How the Leopard Got His Spots

by Rudyard Kipling

Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories (1902) offer young readers the

opportunity to identify literary devices like anthropomorphism and explore
the characteristics of what makes a "tall tale" somewhat believable.

In the days when everybody started fair, Best Beloved, the Leopard lived in a
place called the High Veldt. 'Member it wasn't the Low Veldt, or the Bush
Veldt, or the Sour Veldt, but the 'sclusively bare, hot, shiny High Veldt, where
there was sand and sandy-coloured rock and 'sclusively tufts of sandy-
yellowish grass. The Giraffe and the Zebra and the Eland and the Koodoo and
the Hartebeest lived there; and they were 'sclusively sandy-yellow-brownish
all over; but the Leopard, he was the 'sclusivist sandiest-yellowish-brownest
of them all a greyish-yellowish catty-shaped kind of beast, and he matched
the Veldt to one hair. This was very bad for the Giraffe and the Zebra and the
rest of them; for he would lie down by a 'sclusively yellowish-greyish-
brownish stone or clump of grass, and when the Giraffe or the Zebra or the
Eland or the Koodoo or the Bush-Buck or the Bonte-Buck came by he would
surprise them out of their jumpsome lives. He would indeed! And, also, there
was an Ethiopian with bows and arrows (a 'sclusively greyish-brownish-
yellowish man he was then), who lived on the High Veldt with the Leopard;
and the two used to hunt together the Ethiopian with his bows and arrows,
and the Leopard 'sclusively with his teeth and claws till the giraffe and the
Eland and the Koodoo and the Quagga and all the rest of them didn't know
which way to jump, Best Beloved. They didn't indeed!

After a long time things lived for ever so long in those days they learned to
avoid anything that looked like a Leopard or an Ethiopian; and bit by bit the
Giraffe began it, because his legs were the longest they went away from the
High Veldt. They scuttled for days and days till they came to a great forest,
'sclusively full of trees and bushes and stripy, speckly, patchy-blatchy
shadows, and there they hid: and after another long time, what with standing
half in the shade and half out of it, and what with the slippery-slidy shadows
of the trees falling on them, the Giraffe grew blotchy, and the Zebra grew
stripy, and the Eland and the Koodoo grew darker, with little wavy grey lines
on their backs like bark on a tree trunk; and so, though you could hear them
and smell them, you could very seldom see them, and then only when you
knew precisely where to look. They had a beautiful time in the 'sclusively
speckly-spickly shadows of the forest, while the Leopard and the Ethiopian
ran about over the 'sclusively greyish-yellowish-reddish High Veldt outside,
wondering where all their breakfasts and their dinners and their teas had
gone. At last they were so hungry that they ate rats and beetles and rock-
rabbits, the Leopard and the Ethipian, and then they met Baviaan the dog-
headed, barking Baboon, who is Quite the Wisest Animal in All South Africa.

Said Leopard to Baviaan (and it was a very hot day), "Where has all the
game gone?"

And Baviaan winked. He knew.

Said the Ethiopian to Baviaan, "Can you tell me the present habitat of the
aboriginal Fauna?" (That meant just the same thing, but the Ethiopian always
used long words. He was a grown-up.)
And Baviaan winked. He knew.

Then said Baviaan, "The game has gone into other spots; and my advice to
you, Leopard, is to go into other spots as soon as you can."

And the Ethiopian said, "That is all very fine, but I wish to know whither the
aboriginal Fauna has migrated."

Then said Baviaan, "The aboriginal Fauna has joined the aboriginal Flora
because it was high time for a change; and my advice to you, Ethiopian, is to
change as soon as you can."

That puzzled the Leopard and the Ethiopian, but they set off to look for the
aboriginal Flora, and presently, after ever so many days, they saw a great,
high, tall forest full of tree trunks all 'sclusively speckled and sprottled and
spottled, dotted and splashed and slashed and hatched and cross-hatched
with shadows. (Say that quickly aloud, and you will see how very shadowy
the forest must have been.)

"What is this," said the Leopard, "that is so 'sclusively dark, and yet so full of
little pieces of light?"

"I don't know," said the Ethiopian, "but it ought to be the aboriginal Flora. I
can smell Giraffe, and I can hear Giraffe, but I can't see Giraffe."

"That's curious," said Leopard. "I suppose it is because we have just come in
out of the sunshine. I can smell Zebra, and I can hear Zebra, but I can't see
Zebra."

"Wait a bit," said the Ethiopian. "It's a long time since we've hunted 'em.
Perhaps we've forgotten what they were like."

"Fiddle!" said the Leopard. "I remember them perfectly on the High Veldt,
especially their marrow bones. Giraffe is about seventeen feet high, of a
'sclusively fulvous golden-yellow from head to heel; and Zebra is about four
and a half feet high, of a 'sclusively grey-fawn colour from head to heel."

"Ummm," said the Ethiopian, looking into the speckly-spickly shadows of the
aboriginal Flora-forest. "Then they ought to show up in this dark place like
ripe bananas in a smokehouse."

But they didn't. The Leopard and the Ethiopian hunted all day; and though
they could smell them and hear them, they never saw one of them.

For goodness sake," said the Leopard at tea-time, "let us wait till it gets dark.
This daylight hunting is a perfect scandal."
So they waited till dark, and then the Leopard heard something breathing
sniffily in the starlight that fell all stripy through the branches, and he
jumped at the noise, and it smelt like Zebra, and it felt like Zebra, and when
he knocked it down it kicked like Zebra, but he couldn't see it. So he said,
"Be quiet, O you person without any form. I am going to sit on your head till
morning, because there is something about you that I don't understand."

Presently he heard a grunt and

a crash and a scramble, and the Ethiopian called out, "I've caught a thing
that I can't see. It smells like Giraffe, and it kicks like Giraffe, but it hasn't any
form."

"Don't you trust it," said the Leopard. "Sit on its head till the morning same
as me. They haven't any form any of 'em."

So they sat down on them hard till bright morning-time, and then Leopard
said, "What have you at your end of the table, Brother?"
The Ethiopian scratched his head and said, "It ought to be 'sclusively a rich
fulvous orange-tawny from head to heel, and it ought to be Giraffe; but it is
covered all over with chesnut blotches. What have you at your end of the
table, Brother?"

And the Leopard scratched his head and said, "It ought to be 'sclusively a
delicate greyish-fawn, and it ought to be Zebra; but it is covered all over with
black and purple stripes. What in the world have you been doing to yourself,
Zebra? Don't you know that if you were on the High Veldt I could see you ten
miles off? You haven't any form."

"Yes," said the Zebra, "but this isn't the High Veldt. Can't you see?"

"I can now," said the Leopard. "But I couldn't all yesterday. How is it done?"

"Let us up," said the Zebra, "and we will show you."

They let the Zebra and the Giraffe get up; and Zebra moved away to some
little thorn-bushes where the sunlight fell all stripy, and Giraffe moved off to
some tallish trees where the shadows fell all blotchy.

"Now watch," said the Zebra and the Giraffe. "this is the way it's done. One
two three! And where's your breakfast?"

Leopard stared, and Ethiopian stared, but all they could see were stripy
shadows and blotched shadows in the forest, but never a sign of Zebra and
Giraffe. They had just walked off and hidden themselves in the shadowy
forest.

"Hi! Hi!" said the Ethiopian. "That's a trick worth learning. Take a lesson by it,
Leopard. You show up in this dark place like a bar of soap in a coal-scuttle."

"Ho! Ho!" said the Leopard. "Would it surprise you very much to know that
you show up in this dark place like a mustard-plaster on a sack of coals?"

"Well, calling names won't catch dinner," said the Ethiopian. "The long and
the little of it is that we don't match our backgrounds. I'm going to take
Baviaan's advice. He told me I ought to change; and as I've nothing to
change except my skin I'm going to change that."

"What to?" said the Leopard, tremendously excited.

"To a nice working blackish-brownish colour, with a little purple in it, and
touches of slaty-blue. It will be the very thing for hiding in hollows and
behind trees."
So he changed his skin then and there, and the Leopard was more excited
than ever; he had never seen a man change his skin before.

"But what about me?" he said, when the Ethiopian had worked his last little
finger into his fine new black skin.

"You take Baviaan's advice too. He told you to go into spots."

"So I did," said the Leopard. "I went into other spots as fast as I could. I went
into this spot with you, and a lot of good it has done me."

"Oh," said the Ethiopian, "Baviaan didn't mean spots in South Africa. He
meant spots on your skin."

"What's the use of that?" said the Leopard.

"Think of Giraffe," said the Ethiopian, "or if you prefer stripes, think of Zebra.
They find their spots and stripes give them perfect satisfaction."

"Umm," said the Leopard. "I wouldn't look like Zebra not for ever so."

"Well, make up your mind," said the Ethiopian, "because I'd hate to go
hunting without you, but I must if you insist on looking like a sun-flower
against a tarred fence."

"I'll take spots, then," said the Leopard; "but don't make 'em too vulgar-big. I
wouldn't look like giraffe not for ever so."

I'll make 'em with the tips of my fingers," said the Ethiopian. "There's plenty
of black left on my skin still. Stand over!"

Then the Ethiopian put his five fingers close together (there was plenty of
black left on his new skin still) and pressed them all over the Leopard, and
wherever the five fingers touched they left five little black marks, all close
together. You can see them on any Leopard's skin you like, Best Beloved.
Sometimes the fingers slipped and the marks got a little blurred; but if you
look closely at any Leopard now you will see that there are always five spots
off five fat black finger-tips.

"Now you are a beauty!" said the Ethiopian. "You can lie out on the bare
ground and look like a heap of pebbles. You can lie out on the naked rocks
and look like a piece of pudding-stone. You can lie out on a leafy branch and
look like sunshine sifting through the leaves; and you can lie right across the
centre of a path and look like nothing in particular. Think of that and purr!"

"But if I'm all this," said the Leopard, "why didn't you go spotty too?"
"Oh, plain black's best," said the Ethiopian. "Now come along and we'll see if
we can't get even with Mr. One-Two-Three-Where's-your-Breakfast!"

So they went away and lived happily ever afterward, Best Beloved. That is
all.

Oh, now and then you will hear grown-ups say, "Can the Ethiopian change
his skin or the Leopard his spots?" I don't think even grown-ups would keep
on saying such a silly thing if the Leopard and the Ethiopian hadn't done it
once do you? But they will never do it again, Best Beloved. They are quite
contented as they are.