‫الفيزياء‬

‫المحاضرة الثالثة‬
‫‪Newton's Laws‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
The Mass: is a measure of the inertia of the object.

Inertia: is the tendency of a body at rest to remain at rest, and of a body in

motion to continue moving with unchanged velocity.

 The mass as a quantity of matter.

 The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
 A gram mass is equivalent to exactly 0.001 kg.

Force: is the agency of change.

 In mechanics, force is that which changes the velocity of an object.
 Force is a vector quantity, having magnitude and direction.
 An external force is one whose source lies outside of the system being
considered.
 The net external force acting on an object causes the object to accelerate in
the direction of that force.
 The acceleration is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to
the mass of the object.
 The SI unit of force is Newton (N).
 The pound is 4.45 N.
 Force is the changer of motion.

One newton (1N): is that resultant force which will give a 1kg mass an
acceleration of 1 m/s².

Newton's First Law: An object at rest will remain at rest; an object in motion
will continue in motion with constant velocity, except as it is acted upon by an
external force.

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Newton's Second Law: If the resultant (or net), force F acting on an object of
mass m, the object accelerates in the direction of the force.
F =ma

∑ =m , ∑ =m , ∑ =m

Newton's Third Law: For each force exerted on one body, there is an equal, but
oppositely directed, force on some other body interacting with it.

 Newton's Third Law is often called the Law of Action and Reaction.
 The action and reaction forces act on the two different interacting objects.

The Weight ( ): is the gravitational force acting downward on the object.

=mg

 g=9.81 m/s²
 The SI unit of the Weight is Newton (N).

The Tensile Force ( ): is the applied force acting on a string or chain or tendon
that is tending to stretch it.
 The magnitude of the tensile force is the tension ( ).

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The Friction Force ( ): is a tangential force acting on an object that opposes
the sliding of that object on an adjacent surface with which it is in contact.

 The friction force is parallel to the surface and opposite to the direction of
motion or of impending motion.
 Only when the applied force exceeds the maximum static friction force will
an object begin to slide.

The Normal Force ( ): is the component of the supporting force that is

perpendicular to the surface of an object that is being supported by a surface.

The Coefficient of Kinetic Friction ( ): is the case in which one surface is

sliding across another at constant speed.

The Coefficient of Static Friction ( is the case in which one surface is just
on the verge of sliding across another surface.

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Ex.1\ Find the weight on Earth of a body whose mass is (a) 3 kg, (b) 200 g.
Sol:

a) m=3 kg
=mg =3(9.81)=29.43 N

b) m=0.2 kg
=mg =0.2(9.81)=1.96 N

Ex.2\ A 20 kg object that can move freely is subjected to a resultant force

of 45 N in the -x-direction. Find the acceleration of the object.
Sol:
m=20 kg, =45 N

∑ =

=
=−2.25 m/s²

Ex3\ The object in Fig. weights 50 N and is supported by a cord. Find the
tension in the cord.

Sol:
FW=50 N
∑ =

∑ =0

− =0
−50 =0
=50 N

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Ex4\ A horizontal force of 140 N is needed to pull a 60 kg box across the
horizontal floor at constant speed. What is the coefficient of friction
between floor and box?
Sol:
Fx=140 N, m=60 kg

∑ =

∑ =0

− =0

−mg=0
FT=60(9.81)=588.6 N

∑ =

∑ =0

− =0
=140 N

=0.24

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Ex5\ A 600 kg car is moving on a level road at 30 m/s.
(a) How large a retarding force (assumed constant) is required to stop it in
a distance of 70 m?
(b) What is the minimum coefficient of friction between tires and roadway
if this is to be possible? Assume the wheels are not locked, in which case we
are dealing with static friction there's no sliding.
Sol: m=600 kg, 𝑣i=30 m/s
a) =70 m

= +2
0=(30)2+2a(70)
=−6.43 m/s²

=
=600(−6.43)= −3858 N

b)
∑ =0
= 3858 N

∑ =0

=mg=600(9.81)=5886 N

=0.66

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Assignment -2- A
Q1\ A 5 kg object is to be given an upward acceleration of 0.3
m/s² by a rope pulling straight upward on it. What must be
the tension in the rope?

Q2\ The only force acting on a 5.0 kg object has components 𝐅𝐱= 𝟎 𝐍
and 𝐅𝐱=𝟑𝟎 𝐍. Find the acceleration of the object.

Q3\ A 70 kg box is slid along the floor by a 400 N force

as shown in Fig. The coefficient of friction between the
box and the floor is 0.5 when the box is sliding. Find
the acceleration of the box.

Q4\ Suppose, as shown in Fig. that a 70 kg box is

pulled by a 400 N force at an angle of 30° to the
horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.5.
Find the acceleration of the box.

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Q5\ As shown in Fig. a force of 400 N pushes on a 25 kg
box. Starting from rest, the box achieves a velocity of 2
m/s in a time of 4 s. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction
between box and floor.