours
available commercially-proven technologies.
power in the country
Based upon availability of land and solar radiation, the potential solar
estimated solar energy potential
has been assessed to be around 750 GWp. State-wise details of
in the country (as on 31-12-2022)
are given in Table 1.14.

energy potential in the Country

Table 1.14 State-wise estinated solar

Solar Potential (GWp)

S. No. State
142.31
1. Rajasthan
111.05
2. Jammu & Kashmir
64.32
3. Maharashtra
61.66
4. Madhya Pradesh
38.44
5. Andhra Pradesh
35.77
6. Gujarat
33.84
7. Himachal Pradesh
25.78
8. Odisha
24.70
9 Karnataka
22.83
10. Uttar Pradesh

56
 Renewable Energy System

1.56 20.41
Telangana
11. 18.27
Chhattisgarh
12.
18. 18
13.
Jharkhand
17.67
TamilNadu
14.

of
Solar Energy, India
National Institute
# Assesscd by sol.
target having net-zero emissions by 2070, the country's
For India to reach its bold
of power ser.
over GIW, coal use particularly in the
to 5,600
power capacity would have to rise
crude oil would need to peak by 2050 and f
and
willhave to drop by 99 % by 2060
substantially by 90% in the two decades.

Solar-based generation capacity must rise to 1,689 GW

by 2050and 5,630 GV by 2070
and
Wind-based solar electricity generation capacity
must increase to 557 GW by 2050
1792 GI
by 2070.

1.12.2. Wind Energy Potential

India's 7,600 kilometer-wide coastline has the potential to generate approximatel;

140 GW of electricity from offshore wind. Offshore wind is significant in India's goal of
achieving 500 gigawats of renewable energy capacity by 2030 and achieving its target of
becoming net zero by 2070. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the noddl
ministry for developing and using maritime space within the country's
exclusive economic
zones (EEZ) for offshore wind energy.
The National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE)
conducts resource assessments, surveys, and studies in EEZ demarcate
blocks and facilitates
developers to set up offshore wind energy farms.
Nationa! Institute of Wind Energy
(NIWE), has assessed the gross
of 695,50 GW in the country at 120 m wind power potena
respectively above ground level.
exists in eight windy States as Most of this potenua
given in Table 1.15.
Table 1.1S Windpower
potential in Indiaat 120 m above
ground
S. No. State
Wind Power Potential
ut 120 ntr agl(GW)
Andhra Pradesh
74.90
2. Gujarat
142.56

57
Introduction
1.57

3. Karnataka 124.15
4. Madhya Pradesh 15.40
5. Maharaslhtra 98.21

6. Rajasthan 127.75
7 TamilNadu 68.75
8
Telangana 24.83

9 Other states 18.95

Total 695.50
India has a long coastline of about 7,600 kilometers and good prospects for harnessing
offshore wind energy. The country has set a target of installing 30 GW of offshore wind projects
by 2030. The government estimates that the states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu alone have
around 70 GW of potential for offshore wind power, enough to power over 50 million homes.
to
The progress in this sector has been slow primarily due to the high initial cost compared
solar and onshore wind. Several offshore projects have been in the pipeline for many years but
none are operational.

significantly increased
The development of wind power in India began in 1990s and it has
in the last few years. Wind power has
seen a phenomenal growth of around 33% CAGR
years. With the total wind power capacity (as on
(compound annual growth rate) in the last 5
Most of the capacity
31.08.2018) of 34986.35 MW, India now ranks fourth in the world.
in India. Other states contribute most of
(8594.39 M) is installed in the state of Tamil Nadu
MW), Maharashtra (4788.13 MIW), Karnataka
the wind power are: Gujarat (5852.67
recent assessment conducted by National
(4672.30 MW) and Rajasthan (4299.72 MW). The
a gross wind power potentia! of 302 GIW in the
Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) indicates
targets for offshore wind capacity additions of
country at 100 m above ground level. National
5 GW by 2022 and 30 GW by 2030 declared.

1.12.3. Biomass Energy Potential

the total primary energy use in the country is still derived from biomass
About 32% of energy needs. The current
and more than 70% of the country's
population depends on it for its
per year covering
500 million metric tonnes
availability of biomass in India is estimated about Additional
residues corresponding to a potential of about 18 GW.
agricultural and forestry

58
 Renewalble Energy Systen
1.58 cogeneration in the country. Thus,
bagasse-based
power could be generated through
7.3 GW' 25 GW.
potential for biomass power is about
the total estimated power capacity as on
31.12.202%
State-wisc installed biomass
Table 1.16 provides the
providcd by MNRE.
potential of biomass energy
Table 1.16 State-wise
Potential (MW)
S. No. State
1970
1.
Maharashtra
1765
2 Uttar Pradesh

Karnataka 1222
3.
TamilNadu 1164
4.
Andhra Pradesh 739

6. West Bengal 530

7. Punjab 3178

8. Telangana 645

9. Other states 7387

Total 18600

is solid bioenergy. Almost

Of the total global bioenergy demand in 2050; around 60%
use for their production and over 10% is biogases.
30% is liquid biofuels including energy
a low-cos!
Demand is concentrated in sectors that are either hard to electrify or require
dispatchable source of renewable energy.

In the electricity sector, solid bioenergy demand in 2050 is around 35 EJ. Bioenergy
provides only 5% of total electricity generation in 2050 but it is an important source of lo
emissions flexibility to complement variable generation from solar PV and wind. In ti
industry sector, where solid bioenergy demand reaches 20 EJ in 2050, it is used to meet hig
temperature heat needs that cannot be easily electrified such as paper productio.
and cement
In 2050, bionergy meets 60% of energy demand in the paper industry and 30% of energ
demand for cement production. In nearly
the buildings sector, bioenergy demand increases to
10 EJ in 2030, mostly replace
in emerging economies for improved cookstoves that
unsustainable traditional uses of biomass.

59
Introduction 1.59

1.12.4. Hydroelectric Energy Potential

Jndia is blesscd with immcnse anmount of hydro-clcctric potential and ranks 5" in terms of
cxploitable hydro-potential on global scenario. As per assessment made by CEA, India
is

endowed with cconomically cxploitable hydro-power potential to thc tune of 145 G of

installed capacity. India stands in S place for lydro-elcctric potcntial in the world on global
scenario.
an installed capacity of
In north India, Blhakra Beas Managcmcnt Board (BBMB) has
per ycar. BBMB is a major source of
2.9 GW and it generates 12,000-14,000 million units
in India.
peaking powcr and black start to the northern grid
storage projects have
In addition tothe lhydro power given above, 56 number of pumpcd
94 GW. In addition to this, hydro
also been identified with probable installed capacity of
estimated as 6.8 GW from 1,5 12 sites.
potential from small, mini and micro schemes has been
about 250 GWY.
Thus, in totality India is endowed with hydro-potential of
in a decarbonised economy, hydropower
Net zero projections published by IEA show how more
the predominant source of dispatchable electricity, contributing
is expected to become
group by
annual electricity production (approximately 22,700 TIVh) of this
than 40% of the
2050.
amounts of green and brownfield hydropower
Both IRENA and IEA showv that substantial
to provide reliable low carbon electricity to back up variable
capacity are urgently required more than
power. achieve a net zero economy by 2050, IEA indicates that
wind and solar To
a capacity of
hydropower capacity is needed in reaching total installed
1,300 GWof additional produced
conclusions are presented in the 1.5°C pathway scenario
almost 2,700 GW. Similar years in reaching
hydropower fleet will need to double over the next 30
by IRENA where the GIV is pumped hydro.
capacity of more than 2,900 GWof which almost 420
an overall installed
by 2050 to meet climate goals.
In addition, hydropower capacity should more than double

(SHP) Potential
1.12.5. Small Hydro Power
the responsibility of developing Small Hydro Power
with
The MNRE have been vested Hydro Power
capacity. The identified potential of Small
station
(SHP)projects up to 25 MW sites. In cumulative
terms, 1089 small
MW from 7135 identified
in the country is 21135 up in various parts of the
country
to 44 l8 MW have been set
hydropower projects aggregating various stages of
addition, 136 projects of about 754 MIV are in
as on 31.12.2017. In as on
State-wise installed biomass power capacity
the
implementation. Table 1.17 provides
31.12.2017 provided by MNRE.

60
 Renewable Energy System
|1.60
SFIP capacity as on 31. 12. 2022
Table 1.17 State-wise potential and installed

State Potential (MW)

S. No.
1 IHimachal Pradesh 3461

Karnataka 3727
2.
Uttarakhand 1665
3.

4. Tamil Nadu 605

S. Jammu & Kashmir 1708

6. Arunachal Pradcsh 2065

7. Andhra Pradesh 409

8. Kerala 647

9. Maharashtra 787

10. Other states 6059

Total 21133

1.12.6. Tidal Energy Potential

India is estimated to have a potential of about 54 gigawatts (GI) of ocean energy
including about 12.4 GIW of tidal power. However, even after four decades of starting efforts
1o harness tidal power. India is estimated to have a
potential of around 54 gigawatts (GI) of
ocean energy such as tidal power (12.45 GW) and wave power
(41.3 GW) but it is yet to be of
practical use as the Indian government's Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE)
says the estimated potential
of tidal and wave power is "purely theoretical and does not
necessarily constitute a practically exploitable potential".

1.12.7. Geothermal Energy Potential

Geothermal is energy generated from heat

stored in the earth or the collection absorbed
heat derived from underground. Immense of
amounts of thermal energy are
in the Earth's core, mantle generated and storeu
and crust. Geothermal energy is at
J4.5 GWover the world and present contributing abou
India's small resources can augment
carried out by the geological survey the above percentage. Sud
of lndia have observed existence of about
in the hot country. These are 340 hot spring
distributed in seven geothermal
productive in a 1500 km stretch provinces which are mos
of the Himalayas. Thesc are
Gujarat and Rajasthan and also found along the west coast
along a west south west-east-northeast
line running from the we

61
 TECHNOLOGIES IN INDIA
DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
114. a
to
use of renewable energy sources in the transition
The relevance of the increasing
even in the early 1970s. Since the early 1980s
sustainable energy base was recognised in India
a significant thrust has been given to the development, trial and induction of
a variety of

renewable energy technologies for use in different sectors. To begin with it, the endeavous
were steered and overseen by the Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) S

62
utroducllon 1.63

un in 1981. In 1982, a separate Department of

Non-Conventional Encrgy Sources (DNES) was
created by the Mimistry of Enerpy nnd it was cntrusted with the chargc of promoting
nonconventional cnergy sources.
A decade later, it was upgraded and thus, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
started funding as a separate Ministry from 1992 to develop all arcas of renewable energy.
Indecd, India was the irst country in the world to sct up an cxclusive ministry for non
conventional energRy development, tlhe Ministy of Non-Conventional Encrgy Sources
onc of the world's
(MNES), in carly 1980s. Since its inception, tlhe Ministry has launched
on various promotional
largest and most ambitioUs programs on renewable cnergy. Bascd
power generation from
cfforts put in place by MNES, significant progress is being made in
was renamed the Ministry of New and
rencwable cnergy sources. In October 2006, MNES
Rencwable Encrgy (MNRE).
programme covering
As per itsmandate, the MNRE has been implementing a broad-based
the whole spectrum of renewable encrgy technologies. The aim of
the programme is to:
power
increase the share of renewable source in the overall installed capacity
gencration,
areas for a variety of applications,
(ii) mect the cnergy nceds of rural and remote
by rural women in following the
(iii) minimize the drudgery and health hazards faced
from long distances and in
age-old practice of cooking with fuel-wood collected
traditional chulhas which emit lot of smoke and
a
ocean and
industrial waste besides chemical,
(iv) extract energy from urban and to
sources, The underlying idea of the programme is not to substitute but
geothermal
energy generation in meeting the basic energy needs of
supplement the conventional
the community at large.
Energy Development Agency
Government of India also created Indian Renewable
low
financial assistance in the form of subsidy and
Limited (IREDA) to assist and it provides
financing
energy projccts. IREDA covers a wide spectrum of
interest loan for rencwable
cnergy efficiency. At present, IREDA's lending is
activities including energy conservation and
mainly in the following areas.
photo voltaic
energy technologies, utilization of solar thermal and solar
(i) Solar
systems.
up grid connccted wind farm projects.
(ii) Wind energy setting
micro hydro projects.
(ii)Small hydro setting up small, miniand

63
 Renewable Energy
Ste
1.64 projects,
biomass-based co-generation biomss
tvhnologies,
(iv) Bi-enegy
waste and briquetting projects.
gasifiration, cnergy hvm
s stems.
() Hbid
EnenN eicicney and onserv ation.
() es
programmes in ditlerent avas of rnewable energy sector have resulte:
?he natinal energy but also in.
publicawareness about the advantages of renewable
onty in gcneratin of
cnergy Systems and devices for vari:
Visible inerase in the deployment of renewable
energy to total installed capaci
aylicatins. Consequently. the contribution of renewable
Nwer generation has been progressively rising.
on Biogt:
The programmes to meet the ural enegy nceds are the National Project
Development (NPBD) and the National Programme on Improved Chulhas (NPIC). The NPB
aims at hamossing the fuel value of the cattle dung. human waste and non-woody orgari:
wastes without losing their manurial value and minimising the drudgery of rural woman i:
walking long distances to collect fuel wood. The objective of NPIC is to improve efficiency c:
biomass fuels without indoor air pollution. Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation have led t
generatien of huge quantities of wastes which are rich sources of energy. Under the Nation:'
Programme on Energy Recovery from urban, municipal and industrial wastes,
promoion ani
development of projects leased on appropriate conversion
technologies such as bi
methanation, gasification. palletisation and landfills are
being undertaken. This programra
aims at hamessing the estimated power generation
potential of about 1000 MMI from urban
municipal wastes and about 700 $'
from industrial vwastes.
t
1.15. FUTURE ENERGY PLANS
In 2021, the IEA published
its Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap
which sets out a' narrow but for theGlobal Energv Secix
achievable pathway for the global energy
emissions by 2050. sector to reach net ze
The global economy rebounded
at record speed in 2021
with GDP growth reaching from the COVID-19 pandem
5.9%. As energy intensity
demand increased by 5.4%. inprovements stalled global ener
Surging energy demand was
resulting in a 1.9 gigatonnes in part met by increased use
(G) jump in emissions in 2021, of c
global CO; emissions the largest annual increase
from the energy sector ever
from the energy sector recorded. It brought
to 36.6 Gt in 2021. total CO: emisste
included in the 2021 Recent investment
Net Zero Emissions in fossil fuel infrastructure
if run to the end of its by 2050 Scenario would
lifetine (around 5% result in 25 Gi emisst
of the remaining carbon of
budget for 1.5 C). At
64
1.16. TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Define: Energy. What are the different forms of energy?

and emitting light. It is measured
Encrgy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat
the total amount of work that the body can do.

The different forms of energy are:

1. Mechanical energy (kinetic and potential)

2. Thermal (or) Hcat energy
3. Chemical energy
4. Electrical energy
5. Nuclear energy
6. Electromagnetic
energy and 7. Gravitational energy.

65
 Renowablo Eegy Systenm

1.68 JAnna Univ. Nov'2)

by energy resources?
2, What o you understand generate clectricity Iased
resources are opportunitics an arca ollers to
Encrgy the
its natural conditions and circunstances.
rCNOUrCes Suat
resourccs are coal, oil, wood or gus, Rencwable
Somc of thesccncrgy
wave power.
as wind, solar, hydroclcctric, and

3. How the encrgy

resources are classified?
cnergy:
(a) Bascd on nature of availability of

(i) Primary resourccs

(ii) Sccondary resourccs

(b) Bascd on utilisation of energy:

(i) Dircct sourcc of cncrgy
(ii) Indirect source of energy
(ii) Supplementary source of encrgy
(c) Based on traditional use:
(i) Conventional cncrgy
(ii) Non-conventional cnergy

(d) Based on long term availability:

(i) Non-renewablc
(ii) Renewable

(e) Based on commercial application:

Commercialenergy sourcc
(ii) Non-commercial cncrgy sourcc
() Based on origin:
(i) Fossil fucls energy
(i1) Nuclear energy

(iii) Hydro cnergy

(iv) Solar energy
(v) Wind cnergy

66
Introduction
1.69

(vi) Biomass cnergy

(vii) Gcothernal cncrgy
(viii) Tidal cncrgy
(is) Occan thermal cnergy
(x) Occan wave energy.
4.
List down the soiurees of energy.

() Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gases which
produces thermal, mechanical and electrical encrgy
(ii) Chemical energy from reactions among mineral sources
(iii) Nuclear energy from nuclear reactions ofthenuclear fuels available on the
earth
(iv) The sun which produces solar energy in the form of mechanical or
electrical energy
(v) Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions and radioactive
decay in the earth
among sun, moon and
(vi) The gravitational potential and planetary motion
earth which produces wind, tidal and wave energies.
energy sources? Give example.
5. What is neant by primary and secondary
as sources which are either found or stored in
Primary energy sources can be defined
energy. Examples: Coal, natural gas,
nature. These energy sources provide a net supply of
energy.
oil, biomass,solar, tidal, hydro and nuclear
energy sources. Producing
Secondary sources of energy are derived from the primary
from hydrolysis of water are examples
electrical energy from coal and producing hydrogen
ofthis type of energy.
usage offossil fuel for many applications.
0. List out the consequences of
[Anna Univ. Apr'22)

greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that

(a) When fossil fuels are burned, they emit
contribute to climate change.
trap heat in the earth's atmosphere and

(1) Ocean acidification

(ii) Extreme weather

(ii) Sea level rise.

67
 Renewable Energy Syste

1.70
environmental externalities
have significant
(b) Fossil fucls
(i) Air pollution

(i) Water pollution

(iii) Plastic pollution

(iv) Oil spills.

fuels can cause multiple health issues which includ.
(c) Air pollution from burning
fossil
cancer, heart disease and premature death.
asthma,

7. State the products obtained from crude petroleun.

as LPG.
(i) Petroleum gas (below 40°C) used

(ii) Petrol (40°C to 170°C) for light vehicles.

use.
(ii) Kerosene (170 to 250°C) for household and industrial
(iv) Diesel oil (250 to 350°C) for heavy vehicles.

(v) Residual oil:(a) Lubrication oils (b) paraffinwax and (c) asphalt
(vi) Fuel oil (350 to 400°C) for boilers and furnaces.

8. List the factors influencing the amount of GHG emissions.

[Anna Univ. Nov'22
There are three main factors which influence the energy balance
of the earth as follows.
() Total energy influx which depends on the earth's
distance from the sun and on
solar activity.

(ii) Chemical composition

of the atmosphere, and
(iii) Albedo which is the ability
of the earth's surface to reflect light.
9. Write short notes on
renewable sOurce energy.
of
Renewable energy is the energy
obtained from regenerative or
sources
of energy virtually inexhaustibl
occurring in the natural
environment such assolar energy,
ete. That type wind energ'
of energy is passing through the
man-made device to environment irrespective of there being 3
intercept and harness
the power.
10. List the
non-conventional energy
sources.
(i) Hydroelectric energy [AnnaUniv. Nov'20)
(i) Wind energy
(iiü) Bioenergy energy

68
Introduclion 1.71

(iv) Solar cnergy

(v) Geothernmal cnergy potcntial

(vi) Magneto hydrodynamic (MID)

(vii) Occan tidal cnergy

(vii) Occan wave Cncrgy

(ix) Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).
sources of energy? Give
11. What is the difference betveen renewuble und n01-renewable
cxanples. [Anna Univ. Nov'19)

S. No. Renewuble sources Non-reinewable sources

1. Renewable resources are those Non-renewable resources are those

which can be used again and which are used only for a limited time

again. and rate.

2.. Renewable resources have a Non-renewable resources have a lower

rate of decomposition than the rate of
higher rate of decomposition
than their rate of consumption. consumption.

Renewable sources have low Non-renewable sources release toxic

3.
gases in the air when burnt which are the
carbon emissions. Therefore,
they are considered as
green major cause for global warming.

and environment friendly.

Examples of non-renewable resources
4. Examples of renewable
are fossil fuels such as coal, oil and
resources are: wind, sunlight,
tides, biomass, ctc. natural gases.

12. What advantuges andl dlisadvantages of renewable energy resources?

Advantages:
cost.
Non-conventional sources are available in nature free of
}
They are inexhaustible.
are environment
produce no or little pollution. Thus, by and large, they
They
friendly.
period.
> They have a low gestation

69
 Renewable Energy Syste

1.72 resources.
not deplete natural
> They do generations.
can sustain cnergy supply for many
> They
Anna Univ. Nov'2)1
limitations renewableenergy sources?
of
13. What are the
forn fron these sources.
cnergy available in dilute
The
(i) harnessing energy from
a
of no-
frccly in nature, the cost
(iü) Though available
high.
conventionalsourcc is gencrally nahu:)
means that the encrgy flow depends on various
uncertain which
(i)) Availability is
control.
phenomena beyond human
forms of energy.
(iv) Difficulty in transporting such area is smal
energy is another problem in these plants. Energy per unit
(v) Low density
hence, large area is required
to install them.
which makes them big in size and

14. What are the needs renewableenergy use in the country?

of

increases.
(a) The demand-supply gap, especially as population

(b) A large untapped potential.

(c) Concern for the environment.
energy security.
(d) The need to strengthen India's

(e) Pressure on high-emission industry

sectors from their shareholders.

() A viable solution for rural electrification.

15. List the importance of renewable energy sources.
ar:
Renewable energy is important because of the benefits it provides. The key benefits
as follows:
(a) The most significant feature of renewable energy is its plentiful supply. It is
infinite.
(b) There are no greenhouse gas emissions (except biomass and biogas) or toxic
waste.
(c) Renewable energy reduces reliance on imported fuels which in turn increases
energy security of the nation.

() Renewable energy is not subject to sharp price changes. This, in turn, can make
the electricity prices stable which is good for society and the economy.
(e) Renewable energy sources have competitive costs (which are still decreasing)
when compared to many conventional technologies.

70
 1.73
) TheN arC elosts l neCwable clepy soitCe3 (escept bionass and
lbivyas)and they ute alsovitually ineshawdibo sources.
fuel
() Rencvable cny cm lhe loeally poduecd nd theretore, it is not vulneralblc to
listantpulitical distubanees.
JA Wre short tote on interational prlmary energy consunmptlon seenurio.
Several oanizations publish this data includiny tle luternational Encry:y
Acncy
EA), he US Pnery lntomation Administration (1E1A)
nd the 1European Euvirouncnt
Agency.
One of the main priorities of countries in the 21" contury may devclop the
cnvinommntal technologies to solve the nmajor environmental challenges to be faccd in
future. The major world cnergy production patterns have changcd slowly througlh the cnd
of the 20 century. In the first two decades of the 21" century, global cnvironmental issues

could siguificantly atlect the paterns of cnergy use around the world with the primary
cnvironnental focus bcing towards the roduction in carbon emissions. The world of cnergy
has been slowed tocvolve and the major changes regarding consumption and production
patterns gcographically are slowed to takea hold.
ycars, thc global energy demand has tripled duc to the number of developing
In last 50
over the next 30 ycars.
countries and innovations in tcchnology. It is projcctcd to triple again
was 176282 terawatt hour (TVi). Global
In 2020, total worldwide encrgy consumption
in
energy consumption reboundcd with a 5% growth in 2021, afer a 4.5% declinc in 2020,
a context of globalpandemic.
energy scenario.
17. Write slhort note on international renewable
By the cnd of 2022, global renewablc
generation capacity amounted to 3,372 GW
power by a rccord 295 GIW or by 9.6%. Rencwable
which grows the stock of renewable GIV.
slhare of the global totalwith capacity of l,256
a
hydropower accounted for thc largest
renewables,
power capacity added last year was produced by
An impressive 83% of all
and wind power. Solar power alone accounted for almost
to
largcly due the growth ofsolar cncrgy
additions with a rccord 192 GW while 75 GIV of wind
two-thirds of the rencwable
was added, slowing from the 1|1 GW
added in 2020.
witlh total capacities of 1,053 GW
and 899
Solar and wind energy accounted mostly
15 GIV of
renewable capacities included 149 GW of bioenergy and
GW respcctively. Other
cnergy.
geothernal, plus 524 MIW of marinc

71
 Renewable Energy Syste

GW (+9.6%) in 2022. Solar

1.74
capacity increased by 295
gencration
Renewable encrgy of 192 GW (+22%A),
expansion with a massive increase
cnergy continued to lcad capacity hydropower capacity increased
Renewable
energy witlh 75 GW (+9%).
followed by wind
8 GIY (+5%). Geothermal energy increased by a very
by 21
GII (+2%) and biocnergy by
modest 181 MIW. expansion, jojntl.
Solar and wind
cnergy continued to dominate rencwable capacity
additions in 2022. This growth in wind and sols.
accounting for 90% of allnet rencwablc highes
increase in rencwablc gencrating capacity and the second
ledto the highest annual
ternns.
growth on record in perccntage
Bio-energy, 4.44%
Others, 0.44%

Hydro energy, Solar energy,

37.25% 31.23%

Wind energy,
26.66%

(Source: International Renewable

Energy Agency 2023)
Figure I.13 Global renewable energy
generation capacity in 2022
18. Enumerate in a
short note about conventionalenergy
India's energy system is largely
nxiin India.
based on the use of coal
transport and industry, for power generation, oil To
and biomass for residential
energy mix in heating and cooking.
India, contributing to S7% Coal dominates th
of the total primary energy
of electricity generation in 2022. consumption and 52.070
Peak demand reached
2022, and consumption 207 GW for the first
is projected to rise. time in Apru
Supported by industrial
growth, urbanizatiol

72
Introduction 1.75

governmcnt policiCs, and favorable gcopolitics over thc past decadc. India has installed
capacity Cxcceding 400 GW. Fossil fucls dominate India's power sector with coal
comprising over 70% but the country aimsto significantly incrcase the share of renewable
and nuclcar cnergy.
India has hugc coal reserves. As on 01.04.22, the cstimated reserves of coal were
361.4 billion tonnCs. The estimated total rescrves of lipnitc as on 01.04.22 vas 46.2 billion
tonnes. India is the sccOnd largest coal producing country in the world. Coal production in
India has been increasing ovcr rcccnt ycars. In 2022, coal production totalled 9377 million
tones (NMtoc).
19. Coument on tlhe present energy scenario of renewable energy in India.
[Anna Univ. Nov'22)
A total of around 77.94 GW of renewable energy capacity has been installed in the
country as on 31S March, 2019 from all renewable energy sources which includes around
35.63GIW from Wind, 28.18 GW from solar, 4.59 GW from Small Hydro Power and 9.54
GW from Bio-power. The wind power program has been the fastest growing contributing to
around 75% of the grid-connected renewable energy power installed capacity.
20. State the targets set by the Indian government for different kind of renewable energy
based electricity production in Indiaby the year 2022. [Anna niv. Apr'22)
The 2022 electrical power targets include açhieving 227 GW (earlier 175 GW) of
energy from renewable sources, nearly 113 GW through solar power, 66 GW from wind
power, 10 GW from biomass power, 5 GW from small hydro and 31 GW from floating solar

and offshore wind power.

21. Write slhort notes on India's energy consumption by fuel source.

Total energy consumption per capita remains around 0.7 toe (2021), half the Asian
average. Electricity consumption per capita reached 920 kWh in 2021 about a third of the
Asian average.
Total energy consumption increased by 9% in 2021 to 951 Mtoe after a 5.9% drop in
2020. It had increased rapidly over 2010-2019 (3.7%/year).
Coal is the country's top encrgy source with a share of 46% in 2021 followed by oil
(23%) and biomass (21%). Natural gas covers 6% and primary electricity (hydro, nuclear,
solar, and wind) 4%. Coal and lignite consumption reached 1.1Gt (+17%), its highest level
in 2021, after a 5.59%
decline in 2020. Between 2015 and 2018, its progression had been
significant (around 5%/year). In 2021, power generation and industry were the main

73
 Renewable Energy Systen

1.76
respcctively (3% only for households :
with 76% and 20%,
consumers of coal and lignite

serviccs).

22. Classify SHP projccts.

arc further categorized into small, mini and microhyda
Small Hydro Power projccts
as follows.
projccts bascd on thcir capacity
MW power
less than or cqual to 0.1
(i) Micro Hydelwhich produces
MWto 2.00 MW power
(iü) Mini Hydelwhich produces from 0.10
to 25.00 MWpower
(iii) Small Hydel which produces from 2.00 MW

23. Picturize the distribution of renevables in power sector.

30

26.0%
25

EJ
consumption, 19.4%
20

16.1%
14.7%

12.5%
fuel 10.7%
Total
10

5 3.6%
2.4%

2009 2019 2009

2019 2009 2019 2009 2019
Power Commercial
Industry & Agriculture
sector sector Transport
sector
sector
Figure 1.14
24. List down ihe
recommendations
globally.
for investors to consider
the geothermal enc
IRENA report makes
the following recommendations
developers, industry project
leaders and financiers
to consider:
for policy makerS,

74
Introduction
1.77
Promote widespread devclopmcnt
() and utilisation of all available sources
energy. of
geothermal
a) Position geothermal as a key cnergy solution to
drive thc cncrgy transition towards
the achievement of the Sustainable Devclopmcnt
Goals and climate action.
(ii) Improve cnabling framcworks to foster investmcnts in geothermal cncrgy.
(iv) Foster cross-industry syncrgics and harnmonisation bctwccn gcothermal
and othcr
sectors.
(v) Promote technological innovation, rescarch, and devclopment to scale up
geothermal development.
(vi) Strengthen international, regional, and national co-operation among partners.

25. Draw the diagram to represent IRENA analysis of

global potential of
renewable energy.

12
10.8

TW 70

capacity,

8
Targeted capacity needs to be
double to meet 1.5°C goal
energy

5.4

Renewable

3.1

2031 2031
2021
IRENA 1.5°C
Installed Targeted
capacity Scenario
capacity
potential of renewable energy
Figure I.15 IRENA analysis ofglobal
26. What is the renewable energy
potential in India?
renewable energy from various sources such
There is high potential for
generation of
cogeneration bagasse.
as wind, solar, biomass, smallhydro and

75
 Renewable Energy Syslen

1.78 resources and it

has one of
the largsa
ot renewable enerRY systems. Tlhe
a vast supply products and India,
India has renewable energy
deploying
pograms in the world tor attractive renewable
encrgy market in tlhe worla
most
scctor is the fourth had its largest ever incres,
renewable energy Index 2018. India
Energy Attractiveness
as perthe Renewable fith-largest contribution to globa
making the
power generation (+206)
in renewables in
growth.
plan to add 250 GW of rencwable
enncrgy
a
The Union
government of lndia announced
years to achicve its target of S00 GW of clean encrgy by 2030
capacity in the next five

27. Define Per capita electricity

consumption.
consumption is the total energy calculated by dividing the totl
Per capita electricity
tlhe State as of December 31 of,
GWh of electricity consumed by electricity customers in
vear as determined by the Commission, by the population of the State
as of December 31 ot
per capita
that year as determined by the Department of Planning. Fossil fuel consumption
is measured as the average consumption of energy from coal, oil and gas per person.

28. Write a briefnote on per capita consunption in India.

India's per capita electricity consumption was 1255 kWh in 2021-22 which is around
one-third of theglobal average ofper capita electricity consumption. Per capita is an average
of 862 klWh.
The Government of India, through Bureau
of Energy Efficiency (BEE), has
implemented schemes that help in increasing energy
efficiency such as Standards and Label
(S&L) Programme, Unnat Jyoti by
Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA), Street Lighting
National Programme (SLNP), Building Energy Efficiency, Agriculture
Demand Side Management. and Municipad

As per the Generation Expansion

Planning studies carried out
by the Central Electricity
Authority (CEA)for 2029-30,
the share of non-fossil fuel-based
total installed capacity generation capacity in tie
of the Country is likely to increase
to more than 64% by from around 42% as on Oct, 202
2029-30. It would reduce
the dependence on fossil
generation and promote
alternative sources
fuel in electriC1)
of power such as solar and
wind.
1.17. SOLVED QUESTIONS

1. Classify sources energy.

of
Refer chapter 1,2 on
Page 1.2.

76
Introduction 1.79

on
2, Write short notes

() Conventional cncrgy sources.

Refer chaptcr 1.4 on Page 1.5.

(i) Renewable energy sourccs

Refer chapter 1.5 on Page 1.7.
2 What are the conventional and non-conventionalenergy sources? Describe the fossil fuels
as the conventional energy sources. [Ann Univ. Nov '21]
Refer Page 1.3, chapter 1.4 on Page 1.5 and chapter 1.5 on Page 1.7.
4. What is the need for studying alternative sources of Energy? What are the different types of
Renewable Sources of Energy? What are the advantages and limitations of the use of
Renewable Sources of Energy? [Anna Univ. Nov'19]

Refer chapter 1.5 on Page 1.7.

5. Give brief review of various sources of renewable energy. Describe the energy scenario of
India. [Anna Univ. Nov'2I]

Or

Explain the types and their principle of renewable energy sources. [Anna Univ. Apr '22]

Refer chapter 1.5 on Page 1.7.

6. List the advantages and limitations of renewable energy sources. [Anna Univ. Nov'22)]

Refer chapter 1.5.2 & chapter 1.5.3 on Page 1.8 & 1.9 respectively.
7. Discuss the present status of world energy scenario. [Anna Univ. Nov'20]

Refer chapter 1.7 on Page 1.10.

0. Briefly explain the conventional energy scenario of India.
Refer chapter 1.8 on Page 1.20.
9. Explain the significance of energy consumption as prosperity. [Anna Univ. Apr '22]

Refer chapter 1.8.2 on Page 1.23.

4U
Describe the various non-conventional energy resources available in India and its potential
to Supplement the conventional energy sources. [Anna Univ. Nov '20]

Refer chapter 1.9 on Page 1.26.

77
 Renewable Energy System

1.80 resources in India. [Anna Univ. (EEE) May'11)

cxplain the
hydroelectric energy
11, Neatly
on Page 1.29.
Refer chapter 1.9.2
sectors.
encrgy consumption in various
12. Enunerate the rencwablc
on Page 1.42.
Refer chapter 1.10.2
cncrgy sources with reference to India
13. DiscuSs about the role and
potential of rencwable
(Anna Univ. Apr '22)

Refer chapter 1.12 on Page 1.54.

to bridge the gap between the energy demand
14. Criticize the energy planning issues aiming
[Ann Univ, Nov '201
and supply situation in India.
Refer chapter 1.15 on Page 1.64.

15. Explain the role and importance of renewable energy sources in detail.
[Anna, Univ. Nov '22)
Refer chapter 1.5 on Page 1.7.

16. Discuss the potential of renewable energy. [Ann Univ. Apr'23]

Refer chapter 1.11 on Page 1.44 for global potential and chapter 1.12 on
Page 1.54.

17. Brief about the contribution of renewable energy source as on 2022 under National and
International level in energy consumption and generation
scenario. Also forecast the Indian
future energy management in 2040.
[Ann Univ. Apr '23]
Refer chapter 1.5 on Page 1.7 for
contribution of renewable energy source
and chapter 1.15 on Page 1.64
for Indian future ènergy management in
2040.
18. Explain the consequence
of environmental impact of fossil fuel utilization, Mention the
importance of the renewable energy
source for the present
scenario. [Ann Univ. Apr'23]
Refer chapter 1.4 on Page
1.5 for consequence
fossil fuel utilization of environnmental impact of
and chapter 1.50n
Page 1.7 for importance
renewable energy source. of the

** END
of Unit l ****

78